Hydraulic Calculation of Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses and Branches

Hydraulic Calculation of Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses and Branches

Fire Research Technical Report 4/2005

December 2004 Building Research Establishment On behalf of the Ofce of the Deputy Prime Minister: London

The ndings and recommendations in this report are those of the consultant authors and do not necessarily represent the views or proposed policies of the Ofce of the Deputy Prime Minister.
Following the reorganisation of the government in May 2002, the responsibilities of the former Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) and latterly Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR) in this area were transferred to the Ofce of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Ofce of the Deputy Prime Minister Eland House Bressenden Place London SW1E 5DU Telephone 020 7944 4400 Web site www.odpm.gov.uk Queens Printer and Controller of Her Majestys Stationery Ofce, 2004 Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with the Crown. This document/publication is value added. If you wish to re-use this material, please apply for a Click-Use Licence for value added material at www.hmso.gov.uk/copyright/licences/valueadded/valadded_licence.htm. Alternatively applications can be sent to: HMSOs Licensing Division St Clements House 2-16 Colegate Norwich NR3 1BQ Fax: 01603 723000 E-mail: licensing@cabinet-ofce.x.gsi.gov.uk Further copies of this publication are available from: ODPM Publications PO Box 236 Wetherby West Yorkshire LS23 7NB Tel: 0870 1226 236 Fax: 0870 1226 237 Textphone: 0870 120 7405 E-mail: odpm@twoten.press.net or online via the Ofce of the Deputy Prime Ministers web site. ISBN 1 85112 763 1 Printed in Great Britain on material containing 75% post-consumer waste and 25% ECF pulp. December 2004 Reference Number 04LGFG02767(4)

Executive Summary
This project is being undertaken in response to a request from ODPM Fire Statistics and Research Division (FSRD) to undertake a number of hydraulic calculations on wet and dry risers in high rise buildings. This report provides results of sample calculations using a BRE software package Riser ow to calculate water ows in wet and dry risers. The report describes the assumptions made to undertake the calculations and details the results obtained for the specic conditions requested in the contract proposal, Fireghting in buildings hydraulic calculation in wet and dry risers, hoses and branches.

Contents
Page No 1 2 3 Introduction Background Assumptions and Data used for calculations 3.1 Elements used in the calculations 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.1.10 4 Water supplies Connection details between the pump and the riser Riser inlet connection (breeching) Riser pipe size Fitting friction losses for ttings and pipes Landing valves Hose Branches Pump characteristics Schematic of installation used for calculations 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 16 17 17 19 19 20 22 24 24 25

Calculation results 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Proposal Appendix A; Item 1 Proposal Appendix A; Item 2 Proposal Appendix A; Item 3 Proposal Appendix A; Item 4 Proposal Appendix A; Item 5 Proposal Appendix A; Item 6 Proposal Appendix A; Item 7 Proposal Appendix A; Item 8 Proposal Appendix A; Item 9

4.10 Proposal Appendix A; Item 10 4.11 Proposal Appendix A; Item 11 4.12 Proposal Appendix A; Item 12 4.13 Proposal Appendix A; Item 13

Contents

Observations 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Hose connections to riser outlets on oors beneath the oor of use Riser ttings Branch k factors Choice of branch Hose Pump performance Considerations for the design, installation and use of rising mains 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 5.7.7 5.7.8 5.7.9 Pressure strength of rising main hoses, pipework and ttings Pressure relief of rising mains Riser staging stop valves Monitoring of riser stop valves Fire brigade access to riser valve monitoring Pressure at wet riser outlets Water priming of dry-risers Riser outlet pressure regulation Design of wet and dry risers

26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 31 46 47 49

References

Appendix A Calculation results in numeric form Appendix B Typical equivalent lengths of ttings and valves Appendix C Pump performance curves Godiva WT30/10 Appendix D Pump performance curves HFS-3000 Submersible pump

1 Introduction
This project is being undertaken for Fire Statistics and Research Division (FSRD), ODPM under contract CI 71/5/19 to provide an insight into the limitations of re ghting rising mains complying with BS 5306: Part 1,1 with specied re appliance pumps as the pumping effort. The project entails the development of PC based calculation software to determine the pressure losses in re ghting wet and dry rising mains. Suitable input data have been identied. The project includes a series of pressure loss calculations using the software and data provided by the project against specied scenarios. The software will be provided to FSRD, ODPM at a later stage in the project.

2 Background
Wet or dry riser systems are terminal pipe conguration systems installed in accordance with BS 5306: Part 1. The pipework is a series congured pipe array consisting of: 1. Pump or water supply; 2. Hose from pump to dry riser inlet (the pump outlet may not be at the same elevation as the riser inlet); 3. Riser inlet ttings, pipework and bend(s) to base of riser; 4. The riser; 5. Riser outlet and ttings (on wet risers BS 5306: Part 1, Clause 9.4.4 limits the outlet pressure to 4 bar minimum, 5 bar maximum at ows of at least 1500 l/min); 6. Hose line(s) from riser outlet to branch connection; and 7. Branch. Figure 1 shows a typical dry riser arrangement.

Branch Hose Riser

H H
To Riser outlet

To Branch

Pump

Riser inlet

Figure 1. Schematic of dry riser network

Background

To predict the pressures and water ows from a branch accurately, detailed information is required about the system and components, such as: 1. The water supply characteristic; 2. Pipe tting details; 3. Pipe size details such as pipe specication, pipe length (m), pipe diameter (mm); change in elevation between inlet and outlet (m); and friction losses through the pipe at ow; 4. Flexible hose details such as length (m), hose diameter (mm), change in elevation between inlet and outlet and end ttings (m), (characteristics may vary between different products of the same nominal diameter) and friction losses through the hose under ow conditions (the friction losses may also vary due to pressure); 5. Branch performance characteristics such as nozzle entry pressure (bar) and ow (dm3/min) over the operating pressure range of the branch or the branch k factor (see paragraph 3.1.8 for an explanation of k factor).

