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    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

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    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    This document contains a lecture summary for ESc101 Fundamentals of Computing at IIT Kanpur for the 2011-12 Monsoon semester. The lecture discusses getting out of and skipping parts of loops using break and continue statements. It also covers character data types and how characters are represented and stored in memory using the ASCII standard. The lecture concludes by demonstrating different methods for reading multiple character inputs.

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    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    33 views7 pages
    This document contains a lecture summary for ESc101 Fundamentals of Computing at IIT Kanpur for the 2011-12 Monsoon semester. The lecture discusses getting out of and skipping parts of loops using break and continue statements. It also covers character data types and how characters are represented and stored in memory using the ASCII standard. The lecture concludes by demonstrating different methods for reading multiple character inputs.

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    esc101-lec9

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    This document contains a lecture summary for ESc101 Fundamentals of Computing at IIT Kanpur for the 2011-12 Monsoon semester. The lecture discusses getting out of and skipping parts of loops using break and continue statements. It also covers character data types and how characters are represented and stored in memory using the ASCII standard. The lecture concludes by demonstrating different methods for reading multiple character inputs.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views7 pages

    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    This document contains a lecture summary for ESc101 Fundamentals of Computing at IIT Kanpur for the 2011-12 Monsoon semester. The lecture discusses getting out of and skipping parts of loops using break and continue statements. It also covers character data types and how characters are represented and stored in memory using the ASCII standard. The lecture concludes by demonstrating different methods for reading multiple character inputs.

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    ESc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    2011-12-Monsoon Semester Lecture #9, August 11, 2011

    Please switch off your mobile phones.

    Announcements
    Monday lab scheduled on 15th August will instead be held on Saturday, 20th August. Monday lab scheduled on 22nd August will instead be held on Saturday, 27th August. Wednesday lab scheduled on 31st August will instead be held on Saturday, 3rd September.

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap
    Loops
    while statement for statement

    Logical operators Example programs

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Getting out of loop


    One can get out of loop without checking condition to be false, by using a break statement Find the first number between 101 and 200 that is divisible by 7 for ( x = 101; x <= 200; x = x +1) { if ((x % 7) == 0) { printf ( d\ x); i f (%d\n, ) break; } }
    Lec-09 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 3

    Skipping part of an iteration of the loop


    Compute average of non-negative numbers
    scanf (%d, &n); ( %d // Total number of inputs count = 0; sum = 0; // count and sum of non-negative numbers for (i = 1; i <= n; i = i + 1) // Iterate n times { printf (next number = ?); scanf (%d, &x); // Read the next number if (x < 0) continue; ( ) ; // if negative, no p g , processing g sum = sum + x; // if non-negative, add to sum count = count + 1; // if non-negative, increment count } printf (Average of non-negative numbers is %d\n, sum/count);
    Lec-09 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 4

    Character
    char data type One byte of memory Stores a single character
    char c; c = a; c = 1;

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    How is character stored in memory


    Each character is represented by a small number
    Normally between 0 and 127 The mapping used by our PCs is called ASCII
    American Standard Code for Information Interchange A few examples: a is stored as 97 (and successive small-case letters by consecutive integers, z is 122) g , ) A is stored as 65 (Z is 90) 0 is stored as 48 (9 as 57) Note that 0 is different from 0.

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Character Representation
    Cannot assume a specific character representation in your program But you can assume that
    All small case letters will be stored as consecutive numbers
    The difference in z and a will always be 25

    All capital case letters will be stored as consecutive numbers


    The difference between D and B will always be 2 D B

    All digits will be stored as consecutive numbers


    The difference between 6 and 3 will always be 3

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Printing a character
    %c is used to indicate to printf that a character is to be printed. printed
    char gender; gender = M; printf (The gender is: %c\n, gender);

    Th above code will print the following: The b d ill i h f ll i


    The gender is: M
    Lec-09 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 8

    Reading a character
    %c is used to indicate scanf that a single character is to be read.
    scanf (%c, &c)

    What if there are multiple characters to be read?

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Inputting Multiple Characters: Version 1


    char a, b, c; printf (Type first character\n); ( Type character\n ); scanf (%c, &a); printf (Type second character\n); scanf (%c, &b); printf (Type third character\n); scanf (%c, &c); printf (%c\n%c\n%c\n, a, b, c);

    Does not Work! Enter is read as a character.


    10

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Inputting Multiple Characters: Version 2


    char a, b, c; printf (Type three characters\n); scanf (%c, &a); scanf (%c, &b); scanf (%c, &c); p printf (%c\n%c\n%c\n, a, b, c); ( )

    You have to type all three characters together.

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    11

    Inputting Multiple Characters: Version 3


    char a, b, c; printf (Type first character\n); ( Type character\n ); scanf (%c, &a); printf (Type second character\n); scanf ( %c, &b); // Added a space before %c printf (Type third character\n); scanf ( %c, &c); // Added a space before %c printf (%c\n%c\n%c\n, a, b, c);

    Works! We could fix the newline problem.


    12

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Wishing you all a very happy Rakhi and Independence Day

    Lec-09

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    13

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