Eurocode 6

EUROCODE 6
Background and applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 2-3 April 2009 1
EUROCODE 6
Design of masonry structures
Rob van der Pluijm Wienerberger
EUROCODE 6
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 2-3 April 2009
Eurocode 6
General
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Scope of Eurocode 6
Design of buildings and civil engineering works in
unreinforced reinforced prestressed confined
masonry.
Concerns the requirements for

resistance serviceability durability
(requirements related to the so-called essential requirements ER1 'Strength and Stability' and ER2 'Resistance to Fire') Execution is only covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate
the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions made in the design rules
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Eurocode 6
General
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EN 1996 series consists of 4 parts:

EN 1996-1-1 EN 1996-1-2 EN 1996-2 EN 1996-3 General - Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry General rules - Structural fire design Design considerations, selection of materials and execution of masonry Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures
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Eurocode 6
General
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Character of code / standard

Partial factor design code
design values for loads loads multiplied with a load factor (EN 1991-series) design values for resistance material strength divided by a material factor (EN 1996-1-1) Ultimate limit state (ULS)
collapse loss of equilibrium, buckling loss of stability
Limit state design
Serviceability limit state (SLS)

deflection cracking
Performance based approach
Minimum dimensions are based on calculation Certain practical limits e.g. slenderness of load bearing walls
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Eurocode 6
General
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Distinction between principle and application rules

Principles:
general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted Paragraphs numbers indicated with P
Application rules:
generally recognised rules which comply with the principles and satisfy their requirements instances where no applications rules are given after a principle freedom what is chosen for meeting the principle (!) permissible to use alternative rules provided that the alternatives are equivalent with regards to:
structural safety serviceability durability
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Eurocode 6
General
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Assumptions
The assumptions given in 1.3 of EN 1990:2002 apply:
the choice of the structural system and the design of the structure is made by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel; execution is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience; adequate supervision and quality control is provided during execution of the work, i.e. in design offices, factories, plants, and on site; the construction materials and products are used as specified in EN 1990 or in EN 1991 to EN 1999 or in the relevant execution standards, or reference material or product specifications; the structure will be adequately maintained; the structure will be used in accordance with the design assumptions. NOTE There may be cases when the above assumptions need to be supplemented.
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EN 1996-1-1 Scope
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The basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works in masonry:
unreinforced masonry reinforced masonry where reinforcement is added to provide
ductility, strength improved serviceability
The principles of the design of:

prestressed masonry confined masonry
Not valid for masonry with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2. The principles and application rules given in this EN may be applicable for
types of structures not covered entirely for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted
but may need to be supplemented.
Detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings

The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
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EN 1996-1-1 Scope
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Masonry made with the following masonry units:

clay masonry units calcium silicate units aggregate concrete units (dense and lightweight aggregate) autoclaved aerated concrete units manufactured stone units dimensioned natural stone units
laid in:
general purpose mortar lightweight mortar thin layer mortar
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EN 1996-1-1 Sections
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Contents of EN 1996-1-1 (Standard arrangement of sections in Material Eurocodes)

Foreword 1. General 2. Basis of Design 3. Materials 4. Durability 5. Structural analysis 6. Ultimate Limit State 7. Serviceability Limit State 8. Detailing 9. Execution Annexes (normative & informative) Additionally Eurocode 6 part 2 (EN 1996-2) gives basic rules for:
design considerations related to selection of materials execution to comply with design assumption in part 1-1
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EN 1996-1-1 Foreword and Section 1 General

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Foreword
Background to the Eurocode programme Status and field of application of Eurocodes National Standards implementing Eurocodes Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products National Annex for EN 1996-1-1
Overview of clauses for which a National choice is allowed in EN 1996-1-1
Section 1
Scope Normative references Assumptions Distinction between principles and application rules Terms and Definitions Symbols
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 2 Basis of Design

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2.1
Basic requirements
2.1.1 General (1)P The design of masonry structures shall be in accordance with the general rules given in EN 1990. (3) The basic requirements of EN 1990 Section 2 are deemed to be satisfied for masonry structures when the following are applied:
limit state design in conjunction with the partial factor method described in EN 1990; actions given in EN 1991; combination rules given in EN 1990; the principles and rules of application given in this EN 1996-1-1.
2.3.3 Material and product properties (1) Properties of materials and construction products and geometrical data to be used for design should be those specified in the relevant ENs, hENs or ETAs, unless otherwise indicated in this EN 1996-1-1.
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2.4
Verification by the partial factor method

