Capas de La Atmósfera

Caractersticas de la atmsfera--- altitud, capas, especies qumicas, temperatura, afeccin de contaminantes Atmosphere The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases
surrounding the surface that is retained by the Earth's gravitational pull. The atmosphere protects the life on Earth by absorbing the ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface by heat retention called greenhouse effect and moderating the extremes of temperatures felt during the day and night. Air is a mixture of gasses used in breathing and photosynthesis. Dry air roughly contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93%argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases by volume. The amount of water vapor around in the air is around 1%. The remaining gases are also called as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. There are also many natural substances in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Layers of the atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into five distinct layers. Air pressure and density decrease as the height increases. The temperature varies depending upon the altitude.
The atmospheric layers from the lowest to the highest are: A. Troposphere: The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 9 km at the poles and 17 km at the equator and varies due to weather. The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of the atmosphere. Troposphere is heated by the energy transfer from the surface and so the lowest part of the troposphere is warmer than the higher. The temperature of troposphere drops with altitude. The solar energy is absorbed by the earth's surface and the heat radiates from the lower troposphere to the middle and then to the upper troposphere. Hence the gradual decrease in temperature with height. The percentage concentration of gases in air does not vary with an increase in height. The upper troposphere is almost transparent to the rays of the sun. There is non uniform heating of the ground surface and it produces ascending and descending air currents. which result in turbulence and mixing of air masses vertically. The water vapor content in the air depends upon the weather and decreases with an increase in height. The upper region of the troposphere, has a narrow boundary called tropopause, which has a constant temperature. It is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.
B. Stratosphere: The stratosphere is a layer that extends from the tropopause to about 51 km. Temperature increases with height due to increased absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. This layer is free from clouds and aeroplanes usually fly in the lower zone. Its thickness is about 50 to 55 km and it consists of a rich layer of ozone, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The stratopause is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere, typically at 50 to 55 km. Ionosphere is a layer which begins after the stratosphere and contains several layers of ionized air. It reflects short and medium radio waves, making telecommunication possible over long distances. C. Mesosphere: The mesosphere is a layer that extends from the stratopause to 8085 km (5053 mi; 260,000280,000 ft). It is the layer where most meteors burn up when entering the Earth's atmosphere. The temperature decreases with the height in mesosphere. At the top of the mesosphere is the mesopause, here the temperature drops to a minimum and it is the coldest place on Earth that has an average temperature around 85 C. Because of the cold temperature in the mesosphere, water vapor is frozen forming ice clouds also called as noctilucent clouds. A type of lightning also form many miles above the thunderclouds in the troposphere referred to as either sprites or ELVES. D. Thermosphere: Here the temperature increases with height from the mesopause up to the thermopause. The inversion in temperature in the thermosphere is a result of the extremely low density of molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise to 1,500 C. The air is so rarefied in this layer. Because of the relative infrequency of molecular collisions, air above the mesopause is poorly mixed compared to air below. The composition from the troposphere to the mesosphere is fairly constant. Above a certain point, the air is poorly mixed and becomes compositionally stratified. The top of the thermosphere is the bottom of the exosphere, called the exobase. Its height varies with solar activity and ranges from about 350800 km. E. Exosphere: The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere extends from the exobase upward. The air density is very low in this layer. It is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. These particles are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Since the particles rarely collide, the atmosphere no longer behaves like a fluid. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate into and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind.
http://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/06_atmosfera/recuadros/c_rec2_06.htm http://web.uam.es/departamentos/ciencias/quimica/estruct/ines/materiales_qambiental/tema1. pdf http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=5NR8DIk1n68C&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371&dq=especies+qu% C3%ADmicas+en+la+atm%C3%B3sfera&source=bl&ots=k4ilJ0ojEg&sig=juMtyJm31bF6zHWwLGJah ZNn9A0&hl=es&sa=X&ei=28X6UMzBOqKc2QXk9IHwBw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw

Capas de La Atmósfera

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Caractersticas de la atmsfera--- altitud, capas, especies qumicas, temperatura, afeccin de contaminantes Atmosphere The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases

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