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    Venturi Tube Design

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    Ashfaq Anwer
    This document provides an overview of venturi tube design for flow measurement. It discusses Bernoulli's equation and how pressure differential is used to measure flow rate. It describes the key components of a venturi tube including the convergent section, cylindrical throat, and divergent section. The document also specifies sizing and design characteristics for different types of venturi tubes based on ISO standards. Pressure tappings, discharge coefficients, expansibility factors, and pressure losses are also addressed.

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    Venturi Tube Design

    Uploaded by

    Ashfaq Anwer
    914 views45 pages
    This document provides an overview of venturi tube design for flow measurement. It discusses Bernoulli's equation and how pressure differential is used to measure flow rate. It describes the key components of a venturi tube including the convergent section, cylindrical throat, and divergent section. The document also specifies sizing and design characteristics for different types of venturi tubes based on ISO standards. Pressure tappings, discharge coefficients, expansibility factors, and pressure losses are also addressed.

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    This document provides an overview of venturi tube design for flow measurement. It discusses Bernoulli's equation and how pressure differential is used to measure flow rate. It describes the key components of a venturi tube including the convergent section, cylindrical throat, and divergent section. The document also specifies sizing and design characteristics for different types of venturi tubes based on ISO standards. Pressure tappings, discharge coefficients, expansibility factors, and pressure losses are also addressed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    914 views45 pages

    Venturi Tube Design

    Uploaded by

    Ashfaq Anwer
    This document provides an overview of venturi tube design for flow measurement. It discusses Bernoulli's equation and how pressure differential is used to measure flow rate. It describes the key components of a venturi tube including the convergent section, cylindrical throat, and divergent section. The document also specifies sizing and design characteristics for different types of venturi tubes based on ISO standards. Pressure tappings, discharge coefficients, expansibility factors, and pressure losses are also addressed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that venturi tubes are used to measure flow rates and different types of flow can be measured including volumetric and mass flow rates. Venturi tubes operate using Bernoulli's equation and have main components like the convergent cone, throat, and divergent cone.

    The different types of flow that can be measured are volumetric flow rate, which is the volume of fluid passing through a surface per unit time, and mass flow rate, which is the mass of a substance passing through a surface per unit time.

    The main components of a venturi tube are the entrance cylinder, convergent cone, throat, and divergent cone. It works by creating a pressure differential between the upstream entrance and the throat using the constriction as fluid passes through.

    Venturi Tube Design

    All rights reserved to thepetrostreet.com

    Prepared by: Muhammad Saqib Jawed

    Contents
    Introduction Bernoulli's Equation Pressure Differential Head Meters Venturi Flow meter

    Introduction
    Why measure Flow?? Flow Types of Flow Velocity Profile

    Why Measure Flow


    Billing Purposes To determine total quantity of fluid for billing purposes

    Monitor the Process Flow meters used to ensure process is operating satisfactorily

    Why Measure Flow


    Improve the Process

    Heat & Material balance calculations

    Monitor a Safety Parameter

    Flow meters used to ensure process and equipment safety

    Flow
    Liquid or Gas in Motion

    Types of Flow
    Volumetric Flow Rate

    Volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time

    Mass Flow Rate

    Mass of a substance which passes through a given surface per unit time

    Velocity Profile
    Laminar Flow Regime Molecules move straight down pipe

    Velocity Profile
    Turbulent Flow Regime Molecules migrate throughout pipe

    Velocity Profile
    Transitional Flow Regime Molecules exhibit both turbulent and laminar behavior

    Velocity Profile
    Many flow meters require a good velocity profile to operate accurately A distorted velocity profile can introduce significant errors into the measurement of most flow meters

    Bernoullis Equation
    Dynamic Pressure + Static Pressure + Weight

    1/2V + P + z = Constant

    Examples

    Pressure Differential Head Meters


    Orifice

    Primary Element

    Flow Nozzle

    PDH

    Venturi

    Secondary Element

    P Transmitter

    Venturi Tube
    To avoid pressure loss, venturi tube is used curved, stream lined section, long and gradually section 60% more flow than orifice Fluid can flow with much higher velocity without turbulence expanding down stream

    Flow Pattern
    Flow through Venturi follows four paths
    Key 1 Conical divergent E 2 Cylindrical throat C 3 Conical convergent B 4 Entrance cylinder A 5 Connecting planes a 7 f 15 b Flow direction

    Figure - 1

    Types of Venturi Tubes


    Basis of different types are different methods of manufacturing of internal surface of the entrance cone and the profile at intersection of cone and the throat. Three types of venturi tubes are 1. 2. 3. Cast Machined Rough welded sheet iron

    Venturi-As Cast Convergent Section


    Fabricated by casting in a sand mould, or by other methods leave a finish on the convergent section surface similar to that produced by sand casting. The throat is machined and the junctions b/w cylinders & cones are rounded Use for pipe dia b/w 100 & 800 mm with beta ratio b/w 0.3 and 0.75 inclusive

    Venturi - Machined Convergent Section


    Fabricated as previous type but with machined convergent section as the throat and the entrance cylinder. The junctions b/w the cylinders & cones may or may not be rounded Use for pipe dia b/w 50 & 250 mm with beta ratio b/w 0.4 and 0.75 inclusive