2.4.1 Design values of material properties (1)P The design value for a material property is obtained by dividing its characteristic value by the relevant partial factor for materials, M. 2.4.3 Ultimate limit states (1)P The relevant values of the partial factor for materials M shall be used for the ultimate limit state for ordinary and accidental situations. When analysing the structure for accidental actions, the probability of the accidental action being present shall be taken into account. NOTE The numerical values to be ascribed to the symbol M for use in a country may be found in its National Annex. Recommended values, given as classes that may be related to execution control (see also Annex A) according to national choice, are given in the table below.
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M
Material 1 Masonry made with: A B C D E F G a b c
d e
Class 2 3 4 5
Units of Category I, designed mortara Units of Category I, prescribed mortarb Units of Category II, any mortara, b, e Anchorage of reinforcing steel Reinforcing steel and prestressing steel Ancillary componentsc, d Lintels according to EN 845-2
1,5 1,7 2,0 1,7
1,7 2,0 2,2 2,0
2,0 2,2 2,5 2,2 1,15
2,2 2,5 2,7 2,5
2,5 2,7 3,0 2,7
1,7
2,0
2,2
2,5
2,7
1,5 to 2,5
Requirements for designed mortars are given in EN 998-2 and EN 1996-2. Requirements for prescribed mortars are given in EN 998-2 and EN 1996-2. Declared values are mean values. Damp proof courses are assumed to be covered by masonry M. When the coefficient of variation for Category II units is not greater than 25 %.
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UK
URM in compression URM in flexural tension cat I cat II cat II
Class of execution 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.7
NL DK
Materials A, B & C
M = 1.7
M = 1 2 3 4
1 2 3
type of failure uncertainty related to the design model inspection level for factory made mortar and mortar on side the variation of the strength parameter/measured resistance
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2.4.4 Serviceability limit states

(1) Where simplified rules are given in the relevant clauses dealing with serviceability limit states, detailed calculations using combinations of actions are not required. When needed, the partial factor for materials, for NOTE Recommended value for M = 1.0 (PART of NA) the serviceability limit state, is M.
2.5 Design assisted by testing

(1) Structural properties of masonry may be determined by testing.
NOTE Annex D (informative) of EN 1990 gives recommendations for design assisted by testing.
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

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3.1 Masonry units

3.1.1 Types and grouping of masonry units (1) P Masonry units shall comply with any of the following types:
clay units in accordance with EN 771-1. calcium silicate units in accordance with EN 771-2. aggregate concrete units (dense and lightweight aggregate) in accordance with EN 771-3. autoclaved aerated concrete units in accordance with EN 771-4. manufactured stone units in accordance with EN 771-5. dimensioned natural stone units in accordance with EN 771-6.
(2) Masonry units may be Category I of II
category I units with a declared compressive strength with a probability of failure to reach it not exceeding 5 % category II lower confidence level than for I
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3.1 Masonry units

(3) Masonry units should be grouped as Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 or Group 4, for the purposes of 3.6.1.2 (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6), and 3.6.1.3 and where grouping is referred to in other clauses Grouping is defined in Table 3.1 with limits on:
volume of all holes volume of any hole
multiple holes gripholes
declared value of thickness of web and shells declared value of combined thickness of web and shells
Disadvantage
always units that will not fit!
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3.1.2 Properties of masonry units compressive strength (1)P The compressive strength of masonry units, to be used in design, shall be the normalised mean compressive strength, fb fb compressive strength of masonry units converted to the air dry compressive strength of an equivalent 100 mm wide 100 mm high masonry unit see product standards and Annex A of EN 772-1.
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3..2 Mortar
3.2.1 Types of masonry mortar Application
general purpose, thin layer, lightweight
Method of specification
designed prescribed
Method of production (all in accordance with EN 998-2!)

factory made semi-finished factory made site made mortars
3.2.2. Specification of masonry mortar

designed: M10 prescribed: M5 1:1:6
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3..2 Mortar
3.2.3 Properties of mortar
3.2.3.1 Compressive strength fm according EN 105-11 mean value of a 40 x 40 mm cube remaining from a prism (160 x 40 x 40 mm3) tested in flexure reinforced masonry: > 4 N/mm2 3.2.3.2 Adhesion between units and mortar (1)P The adhesion between the mortar and the masonry units shall be adequate for the intended use.
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3.3 Concrete Infill

3.3.1 General: fck, (concrete strength class) in accordance with EN 206 3.3.2 Specification for concrete infill
Minimum strength class C12/15 Advise on workability Maximum aggregate size
3.3.3 Properties of concrete infill
Values for compressive strength and shear strength of infill are give in Table 3.2
3.4 Reinforcing steel

3.4.1 General
in accordance with EN 10080 Detailed information on the properties of reinforcing steel is to be found in EN 1992-1-1.
3.4.2 Properties of reinforcing steel bars Characteristic strength fyk, shall be in accordance with annex C of EN 1992-1-1 3.4.3 Properties of prefabricated bed joint reinforcement
in accordance with EN 845-3
3.5 Prestressing steel
Properties should be obtained from EN 1992-1-1
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3.6.1 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry

