lt2662 RubberBondGuide

Table Of Contents
Introduction Description Of Adhesives Cyanoacrylate Adhesives Light Curing Acrylic Adhesives Polyurethane Adhesives Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic Adhesives Silicone Adhesives Why Bond Elastomers with Loctite Adhesives? How To Use The Rubber and TPE Bonding Chapters How to Use The Adhesive Shear Strength Table Rubber and TPE Bonding Chapters Butyl Rubber (IIR) Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) Copolyester TPE Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO, GCO, GECO) Ethylene Acrylic Rubber (EEA) Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPM, EPDM) Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) Fluorocarbon Rubber (FKM) Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ) Halogenated Butyl Rubber (BIIR, CIIR) Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (H-NBR, HSN) Melt Processible Rubber (MPR) Natural Rubber (NR) Neoprene Rubber (CR) Nitrile Rubber (NBR, XNBR) Polyacrylate Rubber (ACM) Polyisoprene Rubber (IR) Polyolefin Elastomers (POE) Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber (GPO) Polysulfide Rubber (TM) Silicone-Modified EPDM Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ) Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Styrenic TPE (S-B-S, S-I-S, S-EB-S) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Test Methodology Index of Trade Names Acknowledgements Disclaimer
Page Number
1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 66 69 70
The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs
The Problem
From the discovery of natural rubber to the development of modern day thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), elastomeric materials have found a wide variety of uses that make them an integral part of an industrial society. In a diverse variety of products ranging from automobile tires to lifesaving implantable medical devices, their unique ability to be greatly deformed and return to their original shape fills an important niche in the world of engineering materials. It would be difficult to identify a manufacturing process which does not use elastomers in one form or another. Elastomeric materials have achieved widespread acceptance due to the virtually limitless combinations of elastomer types, fillers and additives which can be compounded at relatively low costs and processed by a wide variety of methods. This gives end-users the ability to develop specific formulations with properties tailored to their needs. By properly selecting the base elastomer, additives and fillers, as well as the appropriate cure method, the physical, chemical and thermal properties of an elastomer can be made to meet or exceed the performance requirements of almost any application requiring elastomeric properties. However, while the limitless variety of elastomers is an invaluable asset to a designer selecting an elastomer, it is the designer's biggest limitation when selecting an adhesive. The countless adhesives available, coupled with the virtually limitless elastomer formulations possible, make it highly unlikely that there will be bond strength data for the specific adhesive/elastomer combination in the designer's application. pinpoint the adhesives which performed best on those materials. Although this will probably not tell the designer the exact bond strength that will be achieved by that specific adhesive on that specific material, it will give the designer a general idea of what bond strengths can be achieved. For the other elastomers, bond strength testing was performed on commercially available grades which were selected to represent each major category of the elastomer based on the major end-use applications, and/or the chemical structure of that elastomer.
Adhesive Information
An adhesive cannot be selected for an application solely on the basis of bond strength information. Other factors such as the cure speed, environmental resistance, thermal resistance and suitability for automation will play a critical role in determining the best adhesive for a specific application. To give a designer insight into these design parameters, an in-depth description of the five adhesive types most commonly used for bonding elastomers has been included in this guide. The five adhesive types discussed were cyanoacrylates, two-part no-mix acrylics, light curing acrylics, silicones and polyurethanes. These adhesive sections contain a general description, a detailed discussion of the chemical structure and cure mechanism, and a listing of the benefits and limitations of each adhesive.
Elastomer Information
Manufacturers may have the flexibility to select the elastomers which are best suited for their applications in terms of performance and bondability. To aid the designer, an indepth discussion of each of the elastomer types is included. Information covered includes a general description of the elastomer and its properties, as well as a list of trade names, suppliers and typical applications.
Cure Process Effects
For thermoset rubbers, the ultimate bond strength might be improved by stopping the vulcanization process before all crosslinking sites available have been consumed. Stopping the vulcanization process before the rubber has achieved its ultimate modulus will leave unreacted crosslinking sites on the rubber backbone and form a polymer with a lower Bond Strength Information crosslink density. As a result, the unreacted crosslinking This guide is designed to indicate the bondability of sites may improve bond strength by reacting with the the 25 most commonly used families of elastomers. adhesive. In addition, the lower crosslink density of the rubber may facilitate adhesive penetration of the rubber This was accomplished using two approaches. The polymer network. To investigate this phenomenon, each of majority of elastomers which were evaluated were compounded specifically to determine the effect dif- the thermoset rubbers were cured to 80% of their ultimate ferent additives and fillers had on the bondability of modulus (noted as T80 cure in the adhesive shear strength tables), and tested for bond strength. These results were these materials. Once the designer identifies the then compared with those of the control for statistically elastomer formulations containing the same fillers significant differences. and additives that he desires to bond, he can then
The Solution
Cyanoacrylate Adhesives
General Description
Cyanoacrylates are one-part, room-temperature curing adhesives that are available in viscosities ranging from water-thin liquids to thixotropic gels. When pressed into a thin film between two surfaces, cyanoacrylates cure rapidly to form rigid thermoplastics with excellent adhesion to most substrates. One of the benefits cyanoacrylates offer is the availability of a wide variety of specialty formulations with properties tailored to meet particularly challenging applications. For example, rubber-toughened cyanoacrylates offer high peel strength and impact resistance to complement the high shear and tensile strengths characteristic of cyanoacrylates. Thermally resistant cyanoacrylates are available which offer excellent bond strength retention after exposure to temperatures as high as 250F for thousands of hours. Moreover, "surface-insensitive" cyanoacrylates offer rapid fixture times and cure speeds on acidic surfaces, such as wood or dichromated metals, which could slow the cure of a cyanoacrylate. In some cases, the use of a generalpurpose cyanoacrylate adhesive was hampered by the appearance of a white haze around the bondline. This phenomenon is known as "blooming" or "frosting" and occurs when cyanoacrylate monomer volatizes, reacts with moisture in the air, and settles on the part. To eliminate this problem, "low odor/low bloom" cyanoacrylates were developed. They have a lower vapor pressure than standard cyanoacrylates and therefore are less likely to volatize. While advances in cyanoacrylate formulating technology have played a key role in offering additional benefits to the end user, there have also been important developments in cyanoacrylate primer and accelerator technology. active species can have an on-part life ranging from 1 minute to 72 hours. Accelerator can also be sprayed over a drop of free cyanoacrylate to rapidly cure it. This technique has been widely used for wire tacking in the electronics industry. Another benefit offered by cyanoacrylates is the availability of primers which enable them to form strong bonds with polyolefins and other hard-tobond plastics such as fluoropolymers and acetal resins. Like the accelerators, polyolefin primers consist of an active ingredient dispersed in a solvent. Once the carrier solvent has evaporated, the surface is immediately ready for bonding, and the primer will have an on-part life ranging from 4 minutes to one hour. Depending on the plastic, bond strengths up to 20 times the unprimed bond strength can be achieved.
Chemistry
Cyanoacrylate adhesives are cyanoacrylate esters, of which methyl and ethyl cyanoacrylates are the most common. Cyanoacrylates undergo anionic polymerization in the presence of a weak base, such as water, and are stabilized through the addition of a weak acid. When the adhesive contacts a surface, the water present on the surface neutralizes the acidic stabilizer in the adhesive, resulting in the rapid polymerization of the cyanoacrylate.
Advantages
One-part system Solvent free Rapid room temperature cure Excellent adhesion to many substrates Easy to dispense in automated systems Accelerators speed the cure of cyanoacrylate adhe- Wide range of viscosities available sives and are primarily used to reduce cure and fix- Excellent bond strength in shear and tensile mode Primers available for polyolefins and difficult-toture times, to cure fillets on bondlines and/or bond plastics excess adhesive. Accelerators consist of an active ingredient dispersed in a solvent. The accelerator is Disadvantages typically applied to a substrate surface prior to the application of the adhesive. Once the carrier solvent Poor peel strength has evaporated, the cyanoacrylate can immediately Limited gap cure be applied and its cure initiated by the active Poor durability on glass species that the accelerator has left behind. Limited resistance to polar solvents Depending on the particular solvent and active Low temperature resistance species present in the accelerator, the solvent can Bonds skin rapidly require 10 to 60 seconds to evaporate, and the May stress crack some plastics
Light Curing Acrylic Adhesives

General Description
Light curing acrylic adhesives are supplied as onepart, solvent-free liquids with viscosities ranging from 50 cP to thixotropic gels. Upon exposure to light of the proper intensity and spectral output, these adhesives cure rapidly to form thermoset polymers with excellent adhesion to a wide variety of substrates. The cure times of light curing acrylic adhesives are dependent on many parameters, however, cure times of 2 to 60 seconds are typical and cure depths in excess of 0.5" (13 mm) are possible. Formulations of light curing acrylic adhesives are available which vary in cured properties from very rigid, glassy materials to soft, flexible elastomers. Light curing acrylic adhesives cure rapidly on demand, which minimizes work in progress and offers virtually unlimited repositioning time. In addition, the wide range of viscosities available facilitates the selection of a product for automated dispensing. These qualities make light curing acrylics ideally suited for automated bonding processes. When the adhesive is cured in contact with air, the free radicals created by the decomposition of the photoinitiator can be scavenged by oxygen prior to initiating polymerization. This can lead to incomplete cure of the adhesive at the adhesive/oxygen interface, yielding a tacky surface. To minimize the possibility of forming a tacky surface, the irradiance of light reaching the adhesive can be increased, the spectral output of the light source can be matched to the absorbance spectrum of the photoinitiator, and/or the adhesive can be covered with a nitrogen blanket during cure.
Advantages
Cure on demand Very good environmental resistance Wide range of viscosities available Solvent free Good gap filling One part Dispensing is easily automated Clear bondlines Rapid fixture and complete cure Wide range of physical properties
Chemistry
Light curing acrylic adhesives are composed of a blend of monomers, oligomers, and polymers containing the acrylate functionality to which photoinitiator is added. Upon exposure to light of the proper intensity and spectral output, the photoinitiator decomposes to yield free radicals. The free radicals then initiate polymerization of the adhesive through the acrylate groups to yield a thermoset polymer.
Disadvantages
Light must be able to reach bondline Oxygen can inhibit cure at the surface Equipment expense for light source If a high intensity light source is used, ozone must be vented
Polyurethane Adhesives
General Description
Polyurethane adhesives are supplied as one and two-part systems which range in viscosity from selfleveling liquids to non-slumping pastes. They cure to form thermoset polymers with good solvent and chemical resistance. They are extremely versatile and can range in cured form from extremely soft elastomers to rigid, extremely hard plastics. Polyurethanes offer a good blend of cohesive strength and flexibility which makes them very tough, durable adhesives. They bond well to most unconditioned substrates, but may require the use of solvent-based primers to achieve high bond strengths. They offer good toughness at low temperatures, but typically degrade in strength after long-term exposure above 302oF (150oC). Since the cure of one-part, moisture curing polyurethanes is dependent on moisture diffusing through the polymer, the maximum depth of cure that can be achieved in a reasonable time is limited at approximately 0.375". Two-part systems, on the other hand, offer unlimited depth of cure.
Chemistry
One-part polyurethane adhesives react with moisture to polymerize. The moisture reacts with the isocyanate groups on the polymer, leading to the formation of chemical crosslinks between the polymer chains.
Advantages
Extremely tough Good resistance to solvents High cohesive strength Good impact resistance
Disadvantages
Difficult to accelerate moisture cure Limited depth of cure for one-part moisture cure polyurethanes Primer may be needed for adhesion to some substrates Limited high temperature use
Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic Adhesives

