Hydraulic Calculation of Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses and Branches

Hydraulic Calculation of
Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses

and Branches
December 2004
Building Research Establishment
On behalf of the
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London
The findings and recommendations in this report are those of the consultant authors and do not
necessarily represent the views or proposed policies of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
Following the reorganisation of the government in May 2002, the responsibilities of the former Department of the
Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) and latterly Department for Transport, Local Government and the
Regions (DTLR) in this area were transferred to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
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December 2004
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Executive Summary
This project is being undertaken in response to a request from ODPM Fire Statistics and
Research Division (FSRD) to undertake a number of hydraulic calculations on wet and dry
risers in high rise buildings.
This report provides results of sample calculations using a BRE software package “Riser flow”
to calculate water flows in wet and dry risers.
The report describes the assumptions made to undertake the calculations and details the
results obtained for the specific conditions requested in the contract proposal, “Firefighting in
buildings hydraulic calculation in wet and dry risers, hoses and branches”.
3
Contents
Page No
1 Introduction 7
2 Background 8
3 Assumptions and Data used for calculations 10
3.1 Elements used in the calculations 10
3.1.1 Water supplies 10
3.1.2 Connection details between the pump and the riser 10
3.1.3 Riser inlet connection (breeching) 10
3.1.4 Riser pipe size 10
3.1.5 Fitting friction losses for fittings and pipes 10
3.1.6 Landing valves 11
3.1.7 Hose 11
3.1.8 Branches 11
3.1.9 Pump characteristics 12
3.1.10 Schematic of installation used for calculations 12
4 Calculation results 13
4.1 Proposal Appendix A; Item 1 13
5
Contents
5 Observations 26
5.1 Hose connections to riser outlets on floors beneath the floor of use 26
5.2 Riser fittings 26
5.3 Branch k factors 26
5.4 Choice of branch 26
5.5 Hose 27
5.6 Pump performance 27
5.7 Considerations for the design, installation and use of rising mains 27
5.7.1 Pressure strength of rising main hoses, pipework and fittings 27
5.7.2 Pressure relief of rising mains 27
5.7.3 Riser staging stop valves 27
5.7.4 Monitoring of riser stop valves 28
5.7.5 Fire brigade access to riser valve monitoring 28
5.7.6 Pressure at wet riser outlets 28
5.7.7 Water priming of dry-risers 28
5.7.8 Riser outlet pressure regulation 28
5.7.9 Design of wet and dry risers 29
6 References 30
Appendix A – Calculation results in numeric form 31
Appendix B – Typical equivalent lengths of fittings and valves 46
Appendix C – Pump performance curves – Godiva WT30/10 47
Appendix D – Pump performance curves – HFS-3000 Submersible pump 49
6
1 Introduction
This project is being undertaken for Fire Statistics and Research Division (FSRD), ODPM
under contract CI 71/5/19 to provide an insight into the limitations of fire fighting rising mains
complying with BS 5306: Part 1,1 with specified fire appliance pumps as the pumping effort.
The project entails the development of PC based calculation software to determine the
pressure losses in fire fighting wet and dry rising mains. Suitable input data have been
identified. The project includes a series of pressure loss calculations using the software and
data provided by the project against specified scenarios. The software will be provided to
FSRD, ODPM at a later stage in the project.
7
2 Background
Wet or dry riser systems are terminal pipe configuration systems installed in accordance with
BS 5306: Part 1. The pipework is a series configured pipe array consisting of:
1. Pump or water supply;
2. Hose from pump to dry riser inlet (the pump outlet may not be at the same elevation
as the riser inlet);
3. Riser inlet fittings, pipework and bend(s) to base of riser;
4. The riser;
5. Riser outlet and fittings (on wet risers BS 5306: Part 1, Clause 9.4.4 limits the outlet
pressure to 4 bar minimum, 5 bar maximum at flows of at least 1500 l/min);
6. Hose line(s) from riser outlet to branch connection; and
7. Branch.
Figure 1 shows a typical dry riser arrangement.
Branch
Hose
Riser
H
To Branch
H
To Riser outlet
Pump
H
Riser inlet
Figure 1. Schematic of dry riser network
8
Background
To predict the pressures and water flows from a branch accurately, detailed information is
required about the system and components, such as:
1. The water supply characteristic;
2. Pipe fitting details;
3. Pipe size details such as pipe specification, pipe length (m), pipe diameter (mm);
change in elevation between inlet and outlet (m); and friction losses through the pipe
at flow;
4. Flexible hose details such as length (m), hose diameter (mm), change in elevation
between inlet and outlet and end fittings (m), (characteristics may vary between
different products of the same nominal diameter) and friction losses through the hose
under flow conditions (the friction losses may also vary due to pressure);
5. Branch performance characteristics such as nozzle entry pressure (bar) and flow
(dm3/min) over the operating pressure range of the branch or the branch k factor (see
paragraph 3.1.8 for an explanation of k factor).
9
3 Assumptions and Data used for
calculations
3.1 Elements used in the calculations
3.1.1 Water supplies

The pump used for calculation purposes is a Godiva WT30/10 (LP stage), complying with
BS EN 1028-1,2 unless otherwise stated. Zero suction lift has been assumed for all calculations.
See Appendix C.
NOTE. Where pumps draw directly from a town main, providing the town main can satisfy the
pump demand, there will be a positive supply pressure advantage, depending on the positive
pressure at the pump inlet.
3.1.2 Connection details between the pump and the riser

It has been assumed that the connection between the pump and the riser consists of
2 × 70 mm Nominal Diameter (ND) hoses each of 25 m length. The change in elevation
between the pump outlet and riser inlet has been taken as (zero) 0 m.
3.1.3 Riser inlet connection (breeching)

Each inlet connection complying with BS 5041-33 is required to be fitted with spring loaded
non-return valve(s) (see BS 5041-3; Clause 7.3) and will therefore have a friction loss which
exceeds that for straight pipe under flow conditions. No friction loss information has been
provided by suppliers of inlet connections. (It may be that the friction loss values have been
derived during the development of the product, but are not readily available within the
supplying companies). A friction loss equivalent to a single mushroom type non-return valve
has therefore been assumed down-stream of the inlet connection.
3.1.4 Riser pipe size