Principle: determination by test 3.6.1.2 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry other than shell bedded
Alternative i: based on test acc. EN 1052-1 by project / database in table format or in formula format: f k = K f b f m with K, and to be given in the NA Alternative ii: formulae as given:
0,3 fk = K fb0,7 fm (3.2) masonry with general purpose mortar
f k = K f b0,85
(3.3) thin bed masonry with CS and AAC units (3.4) thin bed with group 2 and 3 clay blocs
f k = K f b0,7
with limits on values for fb and fm
Choice for alternative i or ii: PART OF NA
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3.6.1.2 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry National Annex

DK
method (i) in EN1996-1-1 may be used provided that documentation for the parameters of equation 3.1 is given. method (ii) may be used without further documentation.
NL
method (i) with tabled values on K, and (ENV values) distinction between units based on volume of voids and not on grouping
UK
follows method (i) in the spirit of method (ii) own limits on fb and fm no values for group 3 and 4 units
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3.6.2 Characteristic shear strength of masonry

Shear strength
Principle: determination by test, but no test available
Initial shear strength fvko
Principle: determination by test. EN 1052-3 (masonry) EN 1052-4 (dpc layers)
Shear strength of masonry will filled head joints f vk = f vko + 0,4 d Shear strength of masonry with unfilled head joints f vk = 0,5 f vko + 0,4 d Shear strength of shell bedded masonry g f vk = f vko + 0,4 d t
fvk 0,045 fb or fvk fvlt CHOICE: PART OF NA fvk 0,065 fb or fvk fvlt CHOICE: PART OF NA
Not greater than with unfilled bed joint
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Initial shear strength fvko may be obtained from:
evaluation of database on test results from Table 3.4 provided that general purpose mortars do not contain admixtures or additives CHOICE: PART OF NA
Vertical shear resistance of the junction of two masonry walls

from suitable test or evaluation of test data equal to fvko when detailing is according 8.5.2.1
in bond with connectors or reinforcement extending into each wall
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DK
Recommended values
UK
Tabulated values, same as in Eurocode 6, but with slightly adapted mortar strength classes
NL
Minimum demand on values to be achieved (based on Nat. Masonry Standard)
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3.6.3 Characteristic flexural strength of masonry (out-of-plane)

Two directions
plane of failure parallel to bed joints, fxk1
plane of failure perpendicular to bed joints, fxk2
Principle: determination by test.

EN 1052-2 Evaluation of test data Proposed values are given in a Note CHOICE: PART OF NA
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3.6.4 Characteristic anchorage strength of reinforcement

Principle: determination by test No test method available May be based on an evaluation of test data Tabulated values for fbok
differentiation between plain and high-bond steel in concrete infill with dimensions 150 mm (Table 3.5) in mortar and concrete infill with dimensions < 150 mm (Table 3.6)
Prefabricated bed joint reinforcement

by test in accordance with EN 846-2 based on longitudinal wires via table 3.6
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3.7
Deformation properties of masonry

3.7.1 Stress-strain relationship
typical diagram
f fk
idealised diagram (parabolic-rectangular)
design diagram fd 1 /3 f
arctan(E)
m1
mu
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3.7
Deformation properties of masonry

3.7.2 Modulus of elasticity
E = KEfk KE
recommended value = 1000 CHOICE: PART OF NA
3.7.3 Shear modulus

G = 0.4E
3.7.4 Creep, moisture expansion or shrinkage and thermal expansion

Principle: determination by test No test method available Ranges of values given in a table in a note CHOICE: PART OF NA
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3.8
Ancillary components
3.8.1 Damp proof courses
shall resist the passage of water
3.8.2 Wall ties

according EN 845-1
3.8.3 Straps, hangers and brackets

according EN 845-1
3.8.4 Prefabricated lintels

according EN 845-2
3.8.5 Prestressing devices

in accordance with requirements of EN 1992-1-1
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 4 Durability

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4.1 General
Principle: Must be durable for the intended use taking into account the relevant environmental conditions
4.2. Classification of environmental conditions

The classification of environmental conditions should be in accordance with EN 1996-2
MX1 - dry MX2 - moisture or wetting etc.
4.3 Durability of masonry

Selection of materials is related to the exposure class Detailing is an important element EN 1996-2 gives requirements for the durability of ancillary components
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 4 Durability

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4.3.3 Reinforcing steel

Steel
selection based on exposure class relation between material choice and exposure class table with recommended values is given in Note CHOISE: PART OF NA
Cover
for unprotected carbon steel minimum cover cnom table with recommended values is given in Note CHOICE: PART OF NA
4.4 Masonry below ground

resistant to ground conditions or suitable protected protection against chemicals if present and harmful
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 5 Structural Analysis