General Description
Two-part no-mix acrylic adhesives consist of a resin and an activator. The resin component is a solventfree, high viscosity liquid, typically in the range of 10,000 to 100,000 cP, while the activator component is generally a solvent dispersion of the cure catalyst. If the carrier solvent present in the activator solvent dispersion is undesirable, the pure catalyst is also available as a solvent-free activator. However, when using a solvent-free activator, the amount of activator applied must be tightly controlled, as excessive activator will detrimentally affect the performance of the adhesive. The base resin of two-part no-mix acrylic adhesives can also be heat cured. A typical heat cure cycle is ten minutes at 300F (149C). Heat curing normally offers higher bond strengths and shorter cure times. However, heating the adhesive lowers the resin's viscosity and may result in some adhesive flow out of large gaps. In some instances, it is desired to use a combination of these two cure methods, fixturing the assembly with activator prior to heat cure. can prevent the adhesive from forming an intimate bond with the substrate. Since polymerization is initiated at the interface between the activator and resin, the cure depth is limited. Typically, the maximum cure depth is 0.030" (0.76 mm) from this interface.
Chemistry
The base resin consists of an elastomer dissolved in acrylic monomers. Peroxides are then blended in to provide the resin with a source of free radicals. The elastomer forms a rubbery phase which gives the adhesive its toughness, and the acrylic monomers form the thermoset polymer matrix which gives the adhesive its environmental resistance and strength. The cure catalyst used in the activator is a copper salt compounded with the products from the condensation reaction of an amine and an aldehyde. This catalyst is often diluted in a solvent, although it is also supplied neat. Upon contact of the cure catalyst with the base resin, the peroxide in the base resin decomposes to yield free radicals. These radicals then initiate polymerization through the acrylate groups on the monomer in the base resin.
Application Method
When an activator is used, the adhesive is cured in the following manner: The resin is applied to one of the substrate surfaces The activator is applied to the other surface The activators carrier solvent is allowed to flash off The two surfaces are mated together The catalyst from the activator then initiates the polymerization of the resin Typically, these systems develop fixture strength in two minutes and full strength in 4-24 hours. The activator serves only as a catalyst for the polymerization of the resin, so when using an activator, the ratio of activator to resin is not critical. However, this is not the case for solventless activators, because the activator is so concentrated that excess activator
Advantages
No mixing required Good environmental resistance High peel and impact strength Bonds to lightly contaminated surfaces Fast fixture and cure Room temperature cure Good adhesion to many substrates Cure can be accelerated with heat
Disadvantages
Difficult to automate dispensing Messy Activator may contain solvents Unpleasant odor Limited cure through depth Yellow coloration of cured adhesive
Silicone Adhesives
General Description
Silicone adhesives are typically supplied as one-part systems which range in viscosity from self-leveling liquids to non-slumping pastes. They cure to soft, thermoset elastomers with excellent property retention over a wide temperature range. Silicones have good adhesion to many substrates, but are limited in their utility as structural adhesives by their low cohesive strength. Consequently, oxime silicones have found widespread use in automotive gasketing applications. The chief limitation of all moisture curing silicones is the difficulty associated with accelerating the cure rate. This concern was addressed through the development of UV cure silicones. Ultraviolet light curing silicones generally also have a secondary moisture cure mechanism to insure that any silicone which is not irradiated with ultraviolet light will still cure. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light of the proper irradiance and intensity, they will form a tack free surface and cure to a polymer with up to 80% of its ultimate physical strength in less than a minute. Initial adhesion can be good, but because ultimate bond strength is dependent on the moisture cure portion of the silicone, full bond strength can take 1-2 weeks to develop. The adhesive strength achieved by a UV/moisture cure silicone is typically a function of the type of moisture cure used. Silicones with a secondary acetoxy cure show good bond strength while those with a secondary alkoxy cure are lower.
Silicone adhesives are typically cured via reaction with ambient humidity, although formulations are also available which can be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light of the proper irradiance and spectral output. Since the cure of moisture curing silicones is dependent on moisture diffusing through the silicone matrix, the cure rate is strongly affected by the ambient relative humidity. Moisture curing silicones have a maximum depth of cure which is limited to 0.375 - 0.500". At 50% RH, moisture cure silicones will cure to a tack free surface in 5-60 minutes depending on the type used. Complete cure through thick sections of silicone can take up to 72 hours. It should be noted that adhesive strength may continue to develop for 1-2 weeks after the silicone has been applied. This occurs because the Chemistry reaction between the reactive groups on the silicone Silicone formulations are available which can be polymer and the reactive groups on the substrate cured through moisture, heat, mixing two composurface is slower than the crosslinking reaction of nents and exposure to ultraviolet light. The silithe silicone groups with themselves. cones used for adhesives are typically the one-part Moisture curing silicones are categorized by the by- moisture curing and UV curing silicones. All silicones have a chemical backbone made up of siliproduct given off as they cure with moisture. For example, acetoxy cure silicones give off acetic acid. cone to oxygen bonds, known as siloxane bonds. It is the high energy of this bond that gives silicones Alkoxy cure silicones give off alcohols, typically their unique high temperature performance propermethanol or ethanol, and oxime curing silicones evolve oxime. Acetoxy cure silicones are known for ties. their ability to cure rapidly and develop good adheAdvantages sion to many substrates. Their largest limitation is the potential for the byproduct acetic acid to pro One-part systems available mote corrosion. Alkoxy cure silicones, on the other Solvent free hand, do not have this limitation because the alcohol byproducts are non-corrosive. This makes them Room temperature cure Excellent adhesion to many substrates well suited for electronic and medical applications Extremely flexible where the acetic acid could be a problem. Unfortunately, alkoxy silicones typically have lower UV Curing formulations available adhesion and take longer to cure than acetoxy silicones. Oxime evolving silicones offer cure speeds Disadvantages and adhesion which rivals, and in some cases surpasses, that of acetoxy cure silicones. However, the Poor cohesive strength oxime they evolve will not corrode ferric substrates, Moisture cure systems have limited depth of cure Swelled by non-polar solvents although it can stain copper or brass.
Why Bond Elastomers With Loctite Adhesives?

Advantages Over Other Assembly Methods
Adhesives offer an array of benefits to the manufacturer who needs to join elastomeric substrates to other substrates in their manufacturing process. These benefits are best understood by comparing adhesive joining processes with the other options a manufacturing engineer can consider. The design of joints is restricted to geometries which are favorable to the process. Ideally, they should have a small, uniform contact area to concentrate the ultrasonic energy. Adhesives can accommodate irregular bond lines. The capability of joining different thermoplastic elastomers in the same assembly is limited to those which are chemically compatible and have similar melting points. Adhesives are not restricted in this way. Ultrasonic welding requires investment in machinery as well as special tooling for each part. Adhesives require no machinery or tooling.
Advantages Versus Mechanical Fasteners

Mechanical fasteners are quick and easy to use, but have a number of significant drawbacks. They create stresses in the elastomer, which may lead to distortion or ripping of the part; adhesives do not. There are extra components which must be purchased and inventoried. Adhesives require no extra components. They require altering the design of the product to include bosses and holes. Adhesives require no special features. Their appearance often interferes with the styling of the product. Adhesives are invisible inside a bonded joint. They concentrate all of the holding power at the fastener location, causing the applied load to be carried by a small area of elastomer. Adhesives spread the load evenly over the entire joint area.
Advantages Versus Solvent Welding

Solvent welding can be a useful, low-cost method of bonding elastomers. However, its usefulness is limited by a number of disadvantages. Solvent welding cannot be used with dissimilar materials such as metals or glass. Adhesives do the job. Solvents will not work with thermoset rubbers. Adhesives will. Solvents are more likely to cause stress cracking than are adhesives. The time between application of the solvent and joining the parts is critical. The joints are weak if too much solvent remains in the bond area or if too much solvent has flashed off prior to assembly. Adhesives have a much less critical open time. Solvent cementing is not capable of joining parts with significant gaps between them. Adhesives tolerate much larger gaps.
Advantages Versus Ultrasonic Welding

Ultrasonic welding can be an excellent method for certain types of assemblies. There are, however, a number of factors which limit its usefulness. The dampening characteristics of most elastomers can make them poor candidates for ultrasonic welding. Adhesives are not limited in this fashion. Ultrasonic welding is not usable for thermoset rubbers. Adhesives are. Joining of elastomers to metal, glass, or other materials is not feasible in most cases. Adhesives do this easily.
Advantages Over Other Adhesives

Loctite cyanoacrylate, acrylic, polyurethane and silicone adhesives are the first choice for speed, ease of use, and overall convenience. They are adhesives that easily adapt themselves to high-speed production lines without heat curing ovens or mixing equipment. When total costs of the finished product are considered, they are often the most economical.
Advantages Versus Epoxies

Epoxies, when first introduced, were a major breakthrough in adhesive technology. Their ability to cure at room temperature without excessive shrinkage, combined with versatility of formulation, made them extremely useful materials. However, they are not the easiest materials to use for the following reasons: They usually must be mixed immediately prior to use, requiring extensive hand labor or sophisticated mixing equipment. The time from mixing to use is often critical to success, but is difficult to control, particularly when the production rate is irregular. Limits to pot life often cause waste of material. Epoxies requiring heat cures have limited usefulness on heat sensitive elastomers. Cure times without heat are too long for automated assembly.
Advantages Versus Hot Melts

Hot melts are low cost, single component, fast-setting adhesives. As such, they often find use bonding packaging components, furniture or toys. Their limitations, however, are significant. Hot melts have poor temperature resistance. They require special equipment to melt and dispense the adhesive. They are messy. Control of the joint open time is critical to performance. Material held in the melted form for extended periods of time may degrade.
Advantages Versus Solvent Cements

Solvent cements are low cost materials which have been traditionally used to join plastics. Their primary advantage is low cost, yet their limitations are numerous. They have poor resistance to heat and solvents. They produce solvent fumes which may be toxic or flammable. The open time of the bonded joint is critical. They require an extensive drying time. Solvent trapped inside the joint may lead to porosity or weakness.
How To Use The Bonding Chapters

Trade Names Typical Applications
Lists common markets where the elastomer is used and specific applications.
Lists common suppliers of each elastomer and the trade names of their products.
Relative Adhesive Performance

Provides relative ranking of bond strengths achieved with adhesives tested.
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV)

thermoplastic elastomer
Trade Names
Geolast Santoprene
Manufacturer
Advanced Elastomer Systems Advanced Elastomer Systems
Typical Applications
Automotive Construction Electrical Medical Air ducts, rack and pinion steering boots, motor drive belts Glazing seals, expansion joints Specialty wire and cable insulation Drug vial stoppers, grommets, syringe plunger tips, volumetric infusion pump tips Sander grips, squeegees, dust seals, clothes washer filter seals
General Description
Thermoplastic vulcanizates are elastomeric alloys of a continuous plastic phase and a fine dispersion of dynamically vulcanized rubber. Santoprene, for example, uses polypropylene as the plastic phase with EPDM as the rubber phase. Geolast also uses polypropylene for the plastic phase, however, nitrile rubber is used for the thermoset rubber phase. Generally, these compounds derive their physical properties from the interaction of the two phases and do not use the fillers and extenders commonly used with most thermoset rubber systems. Consequently, material properties are primarily a function of the type and level of vulcanizate and its degree of crosslinking. Even though TPVs contain a vulcanizate phase, these materials can still be processed by common thermoplastic processing equipment such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, thermoforming and calendering.
General Description
Miscellaneous
Provides information concerning the chemical structure, types available and cure method used (if appropriate).

High Medium Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Low
General Properties
In general, TPVs offer the performance properties of a thermoset rubber with the processing ease of a thermoplastic. These properties include good tensile strength, good abrasion resistance and outstanding fatigue flex resistance. The saturated nature of the olefinic backbone in the Santoprene and Geolast plastic phases, coupled with the highly crosslinked nature of their vulcanizate phases, gives them excellent chemical resistance, as well as good thermal and weathering resistance. Santoprene has shown good property retention after long-term exposure to acids, bases, and aqueous solutions. Resistance to oils and other hydrocarbons varies with grade and fluid type. However, the higher the polarity of the fluid the more likely it is to attack Santoprene. For increased oil resistance, Geolast offers superior performance because it utilizes nitrile as the vulcanizate phase rather than EPDM. Unlike most TPEs, which soften at high temperatures, TPVs have shown good property retention at temperatures as high as 275oF (135oC) and good compression set resistance at temperatures as high as 212oF (100oC). Their low temperature performance is also good with brittle points below -67oF (-55oC).
Effects of Formulation and Processing

Additives Grey Concentrate - Increase
Surface Treatments
Prism Primer Increase
General Properties
Describes the key characteristics of each elastomer.
60

Highlights formulation or elastomer processing changes which had a significant effect on adhesive performance.
Surface Treatments
Summarizes the effect of Prism Primer on cyanoacrylate adhesive performance.
How To Use The Adhesive Shear Strength Table

Control
The control is an unfilled elastomer that was used as the base resin for all compounded formulations. It is listed at the top of the table and is indicated as the control. Each formulation of elastomer was produced by compounding the unfilled elastomer with a single additive or filler. That formulation was then compared to the control to determine statistically significant effects within 95% confidence limits. In some cases, a change in the process or the chemical composition was evaluated. In these cases, that specific formulation may not have been compounded using the control elastomers but was compared to the control to determine the effect of the change.
Shading
ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

(psi) (MPa) Styrene Butadiene TPE Loctite Adhesive
Control: Kraton G 1650
S-EB-S
100 phr
Kraton by Shell Chemical and C-Flex by Concept Polymer Technology