BS 5306: Part 1; clause 8.1.2, specifies the nominal bore size of wet and dry risers. Where only
one outlet is provided on a floor a 100 mm ND riser is permitted. If two are “permitted” a
riser of 150 mm ND is specified. For all the calculations BS13874 heavy gauge, galvanised pipe,
100 mm ND has been used as this will yield a greater pressure loss than 150 mm ND pipe.
3.1.5 Fitting friction losses for fittings and pipes

The fitting friction losses have been based on BS 5306: Part 2,5 Table 37. Calculations of
pipework losses have been based on BS 5306: Part 2, Section 18. A friction loss C factor of 120
has been assumed for BS 1387 Heavy gauge pipe. See Appendix B.
10
Assumptions and Data used for calculations
3.1.6 Landing valves

No friction loss information has been forthcoming from suppliers for landing valves. The
friction loss equivalent to a “straightway” gate valve has therefore been used.
3.1.7 Hose
Hose diameters of 45, 51 and 70 mm have been included. A calculation method and values
has been developed for each of the hose sizes that agree closely with one of the UK major
hose suppliers’ hydraulic calculation programme.
3.1.8 Branches
The water flow through the branches may be calculated using the equation:
––
Q = k√ P
Where
Q = flow rate through the branch (dm3/min)

P = pressure at the entry to the branch (bar)
k = nozzle constant
The following branches were selected to represent the range of branches available:
SRDB Code No Details k factor

46 Angloco Ltd – Rosenbauer R.B. 201 80
53 Walter Frank and Sons – Elkhart chief 4000 -3 230
45 Angloco Ltd – Rosenbauer R.B. 102 330
The k factors attributed to the branches are based on performance data made available by the
ODPM and data published in Jet/Spray Branches Data sheets.6 The available data indicate that
the k factors of branches are not always a constant, some branches varying more than others.
The amount that the k factor varies will be dependent on a number of factors such as bore
size, degree of adjustment, and automaticity. The branches selected represented those that
appeared to represent low (SRBD 46), median (SRDB 53) and high (SRDB 45) values within
the range of branches for which data are available and also had reasonably consistent k factor
values within the 4 to 5 bar operating range. It is important to note that the k factor values
used in this report will not be representative for all possible branch settings or for the full
operating branch pressure range of the branch cited.
11
Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers, hoses and branches
3.1.9 Pump characteristics

Where a fire appliance pump complying with BS EN 1028-1 has been specified, the pump
performance of a Godiva WT30/10 (LP stage) has been used, see Appendix C.
3.1.10 Schematic of installation used for calculations

Where dry-riser calculations have been carried-out, the arrangement in Figure 2 has been
used.
12
9 13
8
10 11
2 3 4
5
1 6
1. Godiva pump WT30/10 LP or LP stage;

2. Two hoses in parallel each 70 mm ND × 25 m long;
3. Riser inlet (no loss);
4. Non return valve (mushroom pattern);
5. Pipe (riser inlet to riser), 100 mm ND × 10 m long, (no change in elevation);
6. Elbow (screwed), 100 mm ND;
7. Riser pipe, 100 mm ND × Height (variable);
8. Tee (screwed), 100 mm ND;
9. Pipe (riser to riser landing valve) 100 mm ND × 10 m long, no change in elevation;
10. Gate valve, 100 mm ND;
11. Landing valve (no loss);
12. Hose 70mm, 51 mm or 45 mm ND, hose length variable 3 × 25 m or 4 × 25 m;1
13. Branches SRDB 46, 53 or 45.2
Figure 2. Schematic of installation dimensions and arrangements used for calculations
1
Hose size and length defined in item.
2
Three branch sizes have been used for most calculations.
12
4 Calculation results
The results follow the same order as Framework Research Proposal, “Firefighting in buildings
hydraulic calculation in wet and dry risers, hoses and branches”, Appendix A – Specific
conditions to be evaluated in hydraulic calculations. The Proposal Appendix item is inserted
in italic preceding the results.
It should be noted the following calculations include theoretical maxima based on possible
pump performance. These can exceed the pressures to which riser pipework is currently
designed and tested (BS 5306-1: 1976).
4.1 Proposal Appendix A; Item 1

The maximum pressures achievable at outlets of a firefighting rising main complying to
BS 5306:Part 1:1976 when supplied with a BS EN 1028-1 specification fire appliance pump.
This pressure to be calculated at outlet levels of floors one to eighteen with a notional storey
height of 3.5 m.
The maximum pressures at the outlet have been calculated for two conditions:
(a) closed valve pressures (zero flow); and
(b) flowing pressure with Branch SRBD No 53
The calculations for the flow through the branch, assume the branch is directly connected to
the outlet. The pressure riser outlet height results are shown graphically in Figure 3 and the
numeric data are provided in Appendix A, Table A.1 of this report.
63 18
WT30/10 closed valve
56 16 WT30/10 flowing pressure
15 Bar inlet pressure
49 14 10 Bar inlet pressure
7 Bar inlet pressure
Riser outlet elevation – m
42 12
Riser floor
35 10
28 8
21 6
14 4
7 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Branch pressure – Bar
Figure 3. Maximum riser outlet pressures for outlet heights of 3.5 to 63 m
13

The maximum pressures available at a firefighting branch when supplied with three lengths
of British Standard BS 6391:1983, 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main
outlet pressures calculated in 1, with the firefighting branch operating on the same floor
level.
The maximum pressure will vary depending on the flow generated by the branch attached at
the end of the hose. The pressure flow calculations have therefore been carried out for each
case specified using Branches SRDB No’s 46 (k factor 80), 53 (k factor 230) and 45 (k factor
330). The riser heights vs. branch pressure results are shown graphically in Figures 4, 5 and 6.
The data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A, Tables A.2.1, A.2.2 and A.2.3.
The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in
Appendix A, Tables A.2.1, A.2.2 and A.2.3.
63 18
Branch 46 (k = 80)
56 Branch 53 (k = 230) 16
Branch 45 (k = 330)
49 14
42 12
Branch elevation – m
Branch floor level