3 Assumptions and Data used for calculations

3.1 Elements used in the calculations
3.1.1 Water supplies
The pump used for calculation purposes is a Godiva WT30/10 (LP stage), complying with BS EN 1028-1,2 unless otherwise stated. Zero suction lift has been assumed for all calculations. See Appendix C. NOTE. Where pumps draw directly from a town main, providing the town main can satisfy the pump demand, there will be a positive supply pressure advantage, depending on the positive pressure at the pump inlet.

3.1.2 Connection details between the pump and the riser

It has been assumed that the connection between the pump and the riser consists of 2 70 mm Nominal Diameter (ND) hoses each of 25 m length. The change in elevation between the pump outlet and riser inlet has been taken as (zero) 0 m.

3.1.3 Riser inlet connection (breeching)

Each inlet connection complying with BS 5041-33 is required to be tted with spring loaded non-return valve(s) (see BS 5041-3; Clause 7.3) and will therefore have a friction loss which exceeds that for straight pipe under ow conditions. No friction loss information has been provided by suppliers of inlet connections. (It may be that the friction loss values have been derived during the development of the product, but are not readily available within the supplying companies). A friction loss equivalent to a single mushroom type non-return valve has therefore been assumed down-stream of the inlet connection.

3.1.4 Riser pipe size

BS 5306: Part 1; clause 8.1.2, species the nominal bore size of wet and dry risers. Where only one outlet is provided on a oor a 100 mm ND riser is permitted. If two are permitted a riser of 150 mm ND is specied. For all the calculations BS13874 heavy gauge, galvanised pipe, 100 mm ND has been used as this will yield a greater pressure loss than 150 mm ND pipe.

3.1.5 Fitting friction losses for ttings and pipes

The tting friction losses have been based on BS 5306: Part 2,5 Table 37. Calculations of pipework losses have been based on BS 5306: Part 2, Section 18. A friction loss C factor of 120 has been assumed for BS 1387 Heavy gauge pipe. See Appendix B.

10

Assumptions and Data used for calculations

3.1.6 Landing valves

No friction loss information has been forthcoming from suppliers for landing valves. The friction loss equivalent to a straightway gate valve has therefore been used.

3.1.7 Hose
Hose diameters of 45, 51 and 70 mm have been included. A calculation method and values has been developed for each of the hose sizes that agree closely with one of the UK major hose suppliers hydraulic calculation programme.

3.1.8 Branches
The water ow through the branches may be calculated using the equation: Q = k P Where Q = ow rate through the branch (dm3/min) P = pressure at the entry to the branch (bar) k = nozzle constant The following branches were selected to represent the range of branches available:
SRDB Code No 46 53 45 Details Angloco Ltd Rosenbauer R.B. 201 Walter Frank and Sons Elkhart chief 4000 -3 Angloco Ltd Rosenbauer R.B. 102 k factor 80 230 330

The k factors attributed to the branches are based on performance data made available by the ODPM and data published in Jet/Spray Branches Data sheets.6 The available data indicate that the k factors of branches are not always a constant, some branches varying more than others. The amount that the k factor varies will be dependent on a number of factors such as bore size, degree of adjustment, and automaticity. The branches selected represented those that appeared to represent low (SRBD 46), median (SRDB 53) and high (SRDB 45) values within the range of branches for which data are available and also had reasonably consistent k factor values within the 4 to 5 bar operating range. It is important to note that the k factor values used in this report will not be representative for all possible branch settings or for the full operating branch pressure range of the branch cited.

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Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

3.1.9 Pump characteristics

Where a re appliance pump complying with BS EN 1028-1 has been specied, the pump performance of a Godiva WT30/10 (LP stage) has been used, see Appendix C.

3.1.10 Schematic of installation used for calculations

Where dry-riser calculations have been carried-out, the arrangement in Figure 2 has been used.

12 9 8 10 11 7

13

2 1

3 4 5 6

1. Godiva pump WT30/10 LP or LP stage; 2. Two hoses in parallel each 70 mm ND 25 m long; 3. Riser inlet (no loss); 4. Non return valve (mushroom pattern); 5. Pipe (riser inlet to riser), 100 mm ND 10 m long, (no change in elevation); 6. Elbow (screwed), 100 mm ND; 7. Riser pipe, 100 mm ND Height (variable); 8. Tee (screwed), 100 mm ND; 9. Pipe (riser to riser landing valve) 100 mm ND 10 m long, no change in elevation; 10. Gate valve, 100 mm ND; 11. Landing valve (no loss); 12. Hose 70mm, 51 mm or 45 mm ND, hose length variable 3 25 m or 4 25 m;1 13. Branches SRDB 46, 53 or 45.2

Figure 2. Schematic of installation dimensions and arrangements used for calculations

1 2

Hose size and length dened in item. Three branch sizes have been used for most calculations.

12

4 Calculation results
The results follow the same order as Framework Research Proposal, Fireghting in buildings hydraulic calculation in wet and dry risers, hoses and branches, Appendix A Specic conditions to be evaluated in hydraulic calculations. The Proposal Appendix item is inserted in italic preceding the results. It should be noted the following calculations include theoretical maxima based on possible pump performance. These can exceed the pressures to which riser pipework is currently designed and tested (BS 5306-1: 1976).

4.1 Proposal Appendix A; Item 1

The maximum pressures achievable at outlets of a reghting rising main complying to BS 5306:Part 1:1976 when supplied with a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump. This pressure to be calculated at outlet levels of oors one to eighteen with a notional storey height of 3.5 m. The maximum pressures at the outlet have been calculated for two conditions: (a) closed valve pressures (zero ow); and (b) owing pressure with Branch SRBD No 53 The calculations for the ow through the branch, assume the branch is directly connected to the outlet. The pressure riser outlet height results are shown graphically in Figure 3 and the numeric data are provided in Appendix A, Table A.1 of this report.

63 56 Riser outlet elevation m 49 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Branch pressure Bar

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Riser floor WT30/10 closed valve WT30/10 flowing pressure 15 Bar inlet pressure 10 Bar inlet pressure 7 Bar inlet pressure

Figure 3. Maximum riser outlet pressures for outlet heights of 3.5 to 63 m

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Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

4.2 Proposal Appendix A; Item 2

The maximum pressures available at a reghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983, 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1, with the reghting branch operating on the same oor level. The maximum pressure will vary depending on the ow generated by the branch attached at the end of the hose. The pressure ow calculations have therefore been carried out for each case specied using Branches SRDB Nos 46 (k factor 80), 53 (k factor 230) and 45 (k factor 330). The riser heights vs. branch pressure results are shown graphically in Figures 4, 5 and 6. The data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Tables A.2.1, A.2.2 and A.2.3. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A, Tables A.2.1, A.2.2 and A.2.3.