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5.1 General
Principles
For each relevant limit state a calculation model shall be established The general arrangement of the structure and the interaction and connection of its various parts shall be such as to give appropriate stability and robustness during construction and use
Response of structure shall be calculated using

linear theory non-linear theory (using stress-strain relation of 3.7.1)
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5.2 Structural behaviour in accidental situations (other than earthquakes and fire)
Principle
In addition to designing the structure to support loads arising from normal use, it shall be ensured that there is a reasonable probability that it will not be damaged under the effect of misuse or accident to an extent disproportionate to the original cause
Consideration of structural behaviour under accidental situations by one of the following methods:
members designed to resist the effects of accidental actions given in EN 1991-1-7; the hypothetical removal of essential loadbearing members in turn use of a tie-ing system; reducing the risk of accidental actions, such as the use of impact barriers against vehicle impact.
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5.3 Imperfections
Structure is supposed to be inclined under an angle =
(100
1 htot
The resulting horizontal action should be added to the other actions
5.4 Second order effects

No influence when:
htot N Ed EI
0,6 for n 4 0,2 + 0,1 n for 1 n 4
When the stiffness is not large enough: calculation (e.g. by Annex B)
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5.5
Analysis of structural members

5.5.1 Masonry walls subjected to vertical loading
calculation method of bending moments, according simplified method of Annex C initial eccentricity = hef / 450 calculation of effective height of a wall depending on several boundary conditions e.g. floors and intersecting stiffening walls
hef = n h
n is a reduction factor depending on the edge restraint or

stiffening of the wall detailed demands for stiffened and stiffening walls
stiffening wall has approx. similar deformation behaviour stiffening wall is approx. evenly loaded connection by bonding or other suitable means length of stiffening wall 1/5 of clear height etc.
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5.5

calculation of effective thickness of a wall
tef = t for a single leaf wall double-leaf wall faced wall shell bedded wall grouted cavity wall tef = t t for a wall stiffened by piers t value depends on the geometrical arrangement of the piers (see Table 5.1 and Figure 5.2)
3 t ef = 3 k tef t13 + t 2
for cavity wall connected with wall ties
ktef factor for stiffnesses (defined as E1 / E2) CHOICE FOR THE NA recommended value 2
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5.5

slenderness ratio
effective height / effective thickness 27
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5.5

5.5.2 Reinforced masonry members subjected to vertical loading
slenderness ratio
for a grouted cavity only 100 mm of the grouted cavity may be used 27
effective span of masonry (deep) beams redistribution of internal forces limiting span of reinforced masonry members (similar to slenderness ratio), see table 5.2
Ratio of effective span to effective depth (lef/d) or effective thickness (lef/tef) Wall subjected to out-of-plane bending Simply supported Continuous Spanning in two directions Cantilever 35 45 45 18 Beam 20 26 7
NOTE For free-standing walls not forming part of a building and subjected predominantly to wind loads, the ratios may be increased by 30 %, provided such walls have no applied finish which may be damaged by deflections.
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5.5

influence of intersecting walls (flanges) rigid floors as distribution for horizontal forces to shear walls in ratio to their stiffness distribution of vertical forces
two way spanning equally over the supporting walls one way spanning: 450 spread of the load to under laying non load bearing walls
5.5.3 Masonry shear walls subjected to shear loading
5.5.4 Reinforced masonry members subjected to shear loading

maximum shear load occurs at a distance of d/2 from the face of the support under several conditions
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5.5 Analysis of structural members

5.5.5 Masonry walls subjected to lateral loading
several rules for determining the support conditions bending moments for both directions
M Ed2 = 2 WEd l 2
M Ed1 = 1 WEd l 2
bending moment coefficients 1, 2 from any suitable theory Annex E gives coefficients based o yield line theory, taking the orthogonal strength ratio into account
limiting dimensions for laterally loaded walls according to annex F
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 6 Ultimate Limit State

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6.1 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to mainly vertical loading

6.1.1 General
plane sections remain plane; the tensile strength of masonry perpendicular to bed joints is zero
6.1.2 Verification of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to mainly vertical loading

Resistance

N Rd = t f d
is the capacity reduction factor allowing for

slenderness eccentricity of loading at the top or bottom of the wall in the middle of the wall
fd is the design compressive strength
each leaf of a cavity wall should be considered separately (using the effective thickness) chases larger than specified in 8.6 should be taken into account
reduced when gross sectional area < 0.1 m2 with factpr (0.7 + 3 A)
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6.1.2 Verification of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to mainly vertical loading at the top and the bottom
of the wall
i = 1 2
M id ei = N id at the middle of the wall may be determined from Annex G, using emk
ei t + ehe + einit 0,05 t
N1d
M1d (at underside of floor) h/2 Nmd h Mmd (at mid height of wall) h/2 N2d M2d (at top of floor)
if slenderness c: than the creep eccentricity can be neglected recommended value is 15 PART OF NA
emk = em + ek 0,05 t M em = md + ehm einit N md hef t em ek = 0,002 t ef
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6.1 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to mainly vertical loading

