ATM Physical Layer

Raj Jain Professor of Computer and Information Science The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 Jain@CIS.Ohio-State.Edu http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/
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Raj Jain 1

Physical Layer
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Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Sublayer: q Fiber, Twisted-Pair, Coax, SONET, DS3 Transmission convergence layer: q Convert bit stream to cell stream q Transmission frame adaptation: packing cells into frames q Cell delineation: scrambling and cell recovery after descrambling q HEC generation and verification q Cell rate decoupling: Insertion and suppression of idle cells
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B-ISDN Physical Layer

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I.432 (1993) defines three PHY Interfaces at TB (NT1-NT2): q Full-duplex 155.52 Mbps q Subscriber to Network at 155.52 Mbps, Network to subscriber at 622.08 Mbps (For video distribution) q Full-duplex 622.08 Mbps Full-Duplex 155.52 Mbps q Coaxial cable pair (100-200 m max) using CMI coding q Single mode fiber pair (800-2000 m max) using NRZ 622.08 Mbps: Single mode fiber pair using NRZ
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PHYs for Private UNI

Frame Format Cell Stream STS-1 FDDI STS-3c, STM-1 STS-3c, STM-1 Bit Rate/Line Rate 25.6 Mbps/ 32 Mbaud 51.84 Mbps 100 Mbps/ 125 Mbaud 155.52 Mbps 155.52 Mbps Media UTP-3 UTP-3 Multimode Fiber UTP-5 Single-Mode Fiber, Multimode Fiber, Coax pair Multimode Fiber, STP UTP-3 SMF, MMF
Raj Jain 4

Cell Stream

155.52 Mbps/ 194.4 Mbaud STS-3c, STM-1 155.52 Mbps STS-12, STM-4 622.08 Mbps
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PHYs for Public UNI

Frame Format DS1 DS3 STS-3c, STM-1 E1 E3 J2 N T1 Bit Rate 1.544 Mbps 44.736 Mbps 155.520 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 34.368 Mbps 6.312 Mbps N 1.544 Mbps Media Twisted pair Coax pair Single-mode Fiber Twisted pair, Coax pair Coax pair Coax pair Twisted pair

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Raj Jain 5

Transmission Structure
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I.432 specifies two options: q Sequence of cells. Synchronization using HEC. q SONET/SDH payload envelops

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Raj Jain 6

Cell-Stream Phy
Cell Continuous stream of cells. No framing. q Hunt bit-by-bit for correct header. q Look for correct headers before entering synch state q incorrect headers resynchronize q and are parameters. q VPI/VCI = 0/9 Phy layer OAM cells (F1, F2, F3 level) Correct HEC Hunt Presync Correct HECs Sync
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Incorrect HEC
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Raj Jain

SONET/SDH Based Phy

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Allows SONET facilities to be used for ATM and non-ATM Lower speed ATM streams can be multiplexed into higher speed SONET streams H4 octet in the path header indicates offset to the boundary of the first cell following H4 Some cell may need to be split between successive SONET frames. OAM information is carried in the SONET overhead octets. F1 and F2 in section overhead. F3 in path overhead.

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SONET/SDH Phy
260 Columns J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 Z5 9 Columns Path Overhead
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... 9 Rows ...

Raj Jain 9

Cell

...

SONET STS-3c
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Payload rate = 9 260 8/125 = 149.76 Mbps Cell payload rate = 135.63 Mbps Cell delineation using HEC. q Look for 5-byte blocks with HEC separated by 48 bytes Cells are packed one after another One can send 127 bits matching the scrambling sequence resulting in all 1s or 0s. Scramble by dividing by 1 + x43. Only one in 243 patterns will cause all 1s or 0s. Self-synchronous scrambler No need for synchronization. Each bit error in fiber results in two bit errors after descrambling (multiplication).
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ATM on SONET STS-3c

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The polynomial was chosen because it does not conflict with existing CRCs. Also 43 is larger than header length Header will not have two-bit errors.