63 56 49 Branch elevation m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Branch 46 (k = 80) Branch 53 (k = 230) Branch 45 (k = 330)

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Branch floor level

Branch pressure Bar

Figure 4. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 45 mm hose

4.3 Proposal Appendix A; Item 3

The maximum pressure available at a reghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1 with the reghting branch operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5m.

14

Calculation results

63 56 49 Branch elevation m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Branch pressure Bar Branch 46 (k = 80) Branch 53 (k = 230) Branch 45 (k = 330)

18 16 14 Branch floor level Branch floor level 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 5. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 51 mm hose

63 56 49 Branch elevation m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Branch pressure Bar

70 mm

18 Branch 46 (k = 80) Branch 53 (k = 230) Branch 45 (k = 330) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

20

Figure 6. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 70 mm hose

The results of the six calculation sets using Branch 53 (k = 230) are shown graphically in Figure 7. The results for the pair sets (for hoses of the same dimensions connecting riser outlets to branches 3.5 and 7.0 m above the outlet) are the same (to the nearest whole number) and the pairs of plots in Figure 7 overlay each other. The pressure at the branches 7.0 m above the riser outlets are marginally higher than those for 3.5 m above the riser

15

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

outlets, due to a shorter equivalent length of 3.5 m of 100 mm pipe. The data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.3. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A, Table A.3.

{ Hose 70 mm: Branch 3.5 m above outlet Hose 70 mm: Branch 7.0 m above outlet { Hose 51 mm: Branch 3.5 m above outlet Hose 51 mm: Branch 7.0 m above outlet { Hose 45 mm: Branch 3.5 m above outlet Hose 45 mm: Branch 7.0 m above outlet
63 56 49 Branch elevation m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Branch pressure Bar 18 16 14 Branch floor level 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 7. Maximum Branch No 53 (k = 230) pressure with 4 25 m lengths of hose connecting riser outlet to branch 3.5 m and 7.0 m above the outlet

4.4 Proposal Appendix A; Item 4

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating on the same oor as the rising main outlet. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 8 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.4. The data show clearly the relationship between branch size, hose size and their inuence on branch elevation for the given conditions.

16

Calculation results

160 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 80 Branch No 46, k = 80 60 40 20 0 Hose and Branch selection 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose

Branch No 53, k = 230

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 53, k = 230

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 53, k = 230

Figure 8. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar 3 25 m hose lengths

4.5 Proposal Appendix A; Item 5

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 9 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.5. Two sets of calculation were undertaken for four lengths of 25 m hose, with the branch 3.5 m and 7.0 m above the riser outlet. Both calculation sets were very similar and can be represented by one graph and numeric data set. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A, Table A.5.

4.6 Proposal Appendix A; Item 6

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating on the same oor as the rising main outlet.

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 46, k = 80

Branch No 46, k = 80

17

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

160 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 80 Branch No 53, k = 230 Branch No 45, k = 330 Branch No 53, k = 230 Branch No 45, k = 330 Branch No 53, k = 230 60 40 20 0 Hose and Branch selection Branch No 45, k = 330 Height = 0 Branch No 46, k = 80 Branch No 46, k = 80 Branch No 46, k = 80 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose

Figure 9. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar 4 25 m hose lengths

160 45 mm Hose 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 Branch No 53, k = 230 Branch No 45, k = 330 Hose and Branch selection 80 60 40 20 0

Figure 10. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 2 bar 4 25 m hose lengths

The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 10 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.6. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A, Table A.6.

18

Branch No 46, k = 80

Calculation results

4.7 Proposal Appendix A; Item 7

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5m. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 11 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.7. The results for the branch one and two oors above the branch outlets were similar values. Only one set of data have therefore been plotted. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A, Table A.7.

180 160 Maximum riser outlet elevation m 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 70 mm ND Hose 51 mm ND hose 45 mm ND Hose Branch 46 Branch 53 Branch 45

Figure 11. Maximum riser outlet height for a 2 bar branch pressure

4.8 Proposal Appendix A; Item 8

The maximum pressures available at a reghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.4.4. The reghting branch is taken to be operating on the same oor level as the riser outlet. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 12 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.8.

19

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

The calculations have been carried out at the minimum pressure (4 bar) and the maximum pressure (5 bar), which are specied wet riser outlet pressure limits. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A, Table A.8.

45 mm hose/Branch 45 45 mm hose/Branch 53 45 mm hose/Branch 46 51 mm hose/Branch 45 51 mm hose/Branch 53 51 mm hose/Branch 46 70 mm hose/Branch 45 70 mm hose/Branch 53 70 mm hose/Branch 46 0

k = 330 k = 230 k = 80 k = 330 k = 230 k = 80 k = 330 k = 230 k = 80 1 2 3 4 5

Supply pressures 5 bar 4 bar

Branch pressure Bar

Figure 12. Maximum branch pressures for BS 5306: Part 1 (Clause 9.4.4) supply

4.9 Proposal Appendix A; Item 9

The maximum pressures available at a reghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.4.4. The reghting branch is taken to be operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m. The results of the calculations are for 4 bar outlet pressures shown graphically in Figures 13, 14 and 15 and the data for 4 bar and 5 bar outlet pressures is provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Tables A.9.1, A.9.2 and A.9.3. For comparison purposes data from Item 8 have been included in the plots.