    Venturi - Rough-Welded Sheet-Iron Convergent Section


    Fabricated by welding. For larger size it may not be machined but in smaller sizes the throat is machined Use for pipe dia b/w 200 & 1200 mm with beta ratio b/w 0.4 and 0.70 inclusive

    Flow Measurement

    Venturi Tube sizing


    Several standards are available for sizing of venturi Tubes like ISO, ASME, DIN and UNI This presentation shall cover ISO standard i.e. Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full Note: Figure 1 to be used as reference

    Entrance Cylinder, A
    The minimum cylinder length, measured from the plane containing the intersection of the cone frustum B with the cylinder A, may vary for each type of venturi tube However, it is recommended to choose the length equal to dia D No diameter along the entrance cylinder shall differ by more than 0.4% from the value of the mean diameter

    Conical Convergent, B
    The angle / overall length of convergent section B shall be 211and 2.7(D-d) respectively Section B blended with section A by a curvature of radius R1 which depends on venturi type

    Cylindrical Throat, C
    The length of throat C shall be equal to d0.03d whatever the type of venturi tube Throat C connected to section B and to the section E by radii of curvature R2 and R3 respectively and vary for each type of venturi No diameter along the throat shall differ by more than 0.1% from the value of the mean diameter

    Conical Divergent, E
    Section E will be conical having angle, b/w 7 and 15. Recommended chosen angle is in b/w of 7 and 8. Its smallest diameter shall not be less than the throat diameter

    General
    Venturi called truncated when outlet dia of section E is less than the D and not truncated when outlet dia is equal to D The portion E may be truncated by 35% of its length without significantly modifying pressure loss of device or its discharge co-efficient The roughness criterion, Ra shall always be less than 10-4d

    Characteristics of as cast
    The minimum section A length shall be equal to smaller of the following two values: D or 0.25D + 250 mm R1 shall be 1.375D0.275D R2 shall be 3.625D 0.125d Length of section C shall not be less than dl3. Furthermore, length of cylindrical part b/w end of R2 & plane of pressure tapping, as well as length of cylindrical part b/w plane of throat pressure tapping & beginning of the joining curvature R3, shall no be less than dl6 R3 shall lie b/w 5d & 15d. However, value closer to 10d is recommended

    Characteristics of machined
    The minimum section A length shall be equal to D R1 / R2 & R3 shall be less than 0.25D / 0.25d and 0.25d respectively. Preferably equal to zero Length of cylindrical throat b/w end of R2 & the plane of throat pressure tapping shall no be less than 0.25d Length of cylindrical throat b/w throat pressure tapping and beginning of R3 shall no be less than 0.3d

    Characteristics of Rough Welded SheetIron


    The minimum section A length shall be equal to D Being the welded one there will be no joining curvatures b/w cylinder A and section B and so on Roughness criterion shall be 5x10-4D

    Pressure Tappings
    The u/s & throat tapping's shall be made under piezometer rings or a triple-T arrangements Tapping dia shall be in b/w of 4-10 mm if d 33.3 mm Tapping dia shall be in b/w of 0.1d-0.13d for throat and 0.1d-0.1D for upstream if d < 33.3 mm Tapping shall be cylindrical over a length at least 2.5 times the internal tapping dia, measured from inner pipeline wall

    Pressure Tapings Spacing


    The spacing b/w upstream pressure tapping on entrance cylinder & plane of intersection b/w entrance cylinder A & convergent section B shall be, for: As cast 0.5D0.25D for 100 mm < D < 150 mm Machined and rough welded sheet-iron: 0.5D0.05D For all types of venturi, spacing b/w plane containing the axes of the points of break-through of throat pressure tapping & intersection of section B and C shall be 0.5d0.02d

    Discharge Co-efficients C
    Simultaneous use of extreme values for D, , ReD shall be avoided which in turn increase the uncertainties as the effects of ReD, RalD and on C are not yet sufficiently known

    C of As cast
    As cast can only be used when 100 mm D 800 mm 0.3 0.75 2 x105 ReD 2 x 106 Under these conditions value of C is 0.984

    C of Machined
    Machined can only be used when 50 mm D 250 mm 0.4 0.75 2 x105 ReD 1 x 106 Under these conditions value of C is 0.995

    C of Rough Welded Sheet-Iron


    rough welded sheet iron Machined can only be used when 200 mm D 1200 mm 0.4 0.7 2 x105 ReD 2 x 106 Under these conditions value of C is 0.985

    Uncertainty of C
    The relative uncertainty of C is given below: For As cast is 0.7% For machined" is 1.0% For rough welded iron-sheet is 1.5%

    Expansibility [Expansion] Factor,

    results are only known for air, steam and natural gas but formula could be used for which isentropic exponent is known Equation is applicable only for the values of D, , ReD defined earlier and if p2/p10.075

    Table of Expansibility [Expansion] Factor

    Pressure Loss
    Pressure loss caused by venturi tube is determined prior & subsequent installation of venturi in a pipe through which there is given flow Tapping locations with & without venturi in a pipe, Figure 2 to be followed

    Where p & p are dierence in pressure prior to and a er venturi installation respectively

    Pressure Loss

    Straight lengths for Installations

    Symbols & Subscripts

    Symbols & Subscripts

    For more details & information, please contact us.

    thePetroStreet Team www.thepetrostreet.com support@thepetrostreet.com

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