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Raj Jain 11

44 Mbps DS3
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Payload rate = 7 884/106.4 = 44.21 Mbps Cell Payload rate = 12 cells per 125 s = 36.864 Mbps Framing and Maintenance Payload

Trailer

1 84

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1 84 1 84 1 84

1 84 1 84

1 84
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12

155 Mbps, 8b/10b

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8b/10b code used in Fiber Channel 2 km multimode fiber or 100 m shielded twisted pair 155.52 Mbps 194.4 Mbaud Cells delimited using a transmission frame Cell payload rate =155.52 (26/27) (48/53) = 135.63 Mbps = STS-3c rate Frame OA&M Cell 1 Delimiter 5B 48B 53B
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Cell 2

Cell 26

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100 Mbps 4b/5b

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4b/5b used in FDDI 100 Mbps 125 Mbaud Cells delimited with TT pair Cell = TT + 53 bytes = 2 + 106 = 108 symbols Cell payload rate = 100(53/54)(48/53) = 88.89 Mbps

TT

Cell

TT

Cell

TT

Cell

TT

Cell

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1.5 Mbps DS1

Framing bit 24th byte ...
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Payload rate = 24 bytes/125 ms = 1.536 Mbps Cell delineation by HEC detection Cell payload rate = 1.536 * (48/53) = 1.391 Mpbs 193 bits F Header F F Header F F Header F
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6.312 Mbps
5 Framing bits 98th byte ...
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Payload rate = 98 bytes/125 s = 6.272 Mbps 97th and 98th byte are reserved. 96 Bytes per frame used for cell stream. Cell delineation by HEC detection Cell payload rate = (48/53)(968/125s)= 5.928 Mpbs

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25.6 Mbps UTP

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Scrambling: q pseudo-random numbers are generated using x10 + x7 + 1 q Successive 4 bits are XORed with 4-bits of data q All 53 bytes are scrambled q The random number generator is initialized to 3FF upon detection of two consecutive escape (X) nibbles. The two X nibles (00010) may not be octet-aligned. Coding: 4b/5b + NRZI

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UTOPIA
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Universal Test & Operations PHY Interface for ATM A common PHY-ATM interface over a wide range of PHYs Chip-chip or board-board interface Industry standard devices PHY-ATM interface not visible outside and so not required for interoperability Transmit Data Transmit Control ATM Receive Data Receive Control PHY Management Interface Management Test Interface Entity
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UTOPIA
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UTOPIA Level 1 defines electrical interfaces for: q An 8-bit wide data path using an octet-level handshake at 25 MHz q An 8-bit data path using cell-level handshake at 25 MHz 16-bit and 32-bit wide data paths may be defined for higher speeds UTOPIA Level 2 q addresses 33 MHz operation for PCI bus and q 50 MHz operation for 622 Mbps q Multi-PHY operation
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References
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G. Garg, UTOPIA Level 2 Specification V0.8, ATM Forum/95-0114R1, April 10, 1995. UTOPIA, An ATM-PHY Interface Specification, Level 1, V2.01, March 21, 1994. G.H. Im, et al, 51.84 Mb/s 16-CAP ATM LAN standard, IEEE JSAC, May 1995, pp. 620-632. W.E. Stephens and T.C. Banwell, 155.52 Mb/s Data Transmission on Category 5 Cable Plant, IEEE Communications Magazine, April 1995, pp. 62-69. 6,312 kbps UNI Specification Physical Interface Specifications for 25.6 Mb/s over Twisted Pair Cable, June 11, 1995.
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q q

DS1 Physical Layer Specification, September 1994. E3 (34,368 kbps) Physical Lyaer Interface, November 28, 1994. E4 (139 264 kbps) Physical Layer Interface, November 28, 1994. ATM Physical Medium Dependent Interface Specification for 155 Mb/s over Twisted Pair Cable, AF-PHY-0015.000, September 1994. Mid-Range Physical Layer Specification for Category 3 Unshielded Twisted Pair, AF-PHY-0018.000, September 1994. K. Brinkerhoff, et al, 155.52 Mb/s Physical Layer Specification for Category 3 Unshielded Twisted-Pair, Draft 1.2, January 1995.
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