20

Calculation results

6 70 mm hose, Branch 46 70 mm hose, Branch 53 70 mm hose, Branch 45

5
Branch pressure bar

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Height difference between Branch and riser outlet m NOTES 1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference, 3 25 m of 70 mm ND hose (item 8) 2. For 3.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference, 4 25 m 70 mm ND hose 3. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A, Table A.9.1

Figure 13. Maximum branch pressures vs. height difference between branch and riser outlet, 4 bar riser outlet pressure, 70 mm hose

5 Branch pressure bar

51 mm hose, Branch 46 51 mm hose, Branch 53 51 mm hose, Branch 45

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Height difference between Branch and riser outlet m NOTES 1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference, 3 25 m of 51 mm ND hose (item 8) 2. For 3.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference, 4 25 m 51 mm ND hose 3. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A, Table A.9.2

Figure 14. Maximum branch pressures vs. height difference between branch and riser outlet, 4 bar riser outlet pressure, 51 mm hose

21

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

45 mm hose, Branch 46 45 mm hose, Branch 53 45 mm hose, Branch 45

Branch pressure bar

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Height difference between Branch and riser outlet m NOTES 1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference, 3 25 m of 45 mm ND hose (Item 8) 2. For 3.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference, 4 25 m 45 mm ND hose 3. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A, Table A.9.3

Figure 15. Maximum branch pressures vs. height difference between branch and riser outlet, 4 bar riser outlet pressure, 45 mm hose

4.10 Proposal Appendix A; Item 10

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British Standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump. The maximum branch elevations are shown graphically in Figures 17, 18 and 19. The numeric data is given in Appendix A Tables A.10.1, A10.2 and A10.3. The assumptions on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A.10. NOTE Figures 17, 18 and 19 also include plots for Proposal Appendix A, item 11 (4 bar branch pressure).

22

Calculation results

160 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 80 60 40 20 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Pump outlet pressure Bar Hose 70mm ND 25 m Lengths 4 Bar @ Branch 46 4 Bar @ Branch 53 4 Bar @ Branch 45 2 Bar @ Branch 46 2 Bar @ Branch 53 2 Bar @ Branch 45

Figure 17. Maximum branch elevations vs. Pump outlet pressure for 70 mm hose

160 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 80 60 40 20 0 6

Hose 51mm ND 25 m Lengths 4 Bar @ Branch 46 4 Bar @ Branch 53 4 Bar @ Branch 45 2 Bar @ Branch 46 2 Bar @ Branch 53 2 Bar @ Branch 45

10

12

14

16

18

Pump outlet pressure Bar

Figure 18. Maximum branch elevations vs. Pump outlet pressure for 51 mm hose

23

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

160 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 80 60 40 20 0 6

Hose 45mm ND 25 m Lengths 4 Bar @ Branch 46 4 Bar @ Branch 53 4 Bar @ Branch 45 2 Bar @ Branch 46 2 Bar @ Branch 53 2 Bar @ Branch 45

10

12

14

16

18

Pump outlet pressure Bar

Figure 19. Maximum branch elevations vs. Pump outlet pressure for 45 mm hose

4.11 Proposal Appendix A; Item 11

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British Standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump. The maximum branch elevations are shown graphically in Figures 17, 18 and 19. The numeric data is given in Appendix A, Tables A.11.1, A11.2 and A11.3.

4.12 Proposal Appendix A; Item 12

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump - specication to be supplied. The pump performance curve for the HFS 3000 submersible pump at 2100 l/min was used to determine the maximum branch elevation for 2 bar pressure. The numerical data is given in Appendix A, Table A.12.

24

Calculation results

160 140 120 Branch elevation m 100 80 60 40 20 0 Hose and branch selection Branch No 53, k = 230 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose

Figure 20. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 2 bar

4.13 Proposal Appendix A; Item 13

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump specication to be supplied. The pump performance curve for the HFS 3000 submersible pump at 2100 l/min was used to determine the maximum branch elevation for 4 bar pressure. The numerical data is given in Appendix A, Table A.13.

160 140 120 Branch height m 100 80 60 40 20 0 Hose and branch selection Branch No 53, k = 230 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose

Figure 21. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar

25

5 Observations
5.1 Hose connections to riser outlets on oors beneath the oor of use
The calculations show the branch pressure differences between connecting a hose to a dry riser outlet on the oor of use compared to a connection one or two oors below were not signicant, providing the total hose length remains constant. If a greater hose length is required when connecting at a oor lower than the point of use, this will result in additional pressure losses. The pressure losses when connecting to a wet riser, below the oor of use, will be more signicant due to the regulated pressure at the riser outlet.

5.2 Riser ttings

Suppliers of riser ttings should be encouraged to provide pressure loss data (based on ow tests) for items such as inlet breechings, outlet connections and any other ttings where the pressure losses may be signicant

5.3 Branch k factors

The data provided to the project indicates that branch k factors vary considerably. As some branches have throttles controls, the k factors may vary over the operating range and settings. To undertake pressure ow calculations on dry risers it has been necessary to attribute specic pressure/ow characteristics (k factors) to the branches used. Caution should be exercised when calculating specic scenarios to make sure that not only a suitable branch is selected, but that the k factor for an appropriate setting is used. Branch suppliers should be encouraged to supply the appropriate branch performance information to carryout such an evaluation accurately. A specication for the evaluation of branch performance may be desirable.

5.4 Choice of branch

The results clearly show that the choice of branch or branch setting is a signicant variable to achieve satisfactory branch operating pressures.

26

Observations

5.5 Hose
The inuence of hose size on pressure losses decreases with diminishing branch k factor. Where it is essential to use branches with a high k factor this may require larger hose sizes when working at height or where long lengths of hose are required.

5.6 Pump performance

The Godiva WT30/10 pump is capable of yielding greater pressures (at the pump outlet) at closed system conditions (16.6 bar) and for ows generated by any one branch and hose combination (16.6 bar) than the riser pipework is designed and tested to (10 bar). The HFS-3000 standard and HiFlow impeller arrangements yield lower pressures and greater ows than the Godiva WT30/10 pump. The decline in the HFS-3000 pressure ow curve is more gradual, but this would only be of benet if higher ow rates were required at relatively low elevations The standard impeller delivered higher pressures at closed system conditions and owing conditions (14.2 bar) than the riser pipework is designed and tested to. The HiFlow impeller delivered a maximum of about 10.2 bar and therefore would not exceed current design limitations of the riser pipework.