35 10
28 8
21 6
14 4
7 2
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Figure 4. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 45 mm hose

The maximum pressure available at a firefighting branch when supplied with four lengths
of British Standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main
outlet pressures calculated in 1 with the firefighting branch operating a) one floor higher
than the rising main outlet, b) two floors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a
notional storey height of 3.5m.
14
Calculation results
63 18
Branch 46 (k = 80)
56 Branch 53 (k = 230) 16
Branch 45 (k = 330)
49 14
42 12
Branch floor level

35 10
28 8
21 6
14 4
7 2
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
63 18
Branch 46 (k = 80)
56 Branch 53 (k = 230) 16
Branch 45 (k = 330)
49 14
42 12
Branch floor level
35 10
28 8
21 6
14 4
7 2
70 mm
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
The results of the six calculation sets using Branch 53 (k = 230) are shown graphically in
Figure 7. The results for the pair sets (for hoses of the same dimensions connecting riser
outlets to branches 3.5 and 7.0 m above the outlet) are the same (to the nearest whole
number) and the pairs of plots in Figure 7 overlay each other. The pressure at the branches
7.0 m above the riser outlets are marginally higher than those for 3.5 m above the riser
15
outlets, due to a shorter equivalent length of 3.5 m of 100 mm pipe. The data are provided in
numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.3.
Appendix A, Table A.3.
{ Hose 70 mm: Branch 3.5 m above outlet

Hose 70 mm: Branch 7.0 m above outlet
63 18
56 16
49 14
42 12
Branch floor level

35 10
28 8
21 6
14 4
7 2
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Figure 7. Maximum Branch No 53 (k = 230) pressure with 4 × 25 m lengths of hose connecting riser outlet to branch
3.5 m and 7.0 m above the outlet

The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1
specification fire appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a firefighting
branch when supplied through three lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm,
51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the firefighting branch operating
on the same floor as the rising main outlet.
The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 8 and the data are provided in
The data show clearly the relationship between branch size, hose size and their influence on
branch elevation for the given conditions.
16
Calculation results
160
70 mm Hose
140 51 mm Hose
45 mm Hose
120
100
80
Branch No 53, k = 230


60
40
20
0
Hose and Branch selection
Figure 8. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar 3 × 25 m hose lengths

branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm
and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the firefighting branch operating
a) one floor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two floors higher than the rising main
outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m.
numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.5. Two sets of calculation were undertaken for four
lengths of 25 m hose, with the branch 3.5 m and 7.0 m above the riser outlet. Both calculation
sets were very similar and can be represented by one graph and numeric data set.

branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm hose
connected to the riser outlet, with the firefighting branch operating on the same floor as the
rising main outlet.
17
160
70 mm Hose
51 mm Hose
140
45 mm Hose
120
100
80


60
40
Height = 0
20
0
160
45 mm Hose
140
120
100
80

60
40
20
0
18
Calculation results

and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the firefighting branch operating a) one
floor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two floors higher than the rising main outlet.
Assume a notional storey height of 3.5m.
numeric form in Appendix A, Table A.7. The results for the branch one and two floors above
the branch outlets were similar values. Only one set of data have therefore been plotted.
180
Branch 46
160 Branch 53
Branch 45
Maximum riser outlet elevation – m
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
70 mm ND Hose 51 mm ND hose 45 mm ND Hose
Figure 11. Maximum riser outlet height for a 2 bar branch pressure

of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance
standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.4.4. The firefighting
branch is taken to be operating on the same floor level as the riser outlet.
19
The calculations have been carried out at the minimum pressure (4 bar) and the maximum
pressure (5 bar), which are specified wet riser outlet pressure limits.
45 mm hose/Branch 45 k = 330 Supply pressures

45 mm hose/Branch 53 k = 230 5 bar
4 bar
45 mm hose/Branch 46 k = 80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 12. Maximum branch pressures for BS 5306: Part 1 (Clause 9.4.4) supply

The maximum pressures available at a firefighting branch when supplied with four lengths
branch is taken to be operating a) one floor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two floors
higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m.
The results of the calculations are for 4 bar outlet pressures shown graphically in Figures 13,
14 and 15 and the data for 4 bar and 5 bar outlet pressures is provided in numeric form in
Appendix A, Tables A.9.1, A.9.2 and A.9.3.
For comparison purposes data from “Item 8” have been included in the plots.
20
Calculation results
6
70 mm hose, Branch 46
5 70 mm hose, Branch 45
Branch pressure – bar
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Height difference between Branch and riser outlet – m
NOTES
1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference, 3 × 25 m of 70 mm ND hose (item 8)
2. For 3.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference, 4 × 25 m 70 mm ND hose
3. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A, Table A.9.1
Figure 13. Maximum branch pressures vs. height difference between branch and riser outlet, 4 bar riser outlet pressure,
70 mm hose
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NOTES
1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference, 3 × 25 m of 51 mm ND hose (item 8)
51 mm hose
21

4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NOTES
1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference, 3 × 25 m of 45 mm ND hose (Item 8)
45 mm hose

Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a firefighting
branch when supplied through British Standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected
to a BS EN 1028-1 specification fire appliance pump.
The maximum branch elevations are shown graphically in Figures 17, 18 and 19. The numeric
data is given in Appendix A Tables A.10.1, A10.2 and A10.3. The assumptions on which the
calculations are based are given in Appendix A.10.
NOTE
Figures 17, 18 and 19 also include plots for Proposal Appendix A, item 11 (4 bar branch
pressure).
22
Calculation results
160
140
120
100
80
60 Hose 70mm ND × 25 m Lengths

4 Bar @ Branch 46
40 4 Bar @ Branch 53
4 Bar @ Branch 45
2 Bar @ Branch 46
20
2 Bar @ Branch 53
2 Bar @ Branch 45
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Pump outlet pressure – Bar
Figure 17. Maximum branch elevations vs. Pump outlet pressure for 70 mm hose
Hose 51mm ND × 25 m Lengths

