Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 23 views

    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    1) The lecture discusses reading and inputting multiple characters in C programming. It describes different methods for reading a variable number of characters from the user. 2) Arithmetic, relational, and unary operators that can be used with character variables are explained. Boolean operators and their treatment of integers are also covered. 3) The concepts of operator precedence and associativity are introduced. Examples of unary operators like increment, decrement are provided.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    23 views10 pages
    1) The lecture discusses reading and inputting multiple characters in C programming. It describes different methods for reading a variable number of characters from the user. 2) Arithmetic, relational, and unary operators that can be used with character variables are explained. Boolean operators and their treatment of integers are also covered. 3) The concepts of operator precedence and associativity are introduced. Examples of unary operators like increment, decrement are provided.

    Original Title

    esc101-lec10

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) The lecture discusses reading and inputting multiple characters in C programming. It describes different methods for reading a variable number of characters from the user. 2) Arithmetic, relational, and unary operators that can be used with character variables are explained. Boolean operators and their treatment of integers are also covered. 3) The concepts of operator precedence and associativity are introduced. Examples of unary operators like increment, decrement are provided.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views10 pages

    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    1) The lecture discusses reading and inputting multiple characters in C programming. It describes different methods for reading a variable number of characters from the user. 2) Arithmetic, relational, and unary operators that can be used with character variables are explained. Boolean operators and their treatment of integers are also covered. 3) The concepts of operator precedence and associativity are introduced. Examples of unary operators like increment, decrement are provided.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 10

    ESc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    2011-12-Monsoon Semester Lecture #10, August 16, 2011

    Please switch off your mobile phones.

    Announcements
    Monday lab scheduled on 15th August will instead be held on Saturday, 20th August. Monday lab scheduled on 22nd August will instead be held on Saturday, 27th August. Wednesday lab scheduled on 31st August will instead be held on Saturday, 3rd September.

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap
    Getting out of loops
    break continue

    Char data type


    Storing a char in memory
    ASCII

    P i i a character Printing h Reading a character

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Reading a character


    %c is used to indicate scanf that a single character is to be read.
    scanf (%c, &c)

    What if there are multiple characters to be read?

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Inputting Multiple Characters: Version 1


    char a, b, c; printf (Type first character\n); ( Type character\n ); scanf (%c, &a); printf (Type second character\n); scanf (%c, &b); printf (Type third character\n); scanf (%c, &c); printf (%c\n%c\n%c\n, a, b, c);

    Does not Work! Enter is read as a character.


    4

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Inputting Multiple Characters: Version 2


    char a, b, c; printf (Type three characters\n); scanf (%c, &a); scanf (%c, &b); scanf (%c, &c); p printf (%c\n%c\n%c\n, a, b, c); ( )

    You have to type all three characters together.

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Inputting Multiple Characters: Version 3


    char a, b, c; printf (Type first character\n); ( Type character\n ); scanf (%c, &a); printf (Type second character\n); scanf ( %c, &b); // Added a space before %c printf (Type third character\n); scanf ( %c, &c); // Added a space before %c printf (%c\n%c\n%c\n, a, b, c);

    Works! We could fix the newline problem.


    6

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Reading variable number of characters (version 4)


    int i, n; char c; printf (E t the number of characters\n); i tf (Enter th b f h t \ ) scanf (%d, &n); for (i = 0; i < n; i = i + 1) { scanf (%c, &c); printf (%c\n, c); }

    scanf requires Enter before it can read Typed characters are remembered as input.
    Lec-10 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 7

    Reading variable number of characters (version 5)


    int i, n; char c; printf (E t the number of characters\n); i tf (Enter th b f h t \ ) scanf (%d, &n); for (i = 0; i < n; i = i + 1) { scanf ( %c, &c); // added a space before %c printf (%c\n, c); }

    scanf requires Enter before it can read Typed characters are remembered as input.
    Lec-10 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 8

    Arithmetic operators
    + and can be used with character variables Best to avoid multiplication, division and modulus a + 2 will become c z 2 will become x A + 1 = 65 + 49 = 114 = r (avoid) 1 * 2 = 49 * 2 = 98 = b (avoid) ( )

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Relational operators
    All relational operators are valid with characters
    a > b is false (and can be assumed in all environments) The following happened to be true in our lab and on most computers, but dont assume these, in general
    a == 97 a > A 5 > 5 5

    Note the automatic conversion to integers for comparison.

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    10

    Boolean
    Integers are treated as booleans p Value 0 represents false Any non-zero (or is it non-negative?) value is true Example:
    (3> 5) will be printed as 0 (3 < 5) will be printed as 1

    !4 means false !0 means true 4 && 0 is false 4 || 0 is true


    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 11

    Lec-10

    Unary operators
    + (unary plus) - (unary minus) ++ (increment by one) -- (decrement by one) = (assignment Unary operators associativity is right-to-left Post-increment (i++) Pre-increment (++i) First four unary operators have highest precedence amongst all operators. Assignment operator has lowest precedence
    Lec-10 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 12

    Unary Operators (Examples)


    45 + -11 evaluates to 34 45 + +11 evaluates to 56 l t t i = 67; j = i++;
    j becomes 67, i becomes 68

    i = 72; j = --i;
    j and i become 71.

    c = u; ++c; u ; c;
    c becomes v

    x = y = 45
    Both x and y become 45.
    Lec-10 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 13

    Operator Precedence and Associativity


    Operator p !, ++, - -, unary +, unary *, /, % +, <, <=, >, >= ==, != && || = Lowest Precedence Highest Associativity y Right-to-left Left-to-right Left-to-right Left-to-right Left-to-right Left-to-right Left-to-right Right-to-left

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    14

    Single character input


    getchar () reads a single character Returns an integer value, should be converted to a char Example: Counting number of characters in input and rewriting the line:
    char c; int i = 0; c = (char) getchar(); while (c != EOF) // Stop input with Ctrl-D { printf (%c\n, c); i++; c = (char) getchar(); } printf (Number of characters input is %d\n, i);
    Lec-10 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 15

    Single Character Input


    Number of characters read in the previous program include Enter EOF is a special value to indicate end of input.

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    16

    Undoing the reading of a character


    ungetc is a standard C library function. function ungetc (int c, FILE *stream) Typical usage
    ungetc ((int) c, stdin); The character referred to by variable c is being placed in the input stream. I useful, when you want to first know what is the input Is f l h fi k h i h i character, before doing the full fledged reading of the input.

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    17

    Any Questions?

    Lec-10

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    18

    10

    You might also like