5.7 Considerations for the design, installation and use of rising mains
5.7.1 Pressure strength of rising main hoses, pipework and ttings
In order to take full advantage of the capability of the pumping appliances, the rising main, hoses (inlet), pipework and ttings should be rated to an appropriate potential working pressure.

5.7.2 Pressure relief of rising mains

Where pumping capacity exceeds the maximum working pressure of the riser consideration should be given to appropriately located pressure relief device or alternatively over pressure alarm device at the inlet to the riser.

5.7.3 Riser staging stop valves

Where there is concern that a riser could suffer a catastrophic failure, consideration should be given to staging stop valves at intervals up the riser. When a failure occurs the staging valve below the pipe failure and above the riser outlet to be used should be closed.

27

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

5.7.4 Monitoring of riser stop valves

Any normally open stop valves which may interrupt ow of water through the riser should be electrically monitored and the condition transmitted to a permanently manned location.

5.7.5 Fire brigade access to riser valve monitoring

Fire brigade access to riser stop valve condition monitoring should preferably be by means of a data relay connection (for a PC with appropriate software) or alternatively by a relay panel at the riser inlet connection. Consideration should also be given to accessing critical re alarm, smoke ventilation and sprinkler installation data, through any riser inlet data relay connection.

5.7.6 Pressure at wet riser outlets

Current practice limits the wet riser outlet pressure appropriate for hose and branch use on the riser outlet oor. Consideration should be given to designing wet risers based on the assumption that the hose connections will be made to the riser below the oor of use. Where appropriate, re brigade practice should be changed to reect such an installation design change.

5.7.7 Water priming of dry-risers

Where there is no risk of freezing, consideration should be given to permanently priming dryrisers with water at an appropriate standing pressure. Water primed risers could be topped up either by a low-ow feed from a header tank at the top of the riser or by an appropriately sized jockey pump at the base. Loss of water would indicate that integrity of the riser was impaired. Priming the riser with water would:
G

reduce the ll time and water volume required to bring the riser into use; reduce the volume of air to be expelled; and allow continuous riser condition monitoring.

The volumes of 63 m high, 100 mm ND and 150 mm ND risers would be of the order of 0.7 m3 and 1.5 m3 respectively.

5.7.8 Riser outlet pressure regulation

Where pressures at risers outlets may exceed operational requirements on wet risers, outlet pressures are regulated using pressure reducing valves. Pressure reducing valves are most effective when there is a continuous ow; pressures across the regulator may equalise with time if there is no ow. In some instances pressure regulating devices may not be correctly adjusted at the time of installation or may become defective with time if not serviced correctly. Consideration should be given to the use of portable pressure reducing devices

28

Observations

which may be carried as part of the hose and branch kit. Such devices could be tested and calibrated regularly.

5.7.9 Design of wet and dry risers

The requirements of BS 5306:Part 1 are basically sound and pipe sizing practices should limit losses in the risers to comparatively low levels. There are however a number of unknowns such as friction losses through ttings. Consideration should be given to designing wet and dry risers by hydraulic calculation, based on specied performance requirements. At least, riser pipework designs should be checked by calculation to establish tness for purpose.

29

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

6 References
1. BS 5306: Part 1: 1976 Fire Extinguishing installations and equipment on premises: Hydrant systems, hose reels and foam inlets. (Formerly CP 402.101) 2. BS EN 1028-1 Fire-ghting pumps. Fire-ghting centrifugal pumps with primer. Classication. General and safety requirements. 3. BS 5041 Fire hydrant systems equipment. Specication for landing valves for wet risers. 4. BS 1387: 1985 (1990) Specication for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads 5. BS 5306: Part 2: 1990 Fire Extinguishing installations and equipment on premises: Specication for sprinkler installations. 6. Jet/Spray branches data sheets Part 1 and 2; Central Fire Brigades Advisory council for England and Wales; Scottish Central Fire Brigades Advisory Council.

30

Appendix A Calculation results in numeric form

Appendix A.1: Proposal Appendix A; Item 1
The maximum pressures achievable at outlets of a reghting rising main complying to BS 5306:Part 1:1976 when supplied with a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump. This pressure to be calculated at outlet levels of oors one to eighteen with a notional storey height of 3.5m.
Table A1. Maximum pressure achievable at riser outlets Inlet pressures Bar 16.6 (1) Outlet Height m 63 59.5 56 52.5 49 45.5 42 38.5 35 31.5 28 24.5 21 17.5 14 10.5 7 3.5 16.6 (1) 15 (2) 10 (2) 7 (2)

Outlet Pressures (P) and ows (Q) P Bar 10.3 10.65 11 11.35 11.7 12.05 12.4 12.75 13.1 13.45 13.8 14.15 14.5 14.85 15.2 15.55 15.9 16.25 Q l/min 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P Bar 9.15 9.46 9.77 10.1 10.4 10.71 11.03 11.34 11.66 11.97 12.29 12.61 12.92 13.24 13.56 13.88 14.2 14.52 Q l/min 696 707 719 731 742 753 764 775 785 796 806 817 827 837 847 857 867 876 P Bar 7.78 8.1 8.41 8.72 9.04 9.35 9.67 9.98 10.3 10.62 10.94 11.26 11.57 11.89 12.21 12.54 12.86 13.18 Q l/min 642 655 667 679 692 703 715 727 738 750 761 772 782 793 804 814 825 835 P Bar 3.36 3.66 3.97 4.28 4.59 4.9 5.21 5.52 5.83 6.15 6.49 6.77 7.09 7.4 7.72 8.04 8.35 8.67 Q l/min 422 440 458 476 493 509 525 540 555 570 586 598 612 626 639 652 665 677 P Bar 0.71 1.02 1.32 1.62 1.93 2.24 2.54 2.85 3.16 3.47 3.78 4.09 4.4 4.71 5.03 5.34 5.65 5.97 Q l/min 194 232 264 293 320 344 367 388 409 428 447 465 482 499 516 531 547 562

NOTES: 1. Godiva WT30/10 pump at 3600 l/min 16.6 bar outlet pressure for ow conditions given 2. Inlet Pressures limited to 15 bar, 10 bar or 7 bar as indicated 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND pipe 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose, 1 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + ttings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m

31

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix A.2: Proposal Appendix A; Item 2

The maximum pressures available at a reghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983, 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1, with the reghting branch operating on the same oor level.