4 Bar @ Branch 53
4 Bar @ Branch 45
140
2 Bar @ Branch 46
2 Bar @ Branch 53
100
80
60
40
20
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
23
Hose 45mm ND × 25 m Lengths

4 Bar @ Branch 53
2 Bar @ Branch 46
2 Bar @ Branch 45
100
80
60
40
20
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18

branch when supplied through British Standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected
The maximum branch elevations are shown graphically in Figures 17, 18 and 19. The numeric
data is given in Appendix A, Tables A.11.1, A11.2 and A11.3.

branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected
to a High pressure pump - specification to be supplied.
The pump performance curve for the HFS 3000 submersible pump at 2100 l/min was used to
determine the maximum branch elevation for 2 bar pressure. The numerical data is given in
24
Calculation results
160
140

120
70 mm Hose
51 mm Hose
100
45 mm Hose
80
60
40
20
0
Hose and branch selection
Figure 20. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 2 bar

to a High pressure pump – specification to be supplied.
The pump performance curve for the HFS 3000 submersible pump at 2100 l/min was used to
determine the maximum branch elevation for 4 bar pressure. The numerical data is given in
160
140
120
Branch height – m
100 Branch No 53, k = 230

70 mm Hose
80 51 mm Hose
45 mm Hose
60
40
20
0
Hose and branch selection
Figure 21. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar
25
5 Observations
5.1 Hose connections to riser outlets on floors beneath the

floor of use
The calculations show the branch pressure differences between connecting a hose to a dry
riser outlet on the floor of use compared to a connection one or two floors below were not
significant, providing the total hose length remains constant. If a greater hose length is
required when connecting at a floor lower than the point of use, this will result in additional
pressure losses.
The pressure losses when connecting to a wet riser, below the floor of use, will be more
significant due to the regulated pressure at the riser outlet.
5.2 Riser fittings

Suppliers of riser fittings should be encouraged to provide pressure loss data (based on flow
tests) for items such as inlet breechings, outlet connections and any other fittings where the
pressure losses may be significant
5.3 Branch k factors

The data provided to the project indicates that branch k factors vary considerably. As some
branches have throttles controls, the k factors may vary over the operating range and settings.
To undertake pressure flow calculations on dry risers it has been necessary to attribute
specific pressure/flow characteristics (k factors) to the branches used. Caution should be
exercised when calculating specific scenarios to make sure that not only a suitable branch is
selected, but that the k factor for an appropriate setting is used. Branch suppliers should be
encouraged to supply the appropriate branch performance information to carryout such an
evaluation accurately.
A specification for the evaluation of branch performance may be desirable.
5.4 Choice of branch

The results clearly show that the choice of branch or branch setting is a significant variable to
achieve satisfactory branch operating pressures.
26
Observations
5.5 Hose
The influence of hose size on pressure losses decreases with diminishing branch k factor.
Where it is essential to use branches with a high k factor this may require larger hose sizes
when working at height or where long lengths of hose are required.
5.6 Pump performance

The Godiva WT30/10 pump is capable of yielding greater pressures (at the pump outlet) at
closed system conditions (16.6 bar) and for flows generated by any one branch and hose
combination (16.6 bar) than the riser pipework is designed and tested to (10 bar).
The HFS-3000 standard and HiFlow impeller arrangements yield lower pressures and greater
flows than the Godiva WT30/10 pump. The decline in the HFS-3000 pressure flow curve is
more gradual, but this would only be of benefit if higher flow rates were required at relatively
low elevations The standard impeller delivered higher pressures at closed system conditions
and flowing conditions (14.2 bar) than the riser pipework is designed and tested to. The
HiFlow impeller delivered a maximum of about 10.2 bar and therefore would not exceed
current design limitations of the riser pipework.
5.7 Considerations for the design, installation and use of rising

mains
5.7.1 Pressure strength of rising main hoses, pipework and fittings

In order to take full advantage of the capability of the pumping appliances, the rising main,
hoses (inlet), pipework and fittings should be rated to an appropriate potential working
pressure.
5.7.2 Pressure relief of rising mains

Where pumping capacity exceeds the maximum working pressure of the riser consideration
should be given to appropriately located pressure relief device or alternatively over pressure
alarm device at the inlet to the riser.
5.7.3 Riser staging stop valves

Where there is concern that a riser could suffer a catastrophic failure, consideration should be
given to staging stop valves at intervals up the riser. When a failure occurs the staging valve
below the pipe failure and above the riser outlet to be used should be closed.
27
5.7.4 Monitoring of riser stop valves

Any normally open stop valves which may interrupt flow of water through the riser should be
electrically monitored and the condition transmitted to a permanently manned location.
5.7.5 Fire brigade access to riser valve monitoring

Fire brigade access to riser stop valve condition monitoring should preferably be by means of
a data relay connection (for a PC with appropriate software) or alternatively by a relay panel at
the riser inlet connection. Consideration should also be given to accessing critical fire alarm,
smoke ventilation and sprinkler installation data, through any riser inlet data relay connection.
5.7.6 Pressure at wet riser outlets

Current practice limits the wet riser outlet pressure appropriate for hose and branch use on
the riser outlet floor. Consideration should be given to designing wet risers based on the
assumption that the hose connections will be made to the riser below the floor of use. Where
appropriate, fire brigade practice should be changed to reflect such an installation design
change.
5.7.7 Water priming of dry-risers

Where there is no risk of freezing, consideration should be given to permanently priming dry-
risers with water at an appropriate standing pressure. Water primed risers could be topped up
either by a low-flow feed from a header tank at the top of the riser or by an appropriately
sized jockey pump at the base. Loss of water would indicate that integrity of the riser was
impaired. Priming the riser with water would:
● reduce the fill time and water volume required to bring the riser into use;
● reduce the volume of air to be expelled; and
● allow continuous riser condition monitoring.
The volumes of 63 m high, 100 mm ND and 150 mm ND risers would be of the order of
0.7 m3 and 1.5 m3 respectively.
5.7.8 Riser outlet pressure regulation