496 Methyl Cyanoacrylate PRISM 401 Surface Insensitive Cyanoacrylate PRISM 401/ PRISM 480 PRISM 4204 Superflex PRISM Rubber Rubber 595 Primer 770 Toughened Toughened Acetoxy RTV Polyolefin Primer Cyanoacrylate Cyanoacrylate Silicone Ultra Black 5900 Oxime RTV Silicone Depend 330 3105 3951 2-part Light Cure Polyurethane No-Mix Acrylic w/7251 Acrylic Primer
When the cell is shaded grey, the addition of the indicated additive or filler, the processing change or the change in the chemical make-up of the polymer resulted in a statistically significant increase in bondability when compared to the control. A statistically significant decrease is denoted by red shading. If there is a change in the failure mode, the cell is also shaded accordingly.
Carbon Black
The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubber and TPEs
Kraton G 1650 N-550 Kraton G 1650 Dixie Clay Kraton G 1650 Hi Sil 233
100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr
Clay
Silica Whiting Aromatic Oil Naphthenic Oil Plasticizer Processing Aid EVA Blend PE Blend Antistatic C-Flex
Silicone Oil
Kraton G 1650 100 phr Precipitated Whiting 100 phr Kraton G 1650 Aromatic Oil Kraton G 1650 Naphthenic Oil Kraton G 1650 Dioctyl Phthalate Kraton G 1650 Carnauba Wax Kraton G 1650 EVA Kraton G 1650 Polyethylene Kraton G 1650 Armostat 550 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr
Elastomer Description
The elastomer formulations were selected in two ways. For five of the twenty-five elastomers evaluated, commercially available grades were evaluated which were selected to represent each of the major categories of that elastomer. The twenty remaining elastomers were specifically compounded for the purpose of determining the effect of individual additives and fillers on the bondability of that material. Commercially Available Grades If commercially available grades were evaluated, then the specific grades which were tested were listed in the left-hand column of this table. Specialty Formulations If special formulations were compounded, then the additive, filler, processing change or change in chemical structure was indicated, as well as the specific concentration and product used, in the left-hand column of this table.
Kraton D 1101
S-B-S Linear
100 phr
PS Blend Kraton D 1118X

SB Type Branched NOTES:
Kraton D 1101 Polystyrene
100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
290 2.00 530 3.65 220 1.52 440 3.03 50 0.34 140 0.97 80 0.55 10 0.07 290 2.00 130 0.90 520 3.59 220 1.52 140 0.97 160 1.10 530 3.65 120 0.83
>510D >3.52D >810D >5.59D 510 3.52 >550D >3.52D 180 1.24 >300D >2.07D 300 2.07 <10 <0.07 510 3.52 240 1.65 510 3.52 190 1.31 >240D >1.65D 280 1.93 510 3.52 130 0.90
370 2.55 570 3.93 580 4.00 >550D >3.79D >200D >1.35D 150 1.03 >370D >2.55D 20 0.14 370 2.55 370 2.55 550 3.79 160 1.10 220 1.52 370 2.55 630 4.34 150 1.03
230 1.59 360 2.48 320 2.21 390 2.69 40 0.28 150 1.03 90 0.62 10 0.07 390 2.69 180 1.24 370 2.55 230 1.59 80 0.55 230 1.59 450 3.10 120 0.83
230 1.59 620 4.27 340 2.34 510 3.52 40 0.28 140 0.97 80 0.55 20 0.14 230 1.59 140 0.97 550 3.79 230 1.59 100 0.69 230 1.59 520 3.59 140 0.97
90 0.62 50 0.34 50 0.34 30 0.21 30 0.21 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 90 0.622 20 0.14 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 50 0.34 90 0.62 70 0.48
170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 60 0.41 30 0.21 50 0.34 50 0.34 <10 <0.07 110 0.76 40 0.28 80 0.55 100 0.69 20 0.14 170 1.17 250 1.72 170 1.17
170 1.17 280 1.93 230 1.59 390 2.69 30 0.21 40 0.28 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 210 1.45 170 1.17 350 2.41 120 0.83 30 0.21 130 0.90 290 2.00 90 0.62
660 4.55 660 4.55 >1090D >7.52D >660D >4.55D 180 1.24 160 1.10 170 1.17 20 0.14 410 2.83 410 2.83 660 4.55 260 1.79 170 1.17 >430D >2.96D 1020 7.03 320 2.21
180 1.24 270 1.86 220 1.52 350 2.41 70 0.48 80 0.55 60 0.41 10 0.07 180 1.24 220 1.52 310 2.14 50 0.34 40 0.28 180 1.24 480 3.31 130 0.90
Single Line
A single line in the table indicates that the elastomer evaluated below the line was formulated from a control and compared back to that control to determine the effect of an additive, filler, processing change or change in chemistry. To determine the control, move up the table from the single line until a row has a double line on top of the table. That row will be the control and is often denoted as the control.
T80 Cure (not shown)
= The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant increase in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. = The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant decrease in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. D = The force applied to the test specimens exceeded the strength of the material resulting in substrate failure before the actual bond strength achieved by the adhesive could be determined.
Cure System Used in All Formulations

None Required
Notes
This section explains the superscripts and shading used in the table.
Double Line
A double line in the table indicates that the elastomer evaluated below the line was not compared to a control to determine the effect of a filler, additive, processing change or change in the polymer chemistry.
Stopping the polymerization process before completion could theoretically increase its bondability for two reasons. The first reason being that the lower crosslink density of the polymer allows for increased diffusion of the adhesive into the rubber. The second reason being that the active species that were not utilized during vulcanization can now react with the adhesive. In this testing, the polymerization was stopped when the modulus was 80% of the modulus at full cure.
59
10
11
Butyl Rubber (IIR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names Manufacturer
Exxon Butyl Polysar Butyl Exxon Chemical Bayer other industrial gas bladders. Butyl compounds have good damping and shock absorption characteristics which has led to their use in automotive body mounts.
General Description
Butyl rubber is poly(methylpropene-co-2-methyl-1,3 butadiene) or poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene). The rubber gum stock is produced through the cationic polymerization of isobutylene with 1-3% isoprene. The isoprene is incorporated into the polymer structure to provide unsaturated sites which can be utilized to form cured rubber from the gum stock. Butyl rubber is typically crosslinked using sulfur, however, two other methods are also available. The first method is to react the butyl gum stock with phenol-formaldehyde resin. The other involves reacting it with p-quinone dioxime, or p-quinone dioxime dibenzoate, in conjunction with lead oxide. The crosslink density and ultimate properties of the cured rubber can be controlled by varying the amount of unsaturation in the base polymer. The properties of the base polymer are also controlled by varying the molecular weight of the polymer and the degree of branching in the gum stock. Halogenation of these rubbers has been used to produce the family of halogenated butyl rubbers which are discussed in a separate chapter.
Automotive Electronics Industrial Tire innerliners, inner tubes, radiator hose, belts Electrical insulation Conveyor belts, curing bladders, membranes, freezer gaskets, tank linings, steam hose, diaphragms Dock fenders
Miscellaneous

High Methyl CA - Superbonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Medium
Low
General Properties
The saturation of the polymer backbone and lack of reactive groups result in a combination of valuable properties that have made butyl polymers one of the most widely used synthetic elastomers. The aliphatic nature of the polymer gives it good resistance to ozone, UV light, moisture and mineral acids. This also contributes to its thermal resistance, which is limited more by the type of crosslink system used than the stability of the polymer backbone. Butyl rubber formulations cured using sulfur tend to degrade after longterm exposure to temperatures above 302o F (150oC). Formulations which utilize the phenol formaldehyde resin cure system offer much better thermal resistance. Butyl rubber is attacked by non-polar solvents, such as hydrocarbon oils, greases and fuels. Alternatively, butyl rubbers have good resistance to polar liquids such as oxygenated solvents, ester type plasticizers, vegetable oils and synthetic hydraulic fluids. The lack of bulky pendant groups on the polymer chains allows them to pack closely and give a vulcanizate with extremely low gas permeability. This has resulted in the widespread use of butyl rubber in inner tubes and

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Paraffinic Oil - Decrease Processing Aid - Decrease Antistat - Increase CA No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
12

(psi) (MPa) Butyl Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Butyl 165
1.2% Unsaturation 100 phr
Butyl Rubber by Exxon Chemical

496 Methyl Cyanoacrylate PRISM 401 Surface Insensitive Cyanoacrylate PRISM 401/ PRISM Primer 770 Polyolefin Primer PRISM 480 Rubber Toughened Cyanoacrylate PRISM 4204 Rubber Toughened Cyanoacrylate Superflex 595 Acetoxy RTV Silicone Ultra Black 5900 Oxime RTV Silicone Depend 330 2-part No-Mix Acrylic 3105 Light Cure Acrylic 3951 Polyurethane w/7251 Primer
T80 Cure Low Unsaturation High Unsaturation Carbon Black Clay Silica Paraffinic Oil Processing Aid Antiozonant Antistatic
Butyl 165
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Butyl 065 0.8% Unsaturation Butyl 268 1.6% Unsaturation Butyl 165 N-550 Butyl 165 Dixie Clay Butyl 165 Hi Sil 233 Butyl 165 Paraffinic Oil Butyl 165 Petrolatum Butyl 165 Vanox NBC Butyl 165 Armostat 550 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 3.5 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 100 phr
>90 >0.62 >110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >100 >0.69 430 2.97 >210 >1.45 >210 >1.45 >80 >0.55 80 0.55 >120 >0.83 >120 >0.83
>110 >0.76 >130 >0.90 >140 >0.97 >110 >0.76 >490 >3.38 >270 >1.86 >330 >2.28 >110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >140 >0.97
>140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >640 >4.41 >230 >1.59 >360 >2.48 >100 >0.69 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >140 >0.97
100 0.69 80 0.55 100 0.69 >100 >0.69 170 1.17 150 1.03 160 1.10 60 0.41 70 0.48 >140 >0.97 >130 >0.90
>110 >0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 >100 >0.69 340 2.34 150 1.03 200 1.38 70 0.48 80 0.55 >110 >0.76 >160 >1.10
<10 <10 30 0.21 20 0.14 30 0.21 80 0.55 60 0.41 50 0.34 20 0.14 30 0.21 20 0.14 40 0.28
60 0.41 60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 130 0.90 100 0.69 70 0.48 30 0.21 20 0.14 40 0.28 40 0.28
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 60 0.41 170 1.17 140 0.97 90 0.62 30 0.21 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41
90 0.62 60 0.41 80 0.55 90 0.62 300 2.07 160 1.10 120 0.83 60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 70 0.48
40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28 30 0.21 100 0.69 100 0.69 50 0.34 30 0.21 20 0.14 30 0.21 30 0.21
NOTES:
= The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant increase in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. = The addition of the indicated additive (or processing change) caused a statistically significant decrease in the bond strength within 95% confidence limits. = The force applied to the test specimens exceeded the strength of the material resulting in substrate failure before the actual bond strength achieved by the adhesive could be determined.

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Sulfur MBT TMTD 1.00 phr 5.00 phr 2.00 phr 0.50 phr 1.00 phr
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Hypalon
Manufacturer
DuPont Dow Elastomers
Automotive Industrial Consumer Hoses, spark plug boots Hoses, coatings Pond liners, roof membranes
General Description
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) is produced via the simultaneous chlorination and chlorosulfonation of polyethylene in an inert solvent. The addition of the chlorine groups increases the molecular irregularity of the CSM which contributes to its flexibility. The pendant chlorine groups also increase chemical resistance and flame retardance, while the sulfonyl groups provide crosslinking sites. The sulfur content of CSM is normally maintained at approximately 1%, while the chlorine content varies over a wide range. Low chlorine content formulations retain some of the stiffer mechanical properties of PE due to their partial crystallinity. Increasing the chlorine content improves oil resistance and flame resistance.