6.1.3 Walls subjected to concentrated loads resistance N Rdc = Ab f d is an enhancement factor
several limits on use:
eccentricity of the load t / 4 not valid for group 2, 3 and 4 units ( = 1) not valid for shell bedded masonry ( = 1)
with a spreader beam the area Ab can be increased, using the enhancement of the strength under the beam
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6.1.3 Walls subjected to concentrated loads

1.0 1.5
a A 1 + 0,3 1 1,5 1,1 b = hc Aef
Ab 0.45 Aef
1,25 +
NEdc
a1 2 hc
NEdc NEdc a1 NEdc a1
60
60
60
60
h lefm lefm lefm
hc / 2 hc lefm
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6.2 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to shear loading

resistance: VRd = f vd t lc lc is the compressed part of the wall connection between shear wall and flanges shall be verified for vertical shear compressed part should be verified for the vertical loading
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6.3 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to lateral loading

6.3.1 General
resistance: M Rd = f xd Z fxd design flexural strength
from chapter 3 enhanced by the vertical stress if present f xd1,app = f xd1 + d using an enhanced fl factor in the vertical resistance (not given, may part of NCCI)) enhanced by reinforcement if designed tot resist lateral loading - 6.6.2 (9) influence of enhanced strength on orthogonal stress ratio should be taken into account piers with outstanding length of the flange from the face of the pier as the lesser of:
h / 10 for walls spanning vertically between restraints h/5 for cantilever walls half the clear distance between the piers
section modulus Z can be influenced by
chases and recesses outside the limits of 8.6
distribution of load between the leaves in a cavity wall

in proportion to their strength or in proportion to their stiffness
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6.3.2 Walls arching between supports
resistance: design load resistance under arch action design strength of the support analysis may be based on a three-pin arch
la t/10 t/10 Nad t/10
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6.3.2 Walls arching between supports
la t/10 t/10 Nad t/10
arch rise: maximum design arch thrust per unit length: with small lateral deflection: slenderness ratio 20
r = 0,9 t d a
N ad = 1,5 f d
qlat,d
design value of vertical stress 0,1 N/mm2
t 10 2 t = fd l a
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6.3.3 Walls subjected to wind loading 6.3.4 Walls subjected to lateral loading from earth and water 6.3.5 Walls subjected to lateral loading from accidental situations Indication of relevant clauses with respect to the loading cases
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6.4 Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to combined vertical and lateral loading
Verification either according
formula (6.2) using a modified factor: fl (not available) apparent flexural strength equivalent bending moment coefficient according Annex I
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6.5 Ties
For calculation consider:
differential movement due to
temperature differences changes of moisture content actions
horizontal wind action forces due interaction in cavity leaves deviation from straightness impairment due to handling during execution minimum number of ties per unit area: nt
declared strength acc. EN 845-1 is not a design value!
WEd Fd
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6.6 Reinforced masonry members subjected to bending, bending and axial loading, or axial loading
6.6.1 General
plane sections remain plane; the tensile strength of the masonry is taken to be zero; for cross-sections not fully in compression the diagram of masonry may be linear, parabolic, parabolic rectangular or rectangular (see 3.7.1); the diagram of the reinforcement is obtained from EN 1992-1-1; the deformation properties of concrete infill shall be assumed to be as for masonry. when a compression zone contains both masonry and concrete infill, the compressive strength should be calculated using a stress block based on the compressive strength of the weakest material.
group 1: mu 0,0035 other groups: mu 0,002
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6.6.2 Verification of reinforced masonry members subjected to bending and/or axial loading resistance
based on general assumptions tensile strain of reinforcement 0.01 rectangular stress bloc may be assumed
mu
x d As b cross section + -
fd
M Rd = As f yd z
Fm
As f yd z = d 1 0,5 b d fd
0,95 d
sy
strains
Fs internal forces
for group 1 units other than lightweight aggregate units:
M Rd 0.4 f d b d 2
for group 2,3,4 and group 1 lightweight aggregate units:
M Rd 0.3 f d b d 2
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6.6.2 Verification of reinforced masonry members subjected to bending and/or axial loading other points to consider
limitation of reinforced section in case of concentrated reinforcement
b 3t t
additional moment taking second order effect into account when considered as unreinforced member mainly subjected to vertical loading
M ad N h = Ed ef 2 000 t
2
design for bending only is allowed when d 0,3 f d
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6.6.3 Flanged Reinforced Members

rules to determine the sectional area
tr1 + 6 tf lr / 2 beft = the lesser of befl = the lesser of h/6 actual width of flange
befl beft lr tf
tr2 + 12 tf l r h / 3 actual width of flange
tr1
tr2
1)
limit on bending moment resistance
M Rd f d bef t f (d 0,5 t f )
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6.6.4 Deep beams

resistance: according ordinary beams with rules for lever arm z that are given limit on bending moment same as for ordinary beams additional reinforcement needed above main reinforcement to avoid large cracks resistance of the compression zone if unrestrained, should be verified against buckling according 6.1.2.
6.6.5 Composite lintels

design may be based on 6.6.4 when
stiffness of prefab part is limited sufficient bearing length 100 m is provided
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6.7 Reinforced masonry members subjected to shear loading