Where pressures at risers outlets may exceed operational requirements on wet risers, outlet
pressures are regulated using pressure reducing valves. Pressure reducing valves are most
effective when there is a continuous flow; pressures across the regulator may equalise with
time if there is no flow. In some instances pressure regulating devices may not be correctly
adjusted at the time of installation or may become defective with time if not serviced
correctly. Consideration should be given to the use of portable pressure reducing devices
28
Observations
which may be carried as part of the hose and branch kit. Such devices could be tested and
calibrated regularly.
5.7.9 Design of wet and dry risers

The requirements of BS 5306:Part 1 are basically sound and pipe sizing practices should limit
losses in the risers to comparatively low levels. There are however a number of unknowns
such as friction losses through fittings. Consideration should be given to designing wet and
dry risers by hydraulic calculation, based on specified performance requirements. At least,
riser pipework designs should be checked by calculation to establish fitness for purpose.
29
6 References
1. BS 5306: Part 1: 1976 – Fire Extinguishing installations and equipment on premises:
Hydrant systems, hose reels and foam inlets. (Formerly CP 402.101)
2. BS EN 1028-1 – Fire-fighting pumps. Fire-fighting centrifugal pumps with primer.

Classification. General and safety requirements.
3. BS 5041 – Fire hydrant systems equipment. Specification for landing valves for wet risers.
4. BS 1387: 1985 (1990) Specification for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and
for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads
5. BS 5306: Part 2: 1990 – Fire Extinguishing installations and equipment on premises:

Specification for sprinkler installations.
6. Jet/Spray branches data sheets Part 1 and 2; Central Fire Brigades Advisory council for
England and Wales; Scottish Central Fire Brigades Advisory Council.
30
Appendix A – Calculation results in
numeric form
Appendix A.1: Proposal Appendix A; Item 1

The maximum pressures achievable at outlets of a firefighting rising main complying to BS
5306:Part 1:1976 when supplied with a BS EN 1028-1 specification fire appliance pump. This
pressure to be calculated at outlet levels of floors one to eighteen with a notional storey
height of 3.5m.
Table A1. Maximum pressure achievable at riser outlets

Inlet pressures – Bar
16.6 (1) 16.6 (1) 15 (2) 10 (2) 7 (2)
Outlet Outlet Pressures (P) and flows (Q)
Height
P Q P Q P Q P Q P Q
m Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min
63 10.3 0 9.15 696 7.78 642 3.36 422 0.71 194
59.5 10.65 0 9.46 707 8.1 655 3.66 440 1.02 232
56 11 0 9.77 719 8.41 667 3.97 458 1.32 264
52.5 11.35 0 10.1 731 8.72 679 4.28 476 1.62 293
49 11.7 0 10.4 742 9.04 692 4.59 493 1.93 320
45.5 12.05 0 10.71 753 9.35 703 4.9 509 2.24 344
42 12.4 0 11.03 764 9.67 715 5.21 525 2.54 367
38.5 12.75 0 11.34 775 9.98 727 5.52 540 2.85 388
35 13.1 0 11.66 785 10.3 738 5.83 555 3.16 409
31.5 13.45 0 11.97 796 10.62 750 6.15 570 3.47 428
28 13.8 0 12.29 806 10.94 761 6.49 586 3.78 447
24.5 14.15 0 12.61 817 11.26 772 6.77 598 4.09 465
21 14.5 0 12.92 827 11.57 782 7.09 612 4.4 482
17.5 14.85 0 13.24 837 11.89 793 7.4 626 4.71 499
14 15.2 0 13.56 847 12.21 804 7.72 639 5.03 516
10.5 15.55 0 13.88 857 12.54 814 8.04 652 5.34 531
7 15.9 0 14.2 867 12.86 825 8.35 665 5.65 547
3.5 16.25 0 14.52 876 13.18 835 8.67 677 5.97 562
NOTES:
1. Godiva WT30/10 pump at 3600 l/min ≈ 16.6 bar outlet pressure for flow conditions given
2. Inlet Pressures limited to 15 bar, 10 bar or 7 bar as indicated
3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length
4. Riser 100 mm ND pipe
5. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose, 1 × 25 m long
6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + fittings + Height
7. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m
31

of British standard BS 6391:1983, 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main
outlet pressures calculated in 1, with the firefighting branch operating on the same floor
level.
Table A.2.1 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 45 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 × 25 m lengths (75 m)
Branch SRDB No, (k factor)
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
Floor No Height Branch Flow Branch Flow Branch Flow
m Pressure Pressure Pressure
Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min
18 63.0 9.1 242 4.8 505 3.1 579
17 59.5 9.4 246 5.0 514 3.2 588
16 56.0 9.8 250 5.2 522 3.3 598
15 52.5 10.0 254 5.3 530 3.4 607
14 49.0 10.4 257 5.5 538 3.5 616
13 45.5 10.7 261 5.6 546 3.6 625
12 42.0 11.0 265 5.8 554 3.7 634
11 38.5 11.3 268 6.0 561 3.8 643
10 35.0 11.6 272 6.1 569 3.9 652
9 31.5 11.9 276 6.3 577 4.0 661
8 28.0 12.2 279 6.5 584 4.1 669
7 24.5 12.5 282 6.6 591 4.2 678
6 21.0 12.8 286 6.8 598 4.3 686
5 17.5 13.1 289 6.9 606 4.4 694
4 14.0 13.4 293 7.1 613 4.5 702
3 10.5 13.7 296 7.3 620 4.6 710
2 7.0 14.0 299 7.4 627 4.7 718
1 3.5 14.3 302 7.6 634 4.9 726
NOTES:
8. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage)
9. Pump speed: 3600 r/min
11. Riser 100 mm ND
13. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height
32
Calculation results in numeric form
Table A.2.2 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 51 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 × 25 lengths (75 m)
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
18 63.0 9.7 249 6.5 587 4.7 711
17 59.5 10.0 253 6.7 596 4.8 723
16 56.0 10.4 257 6.9 606 5.0 735
15 52.5 10.7 261 7.2 616 5.1 747
14 49.0 11.0 265 7.4 625 5.3 758
13 45.5 11.3 269 7.6 634 5.4 770
12 42.0 11.6 273 7.8 643 5.6 781
11 38.5 12.0 277 8.0 652 5.8 792
10 35.0 12.3 280 8.3 661 5.9 803
9 31.5 12.6 284 8.5 670 6.1 813
8 28.0 12.9 288 8.7 678 6.2 824
7 24.5 13.3 291 8.9 687 6.4 835
6 21.0 13.6 295 9.1 695 6.6 845
5 17.5 13.9 298 9.4 704 6.7 855
4 14.0 14.2 302 9.6 712 6.9 866
3 10.5 14.6 305 9.8 720 7.0 876
2 7.0 14.9 308 10.0 728 7.2 886
1 3.5 15.2 312 10.3 737 7.4 896
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
33
Table A.2.3 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 70 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 x 25 lengths (75m)
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
18 63.0 10.2 256 8.9 686 7.7 915
17 59.5 10.6 260 9.2 697 8.0 931
16 56.0 10.9 264 9.5 709 8.2 947
15 52.5 11.2 268 9.8 720 8.5 962
14 49.0 11.6 277 10.1 731 8.8 977
13 45.5 11.9 276 10.4 742 9.0 992
12 42.0 12.2 280 10.7 753 9.3 1007
11 38.5 12.6 284 11.0 763 9.6 1021
10 35.0 12.9 288 11.3 774 9.9 1036
9 31.5 13.3 291 11.6 784 10.1 1049
8 28.0 13.6 295 11.9 794 10.4 1064
7 24.5 13.9 299 12.2 804 10.7 1078
6 21.0 14.3 302 12.5 815 11.0 1092
5 17.5 14.6 306 12.9 824 11.2 1105
4 14.0 15.0 309 13.2 834 11.1 1119
3 10.5 15.3 313 13.5 844 11.8 1132
2 7.0 15.6 316 13.8 854 12.1 1146
1 3.5 16.0 320 14.1 863 12.3 1189
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
34