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Medium
Low
General Properties
The most notable properties of CSM are its chemical resistance (especially to oxygen, oil and ozone), tensile properties and low temperature properties. The chemical resistance of CSM is much better than that of neoprene and nitrile rubbers. The extremely polar nature of the polymers backbone makes it especially well suited for non-polar service environments. The ozone resistance of CSM is such that antiozonants are not normally used. CSM is tougher than silicone and EPDM. This is illustrated by the high tensile strengths that are achieved by CSM without high filler levels. The properties of CSM are very dependent on the chlorine content. As the chlorine content increases, the heat resistance, low temperature flexibility and electrical resistance decrease. The ozone resistance also decreases, but the effect is much lower in magnitude than that of the aforementioned properties. On the other hand, as the chlorine content increases, the flame resistance and oil resistance increase. The electrical properties of CSM are better than most elastomers, but not as good as EPDM. Compounds of CSM can be formulated with excellent abrasion resistance and brittle temperatures as low as -76oF (-60oC). Other noteworthy properties of CSM are its excellent radiation resistance and color stability. Additives

Low Chlorine - Increase High Chlorine - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Titanium Dioxide - Increase Antistatic - Increase No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
14

(psi) (MPa) Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Loctite Adhesive
Control: Hypalon 40
35% Chlorine 100 phr
Hypalon by DuPont Dow Elastomers

PRISM 401 Surface Insensitive Cyanoacrylate PRISM 401/ PRISM Primer 770 Polyolefin Primer PRISM 480 Rubber Toughened Cyanoacrylate PRISM 4204 Rubber Toughened Cyanoacrylate Superflex 595 Acetoxy RTV Silicone Ultra Black 5900 Oxime RTV Silicone Depend 330 2-part No-Mix Acrylic 3105 Light Cure Acrylic 3951 Polyurethane w/7251 Primer
496 Methyl Cyanoacrylate
T80 Cure Low Chlorine High Chlorine Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay Silica Titanium Dioxide Aromatic Oil Napthenic Oil Polyethylene Wax Antistatic
NOTES:
Hypalon 40
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Hypalon 45 24% Chlorine Hypalon 48 43% Chlorine Hypalon 40 N-990 Hypalon 40 Calcium Carbonate Hypalon 40 Dixie Clay Hypalon 40 Hi Sil 233 Hypalon 40 Titanium Dioxide Hypalon 40 Sundex 790 Hypalon 40 Calsol 8240 Hypalon 40 AC617A Hypalon 40 Armostat 550 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 75 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 100 phr
>510 >3.52 >510 >3.52 >660 >4.55 >510 >3.52 >850 >5.86 >400 >2.76 >510 >3.52 >540 >3.72 >510 >3.52 160 1.10 >990 >6.83 >510 >3.52 >510 >3.52
>610 >4.21 >610 >4.21 >870 >6.00 >610 >4.21 >1010 >6.97 >450 >3.10 >610 >4.21 >1000 >6.90 >800 >5.52 >610 >4.21 >940 >6.48 >410 >2.83 >610 >4.21
>550 >3.79 >550 >3.79 >550 >3.79 700 4.83 >870 >6.00 >410 >2.83 >550 >3.79 >550 >3.79 >750 >5.17 >550 >3.79 >960 >6.62 >550 >3.79 >550 >3.79
190 1.31 190 1.31 410 2.83 260 1.79 540 3.72 390 2.69 190 1.31 510 3.52 260 1.79 >190 >1.31 190 1.31 120 0.83 430 2.97
270 1.86 270 1.86 >520 >3.59 270 1.86 840 5.79 >390 >2.69 390 2.69 720 4.97 270 1.86 >270 >1.86 270 1.86 270 1.86 >360 >2.48
60 0.41 50 0.34 90 0.62 80 0.55 100 0.69 120 0.83 100 0.69 60 0.41 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 40 0.28 120 0.83 60 0.41
120 0.83 120 0.83 240 1.66 150 1.03 240 1.66 210 1.45 120 0.83 210 1.45 150 1.03 50 0.34 120 0.83 50 0.34 140 0.97
160 1.10 110 0.76 360 2.48 240 1.66 830 5.72 330 2.28 200 1.38 540 3.72 230 1.59 80 0.55 160 1.10 200 1.38 250 1.72
250 1.72 180 1.24 400 2.76 480 3.31 1030 7.10 >700 >4.83 930 6.41 860 5.93 1050 7.24 90 0.62 250 1.72 250 1.72 550 3.79
100 0.69 100 0.69 230 1.59 170 1.17 410 2.83 240 1.66 180 1.24 280 1.93 160 1.10 40 0.28 100 0.69 100 0.69 140 0.97

Magnesium Oxide TMTD Rubber Makers Sulfur 4.00 phr 2.00 phr 1.00 phr
15
Copolyester TPE
Trade Names
Ecdel Hytrel Lomod Riteflex
Manufacturer
Eastman DuPont GE Hoescht Celanese
Automotive Consumer Industrial Fuel tanks, gear wheels, boots, drive belts Ski boots Gears, belts, bellows, boots, coil tubing and cables
General Description
Copolyester TPE is composed of alternating hard poly1,4-butanediol terephthalate and soft long-chain polyalkylene ether terephthalate block copolymers connected by ester and ether linkages. Copolyester has an -A-B-A-B- structure. However, the performance of copolyester TPE is analogous to that of three block copolymers such as styrenic TPEs.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900
Medium
General Properties
The cost of copolyester TPE is above average, but the performance is also above average. They have 2 to 15 times the strength of conventional rubbers. This means that replacing a thermoset rubber with a copolyester TPE can result in a significant decrease in the part volume and weight. Consequently, the option of reducing the required size of the part while achieving the original mechanical and strength properties can significantly offset the higher cost of copolyester TPE. Copolyester TPE has very good resistance to organic solvents and aqueous solutions. However, they have poor resistance to halogenated solvents, acids and bases. They have moderate thermal resistance with recommended service temperatures ranging from -67 to 285oF (-55 to 140oC). Below their elastic limit, copolyester TPE has excellent physical properties. Tensile strength ranges from 3000 to 8000 psi (20.7 to 55.2 MPa). The elastic limit of copolyester TPE is only 25%, which is low for an elastomer. Above this elongation, the polymer will be permanently deformed. The low elongation is accompanied by an unusually high hardness. The hardness typically ranges from 40 to 75 Shore D. Plasticizer is not used when compounding copolyester TPEs. This makes copolyester TPE purer than most other TPEs which, consequently, makes them especially well suited for medical and food applications.
Low
Surface Treatments
Prism Primer Decrease
16

(psi) (MPa) Copolyester TPE Loctite Adhesive
Hytrel G5544
100 phr
Hytrel by DuPont
330 2.28 1180 8.14
1570 10.83 1020 7.03
1510 10.41 650 4.48
510 3.52 400 2.76
560 3.86 470 3.24
20 0.14 120 0.83
170 1.17 120 0.83
350 2.41 470 3.24
1220 8.41 1170 8.07
910 6.72 650 4.48
Hytrel 7246
NOTES:
100 phr

None Required
17
Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO, GCO, GECO)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Hydrin
Manufacturer
Zeon
Automotive Fuel pump diaphragms, hoses, motor mounts, boots, seals, o-rings, air conditioning system components Gaskets, rolls, belts, bladders, Oxygen mask hoses
General Description
Epichlorohydrin polymers are available as a homopolymer (CO) of epichlorohydrin, epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide copolymer (ECO), epichlorohydrin/allyl glycidyl ether copolymer (GCO) and epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide/allyl glycidyl ether terpolymer (GECO). The ethylene oxide content varies from zero in the homopolymer, to 32 to 35% for terpolymers and up to 50% for copolymers. As ethylene oxide content increases, the halogen content and polarity of the polymer decreases. Blends of the various rubber types are used to obtain specific properties. The allyl glycidyl ether provides a cure site on the polymer backbone. This permits the use of other cure systems, such as peroxides, rather than the sulfur-based systems which are typically used for CO and ECO. Industrial Medical

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900
Medium
General Properties
All epichlorohydrin polymers offer low temperature flexibility; resistance to oils, fuel and common solvents; low gas permeability; good weatherability and good dynamic properties. The specific degree to which these properties are manifested vary with each type of epichlorohydrin polymer. Because all epichlorohydrin polymers have a completely saturated backbone, they all have good resistance to UV, ozone and thermal degradation. For the lowest gas permeability, the homopolymer is the polymer of choice . The lower halogen content in the copolymers and terpolymer imparts a higher degree of flexibility to the backbone and results in improved low temperature performance of the material. This improvement is gained at the expense of an increase in permeability. If the ECO copolymer is difficult to cure, or the properties that result from the sulfur-based cure systems are unacceptable, copolymer or terpolymer containing the allyl glycidyl ether monomer can be used. The unsaturated site opens the door to cure by a peroxide system. This yields improved high temperature properties and compression set resistance over sulfur cured systems. The copolymers and terpolymer have a lower halogen content than the pure homopolymer. Consequently, the resistance to non-polar solvents, such as fuels and oils, is decreased. Aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes rapidly degrade the polar epichlorohydrin polymer.
Low

Additives Hydrin C - Increase CA Hydrin T - Increase CA Carbon Black - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Increase CA
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
Prism Primer No Trend Apparent
18

(psi) (MPa) Epichlorohydrin Rubber
Hydrin by Zeon Chemical Corporation

Loctite Adhesive
Control: Hydrin H
Homopolymer 100 phr
T80 Cure Hydrin C

ECO copolymer
Hydrin H
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Hydrin C 100 phr
>120 >0.83 >150 >1.03 >310 >2.14 >140 >0.97 >750 >5.17 >110 >0.76 >90 >0.62
>110 >0.76 >160 >1.10 >150 >1.03 >150 >1.03 >870 >6.00 >130 >0.90 >110 >0.76
>140 >0.97 >140 >0.97 >160 >1.10 >140 >0.97 >480 >3.31 >140 >0.97 >100 >0.69
>100 >0.69 >130 >0.90 >120 >0.83 >100 >0.69 330 2.28 >120 >0.83 >80 >0.55
>120 >0.83 >120 >0.83 >120 >0.83 >110 >0.76 290 2.00 >120 >0.83 >90 >0.62
60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 40 0.28 90 0.62 30 0.21 30 0.21
60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 70 0.48 140 0.97 60 0.41 50 0.34
100 0.69 100 0.69 80 0.55 >60 >0.41 140 0.97 100 0.69 70 0.48
>160 >1.10 >200 >1.38 160 1.10 >160 >1.10 160 1.10 >160 >1.10 >130 >0.90
110 0.76 110 0.76 80 0.55 80 0.55 300 2.07 >150 >1.03 >110 >0.76
Hydrin T
GECO Terpolymer
Hydrin T
100 phr
Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate

Calcium Carbonate
Hydrin H N-550 Hydrin H 50 phr Hydrin H Dioctyl Phthalate
100 phr 25 phr 100 phr
Plasticizer
100 phr 10 phr
NOTES:

Zinc Oxide ZO-9 Ethylene Thiurea 3.00 phr 2.00 phr 2.00 phr
19
Ethylene Acrylic Rubber (EEA)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Vamac
Manufacturer
DuPont
Automotive Automotive fluid seals, gaskets, boots, grommets, vibration mounts, pads, cam covers, filters, o-rings, door seals, hose covers Wire and cable insulation
General Description
Ethylene acrylic rubber is manufactured exclusively by DuPont under the tradename Vamac. Vamac is a terpolymer of ethylene, methacrylate and a small quantity of a third monomer which contributes a carboxylate cure site. Raising the level of methacrylate monomer in the terpolymer blend improves oil resistance, at the expense of low temperature flexibility. Ester plasticizers are used to improve low temperature properties, but can be lost in heat aging or extracted by solvents at high temperatures. These rubbers tend to stick to processing equipment and generally contain processing aids such as release agents. These products can be cured with peroxide cure systems, although superior properties generally result from the use of multivalent diamine cure systems. Ethylene acrylic rubber is commonly reinforced with carbon black to obtain best performance properties. Electrical

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900
Medium
Low
General Properties
Ethylene acrylic rubbers have better heat resistance and low temperature flexibility than polyacrylate rubbers. Ethylene acrylic rubber also offers excellent resistance to water. This, coupled with its resistance to UV and ozone, give it excellent weathering resistance. These improvements are gained while offering equivalent oil resistance to polyacrylate rubber. Other less notable improvements include the improved oxidative, alkali and acid resistance of Vamac over polyacrylate rubbers. Ethylene acrylic rubber offers poor resistance to non-mineral oil brake fluid, esters or ketones. They do, however, offer excellent resistance to diesel fuel, kerosene, ethylene glycol and water. Vamac has combustion products that are have a very low smoke density, toxicity and corrosivity.