6.7.1 General Resistance
ignoring the contribution of the reinforcement or taking the contribution into account when the minimum area according 8.2.3.(5) (0.05%) is provided
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6.7.2 Verification of reinforced masonry walls subjected to horizontal loads in the plane of the wall resistance
for walls containing vertical reinforcement reinforcement additional resistance: limit on shear resistance:
VRd1 = f vd t l
VRd2 = 0,9 Asw f yd ;
for walls containing vertical reinforcement with horizontal shear

VRd1 + VRd2 2,0 N/mm 2 tl
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6.7.3 Verification of reinforced masonry beams subjected to shear loading resistance ignoring the contribution of shear reinforcement: VRd1 = f vd b d
may be increased for presence of longitudinal reinforcement according Annex J may be increased near the face of a support with 2d 4 with f vd 0.3N/mm 2
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6.7.3 Verification of reinforced masonry beams subjected to shear loading resistance taking the shear reinforcement into account: VRd1 + VRd2
additional resistance:
VRd2 = 0,9 d Asw f yd (1 + cot ) sin s
total shear resistance is limited:
VRd1 + VRd2 0,25 f d b d
6.7.4 Verification of deep beams subjected to shear loading

as for ordinary members effective depth d = 1.3z
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6.8 Prestressed masonry

Principles of EN 1992-1-1 apply Design requirements and properties according sections 3, 5 and 6 of EN 1996-1-1 General guidance
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6.9 Confined masonry

Design shall be based on similar assumptions as for unreinforced and reinforced masonry Verification of confined members
bending and/or axial loading
according assumptions for reinforced masonry reinforcement in compression should be ignored
shear
resistance is the sum of the masonry and the concrete of confining elements for the masonry part the rules for unreinforced masonry applies (using lc !) reinforcement in the confining elements should not be taken into account
lateral loading
contribution of reinforcement of confining elements may be considered
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 7 Serviceability Limit State

65
7.2 Unreinforced masonry walls

the SLS need not to be checked when the ULS is satisfied allowance difference in properties of masonry where they are interconnected damages due to stresses from restraints should be avoided by proper specification and detailing
7.3 Reinforced masonry members

Deflections will be acceptable when the dimension are with the limits given in 5.5.2.5 Cracking of reinforced masonry members subjected to bending will be limited so as to satisfy the SLS when the limiting dimensions in 5.5.2.5 and the detailing requirements in section 8 are followed.
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 7 Serviceability Limit State

66
7.5 Confined masonry members

Verification of the SLS shall be based on the assumptions given for reinforced masonry
7.6 Walls subjected to concentrated loads

Bearings that satisfy the ULS may be deemed to satisfy the SLS
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 8 Detailing

67
8.1 Masonry details

Mortar in masonry reinforced with bars should be stronger than M5 Mortar in masonry with prefabricated bed joint reinforcement should be stronger than M2.5 Minimum thickness tmin of a wall Outcome of calculation
Choice tmin may be found in the NA
Minimum net area of a loadbearing wall 0.04 m2
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8.1 Masonry details

Bonding: minimum overlap:
hu
overlap overlap when hu 250 mm: overlap 0,4hu or 40 mm,whichever is the greater when hu > 250 mm: overlap 0,2hu or 100 mm,whichever is the greater
Bonding arrangements not meeting the minimum overlap may be reinforced where experience exist or experimental data is available
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8.1 Masonry details

Mortar joints
General purpose mortar: between 6 and 15 mm Thin layer mortar: between 0.5 and 3 mm NOTE: Joint between 3 and 6 mm can be used with specially developed mortars, the design may be based on the use of general purpose mortar mortar pockets: perpend joint should be filled over full height and 40% of width reinforced masonry subjected to bending and shear: perpend joints fully filled
Bearing under concentrated loads

minimum length of 90 mm
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8.2 Reinforcement details