Table A.2.1 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 45 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 25 m lengths (75 m) Branch SRDB No, (k factor) 46 (80) Floor No Height m Branch Pressure Bar 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 63.0 59.5 56.0 52.5 49.0 45.5 42.0 38.5 35.0 31.5 28.0 24.5 21.0 17.5 14.0 10.5 7.0 3.5 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.0 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 Flow l/min 242 246 250 254 257 261 265 268 272 276 279 282 286 289 293 296 299 302 53 (230) Branch Pressure Bar 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.6 Flow l/min 505 514 522 530 538 546 554 561 569 577 584 591 598 606 613 620 627 634 45 (330) Branch Pressure Bar 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 Flow l/min 579 588 598 607 616 625 634 643 652 661 669 678 686 694 702 710 718 726

NOTES: 8. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 9. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 10. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 11. Riser 100 mm ND 12. Outlet to Branch hose: 45 mm ND hose, 3 25 m long 13. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 14. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m

32

Calculation results in numeric form

Table A.2.2 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 51 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 25 lengths (75 m) Branch SRDB No, (k factor) 46 (80) Floor No Height m Branch Pressure Bar 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 63.0 59.5 56.0 52.5 49.0 45.5 42.0 38.5 35.0 31.5 28.0 24.5 21.0 17.5 14.0 10.5 7.0 3.5 9.7 10.0 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.6 14.9 15.2 Flow l/min 249 253 257 261 265 269 273 277 280 284 288 291 295 298 302 305 308 312 53 (230) Branch Pressure Bar 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.3 Flow l/min 587 596 606 616 625 634 643 652 661 670 678 687 695 704 712 720 728 737 45 (330) Branch Pressure Bar 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4 Flow l/min 711 723 735 747 758 770 781 792 803 813 824 835 845 855 866 876 886 896

NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 51 mm ND hose, 3 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m

33

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Table A.2.3 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 70 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 x 25 lengths (75m) Branch SRDB No, (k factor) 46 (80) Floor No Height m Branch Pressure Bar 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 63.0 59.5 56.0 52.5 49.0 45.5 42.0 38.5 35.0 31.5 28.0 24.5 21.0 17.5 14.0 10.5 7.0 3.5 10.2 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.6 15.0 15.3 15.6 16.0 Flow l/min 256 260 264 268 277 276 280 284 288 291 295 299 302 306 309 313 316 320 53 (230) Branch Pressure Bar 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.1 Flow l/min 686 697 709 720 731 742 753 763 774 784 794 804 815 824 834 844 854 863 45 (330) Branch Pressure Bar 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.8 12.1 12.3 Flow l/min 915 931 947 962 977 992 1007 1021 1036 1049 1064 1078 1092 1105 1119 1132 1146 1189

NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose, 3 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m

34

Calculation results in numeric form

Appendix A.3: Proposal Appendix A; Item 3

The maximum pressure available at a reghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1 with the reghting branch operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5m. All calculations were carried-out using branch 53 (k = 230).
Table A.3 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 45, 51 and 70 mm BS 6391 Hose of 4 25 lengths (100m) Branch Height Hose 45 mm x 100 m Hose 51 mm x 100 m Branch elevation Riser outlet height m 3.5 Press m 63.0 59.5 56.0 52.5 49.0 45.5 42.0 38.5 35.0 31.5 28.0 24.5 21.0 17.5 14.0 10.5 7.0 3.5 Bar 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.5 Flow l/min 467 475 483 490 498 505 512 519 526 533 540 547 553 560 566 573 579 585 Press Bar 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 Flow l/min 467 475 483 490 498 505 512 519 526 533 540 547 553 560 566 573 579 3.5 Press Bar 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 Flow l/min 556 565 574 583 593 601 610 618 626 635 643 651 659 667 675 682 690 697 Press Bar 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 7 Flow l/min 556 566 575 584 592 601 610 618 627 635 643 651 659 667 675 683 690 3.5 Press Bar 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.6 Flow l/min 675 686 698 709 719 730 741 751 761 772 782 792 802 811 821 831 840 849 Press Bar 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.4 7 Flow l/min 675 687 698 709 720 730 741 751 762 772 782 792 802 812 821 831 840 Hose 70 mm x 100m

NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose, 3 25 m long 7. Branch 53 (k = 230) used for all calculations 8. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 9. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 3.5 m or 7.0 m as indicated

35

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix A.4: Proposal Appendix A; Item 4

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating on the same oor as the rising main outlet.

Table A.4 Maximum branch elevation to deliver 4.0 bar pressure Hose size mm 70 70 70 51 51 51 45 45 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 80 230 330 80 230 330 80 230 330 Branch SRDB No Branch k factor Maximum branch elevation m 126.0 119.0 112.0 122.5 101.5 73.5 122.5 77.0 24.5 Branch pressure Bar 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.2 Flow l/min 162 468 666 165 466 674 160 470 677

NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose, 3 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m 8. Branch elevations calculated to nearest oor level.

36

Calculation results in numeric form

Appendix A.5: Proposal Appendix A; Item 5

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m. The two sets of calculations for the 3.5 m and 7.0 m heights are represented by a single data set due to the similarity of the results.

Table A.5 Maximum branch elevation to deliver 4.0 bar pressure Hose size mm 70 70 70 51 51 51 45 45 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 80 230 330 80 230 330 80 230 330 Branch SRDB No Branch k factor Maximum branch elevation m 126 119 108.5 122.5 94.5 59.5 119 63 0 Branch pressure Bar 4.1 4 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4 Flow l/min 162 461 666 163 465 669 162 467 663

NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose, 4 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 3.5 and 7.0 m 8. Branch elevations calculated to nearest oor level.

37

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix A.6: Proposal Appendix A; Item 6

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating on the same oor as the rising main outlet.