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Antistatic - Increase Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
20

(psi) (MPa)
Ethylene Acrylic Rubber Loctite Adhesive

Control: Vamac B-124 T80 Cure Carbon Black Clay
Silica
Vamac B-124 100 phr
Vamac by DuPont
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Vamac B-124 N-550 Vamac B-124 Dixie Clay Vamac B-124 Hi Sil 233 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr
130 0.90 >400 >2.76 470 3.24 260 1.79 >420 >2.90 >320 >2.21
>330 >2.28 >330 >2.28 >810 >5.59 330 2.28 >790 >5.45 >410 >2.83
>420 >2.90 >420 >2.90 >970 >6.69 420 2.90 >860 >5.93 >420 >2.90
130 0.90 200 1.38 360 2.48 >320 >2.21 330 2.28 >360 >2.48
140 0.97 >370 >2.55 >740 >5.10 470 3.24 >600 >4.14 >360 >2.48
30 0.21 <10 <0.07 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 110 0.76
110 0.76 110 0.76 170 1.17 150 1.03 150 1.03 110 0.76
170 1.17 100 0.69 300 2.07 280 1.93 170 1.17 120 0.83
190 1.31 190 1.31 290 2.00 >710 >4.90 330 2.28 190 1.31
190 1.31 140 0.97 240 1.65 260 1.79 190 1.31 110 0.76
Antistatic
NOTES:
Vamac B-124 Armostat 550

Armeen 18D HVA-2 Diak #1 (All Except Grade G) Vulcup R (Grade G only) 0.50 phr 1.00 phr 1.25 phr 1.50 phr
21
Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPM, EPDM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Nordel Polysar EPDM Royalene Vistalon
Manufacturer
DuPont Bayer Uniroyal Exxon Chemical
Automotive Consumer Electronic Hoses, belts, cable insulation, boots, seals, weatherstrip Garden hose, roof sheeting, ditch liners, coated fabrics Cable covers, underground wire, power cable insulation
General Description
EPDM is formed via the copolymerization of ethylene, propylene and a third comonomer in slurry or solution. The ethylene content of EPDM is typically 45 to 75%. The third comonomer is a non-conjugated diene. The three most prevalent in industry are dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), ethylidene norbornene (ENB) and 1,4 hexadiene (1,4 HD); the most commonly used being ENB. The polymerization of EPDM is catalyzed with a vanadium halide, halogenated aluminum alkyl and, in some cases, an activator. Due to the poor mechanical properties of unfilled EPDM, it typically requires reinforcing filler levels greater than 70 phr to be of practical value.

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Medium Low
General Properties
EPDM is known for its superior resistance to ozone and oxidation as well as its relatively low cost. The low cost of compounded EPDM stems from its potential for high loading with low cost fillers. The aliphatic nature of the backbone results in the excellent weatherability of EPDM and also makes it extremely stable in color. Due to its non-polarity, EPDM has poor resistance to non-polar chemicals, such as aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and high resistance to polar solvents, such as ketones and alcohols. EPDM also exhibits good electrical properties due to the non-polar backbone and the amorphous regions of the polymer. EPDM responds well to loading, developing high tensile, tear and abrasion properties, and is frequently filled in high amounts (up to 700 phr). The most prevalent filler is carbon black. Other fillers that are commonly used are silicas, clays, talcs and ground whitings. EPDM has favorable thermal properties. Heat resistance of 300oF (150oC) can be achieved with sulfur accelerated cure systems, while 350oF (177oC) can be achieved using peroxide cure systems. In addition, peroxide cure systems result in EPDM rubbers with better compression set properties.

Additives Clay - Increase Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Paraffinic Oil - Decrease Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
22

(psi) (MPa) Ethylene Propylene Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Vistalon 2504
EPDM, ENB Terpolymer 100 phr
Vistalon 2504 by Exxon Chemical, Nordel by DuPont, Royalene by Uniroyal

T80 Cure Vistalon 404

EP Copolymer
Vistalon 2504
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure 100 phr
270 1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >390 >2.69 >270 >1.86 190 1.31 510 3.52 >290 >2.00 270 1.86 >380 >2.62 100 0.69 >470 >3.24
>680 >4.69 >680 >4.69 >360 >2.48 >440 >3.03 >210 >1.45 410 2.83 >680 >4.69 >270 >1.86 >530 >3.66 >510 >3.52 >500 >3.45 >400 >2.76
>580 >4.00 >680 >4.69 >350 >2.41 >490 >3.38 >250 >1.72 >580 >4.00 >410 >2.83 >250 >1.72 >580 >366 >580 >4.00 >580 >4.00 >390 >2.69
230 1.59 >230 >1.59 80 0.55 230 1.59 230 1.59 230 1.59 230 1.59 >280 >1.93 230 1.59 120 0.83 150 1.03 >400 >2.76
240 1.66 >500 >3.45 140 0.97 >350 >2.41 >240 >1.66 340 2.34 >540 >3.72 >220 >1.52 240 1.66 160 1.10 200 1.38 >420 >2.90
80 0.55 <10 <0.07 60 0.41 80 0.55 80 0.55 50 0.34 60 0.41 80 0.55 <10 <0.07 40 0.28 40 0.28 50 0.34
140 0.97 190 1.31 140 0.97 170 1.17 40 0.28 70 0.48 230 1.59 240 1.66 190 1.31 100 0.69 70 0.48 110 0.76
130 0.90 160 1.1 80 0.55 220 1.52 130 0.90 130 0.90 110 0.76 250 1.72 130 0.90 80 0.55 90 0.62 130 0.90
110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 340 2.34 110 0.76 110 0.76 210 1.45 >290 >2.00 110 0.76 110 0.76 70 0.48 110 0.76
110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 180 1.24 250 1.72 110 0.76 60 0.41 60 0.41 70 0.48
Nordel 1040
EPDM, HD Terpolymer
100 phr
Royalene 301-T
EPDM, DCPD Terpolymer
100 phr
Vistalon 3708
EPDM, High Ethylene
100 phr
Carbon Black Clay Silica Naphthenic Oil Paraffinic Oil Antistatic

NOTES:
Vistalon 2504 N-550 Vistalon 2504 Dixie Clay Vistalon 2504 Hi Sil 233 Vistalon 2504 Naphthanic Oil Vistalon 2504 Paraffinic Oil Vistalon 2504 Armostat 550
100 phr 65 phr 100 phr 200 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 5 phr
Cure System and Reinforcements Used in Vistalon 404

N-550 Zinc Oxide VAROX DBPH-50 VANAX MBM Zinc Stearate 25.00 phr 5.00 phr 5.00 phr 1.50 phr 1.00 phr
Cure System and Reinforcements Used in All Other Formulations

N-550 Zinc Oxide CAPTAX Methyl TUADS0 Stearic Acid 25.00 phr 5.00 phr 1.50 phr .80 phr 1.00 phr
23
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA)

thermoset rubber or thermoplastic elastomer
Trade Names
Elvax Escorene Evazote Ultrathene
Manufacturer
DuPont Exxon Chemical B.P. Chemicals Quantum Chemicals
Appliances Electrical Industrial Packaging Medical Miscellaneous Freezer door gaskets, convoluted tube for vacuum cleaners Foams for static sensitive devices, Hoses, tubes Shrink wrap film Disposable gloves, anaesthesia face masks and hoses Adhesives, coatings, sealants, solar cell encapsulants, baby bottle nipples
General Description
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is formed through the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate by continuous bulk polymerization or solution polymerization. Since bulk polymerization produces polymer too low in molecular weight to be useful in the rubber industry, solution polymerization is predominately used. Common grades have vinyl acetate contents ranging from 2% to 50%. As the vinyl acetate content changes, the crystallinity of the polymer decreases from 60% to 10%, respectively. Since EVA is a thermoplastic, it can be processed by methods common to thermoplastics such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, calendering, and rotational molding. Subsequent crosslinking with a peroxide cure system can yield thermoset EVA.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900
General Properties
The properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer vary depending primarily on the level of vinyl acetate in the copolymer. At lower levels of vinyl acetate, the copolymer is a thermoplastic with properties similar to low density polyethylene. As the vinyl acetate content is increased, the copolymer takes on the performance characteristics of a thermoplastic elastomer until the crystallinity drops so low that the copolymer forms a soft rubbery material with minimal physical strength. The copolymer containing high levels of vinyl acetate is primarily used as a component in adhesives and coatings but can be vulcanized to obtain useful physical properties. As vinyl acetate content increases, polymer flexibility, toughness, solubility in organic solvents and clarity increase. The lowered crystallinity caused by the addition of the vinyl acetate contributes to good durability at lower temperatures and environmental stress cracking resistance. The enhanced flexibility is accompanied by lower softening point temperatures as the vinyl acetate content increases, which limits the upper service temperatures of these materials. EVA has good resistance to salt water and bases, but is not compatible with strong oxidizers. Grades offering good resistance to hydrocarbon greases are available, but EVA copolymers are generally readily soluble in a wide range of aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Grades offering good resistance to UV degradation and ozone are also available.
Medium
Low

Additives Antistatic - Increase High Vinyl Acetate - Decrease Low Vinyl Acetate - Increase
Surface Treatments
24

(psi) (MPa)
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Loctite Adhesive

Control: Elvax 560
15% Vinyl Acetate 100 phr
Elvax by DuPont
Antistatic Elvax 150

32% Vinyl Acetate
Elvax 560 Armostat 550
360 2.48 510 3.52 300 2.07 250 1.72
430 2.97 550 3.79 320 2.21 >870 >5.72
>470 >3.24 >830 >5.72 >830 >5.72 >660 >4.55
240 1.66 530 3.66 220 1.52 360 2.48
300 2.07 >580 >4.00 290 2.00 >410 >2.83
50 0.34 10 0.07 10 0.07 10 0.07
50 0.34 10 0.07 70 0.48 50 0.34
360 2.48 220 1.52 290 2.00 410 2.83
780 5.38 780 5.38 670 4.62 780 5.38
110 0.76 <10 <0.07 310 2.14 320 2.21
Elvax 760
9.3% Vinyl Acetate
100 phr
NOTES:

None Used
25
Fluorocarbon Rubber (FKM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Dai-el Fluorel Kalrez Tecnoflon Viton
Manufacturer
Daikin 3M DuPont Ausimont DuPont Dow Elastomers
bases and amines. To address these limitations, specialty formulations are available with improved chemical resistance.
Aerospace Appliances Automotive Electronics Industrial Fuel seals, manifold gaskets, fuel tank bladders, firewall seals Copier fuser rolls Shaft seals, fuel lines and seals, carburetor parts, gaskets Electrical connectors, wire and cable insulation Flue ducts, gaskets, hoses, oil well seals, pump linings
General Description
Fluoroelastomers are produced by the polymerization of various fluorine containing monomers. Commonly used monomers include vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, per fluoro (methyl vinyl ether) and tetrafluoroethylene. Generally, these monomers are used in conjunction with other non-fluorine containing monomers which contribute cure sites and help alter the fluorine content. The primary factors that influence the cured performance characteristics are the fluorine content and the cure system used. Fluoroelastomers of varying fluorine content are divided into the following groups: A-66%; B-68%; F-70% and a fourth group of specialty grades. The fluorine content of the rubber is controlled by monomer type and monomer ratio. Cure systems commonly used with fluoroelastomers include diamines, bisphenol and peroxide types.

General Properties
Fluoroelastomers are known for their outstanding thermal and chemical resistance. They are generally capable of long-term service at temperatures of 392F (200C). It has been reported that some grades can withstand intermittent exposure to temperatures as high as 644F (340C). These properties stem from the high polarity of the fluorine group, the high bond energy of the fluorine-carbon bond and the complete saturation of the fluorocarbon backbone. The physical properties of fluorocarbon elastomers are dependent on the ionic attraction between adjacent fluorine and hydrogen atoms. This attraction leads to brittle point temperatures as high as -13F (-25C). This tendency towards poor flexibility at low temperatures increases as the fluorine content of the polymer increases. Fluorosilicones or specialty grades of fluorocarbon elastomers are generally used where good low temperature flexibility is required. Fluoroelastomers show very good resistance to hydrocarbons, acids and chlorinated solvents. To improve the oil resistance of fluoroelastomers, the fluorine content can be increased. Increasing the fluorine content will decrease its resistance to polar solvents due to the increased polarity of the polymer. Fluoroelastomers can also be attacked by Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Barium Sulfate - Increase Silica - Increase Processing Aid - Decrease Antistat - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
26

(psi) (MPa) Fluorocarbon Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Viton by DuPont Dow Elastomers and Fluorel by 3M

Control: Viton E-60C

Group A: Dipolymer, 66% Fluorine
100 phr
T80 Cure Viton B

Group B: Terpolymer, 68% Fluorine
Viton E-60C
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure 100 phr
Fluorel 5730Q Carbon Black Barium Sulfate Silica

Polyethylene Glycol
SMR-5
100 phr
Group F: High Fluorine, 70% Fluorine Viton E-60C MT N990 Viton E-60C Barium Sulfate Viton E-60C 2.5 phr, Hi Sil 233 Viton E-60C Carnauba Wax 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 5 phr
>300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 >280 >2.93 >440 >3.03 >240 >1.66 >660 >4.55 >250 >1.72 >120 >0.83 >150 >1.03
>300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 >350 >2.41 >530 >3.66 >300 >2.07 >750 >5.17 >300 >2.07 >140 >0.97 >200 >1.38
280 1.93 280 1.93 >280 >1.93 >280 >1.93 >520 >3.59 >280 >1.93 >730 >5.03 >280 >1.93 >150 >1.03 >180 >1.24
>330 >2.28 >330 >2.28 200 1.38 230 1.59 >520 >3.59 >330 >2.28 >690 >4.76 >330 >2.28 >110 >0.76 >160 >1.10
>270 >1.86 270 1.86 >210 >1.45 >270 >1.86 >560 >3.86 >270 >1.86 >790 >5.45 >270 >1.86 >140 >0.97 >270 >1.86
70 0.48 70 0.48 70 0.48 40 0.28 70 0.48 100 0.69 70 0.48 70 0.48 70 0.48 50 0.34
120 0.83 120 0.83 110 0.76 80 0.55 190 1.31 170 1.17 210 1.45 120 0.83 120 0.83 100 0.69
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 80 0.55 240 1.66 200 1.38 310 2.14 130 0.90 150 1.03 >170 >1.17
>510 >3.52 >510 >3.52 >400 >2.76 >510 >3.52 >830 >5.72 >510 >3.52 >1060 >7.31 >410 >2.83 >170 >1.17 >360 >2.48
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 80 0.55 230 1.59 180 1.24 280 1.93 110 0.76 100 0.69 100 0.69
Processing Aid Processing Aid Antistatic