The maximum pressure available at a firefighting branch when supplied with four lengths
of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main
outlet pressures calculated in 1 with the firefighting branch operating a) one floor higher
than the rising main outlet, b) two floors higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a
notional storey height of 3.5m.
All calculations were carried-out using branch 53 (k = 230).
Table A.3 Branch pressures vs. outlet heights for 45, 51 and 70 mm BS 6391 Hose of 4 × 25 lengths
(100m)
Branch Hose 45 mm x 100 m Hose 51 mm x 100 m Hose 70 mm x 100m
Height
Branch elevation – Riser outlet height
m
3.5 7 3.5 7 3.5 7
Press Flow Press Flow Press Flow Press Flow Press Flow Press Flow
m Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min Bar l/min
63.0 4.1 467 4.1 467 5.9 556 5.9 556 8.6 675 8.6 675
59.5 4.3 475 4.3 475 6.0 565 6.0 566 8.9 686 8.9 687
56.0 4.4 483 4.4 483 6.2 574 6.2 575 9.2 698 9.2 698
52.5 4.5 490 4.5 490 6.4 583 6.4 584 9.5 709 9.5 709
49.0 4.7 498 4.7 498 6.6 593 6.6 592 9.8 719 9.8 720
45.5 4.8 505 4.8 505 6.8 601 6.8 601 10.1 730 10.1 730
42.0 5.0 512 5.0 512 7.0 610 7.0 610 10.4 741 10.4 741
38.5 5.1 519 5.1 519 7.2 618 7.2 618 10.7 751 10.7 751
35.0 5.2 526 5.2 526 7.4 626 7.4 627 11.0 761 11.0 762
31.5 5.4 533 5.4 533 7.6 635 7.6 635 11.3 772 11.3 772
28.0 5.5 540 5.5 540 7.8 643 7.8 643 11.6 782 11.6 782
24.5 5.7 547 5.7 547 8.0 651 8.0 651 11.9 792 11.9 792
21.0 5.8 553 5.8 553 8.2 659 8.2 659 12.1 802 12.2 802
17.5 5.9 560 5.9 560 8.4 667 8.4 667 12.4 811 12.5 812
14.0 6.1 566 6.1 566 8.6 675 8.6 675 12.7 821 12.8 821
10.5 6.2 573 6.2 573 8.8 682 8.8 683 13.0 831 13.1 831
7.0 6.3 579 6.3 579 9.0 690 9.0 690 13.3 840 13.4 840
3.5 6.5 585 9.2 697 13.6 849
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
7. Branch 53 (k = 230) used for all calculations
9. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 3.5 m or 7.0 m as indicated
35

branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm, 51 mm
and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet, with the firefighting branch operating on the
same floor as the rising main outlet.
Table A.4 Maximum branch elevation to deliver 4.0 bar pressure

Hose size Branch Branch Maximum branch Branch pressure Flow
SRDB No k factor elevation
mm m Bar l/min
70 46 80 126.0 4.1 162
70 53 230 119.0 4.2 468
70 45 330 112.0 4.1 666
51 46 80 122.5 4.3 165
51 53 230 101.5 4.1 466
51 45 330 73.5 4.2 674
45 46 80 122.5 4.0 160
45 53 230 77.0 4.2 470
45 45 330 24.5 4.2 677
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
8. Branch elevations calculated to nearest floor level.
36

Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m.
The two sets of calculations for the 3.5 m and 7.0 m heights are represented by a single data
set due to the similarity of the results.
Table A.5 Maximum branch elevation to deliver 4.0 bar pressure

Hose size Branch Branch Maximum branch Branch pressure Flow
SRDB No k factor elevation
mm m Bar l/min
70 46 80 126 4.1 162
70 53 230 119 4 461
70 45 330 108.5 4.1 666
51 46 80 122.5 4.1 163
51 53 230 94.5 4.1 465
51 45 330 59.5 4.1 669
45 46 80 119 4.1 162
45 53 230 63 4.1 467
45 45 330 0 4 663
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
7. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 3.5 and 7.0 m
37

branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm hose
connected to the riser outlet, with the firefighting branch operating on the same floor as the
rising main outlet.
Table A.6. The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.0 bar pressure at the branch
Branch No Height
m
46 145
53 124
45 99
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
38