Table A.6. The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.0 bar pressure at the branch Branch No 46 53 45 NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 45 mm ND hose, 3 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m 8. Branch elevations calculated to nearest oor level. Height m 145 124 99

38

Calculation results in numeric form

Appendix A.7: Proposal Appendix A; Item 7

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a reghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the reghting branch operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m. Four lengths of hose were used for calculation purposes.

Table A.7. The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.0 bar pressure Hose size Branch elevation riser outlet height Maximum branch elevation m Branch No m 70 70 51 51 45 45 m 3.5 7 3.5 7 3.5 7 46 147 147 143.5 143.5 143.5 143.5 53 143.5 143.5 129.5 129.5 115.5 115.5 45 136.5 136.5 112 112 84 84

NOTES: 1. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to Branch hose: 45 mm ND hose, 4 25 m long 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 3.5 m and 7.0 m 8. Branch elevations calculated to nearest oor level.

39

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix A.8: Proposal Appendix A; Item 8

The maximum pressures available at a reghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.4.4. The reghting branch is taken to be operating on the same oor level as the riser outlet.

Table A.8 Maximum branch pressures for BS 5306: Part 1 (Clause 9.4.4) water supply Outlet pressure Bar Branch pressures Bar 70 mm ND Hose Branch No / (k factor) 46 (80) 4 5 3.94, 160 4.92, 177 53 (230) 3.52, 432 4.4, 619 51 mm ND Hose Branch No / (k factor) 46 (80) 4 5 3.74, 155 4.68, 176 53 (230) 2.55, 367 3.19, 411 45 mm ND Hose Branch No / (k factor) 46 (80) 4 5 3.52, 150 4.4, 168 53 (230) 1.88, 315 2.35, 353 45 (330) 1.2, 361 1.51, 405 45 (330) 1.84, 448 2.3, 500 45 (330) 3.12, 582 3.9, 652 and Flows L/min

NOTES 1. Maximum outlet pressure = 5 bar 2. Minimum outlet pressure = 4 bar 3. Three lengths of 25 m hose from outlet to branch

Appendix A.9: Proposal Appendix A; Item 9

The maximum pressures available at a reghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.4.4. The reghting branch is taken to be operating a) one oor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two oors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5m. The results are given in three Tables A.9.1, A.9.2 and A.9.3. The results for items 8 and 9 have been combined for ease of comparison.

40

Calculation results in numeric form

Table A.9.1 Maximum pressures at re ghting branches for 70 mm ND hose Proposal Item Riser outlet pressure bar Branch pressure bar Branch no (k factor) 46 (80) A.8 A.8 A.9 A.9 A.9 A.9 4 5 4 5 4 5 3.94 4.92 3.58 4.56 3.24 4.22 53 (230) 3.52 4.4 3.11 3.96 2.82 3.67 45 (330) 3.12 3.9 2.69 3.42 2.43 3.17 0 0 3.5 3.5 7 7 3 3 4 4 4 4 Branch elevation above outlet m 25 m hose lengths

Table A.9.2 Maximum pressures at re ghting branches for 51 mm ND hose Proposal Item Riser outlet pressure bar Branch pressure bar Branch no 46 A.8 A.8 A.9 A.9 A.9 A.9 4 5 4 5 4 5 3.74 4.68 3.35 4.27 3.04 3.95 53 2.55 3.19 2.09 2.66 1.89 2.46 45 1.84 2.3 1.44 1.83 1.3 1.69 0 0 3.5 3.5 7 7 3 3 4 4 4 4 Branch elevation above outlet m 25 m hose lengths

Table A.9.3 Maximum pressures at re ghting branches for 45 mm ND hose Proposal Item Riser outlet pressure bar Branch pressure bar Branch no 46 A.8 A.8 A.9 A.9 A.9 A.9 4 5 4 5 4 5 3.52 4.4 3.1 3.94 2.81 3.65 53 1.88 2.35 1.47 1.87 1.33 1.73 45 1.2 1.51 0.9 1.14 0.81 1.06 0 0 3.5 3.5 7 7 3 3 4 4 4 4 Branch elevation above outlet m 25 m hose lengths

NOTES 1. Maximum outlet pressure = 5 bar 2. Minimum outlet pressure = 4 bar

41

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix A.10: Proposal Appendix A; Item 10

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump. A series of calculations were carried out assuming the hoses were connected directly to the pump outlet. In all instances 25 m hoses lengths were used. For consistency, straight vertical hose runs have been assumed. Where there has been excess hose to achieve the elevation the excess hose has been assumed to run horizontally. Examples: Where the branch elevation is 147 m, six lengths of 25 m hose with a 3 m horizontal run has been used. For an 80 m elevation, four lengths of 25 m hose with a 20 m horizontal run has been used.

Table A.10.1 Branch elevations for 70 mm ND Hose, 2 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 2.11 2.11 2.07 46 Branch elevation m 147 80 50 Branch pressure bar 2.13 2.08 2 53 Branch elevation m 142 77 49 Branch pressure bar 2.01 2.06 2.07 45 Branch elevation m 138 75 46

Table A.10.2 Branch elevations for 51 mm ND Hose, 2 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 2.09 2.06 2 46 Branch elevation m 145 79 50 Branch pressure bar 2 2.12 2.08 53 Branch elevation m 125 68 42 Branch pressure bar 2.02 2.03 2.04 45 Branch elevation m 109 57 34

Table A.10.3 Branch elevations for 45 mm ND Hose, 2 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 2.02 2.07 2.01 46 Branch elevation m 143 77 49 Branch pressure bar 2.03 2.03 2.03 53 Branch elevation m 110 58 35 Branch pressure bar 2.03 2.03 2.53 45 Branch elevation m 85 49 25

42

Calculation results in numeric form

Appendix A.11: Proposal Appendix A; Item 11

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 specication re appliance pump. The method described in Appendix A.10 has also been used for Item 11. The branch pressure has been increased to 4 bar.