NOTES:
Viton E-60C Dynamar PPA-790 Viton E-60C Armostat 550

Maglite D Calcium Hydroxide 3.00 phr 6.00 phr
27
Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
FE FSE LS
Manufacturer
Shinetsu Chemical Company General Electric Dow Corning
Automotive Industrial Electronics O-rings, seals Shaft seals, gaskets, molded goods, duct hoses Wire and cable insulation
General Description
Fluorosilicone rubber has an inorganic silicone backbone, comprised of siloxane linkages (silicon-oxygen bonds). This, coupled with the highly polar pendant trifluoropropyl groups, give fluorosilicones a unique combination of properties. The siloxane backbone provides superior flexibility at low temperatures compared to other fluoroelastomers. The pendant trifluoropropyl groups make the elastomer extremely polar which increases its resistance to non-polar solvents. Silicone elastomers have one pendant methyl group and one pendant trifluoropropyl group for 40-90 mole % of the silicon atoms on the backbone depending on the fluorine content of the monomers selected. A small percent of silicon atoms with a pendant vinyl group will be incorporated into the polymer chain to serve as crosslink sites. Typically, it is required for fluorosilicones to be reinforced with silica to obtain useful physical properties.

High Medium Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Fluorosilicone Oil - Decrease No Trend Apparent
General Properties
Fluorosilicones are renowned for their fuel resistance and utility in extreme temperature service environments. The siloxane backbone results in a polymer with excellent UV, ozone and thermal resistance. The maximum recommended service temperature is in excess of 392oF (200oC) for most grades with brittle points as low as -85oF (-65oC). This results in better flexibility at low temperatures than fluorocarbon elastomers can offer. The polarity of the fluorosilicone elastomer results in very good resistance to non-polar solvents such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons commonly used in fuels. In comparison to silicone rubbers, the primary advantage of fluorosilicone rubbers is their exceptional resistance to non-polar solvents which would normally cause severe swelling of the PMVQ rubbers. On the other hand, the fluorosilicone will have less resistance to polar solvents than PMVQ rubbers. T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
28

(psi) (MPa) Fluorosilicone Rubber
FSE 2620U by General Electric

Loctite Adhesive
Control: FSE 2620U T80 Cure Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Silica Fluorosilicone Oil
FSE 2620U 100 phr
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure FSE 2620U N-550 FSE 2620U Calcium Carbonate FSE 2620U Aerosil 200 FSE 2620U Fluorosilicone Oil 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 10 phr
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 100 0.69 60 0.41 260 1.79
>190 >1.31 230 1.59 210 1.45 >190 >1.31 >190 >1.31 >130 >0.90
>240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >150 >1.03
70 0.48 70 0.48 120 0.83 90 0.62 70 0.48 50 0.34
110 0.76 110 0.76 120 0.83 110 0.76 110 0.76 80 0.55
110 0.76 80 0.55 110 0.76 170 1.17 110 0.76 110 0.76
160 1.10 160 1.10 240 1.66 160 1.10 160 1.10 160 1.10
90 0.62 60 0.41 90 0.62 90 0.62 90 0.62 <10 <0.07
120 0.83 120 0.83 120 0.83 190 1.31 120 0.83 70 0.48
90 0.62 80 0.55 120 0.83 110 0.76 90 0.62 <10 <0.07
NOTES:
Cure System and Reinforcement Used in All Formulations

DiCup R Aerosil 200 2.00 phr 5.00 phr
29
Halogenated Butyl Rubber (BIIR, CIIR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Exxon Bromobutyl Exxon Chlorobutyl Polysar Bromobutyl Polysar Chlorobutyl
Manufacturer
Exxon Chemical Exxon Chemical Bayer Bayer
Automotive Tire innerliners, tire sidewalls, tire tread components, hoses, engine mounts Electrical insulation Conveyor belts, curing bladders, membranes, tank linings, steam hose, diaphragms, gas bladders Pharmaceutical closures Bridge bearing pads, ball bladders, pond-liner membranes, roofing
Electronics
General Description
Halogenated butyl rubber is created by the halogenation of butyl rubber with either bromine or chlorine. Bromine or chlorine is added to the butyl polymer at a 1:1 molar ratio of halogen to isoprene. The addition of the halogen atoms to the butyl backbone increases the polarity of the non-polar butyl rubber. The increase in polarity yields rubber with better resistance to nonpolar hydrocarbons and allows it to be blended with more polar rubbers which contain unsaturation. As a result, halobutyl rubbers can be covulcanized with natural rubber, neoprene, styrene butadiene, nitrile, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, butyl, EPDM, and epichlorohydrin elastomers. Another benefit of halogenation is that the allylic halogen structures formed facilitate crosslinking by cure systems other than sulfur. This avoids the thermal limitations of sulfur cured butyl rubber while retaining the low gas permeability and good environmental resistance inherent in butyl rubbers.
Industrial
Medical Miscellaneous

Medium
Low
General Properties
The key performance feature of butyl rubber is its extremely low permeability to gas and moisture. This is attributed to the long aliphatic polymer backbone and absence of bulky pendant groups which allow the polymer chains to pack together very well. The primary difference between halogenated butyl and butyl rubbers is that the former can be crosslinked by a variety of different cure systems, while the latter cannot. This results in halogenated butyl rubbers having improved thermal resistance over butyl rubbers because they can be crosslinked with non-sulfur crosslink systems. Furthermore, the use of non-sulfur based cure systems also results in a purer rubber with less extractables. This makes halobutyl rubber compounds well suited for pharmaceutical closures. When formulated to offer good flex resistance, chlorobutyl covulcanizates with natural rubber are widely used as innerliners for tubeless tires, especially in steel-belted radial tires.

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Aliphatic Oil - Increase Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Antistatic - Increase for CAs No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
30

(psi) (MPa) Halogenated Butyl Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Bromobutyl 2244 T80 Cure Chlorobutyl Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay Silica Aliphatic Oil Napthenic Oil Processing Aid Antistatic
Bromobutyl 2244 100 phr
Bromobutyl and Chlorobutyl by Exxon Chemical

100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Chlorobutyl 1066 100 phr
>170 >1.17 >170 >1.17 >130 >0.90 500 3.45 >140 >0.97 190 1.31 >260 >1.79 >300 >2.07 >130 >0.90 140 0.97 >170 >1.17
>190 >1.31 >190 >1.31 >130 >0.90 >560 >3.86 >140 >0.97 240 1.66 >280 >1.93 >300 >2.07 >140 >0.97 >180 >1.24 >190 >1.31
>180 >1.24 >180 >1.24 >130 >0.90 >540 >3.72 >140 >0.97 180 1.24 >320 >2.21 >260 >1.79 >140 >0.97 >180 >1.24 >180 >1.24
80 0.55 80 0.55 80 0.55 140 0.97 120 0.83 160 1.10 150 1.03 130 0.90 80 0.55 100 0.69 >130 >0.90
110 0.76 >130 >0.90 110 0.76 230 1.59 >110 >0.76 150 1.03 180 1.24 150 1.03 >110 >0.76 130 0.90 >140 >0.97
40 0.28 20 0.14 40 0.28 50 0.34 60 0.41 80 0.55 50 0.34 60 0.41 40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28
80 0.55 60 0.41 80 0.55 130 0.90 80 0.55 140 0.97 100 0.69 80 0.55 60 0.41 80 0.55 80 0.55
60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 140 0.97 100 0.69 140 0.97 100 0.69 80 0.55 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 190 1.31 320 2.21 210 1.45 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90
70 0.48 70 0.48 70 0.48 130 0.90 120 0.83 180 1.24 90 0.62 60 0.41 40 0.28 70 0.48 70 0.48
Bromobutyl 2244 N-550 Bromobutyl 2244 Calcium Carbonate Bromobutyl 2244 Dixie Clay Bromobutyl 2244 Hi Sil 233 Bromobutyl 2244 Aliphatic Oil Bromobutyl 2244 Napthenic Oil Bromobutyl 2244 Struktol 40 MS Bromobutyl 2244 Armostat 550
100 phr 40 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 5 phr
NOTES:

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Maglite D Sulfur TMTD 1.00 phr 5.00 phr 0.50 phr 2.00 phr 1.00 phr
31
Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (H-NBR, HSN)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Therban Zetpol
Manufacturer
Bayer Zeon Chemical
Automotive Industrial Lip seals, valve-stem seals, o-rings, gaskets Oil field valve seals, o-rings, piston cups, annular blowout preventors
General Description
Nitrile elastomer is produced through the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile monomer. Selective hydrogenation is then performed in a solvent with a noble metal catalyst to yield highly saturated hydrogenated nitrile polymer.

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Two-Part N o-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900
General Properties
Due to the aliphatic nature of the backbone, the thermal and chemical resistance are much improved over that of nitrile rubber. Hydrogenated nitriles are known for their exceptional oil, gasoline and solvent resistance, tensile properties and extreme temperature performance. These properties, coupled with their good abrasion and water resistance, make them suitable for a wide variety of applications. Hydrogenated nitriles react to filler loading, plasticizer loading and acrylonitrile content in much the same manner as unsaturated nitriles, except that the physical properties of hydrogenated nitriles are higher. The acrylonitrile content determines the performance characteristics of the rubber. For superior tensile properties and oil resistance, a high level of acrylonitrile should be used. If low temperature performance is more important, a low acrylonitrile level is more appropriate. Fillers can also be used to increase the performance of hydrogenated nitriles. The addition of carbon black and/or mineral fillers will increase the hardness at the cost of decreased elongation. These relationships occur in an almost linear fashion. Fillers can also be used to increase the tensile strength of halogenated nitriles, however, the effect is not as clear. Normally, the tensile strength will increase to a maximum and begin decreasing. Another way to increase the strength, particularly the abrasion resistance, is to carboxylate the polymer. This produces carboxylic acid groups on the backbone which form additional crosslink sites during vulcanization. These additional crosslink sites increase the crosslink density of the resulting nitrile elastomer which, consequently, increases the strength as well. To increase the heat resistance of nitrile elastomers, antioxidants may be permanently bound into the polymer molecule. Since the antioxidants cannot evaporate or be extracted by solvents, this dramatically prolongs the useful life of the material. Medium Low

Additives Low Acrylonitrile - Decrease Carbon Black - Decrease Silica - Increase Antistat - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
Prism Primer Decrease
32

(psi) (MPa) Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber
Zetpol by Zeon Chemical

Loctite Adhesive
Control: Zetpol 0020
50% Acrylonitrile, 10% unsaturation 100 phr
T-80 Cure Low Acrylonitrile

37% Acrylonitrile, 5% unsaturation
Zetpol 0020
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Zetpol 2000L 100 phr
>930 >6.41 >930 >6.41 >760 >5.24 >530 >3.66 710 4.90 >660 >4.55 400 2.76
>1060 >7.31 >1060 >7.31 >700 >4.83 >500 >3.45 >1240 >8.55 >1060 >7.31 410 2.83
280 1.93 280 1.93 >960 >6.62 >430 >2.97 420 2.90 >750 >5.17 400 2.76
>500 >3.45 >830 >5.72 >500 >3.45 >500 >3.45 500 3.45 >880 >6.07 500 3.45
770 5.31 >990 >6.83 >770 >5.31 >490 >3.38 >770 >5.31 >770 >5.31 >400 >2.76
50 0.34 60 0.41 50 0.34 40 0.28 50 0.34 100 0.69 50 0.34
150 1.03 150 1.03 120 0.83 100 0.69 210 1.45 200 1.38 130 0.90
220 1.52 170 1.17 180 1.24 110 0.76 340 2.34 220 1.52 160 1.10
1050 7.24 660 4.55 350 2.41 480 3.31 1050 7.24 770 5.31 1050 7.24
270 1.86 210 1.45 140 0.97 170 1.17 370 2.55 270 1.86 270 1.86
Carbon Black Silica Plasticizer Antistatic
Zetpol 0020 N-339 Zetpol 0020 Hi Sil 255 Zetpol 0020 Dibutyl Phthalate Zetpol 0020 Armostat 550
100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 5 phr
NOTES:

Zinc Oxide Naupard 445 Vanox ZMTI Struktol WB212 Vul Cup 40KE 6.00 phr 1.50 phr 1.50 phr 2.00 phr 8.25 phr
33
Melt Processible Rubber (MPR)

Trade Names
Alcryn
Manufacturer
DuPont
Construction Electrical Industrial Miscellaneous Weatherstripping Wire and cable jackets, electrical boots Seals, gaskets, tubing, hoses, conveyor belts, coated fabrics Suction cups, athletic field markers
General Description
Melt processible rubber is a single phase polymer alloy. The first and only commercially available single phase MPR was developed by DuPont and is known exclusively by the trade name Alcryn. It is a blend of ethylene interpolymers, chlorinated polyolefins with partial crosslinking of the ethylene components, plasticizers and fillers. Hydrogen bonding between the ethylene interpolymers and the chlorinated polyolefins is achieved by incorporating the proper functional groups on the ethylene interpolymer. The strong resulting attraction between the two polymer species enables Alcryn to function as a single phase system. Alcryn can be processed by typical methods used for thermoplastics such as extrusion, injection molding, calendering, vacuum forming and blow molding. Alcryn does not melt, but softens above 300oF (149oC) enough to be molded with sufficient shear and pressure.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Titanium Dioxide - Increase Colorant - Decrease
Medium
General Properties
Alcryn is a very soft rubber with a suppleness and feel similar to vulcanized rubber. The key benefits offered by Alcryn are oil resistance, good heat aging resistance and weatherability. Alcryn shows good resistance to hydrocarbon-based oils, as well as lithiumand silicone-based greases. In solvents and fuels, Alcryn has poor resistance to aromatic and chlorinated structures. Alcryn offers excellent property retention when exposed to water and aqueous solutions of inorganic acids up to 212oF (100oC). However, mineral acids degrade Alcryn, especially at elevated temperatures. It has a (continuous recommended) service temperature ranging from -40 to 225oF (-40 to 107oC). This is typical of many of the non-vulcanized elastomers. While Alcryn exhibits good property retention in this range, its low crystallinity and lack of a vulcanizate phase make it prone to unacceptable compression set at elevated temperatures. Alcryn is thermally stable below 360oF (182oC) but degrades above 400oF (204oC) to evolve hydrochloric acid. Alcryn has shown good property retention in both long-term exposure to outdoor weathering and simulated aging environments. Low Additives
Surface Treatments
34

(psi) (MPa) Melt Processible Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Alcryn 2070 NC Titanium Dioxide Colorant Antistatic Alcryn 1070 BK Alcryn 2070 BK Alcryn 2265 UT Alcryn 3055 NC
Alcryn 2070 NC TiO2 Alcryn 2070 NC PVC-based yellow dye Alcryn 2070 NC Armostat 550 100 phr
Alcryn by DuPont
100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 6 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr
250 1.72 400 2.76 210 1.45 280 1.93 80 0.55 60 0.41 200 1.38 60 0.41
>470 >3.24 >640 >4.41 >320 >2.21 >360 >2.48 >680 >4.69 >400 >2.76 >550 >3.79 250 1.72
>590 >4.07 >590 >4.07 >390 >2.69 >400 >2.76 >700 >4.83 320 2.21 >540 >3.72 >250 >1.72
190 1.31 360 2.48 190 1.31 370 2.55 180 1.24 240 1.65 240 1.65 80 0.55
370 2.55 370 2.55 370 2.55 >450 >3.10 250 1.72 180 1.24 300 2.07 110 0.76
60 0.41 10 0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 30 0.21 10 0.07
170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 140 0.97 150 1.03 170 1.17 110 0.76
230 1.59 230 1.59 150 1.03 230 1.59 150 1.03 120 0.83 120 0.83 170 1.17
540 3.72 540 3.72 540 3.72 360 2.48 130 0.90 350 2.41 200 1.38 >270 >1.86
240 1.65 240 1.65 240 1.65 240 1.65 220 1.52 180 1.24 220 1.52 150 1.03
100 phr
100 phr
100 phr
NOTES:

None Required
35
Natural Rubber (NR)

thermoset rubber
International Types of Natural Rubber
Compo Crepe Estate Brown Crepe Flat Bark Crepe Pale Crepe Pure Smoked Blanket Crepe Ribbed Smoked Sheet Thick Blanket Crepe Thin Brown Crepe efficient (EV) accelerated sulfur vulcanization system can be used. A semi-EV system can be used to help trade off the increase in cost with the increase in performance.
Industrial Engineering Latex Hoses, conveyor belts, gaskets, seals Springs, mountings, bushings Gloves, condoms, carpet backing, threads
General Description
Natural rubber is created by processing the latex of Hevea brasiliensis. Hevea brasiliensis is a plant indigenous to the Amazon valley and is the only known plant to produce high molecular weight linear polymer with 100% cis 1,4 polyisoprene. The average dry weight of latex is normally between 30 and 35%, typically ranging from 25 to 45%. To obtain the latex, the tree is "tapped". This is the process of cutting the bark back in thin sections so that the latex flows. The latex is then collected, treated with a stabilizer to prevent premature coagulation and brought to a processing center. The collection and processing technique determines the grade of natural rubber. There are eight different types of natural rubber which are then classified into 35 technically specified international grades. The grade indicates the color, cleanliness, presence of bubbles and uniformity of appearance.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Medium
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Antistatic - Increase CA No Trend Apparent
General Properties
Rapid crystallization on stretching gives natural rubber its exceptional tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance properties. The tensile strength of unfilled vulcanates ranges from 2,500 to 3,500 psi (17 to 24 MPa), while fillers can increase that in excess of 4,500 psi (31 MPa). The resilience of natural rubber is excellent. At large strains, the fatigue life of natural rubber is better than SBR. At low strains, the opposite is true. The strength characteristics of natural rubber decrease with increasing temperature. However, the strength at temperature of natural rubber is normally superior to that of other elastomers. Natural rubber has very good processing properties and can be processed by a variety of different techniques. Conventional processing yields natural rubber with excellent initial properties such as strength, abrasion resistance and fatigue resistance. The thermal resistance, creep and stressrelaxation properties of conventionally processed natural rubber are not as desirable. To increase the thermal stability and improve the low compression set, an
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
36

(psi) (MPa) Natural Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: SMR-5 T80 Cure SMR-10 Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay Silica Napthenic Oil Processing Aid Antiozonant Antistatic
SMR-5 100 phr
Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR)

SMR-5
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure SMR-10 100 phr
160 1.10 160 1.10 >200 >1.38 470 3.24 300 2.07 290 2.00 250 1.72 160 1.10 160 1.10 >280 >1.93 >240 >1.66
>300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 >300 >2.07 490 3.38 300 2.07 300 2.07 >300 >2.07 300 2.07 >300 >2.07 >660 >4.55 300 2.07
>270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >200 >1.38 >470 >3.24 >390 >2.69 270 1.86 270 1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 200 1.38 190 1.31 170 1.17 130 0.90 190 1.31 130 0.90 130 0.90 >360 >2.48
140 0.97 140 0.97 140 0.97 270 1.86 230 1.59 140 0.97 140 0.97 140 0.97 140 0.97 140 0.97 >280 >1.93
30 0.21 40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28 60 0.41 40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28 30 0.21
50 0.34 50 0.34 50 0.34 110 0.76 120 0.83 130 0.90 80 0.55 50 0.34 40 0.28 50 0.34 50 0.34
40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 80 0.55 80 0.55 100 0.69 40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28
230 1.59 230 1.59 70 0.48 240 1.66 110 0.76 240 1.66 60 0.41 230 1.59 50 0.34 80 0.55 230 1.59
40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 70 0.48 80 0.55 70 0.48 60 0.41 40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28
SMR-5 N-550 SMR-5 Calcium Carbonate SMR-5 McNamee Clay SMR-5 Hi Sil 233 SMR-5 Napthenic Oil SMR-5 Polyethylene 1702 SMR-5 Santoflex 13 SMR-5 Armostat 550
100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 3 phr 100 phr 5 phr
NOTES:

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Stalite S Sulfur Accelerator MBTS TMTD 1.00 phr 3.00 phr 1.50 phr 2.00 phr 1.00 phr 0.10 phr
37
Neoprene (Polychloroprene, CR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Baypren Butaclor Neoprene
Manufacturer
Bayer Enichem Elastomers DuPont
lization than others. In recent years, the use of neoprene in automotive applications has decreased due to the demand for performance at higher temperatures.
Aerospace Automotive Gaskets, seals, deicers Timing belts, window gaskets, fuel hose covers, cable jacketing, spark plug boots, hoses, joint seals Pipeline pigs, gaskets, hoses, power transmission belts, conveyor belts, escalator handrails Wire and cable jacketing Sponge shoe soles, foam cushions
General Description
Polychloroprene is manufactured by the emulsion polymerization of 2-chloro-1,3 butadiene monomer and can be modified with sulfur and/or 2,3 dichloro-1,3butadiene (ACR). The final structure and performance properties of the rubber are determined by three variables: the addition of chain transfer agents during the polymerization process; quenching the reaction through the addition of stabilizers; and breaking down the gel formed during the polymerization process through peptization. Consequently, the manufacturing technique used will strongly influence the performance properties of the resulting rubber.
Industrial
Electronics Miscellaneous
General Properties
Neoprene offers better resistance to oxidation, ozone, weathering, water, oil and fuel than natural rubber. Although neoprene does not have any performance properties that are particularly outstanding, it does offer a good balance of various properties. The selection of the gum stock will determine the range of properties which can be attained in the final rubber. The cure method and selection of type and level of fillers, plasticizers, processing aids and antioxidants will determine where the properties will fall in that range. The differences between the most common grades used for molded assemblies can be explained in terms of their processing differences. Neoprene GN, for example, is produced by polymerizing chloroprene monomer in the presence of elemental sulfur. The resulting polymer is then broken down through peptization. This yields a rubber with the best tear strength, flex and resiliency. On the other hand, the T and W types of neoprene cannot be peptized, but offer superior stability in the uncured form as well as better heat aging and compression set resistance when cured. The T and W types of neoprene are similar but principally differ in terms of nerve, with the T type having much less than the W. This makes it much more suitable for extrusion and calendering processes. In general, neoprenes also offer high tensile strength, good abrasion resistance and less compression set. Neoprenes show good performance at low temperatures, although some types are more prone to crystal-

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595
Medium
Low

Additives Neoprene GN - Increase Neoprene TW - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Antistat - Increase Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
38

(psi) (MPa) Polychloroprene Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Neoprene W T80 Cure Neoprene GN Neoprene TW Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay Silica Aromatic Oil Napthenic Oil Antistatic
NOTES:
Neoprene W 100 phr
Neoprene by DuPont
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Neoprene GN 100 phr
>270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >750 >5.17 >790 >5.45 >800 >5.52 >330 >2.28 340 2.34 >700 >4.83 >200 >1.38 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86
>310 >2.14 >310 >2.14 >580 >4.00 >580 >4.00 >930 >6.41 >380 >2.62 420 2.90 >990 >6.83 >250 >1.72 >310 >2.14 >310 >2.14
>270 >1.86 >340 >2.34 >570 >3.93 >510 >3.52 >600 >4.14 >360 >2.48 350 2.41 >510 >3.52 >210 >1.45 >270 >1.86 >360 >2.48
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >350 >2.41 >260 >1.79 >640 >4.41 >350 >2.41 380 2.62 >580 >4.00 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>280 >1.93 >280 >1.93 >450 >3.10 >280 >1.93 >630 >4.34 >350 >2.41 380 2.62 >570 >3.93 >180 >1.24 >280 >1.93 >280 >1.93
60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 60 0.41 40 0.28 40 0.28 60 0.41
50 0.34 80 0.55 110 0.76 110 0.76 150 1.03 130 0.90 180 1.24 130 0.90 50 0.34 50 0.34 50 0.34
60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 60 0.41 100 0.69 110 0.76 310 2.14 110 0.76 60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62
200 1.38 >430 >2.97 630 4.34 >440 >3.03 >980 >6.76 >540 >3.72 >870 >6.00 >1190 >8.21 >390 >2.69 >940 >6.48 >460 >3.17
80 0.55 80 0.55 130 0.90 110 0.76 140 0.97 130 0.90 330 2.28 140 0.97 60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55
Neoprene TW
100 phr
Neoprene W N-550 Neoprene W Calcium Carbonate Neoprene W Dixie Clay Neoprene W Hi Sil 233 Neoprene W Aromatic Oil Neoprene W Napthenic Oil Neoprene W Armostat 550
100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 5 phr
Cure Systems Used in All Neoprene W Formulations