Assume a notional storey height of 3.5 m.
Four lengths of hose were used for calculation purposes.
Table A.7. The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.0 bar pressure
Hose size Branch elevation – riser Maximum branch elevation
outlet height m
Branch No
m m 46 53 45
70 3.5 147 143.5 136.5
70 7 147 143.5 136.5
51 3.5 143.5 129.5 112
51 7 143.5 129.5 112
45 3.5 143.5 115.5 84
45 7 143.5 115.5 84
NOTES:
4. Riser 100 mm ND
7. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 3.5 m and 7.0 m
39

branch is taken to be operating on the same floor level as the riser outlet.
Table A.8 Maximum branch pressures for BS 5306: Part 1 (Clause 9.4.4) water supply
Outlet pressure Branch pressures and Flows
Bar Bar L/min
70 mm ND Hose
Branch No / (k factor)
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
4 3.94, 160 3.52, 432 3.12, 582
5 4.92, 177 4.4, 619 3.9, 652
51 mm ND Hose
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
4 3.74, 155 2.55, 367 1.84, 448
5 4.68, 176 3.19, 411 2.3, 500
45 mm ND Hose
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
4 3.52, 150 1.88, 315 1.2, 361
5 4.4, 168 2.35, 353 1.51, 405
NOTES
1. Maximum outlet pressure = 5 bar
2. Minimum outlet pressure = 4 bar
3. Three lengths of 25 m hose from outlet to branch

The maximum pressures available at a firefighting branch when supplied with four lengths
branch is taken to be operating a) one floor higher than the rising main outlet, b) two floors
higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.5m.
The results are given in three Tables A.9.1, A.9.2 and A.9.3. The results for items 8 and 9 have
been combined for ease of comparison.
40
Table A.9.1 Maximum pressures at fire fighting branches for 70 mm ND hose

Proposal Riser outlet Branch pressure Branch elevation 25 m
Item pressure bar bar above outlet hose
m lengths
Branch no (k factor)
46 (80) 53 (230) 45 (330)
A.8 4 3.94 3.52 3.12 0 3
A.8 5 4.92 4.4 3.9 0 3
A.9 4 3.58 3.11 2.69 3.5 4
A.9 5 4.56 3.96 3.42 3.5 4
A.9 4 3.24 2.82 2.43 7 4
A.9 5 4.22 3.67 3.17 7 4

m lengths
Branch no
46 53 45
A.8 4 3.74 2.55 1.84 0 3
A.8 5 4.68 3.19 2.3 0 3
A.9 4 3.35 2.09 1.44 3.5 4
A.9 5 4.27 2.66 1.83 3.5 4
A.9 4 3.04 1.89 1.3 7 4
A.9 5 3.95 2.46 1.69 7 4

m lengths
Branch no
46 53 45
A.8 4 3.52 1.88 1.2 0 3
A.8 5 4.4 2.35 1.51 0 3
A.9 4 3.1 1.47 0.9 3.5 4
A.9 5 3.94 1.87 1.14 3.5 4
A.9 4 2.81 1.33 0.81 7 4
A.9 5 3.65 1.73 1.06 7 4
NOTES
1. Maximum outlet pressure = 5 bar
2. Minimum outlet pressure = 4 bar
41

A series of calculations were carried out assuming the hoses were connected directly to the
pump outlet. In all instances 25 m hoses lengths were used. For consistency, straight vertical
hose runs have been assumed. Where there has been excess hose to achieve the elevation the
excess hose has been assumed to run horizontally.
Examples: Where the branch elevation is 147 m, six lengths of 25 m hose with a 3 m
horizontal run has been used. For an 80 m elevation, four lengths of 25 m hose with a 20 m
horizontal run has been used.
Table A.10.1 Branch elevations for 70 mm ND Hose, 2 bar branch pressure

Branch no 46 53 45
Pump Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch
pressure pressure elevation pressure elevation pressure elevation
bar bar m bar m bar m
16.6 2.11 147 2.13 142 2.01 138
10 2.11 80 2.08 77 2.06 75
7 2.07 50 2 49 2.07 46

Branch no 46 53 45
16.6 2.09 145 2 125 2.02 109
10 2.06 79 2.12 68 2.03 57
7 2 50 2.08 42 2.04 34

Branch no 46 53 45
16.6 2.02 143 2.03 110 2.03 85
10 2.07 77 2.03 58 2.03 49
7 2.01 49 2.03 35 2.53 25
42

The method described in Appendix A.10 has also been used for Item 11. The branch pressure
has been increased to 4 bar.

Branch no 46 53 45
16.6 4.23 125 4.14 118 4 110
10 4.05 60 4.14 54 4.06 49
7 4.01 30 4.05 26 4.06 25

Branch no 46 53 45
16.6 4.07 123 4.05 97 4.24 75
10 4.03 58 4.03 45 4.05 28
7 4.06 28 4.03 22 4.18 11

Branch no 46 53 45
16.6 4.02 119 4.35 75 4.54 50
10 4.05 55 4.01 30 4.19 25
7 4.08 26 4.05 14 3.89 0
43

The calculations have been undertaken using the HFS-3000 submersible pump performance,
see Appendix D, for details. The calculation method is identical to that used for Appendix A.6.
Table A.12 The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.0 bar branch pressure
Hose ND Branch elevation
mm m
45 101
51 112
70 121
NOTES
1. Pump: HFS-3000 submersible pump;
2. Pump speed 2100 r/min;
3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length;
4. Riser 100 mm ND
5. Outlet to branch hose: as detailed in table;
6. Branch No 53 (k = 230);
7. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height;
44