Table A.11.1 Branch elevations for 70 mm ND Hose, 4 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 4.23 4.05 4.01 46 Branch elevation m 125 60 30 Branch pressure bar 4.14 4.14 4.05 53 Branch elevation m 118 54 26 Branch pressure bar 4 4.06 4.06 45 Branch elevation m 110 49 25

Table A.11.2 Branch elevations for 51 mm ND Hose, 4 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 4.07 4.03 4.06 46 Branch elevation m 123 58 28 Branch pressure bar 4.05 4.03 4.03 53 Branch elevation m 97 45 22 Branch pressure bar 4.24 4.05 4.18 45 Branch elevation m 75 28 11

Table A.11.3 Branch elevations for 45 mm ND Hose, 4 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 4.02 4.05 4.08 46 Branch elevation m 119 55 26 Branch pressure bar 4.35 4.01 4.05 53 Branch elevation m 75 30 14 Branch pressure bar 4.54 4.19 3.89 45 Branch elevation m 50 25 0

43

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix A.12: Proposal Appendix A; Item 12

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump - specication to be supplied. The calculations have been undertaken using the HFS-3000 submersible pump performance, see Appendix D, for details. The calculation method is identical to that used for Appendix A.6.

Table A.12 The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.0 bar branch pressure Hose ND mm 45 51 70 NOTES 1. Pump: HFS-3000 submersible pump; 2. Pump speed 2100 r/min; 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length; 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to branch hose: as detailed in table; 6. Branch No 53 (k = 230); 7. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height; 8. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m 9. Branch elevations calculated to nearest oor level. Branch elevation m 101 112 121

44

Calculation results in numeric form

Appendix A.13: Proposal Appendix A; Item 13

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a reghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump - specication to be supplied. The calculations have been undertaken using the HFS-3000 submersible pump performance, see Appendix D, for details. The calculation method is identical to that used for Appendix A.10.

Table A.13 The maximum branch elevation to deliver a 4.0 bar branch pressure Hose ND mm 45 51 70 NOTES 1. Pump: HFS-3000 submersible pump; 2. Pump speed 2100 r/min; 3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND 25 m length; 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Outlet to branch hose: as detailed in table; 6. Branch No 53 (k = 230); 7. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height; 8. Branch elevation riser outlet height = 0 m 9. Branch elevations calculated to nearest oor level. Branch elevation m 56 78 96

45

Appendix B Typical equivalent lengths of ttings and valves

Typical equivalent lengths of ttings and valves Extracted from BS 5306: Part 2, Table 37 Fittings and valves Equivalent length of medium grade steel pipe (in m) to BS 1387 (C value 120) Nominal Diameter (mm) 100 m 90 Screwed elbow 90 Welded elbow (r/d = 1.5) 45 Screwed elbow Standard screwed tee or cross (ow through branch) Gate valve (anged tting) Buttery valve (anged tting) Globe valve straightway (anged tting) 3.04 1.43 1.61 6.10 0.81 4.56 34.48 150 m 4.30 2.00 2.30 8.61 1.13 6.38 48.79

Equivalent lengths can be converted as necessary for pipes of other C values by multiplying by the following factors C value Factor 100 0.714 110 0.850 130 1.160 140 1.330

NOTE: Equivalent length data may also be obtained from suppliers data sheets.

46

Appendix C Pump performance curves Godiva WT30/10

Appendix C.1: Godiva WT30/10 Pump curves
200 18 3600 rpm 16
90 10 0

400 400
11 0 12

600 600
13 0 0 Kw Kw

800

1000 800

1200 1000

USGPM 1 GPM

80 70

Kw

Kw

Kw

Kw Kw Kw

For test conditions see DS 474

250

14 3200 rpm 12 Total head (BAR) 2800 rpm

60

Kw

10

40
30

Kw
150
Kw

2400 rpm

20

Kw

100 4 LIFT: 2 1000 2000 3000 Flowrate (L/MIN) 4000

IMPELLER DIAMETER SUCTION DIAMETER 280 mm 122 mm ISSUE DATE CURVE DATE ISSUE 2

7.5m

3.0m

0.8m

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE OF WORLD SERIES WT30/10 PUMP (L.P. STAGE)

12-03-98 DS528

Total head (PSI)

50

200

47

Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches

Appendix C.2: Godiva WT30/10 Pump performance numeric data

Godiva WT30/10 3600rpm FLOW 10 0 16.6 500 16.6 1000 16.45 1500 16.25 2000 15.55 2500 14.6 3000 13.4 3500 11.95 4000 10.1 4500 0 LIFT 2 1900 3100 Godiva WT30/10 2800rpm FLOW 9 0 10.1 500 10 1000 10 1500 9.43 2000 8.92 2500 7.75 3000 6.56 3500 4.4 3700 0 LIFT 2 1900 3100

7.5 3.0

7.5 3.0

Godiva WT30/10 3200rpm FLOW 10 0 13.25 500 13.15 1000 12.95 1500 12.6 2000 11.91 2500 10.98 3000 9.76 3500 8.2 4000 5.71 4500 0 LIFT 2 1900 3100

Godiva WT30/10 2400rpm FLOW 7 0 7.38 500 7.38 1000 7.2 1500 6.75 2000 6 2500 5.1 3000 0 LIFT 1 1900

7.5

7.5 3.0

48

Appendix D: Pump performance curves HFS-3000 Submersible pump

Appendix D.1 HFS 3000 standard impeller pump performance curves

QH curve HFS-3000 standard impeller 16,00 14,00 Waterpressure (bar) 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 00 0 0

1300 rpm 1500 rpm 1700 rpm 1900 rpm 2100 rpm

Flow (l/min)

Appendix D.2 HFS-3000 HiFlow impeller pump performance curves

QH-curve HFS-3000 HiFlow Impeller 12,00 Water pressure (bar) 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00
0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00

1300 rpm 1500 rpm 1700 rpm 1900 rpm

Flow (l/min)

49

This project was carried out for the Building Disaster Assessment Group in the Ofce of the Deputy Prime Minister. This group was established to consider the issues, for re authorities and their re and rescue services in the UK, that have been highlighted by the World Trade Centre incident of 11th September 2001. This report provides an insight into the limitations of re ghting rising mains complying with BS 5306: Part 1, with specied re appliance pumps in specic scenarios.

ISBN 1-85112-763-1

Price 13.00 ISBN 1 85112 763 1

9 7 8 1 8 5 1 127634