Cover (for bond strength!)
15 mm
+ 5mm
Minimum area of reinforcement

strength enhancement general: 0.05% strength enhancement for out-of-plane lateral loading 0.03% (0.015% per face) crack control: 0.03% grouted cavity: in the secondary direction 0.05% shear reinforcement in beams (acc. 6.7.3): 0.05%
Rules for anchorage length, lapping, spacing are also given
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8.3 Prestressing details

see EN 1992-1-1
8.4 Confined masonry details

top and side elements are to be cats after the masonry has been built confining elements should be provide at:
every floor level every interception between walls at both sides of openings larger than 1.5 m2
minimum area of an element: 0.02 m2 minimum dimension of an element: 150 mm minimum area of reinforcement
0.8% but not less than 200 mm2
stirrups
minimum diameter 6 mm maximum distance 300 mm
bonding of masonry units not fulfilled

reinforcement > 6mm distance < 300 mm
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8.5 Connection of walls

8.5.1 Connection of walls to floors and roofs transfer of lateral loads to the bracing elements should be made by
the floor or roof structure, provided the floor or roof structure is capable of developing diaphragm action a ring beam capable of transferring the resulting shear and bending action effects.
the loads may be transferred by

frictional resistance of the bearing of structural members on masonry walls metal straps
anchorage in a lightly loaded wall - length of the strap! spacing 2m for building up to 4 storeys, 1.25 m for higher buildings ring beams in the floor or directly below made of reinforced concrete/masonry, steel or wood be able to resist a direct tensile force of 45 kN reinforced concrete beams at least two bars of 150 mm2
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8.5 Connection of walls

8.5.2 Connection between walls
Intersections
masonry bond connectors or reinforcement extending into each wall
Cavity and veneer walls

minimum number of ties ntmin choice: part of NA recommended value is 2 not less than calculated
Double-leaf walls
minimum number of ties j choice: part of NA recommended value is 2 not less than calculated
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8.6 Chases and recesses on walls

8.6.1 General
should not pas through lintels should not be allowed in a reinforced wall unless designed for
8.6.2 Vertical chases and recesses

to be neglected if not deeper than tch,v choice: part of NA
Sizes of vertical chases and recesses in masonry, allowed without calculation Chases and recesses formed after construction of masonry Thickness of wall mm 85 - 115 116 175 176 225 226 300 > 300 NOTE 1 chase. max depth mm 30 30 30 30 30 max width mm 100 125 150 175 200 Chases and recesses formed during construction of masonry minimum wall thickness remaining mm 70 90 140 175 215 max width mm 300 300 300 300 300
The maximum depth of the recess or chase should include the depth of any hole reached when forming the recess or
NOTE 2 Vertical chases which do not extend more than one third of the storey height above floor level may have a depth up to 80 mm and a width up to 120 mm, if the thickness of the wall is 225 mm or more. NOTE 3 The horizontal distance between adjacent chases or between a chase and a recess or an opening should not be less than 225 mm. NOTE 4 The horizontal distance between any two adjacent recesses, whether they occur on the same side or on opposite sides of the wall, or between a recess and an opening, should not be less than twice the width of the wider of the two recesses. NOTE 5 The cumulative width of vertical chases and recesses should not exceed 0,13 times the length of the wall.
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8.6 Chases and recesses on walls

8.6.3 Horizontal and inclined chases should be positioned within one eighth of the clear height of the wall, above or below a floor
to be neglected if
eccentricity t / 3 not deeper than tch,h choice: part of NA
Sizes of horizontal and inclined chases in masonry, allowed without calculation Maximum depth mm Unlimited length 85 - 115 116 - 175 176 - 225 226 - 300 over 300 NOTE 1 NOTE 2 0 0 10 15 20 Length 1 250 mm 0 15 20 25 30 Thickness of wall mm
The maximum depth of the chase should include the depth of any hole reached when forming the chase. The horizontal distance between the end of a chase and an opening should not be less than 500 mm.
NOTE 3 The horizontal distance between adjacent chases of limited length, whether they occur on the same side or on opposite sides of the wall, should be not less than twice the length of the longest chase. NOTE 4 In walls of thickness greater than 175 mm, the permitted depth of the chase may be increased by 10 mm if the chase is machine cut accurately to the required depth. If machine cuts are used, chases up to 10 mm deep may be cut in both sides of walls of thickness not less than 225 mm. NOTE 5 The width of chase should not exceed half the residual thickness of the wall.
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EN 1996-1-1 Section 9 Execution

76
9.1 General
(1)P All work shall be constructed in accordance with the specified details within permissible deviations. (2)P All work shall be executed by appropriately skilled and experienced personnel. (3) If the requirements of EN 1996-2 are followed, it can be assumed that (1)P and (2)P are satisfied.
9.2 Design of structural members

(1) The overall stability of the structure or of individual walls during construction should be considered; if special precautions are needed for the site work, they should be specified.
9.3 Loading of masonry