The calculations have been undertaken using the HFS-3000 submersible pump performance,
see Appendix D, for details. The calculation method is identical to that used for
Appendix A.10.
Table A.13 The maximum branch elevation to deliver a 4.0 bar branch pressure
Hose ND Branch elevation
mm m
45 56
51 78
70 96
NOTES
1. Pump: HFS-3000 submersible pump;
2. Pump speed 2100 r/min;
3. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length;
4. Riser 100 mm ND
5. Outlet to branch hose: as detailed in table;
6. Branch No 53 (k = 230);
7. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height;
45
Appendix B – Typical equivalent
lengths of fittings and valves
Typical equivalent lengths of fittings and valves
Extracted from BS 5306: Part 2, Table 37
Fittings and valves Equivalent length of medium grade steel pipe (in m) to BS 1387 (C value 120)
Nominal Diameter
(mm)
100 150
m m
90º Screwed elbow 3.04 4.30
90º Welded elbow 1.43 2.00
(r/d = 1.5)
45º Screwed elbow 1.61 2.30
Standard screwed tee or cross (flow through branch) 6.10 8.61
Gate valve (flanged fitting) 0.81 1.13
Butterfly valve (flanged fitting) 4.56 6.38
Globe valve – straightway (flanged fitting) 34.48 48.79
Equivalent lengths can be converted as necessary for pipes of other C values by multiplying by the following
factors
C value 100 110 130 140
Factor 0.714 0.850 1.160 1.330
NOTE: Equivalent length data may also be obtained from suppliers data sheets.
46
Appendix C – Pump performance
curves – Godiva WT30/10
Appendix C.1: Godiva WT30/10 Pump curves
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 USGPM

18
400 600 800 1000 1 GPM
3600 rpm
90
10
11
12
13
0
0
80
Kw
Kw
Kw
Kw
Kw
16 Kw
For test conditions 250
70 see DS 474
Kw
14
3200 rpm 60
Kw
12 200
50
Total head (PSI)

Kw
Total head (BAR)
2800 rpm
10 40
Kw
30 150
8 Kw
2400 rpm
6 20
Kw
100
4
LIFT: – 7.5m 3.0m 0.8m

2
1000 2000 3000 4000 ISSUE 2
Flowrate (L/MIN)
IMPELLER ISSUE
ø280 mm 12-03-98
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE OF DIAMETER DATE
WORLD SERIES WT30/10 PUMP (L.P. STAGE) SUCTION CURVE
ø122 mm DS528
DIAMETER DATE
47
Appendix C.2: Godiva WT30/10 Pump performance numeric

data
Godiva WT30/10 3600rpm Godiva WT30/10 2800rpm

FLOW FLOW
10 9
0 16.6 0 10.1
500 16.6 500 10
1000 16.45 1000 10
1500 16.25 1500 9.43
2000 15.55 2000 8.92
2500 14.6 2500 7.75
3000 13.4 3000 6.56
3500 11.95 3500 4.4
4000 10.1 3700 0
4500 0
LIFT
LIFT 2
2 1900 7.5
1900 7.5 3100 3.0
3100 3.0
Godiva WT30/10 2400rpm
Godiva WT30/10 3200rpm FLOW
FLOW 7
10 0 7.38
0 13.25 500 7.38
500 13.15 1000 7.2
1000 12.95 1500 6.75
1500 12.6 2000 6
2000 11.91 2500 5.1
2500 10.98 3000 0
3000 9.76
3500 8.2 LIFT
4000 5.71 1
4500 0 1900 7.5
LIFT
2
1900 7.5
3100 3.0
48
Appendix D: Pump performance
curves – HFS-3000 Submersible pump
Appendix D.1 HFS 3000 standard impeller pump performance

curves
QH curve HFS-3000 standard impeller
16,00
14,00
Waterpressure (bar)
12,00 1300 rpm

10,00 1500 rpm
8,00 1700 rpm
6,00 1900 rpm

4,00 2100 rpm
2,00
0,00
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
50
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Flow (l/min)
Appendix D.2 HFS-3000 HiFlow impeller pump performance

curves
QH-curve HFS-3000 HiFlow Impeller
12,00
10,00
Water pressure (bar)
8,00 1300 rpm

1500 rpm
6,00
1700 rpm
4,00 1900 rpm
2,00
0,00
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Flow (l/min)
49

Hydraulic Calculation of Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses and Branches

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Hydraulic Calculation of

Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses

The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister

© Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 2004

Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with the Crown.

HMSO’s Licensing Division

Further copies of this publication are available from:

ISBN 1 85112 763 1

Reference Number 04LGFG02767(4)

1. Pump or water supply;

3. Riser inlet fittings, pipework and bend(s) to base of riser;

6. Hose line(s) from riser outlet to branch connection; and

Figure 1 shows a typical dry riser arrangement.

Figure 1. Schematic of dry riser network

1. The water supply characteristic;

2. Pipe fitting details;

3.1 Elements used in the calculations

3.1.1 Water supplies

3.1.2 Connection details between the pump and the riser

3.1.3 Riser inlet connection (breeching)

3.1.4 Riser pipe size

3.1.5 Fitting friction losses for fittings and pipes

3.1.6 Landing valves

Q = flow rate through the branch (dm3/min)

SRDB Code No Details k factor

3.1.9 Pump characteristics

3.1.10 Schematic of installation used for calculations

1. Godiva pump WT30/10 LP or LP stage;

Figure 2. Schematic of installation dimensions and arrangements used for calculations

4.1 Proposal Appendix A; Item 1

(a) closed valve pressures (zero flow); and

(b) flowing pressure with Branch SRBD No 53

Figure 3. Maximum riser outlet pressures for outlet heights of 3.5 to 63 m

4.2 Proposal Appendix A; Item 2

Branch floor level

Figure 4. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 45 mm hose

4.3 Proposal Appendix A; Item 3

Branch floor level

Figure 5. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 51 mm hose

Branch pressure – Bar

Figure 6. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 70 mm hose

{ Hose 70 mm: Branch 3.5 m above outlet

Branch floor level

4.4 Proposal Appendix A; Item 4

Branch No 53, k = 230

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 53, k = 230

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 45, k = 330

4.5 Proposal Appendix A; Item 5

4.6 Proposal Appendix A; Item 6

Branch No 53, k = 230

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 53, k = 230

Branch No 45, k = 330

Branch No 45, k = 330

4.7 Proposal Appendix A; Item 7

4.8 Proposal Appendix A; Item 8

45 mm hose/Branch 45 k = 330 Supply pressures