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    SM - Lecture - 6 Simple Bending Theory and Beam Deflection

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    This document summarizes the key concepts in simple bending theory and beam deflection. It introduces the assumptions of bending theory and defines the neutral axis. The relationship between moment, curvature, stress and strain is explained. Equations are provided for stress distribution, moment equilibrium, and the second moment of area. Common cross-sectional shapes are analyzed. Deflection equations are derived relating moment, curvature, slope and deflection. An example beam problem is presented.

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    SM - Lecture - 6 Simple Bending Theory and Beam Deflection

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    smok38442
    422 views7 pages
    This document summarizes the key concepts in simple bending theory and beam deflection. It introduces the assumptions of bending theory and defines the neutral axis. The relationship between moment, curvature, stress and strain is explained. Equations are provided for stress distribution, moment equilibrium, and the second moment of area. Common cross-sectional shapes are analyzed. Deflection equations are derived relating moment, curvature, slope and deflection. An example beam problem is presented.

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    This document summarizes the key concepts in simple bending theory and beam deflection. It introduces the assumptions of bending theory and defines the neutral axis. The relationship between moment, curvature, stress and strain is explained. Equations are provided for stress distribution, moment equilibrium, and the second moment of area. Common cross-sectional shapes are analyzed. Deflection equations are derived relating moment, curvature, slope and deflection. An example beam problem is presented.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    422 views7 pages

    SM - Lecture - 6 Simple Bending Theory and Beam Deflection

    Uploaded by

    smok38442
    This document summarizes the key concepts in simple bending theory and beam deflection. It introduces the assumptions of bending theory and defines the neutral axis. The relationship between moment, curvature, stress and strain is explained. Equations are provided for stress distribution, moment equilibrium, and the second moment of area. Common cross-sectional shapes are analyzed. Deflection equations are derived relating moment, curvature, slope and deflection. An example beam problem is presented.

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    STRUCTURAL MECHANICS Lecture 6 : Simple Bending Theory and Beam Deflection

    When a beam is subjected to a bending moment M :

    Bending theory relates the moment to the beams curvature, deflection and stress. Assumptions: 1) 2) 3) 4) Small deflections Linear-elastic behaviour Plane sections remain plane - line ab straight before and after bending Pure bending - no shear or axial forces - in practice stress and deflections due to shear and axial forces can be calculated separately and added on using superposition.

    Consider a section of a beam subjected to pure bending:

    AB = CD = A B = x
    1

    C D = ( R - y)

    x
    R
    SM lecture 6

    14/09/2006

    C D - CD = Strain in C D = CD

    ( R - y ) x
    R

    - x = -

    y R

    = -

    y R

    Hence strain distribution :

    +ve y gives -ve (compression) If linear-elastic : = E (Stress Strain) -ve y gives +ve (tension)

    = -

    Ey R

    Hence stress distribution:

    Neutral axis position


    We will only consider beams that have cross-sections that are symmetric about both the horizontal and vertical axes, i.e. rectangular and circular cross-section beams and I beams with flanges of equal size :

    For all beams of these types, the neutral axis is at mid height of the section. For beams that are not symmetric, the neutral axis position has to be calculated by considering the total axial force acting across the section, which is zero when there is pure bending.

    14/09/2006

    SM lecture 6

    Moment equilibrium

    y Area A

    - Moment M

    x (N.A.) + Cross-section of beam


    Axial force on area A = A

    Magnitude of stress down section

    moment of force on area A about N.A. = yA total moment M = -

    A yA

    indicates integration over the whole area)

    (-ve due to sign convention. +ve moment when there is a stress decrease in y direction) Now = -

    Ey R
    E R

    M =

    Ay2dA

    A y

    dA is called the SECOND MOMENT OF AREA about N.A. (x-axis), I

    I is a property of a cross-section that indicates how effective it will be in resisting bending.

    M E = I R

    Since

    = = -

    Ey R My I

    Then

    or overall bending equation :

    M E = = I R y

    14/09/2006

    SM lecture 6

    Second Moment of Area of Common Shapes


    Rectangular cross-section Circular cross-section

    b r d N.A.

    I=

    bd 12

    N.A.

    I=

    r4
    4

    Derivation of second moment of area equations


    Rectangular cross-section : y b/2 b/2

    d/2

    A x

    I = y 2 dA = 2d by 2 dy
    A 2

    since dA = bdy

    indicates integration over the whole area


    d

    d/2

    y3 2 bd 3 I = b = 3 d 12
    2

    Circular cross-section :

    y rcos A rsin x r y = rcos

    I = y 2 dA
    A

    where y = rsin and dA = 2rcosdy = 2r2cos2d

    2 4 2 2 4 2

    sin 2 I = 2 r sin cos d = 2r d 2 2 2


    2

    since sin cos =

    sin 2 2

    r4 4

    (1 cos 4 )d
    2 2

    since sin 2 2 =

    (1 cos 4 )
    2

    r4 = 4

    sin 4 2 4

    I=

    r4
    4

    14/09/2006

    SM lecture 6

    Parallel Axis Theorem

    I x = But

    ( y + a)
    A A

    dA = y 2 dA + 2a ydA + a 2 dA
    A A A

    ydA = 0 if G is centroid y
    A 2

    I x = i.e.

    dA + a 2 A

    I x = I x + Aa 2

    Application to an I section :
    For web about x-axis:
    Iw = bd 3 12

    For top flange about x-axis using parallel axis theorem:

    bd 3 d d I f = 1 1 + b1d1 + 1 2 2 12

    Bottom flange similar to top flange

    for whole section :

    I = Iw + 2 I f =

    bd 3 b1d1 3 b1d1 + + (d + d1 ) 2 12 6 2

    Note : I could also be calculated from:

    b ( d + 2d1 ) (b b) d 3 i.e. I = 1 1 12 12
    3

    This gives same result as above. To use this method both centroids must be in the same position.

    14/09/2006

    SM lecture 6

    Deflections of Beams
    M E = = I R y

    Basic bending equation : 1 M = R EI

    It can be shown that

    1 = R

    (d

    v dx 2

    dv 1 + dx

    3 22

    where :

    Sign convention : + ve v upwards [some books use opposite] Small deflections assumed dv dv small and 0 dx dx
    2

    1 d 2v = R dx 2 beam curvature d 2v M = dx 2 EI
    dv M = dx dx EI
    M v = dx dx EI

    Hence

    beam slope

    beam deflection

    14/09/2006

    SM lecture 6

    Beam deflection example


    R=

    l
    2

    R=

    l
    2

    Determine the maximum deflection and slope of the beam shown. For the beam EI is constant along its length.

    14/09/2006

    SM lecture 6

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