(1)P Masonry shall not be subjected to load until it has achieved adequate strength to resist the load without damage. (2) Backfilling against retaining walls should not be carried out until the wall is capable of resisting loads from the filling operation, taking account of any compacting forces or vibrations. (3) Attention should be paid to walls which are temporarily unrestrained during construction, but which may be subjected to wind loads or construction loads, and temporary shoring should be provided, if necessary, to maintain stability.
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EN 1996-1-1 Annex A
77
Consideration of partial factors relating to Execution

Classes of execution should consider
appropriately qualified and experienced personnel, employed by the contractor, for supervision of the work; appropriately qualified and experienced personnel, independent of the contractors staff, for the inspection of the work; assessment of the site properties of the mortar and concrete infill; the way in which mortars are mixed and the constituents are batched
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EN 1996-1-1 Annex B (informative)

78
Method for calculating the eccentricity of a stability core

Method
originates form the Dutch masonry code is based on non-linear behaviour of masonry with diagram according 3.7.1
htot
kr
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EN 1996-1-1 Annex C (informative)

79
A simplified method for calculating the out-of-plane eccentricity of loading on walls

Frame a 2a 4a 3a 1a M1
(2) Simplified joint analysis
n1 E1 I1 2 2 w3 l3 w4 l4 h1 M1 = n1 E1 I1 n2 E2 I 2 n3 E3 I 3 n4 E4 I 4 4 (n3 1) 4 (n4 1) + + + h1 h2 l3 l4
M2
moment M1 is found from frame a and moment M2 from frame b
2b 4b 3b 1b
Frame b
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EN 1996-1-1 Annex C (informative)

80
(5)
The eccentricity of loading to be used in design may be based on the load being resisted by the minimum required bearing depth, not taken to be more than 0,1 times the wall thickness, at the face of the wall, stressed to the appropriate design strength of the material (see figure C.2).
0,45t Nd fd
bearing depth 0,1 t
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EN 1996-1-1 Annex F (informative)

81
Limiting height and length to thickness ratios for walls under the serviceability limit state
Maximum dimensions with respect to SLS for several support conditions
80
h /t
70 60
h
50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00 110 120
1)
1)
simply supported or with full continuity
l/t
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EN 1996-1-1 Annex G (informative)

82
Reduction factor for slenderness and eccentricity

(in the middle height of the wall)
m
u2 2
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 emk/ t = 0,05 = 0,10 = 0,15 = 0,20 = 0,25 = 0,30 = 0,35 = 0,40
m = A1 e
hef /tef
Figure G.1 Values of m against slenderness ratio for different eccentricities, based on an E of 1 000 fk
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IMS Guide on EN 1996-1-1 and -2

83
Eurocode for Masonry, EN 1996-1-1 and EN 1996-2: Guidance and worked examples
Purchase from IMS 35.00 for members of IMS 45.00 for non-members SPECIAL PRICE FOR CONFERENCE 40 83

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EUROCODE 6

Background and applications

Rob van der Pluijm Wienerberger

Concerns the requirements for

EN 1996 series consists of 4 parts:

Character of code / standard

Limit state design

Serviceability limit state (SLS)

Performance based approach

Distinction between principle and application rules

The principles of the design of:

but may need to be supplemented.

Detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings

Masonry made with the following masonry units:

Contents of EN 1996-1-1 (Standard arrangement of sections in Material Eurocodes)

EN 1996-1-1 Foreword and Section 1 General

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 2-3 April 2009

Overview of clauses for which a National choice is allowed in EN 1996-1-1

EN 1996-1-1 Section 2 Basis of Design

EN 1996-1-1 Section 2 Basis of Design

Verification by the partial factor method

EN 1996-1-1 Section 2 Basis of Design

1,5 1,7 2,0 1,7

1,7 2,0 2,2 2,0

2,0 2,2 2,5 2,2 1,15

2,2 2,5 2,7 2,5

2,5 2,7 3,0 2,7

EN 1996-1-1 Section 2 Basis of Design

Class of execution 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.7

EN 1996-1-1 Section 2 Basis of Design

2.4.4 Serviceability limit states

2.5 Design assisted by testing

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

3.1 Masonry units

(2) Masonry units may be Category I of II

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

3.1 Masonry units

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

Method of production (all in accordance with EN 998-2!)

3.2.2. Specification of masonry mortar

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

3.3 Concrete Infill

3.3.3 Properties of concrete infill

3.4 Reinforcing steel

3.5 Prestressing steel

Properties should be obtained from EN 1992-1-1

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

3.6.1 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry

with limits on values for fb and fm

Choice for alternative i or ii: PART OF NA

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

3.6.1.2 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry National Annex

EN 1996-1-1 Section 3 Materials

3.6.2 Characteristic shear strength of masonry

Initial shear strength fvko

Principle: determination by test. EN 1052-3 (masonry) EN 1052-4 (dpc layers)

Not greater than with unfilled bed joint