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Stalite S Magnesium Oxide Ethylene Thiourea Vanax NP 0.50 phr 5.00 phr 2.00 phr 4.00 phr 0.60 phr 1.00 phr
39
Nitrile Rubber (NBR, XNBR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Breon Chemigum Humex Krynac Nipol Nysen Perbunan
Manufacturer
B.P. Chemicals Goodyear Huels Mexicanos Polysar International Nippon Zeon Copolymer Rubber Mobay
General Description
Nitrile elastomers are produced via the copolymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile monomers. The properties of the resulting elastomer are dependent on the acrylonitrile/butadiene ratio of the elastomer. The acrylonitrile content typically ranges from 15 to 50%. Although thiazole and sulfenamide cure systems (the cure systems typically used to process SBR and natural rubber) can be used to vulcanize nitrile rubber, thiurams and peroxides are normally the preferred cure systems due to the increased thermal resistance.
density of the resulting elastomer thereby increasing its strength. To increase the heat resistance of nitrile elastomers, antioxidants may be permanently bound into the polymer molecule. Since the antioxidants cannot evaporate or be extracted by solvents, this dramatically prolongs the useful life of the material. Hydrogenated nitrile rubbers are also available which contain little or no unsaturated groups in the polymer backbone. These elastomers show improved resistance to severe environments and are covered in more detail in a separate chapter.
Automotive Consumer Miscellaneous Seals, hoses, tubing, belts, electrical jacketing, gaskets Shoe products, coated fabrics, flooring Adhesives, cements, PVC and ABS additive
General Properties
Nitriles are known for their superior high and low temperature performance and their exceptional oil, gasoline and solvent resistance. These properties, coupled with their good abrasion resistance, water resistance and compression set make them suitable for a wide variety of applications. Their thermal resistance allows them to be used at service temperatures ranging from -49 to 300oF (-45 to 149oC). Since the monomer ratio has a large effect on the properties of the elastomer, the ratio is dictated by its end use. For superior tensile properties or oil resistance, a high level of acrylonitrile should be used. If low temperature performance is paramount, a low acrylonitrile level is more appropriate. Fillers can also be used to increase the performance of nitrile elastomers. The addition of carbon black and/or mineral fillers will increase the hardness at the cost of decreased elongation. These relationships occur in an almost linear fashion. Fillers can also be used to increase the tensile strength of nitrile elastomers, however, the effect is not as clear. Normally, the tensile strength will increase to a maximum at approximately 50 phr of reinforcing filler and begin decreasing. Another way to increase the strength, particularly the abrasion resistance, is to carboxylate the polymer to form carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR). This produces carboxylic acid groups on the backbone which form additional crosslink sites during vulcanization. These additional crosslink sites increase the crosslink

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595
Medium
Low

Additives Low Acrylonitrile - Decrease Carboxylated - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Decrease
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
40

(psi) (MPa) Nitrile Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Chemigum N687B
33% Acrylonitrile 100 phr
Chemigum by Goodyear
T80 Cure Low Acrylonitrile High Acrylonitrile Carboxylated Carbon Black Clay Silica Plasticizer Processing Aid Antistatic
Chemigum N687B
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Chemigum N984B 20% Acrylonitrile Chemigum 386B 40% Acrylonitrile Chemigum NX775 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >280 >1.93 >360 >2.48 300 2.07 >970 >6.69 >210 >1.45 >260 >1.79 >210 >1.45
>290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >450 >3.10 >290 >2.00 >950 >6.55 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00
>290 >2.00 >240 >1.66 >260 >1.79 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >370 >2.55 >330 >2.28 >710 >4.90 >250 >1.72 >240 >1.66 >220 >1.52
220 1.52 220 1.52 >170 >1.17 270 1.86 280 1.93 >340 >2.34 >310 >2.14 670 4.62 >240 >1.66 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52
>240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >200 >1.38 >300 >2.07 >270 >1.86 >370 >2.55 >300 >2.07 >680 >4.69 >200 >1.38 >240 >1.66 >230 >1.59
60 0.41 60 0.41 50 0.34 60 0.41 90 0.62 100 0.69 80 0.55 60 0.41 40 0.28 70 0.48 70 0.48
130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 130 0.90 200 1.38 190 1.31 190 1.31 130 0.90 130 0.90 100 0.69
240 1.66 150 1.03 130 0.90 170 1.17 250 1.72 280 1.93 >330 >2.28 240 1.66 110 0.76 180 1.24 150 1.03
>240 >1.66 240 1.66 240 1.66 240 1.66 430 2.97 240 1.66 530 3.66 240 1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 240 1.66
180 1.24 180 1.24 120 0.83 130 0.90 180 1.24 260 1.79 260 1.79 180 1.24 >180 >1.24 >180 >1.24 120 0.83
Chemigum N687B FEF N-550 Chemigum N687B Dixie Clay Chemigum N687B Hi Sil 233 Chemigum N687B Dibutyl Phthalate Chemigum N687B Strurktol WB-16 Chemigum N687B Armostat 550
100 phr 60 phr 100 phr 120 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 2.5 phr 100 phr 5 phr
NOTES:

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Stalite S Rubber Makers Sulfur Accelerator MBTS 1.50 phr 5.00 phr 1.50 phr 1.75 phr 1.50 phr
41
Polyacrylate Rubber (ACM)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Europrene Hycar HyTemp
Manufacturer
Enichem Elastomers America B.F. Goodrich Zeon Chemical
Aerospace Automotive Rocket propellant binders Automotive fluid seals, high pressure hoses, seals, gaskets, boots Adhesives, caulks, hot melts
General Description
Polyacrylate rubber is produced by polymerizing acrylic monomers. Since acrylic monomer only contains a single double bond, polyacrylate rubber has a saturated or aliphatic backbone. A comonomer is required if vulcanization is desired because, otherwise, the polymer would lack the reactive species necessary for crosslinking. Typically, an active halogen or epoxide cure system is used to vulcanize polyacrylate rubber. Varying the size of the pendant carboxylate group on the polymer backbone has a dramatic effect on the properties of the elastomer. Acrylate rubbers are commonly reinforced with carbon black and/or silica to achieve acceptable physical properties. Miscellaneous

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Low
General Properties
Polyacrylate rubbers belong to the family of special purpose, oil resistant rubbers which have service temperatures in excess of 300oF (149oC). The aliphatic nature of the polymer backbone results in superior performance properties highlighted by resistance to UV, thermal degradation, ozone and oxidation. The size of the pendant carboxylate group has a significant effect on the properties of the resulting polymer. Increasing the length of the alkane chain on the carboxylate group improves the low temperature properties of the polyacrylate. However, this decreases the overall polarity of the polymer which, consequently, reduces its resistance to non-polar solvents. An important characteristic of polyacrylate rubbers is compatibility with sulfur-bearing, extreme-pressure gear lubricants. The tear strength and abrasion resistance of polyacrylate rubbers are not exemplary, while the flame resistance and resistance to acids and bases are poor.

Additives Medium Alkane Chain - Decrease Long Alkane Chain - Decrease Carbon Black - Increase Synthetic Graphite - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Increase
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
42
The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubber and TPE

(psi) (MPa) Polyacrylate Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: HyTemp 4051
Short Alkane Chain 100 phr
HyTemp by Zeon Chemical

T80 Cure
Medium Alkane Chain
HyTemp 4051
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure HyTemp 4052 100 phr
>80 >0.55 >80 >0.55 >50 >0.34 >40 >0.28 >440 >3.03 >120 >0.83 >210 >1.45 >140 >0.97 >60 >0.41 >80 >0.55 >60 >0.41
>80 >0.55 >80 >0.55 >50 >0.34 >50 >0.34 >370 >2.55 >140 >0.97 >200 >1.38 >130 >0.90 >70 >0.48 >80 >0.55 >80 >0.55
>70 >0.48 >90 >0.62 >50 >0.34 >60 >0.41 >490 >3.38 >140 >0.97 >210 >1.45 >120 >0.83 >70 >0.48 >80 >0.55 >90 >0.62
>70 >0.48 >90 >0.62 >50 >0.34 >30 >0.21 >380 >2.62 >130 >0.90 >200 >1.38 >140 >0.97 >70 >0.48 >70 >0.48 >70 >0.48
>90 >0.62 >110 >0.76 >50 >0.34 >50 >0.34 >450 >3.10 >140 >0.97 >220 >1.52 >160 >1.10 >70 >0.48 >90 >0.62 >90 >0.62
<10 <0.07 10 0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 20 0.14
60 0.41 70 0.48 50 0.34 40 0.28 110 0.76 80 0.55 90 0.62 60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 60 0.41
>70 >0.48 >70 >0.48 >40 >0.28 >40 >0.28 110 0.76 >110 >0.76 110 0.76 >120 >0.83 30 0.21 >70 >0.48 >70 >0.48
>110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >80 >0.55 >80 >0.55 350 2.41 >200 >1.38 >280 >1.93 >210 >1.45 >100 >0.68 >110 >0.76 >130 >0.90
40 0.28 40 0.28 40 0.28 20 0.14 60 0.41 70 0.48 90 0.62 40 0.28 20 0.14 40 0.28 40 0.28
Long Alkane Chain Carbon Black Synthetic Graphite Clay Silica Plasticizer Processing Aid Antistatic
HyTemp 4054
100 phr
HyTemp 4051 N-550 HyTemp 4051 A99 Graphite HyTemp 4051
100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr 5 phr
Carbowax 3350 3 phr, Dixie Clay HyTemp 4051
Carbowax 3350 3 phr, Diethylene Glycol 2 phr, Hi Sil 233 HyTemp 4051 Paraplex G-25 HyTemp 4051 Vanfre A1-2 HyTemp 4051 Armostat 550
NOTES:

NPC-50 Sodium Stearate 1.50 phr 1.00 phr
43
Polyisoprene (IR)
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Isolene Natsyn Nipol SKI-3
Manufacturer
Hardman Goodyear Goldsmith and Eggleton Alcan
Automotive Tires, motor mounts, gaskets, bushings, hoses, coatings, tubes, belts Rubber bands, baby bottle nipples, footwear, sporting goods, fabric threads Adhesives, conveyors
Consumer
General Description
Polyisoprene is formed via the polymerization of isoprene in a hydrocarbon solution. When the isoprene monomer is added to the backbone, it can be added in either an R or S configuration. As a result, the polymerization addition can proceed in several different ways. In isotactic addition, the monomer groups are exclusively added in the same configuration (RRRRRR). In syndiotactic addition, the monomer groups are added to the backbone in alternating configurations (RSRSRS). Finally, in atactic addition, the addition is random (RSSSRRS). Consequently, in order to create a stereoregular polymer matrix which would have physical properties similar to NR, a stereospecific catalyst is required. This stereospecific catalyst, Al-Ti, was developed in 1960 which resulted in the first commercially viable synthetic polyisoprene. Miscellaneous

Medium Low
General Properties
Natural rubber and synthetic isoprene both have high tensile properties, good hysteresis and good hot tear properties. The main advantages that synthetic polyisoprenes have over natural rubbers are their increased process control and processability. These process characteristics arise from the fact that natural rubber is harvested from a natural source while synthetic polyisoprene is produced using a highly controlled manufacturing process. The primary processing benefits offered by synthetic isoprene are its increased processing speeds and extrusion values. Other advantages of synthetic polyisoprene are that it does not contain water-sensitive residues or contaminants, and it cures more consistently. In addition, synthetic polyisoprene can be used at a higher loading than natural rubber in SBR and EPDM blends. The disadvantages of synthetic polyisoprene are its decreased green strength, cure speed and aging properties when compared to NR. Additives

Carbon Black - Increase Calcium Carbonate - Increase Clay - Decrease CA Clay - Increase Silicones and Acrylics Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Antioxidant - Decrease Antistatic - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
44

(psi) (MPa) Polyisoprene Loctite Adhesive
Natsyn by Goodyear
Control: Natsyn 2200 T80 Cure Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay Silica Napthenic Oil Antioxidant Antistatic
NOTES:
Natsyn 2200 100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Natsyn 2200 N-550 Natsyn 2200 Calcium Carbonate Natsyn 2200 Dixie Clay Natsyn 2200 Hi Sil 233 Natsyn 2200 Napthenic Oil Natsyn 2200 Venox 2-AZ Natsyn 2200 Armostat 550 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 2 phr 100 phr 5 phr
>240 >1.66 >270 >1.86 >450 >3.10 >190 >1.31 140 0.97 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66
>240 >1.66 >300 >2.07 >480 >3.31 >240 >1.66 240 1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66 >240 >1.66
>290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >480 >3.31 >290 >2.00 180 1.24 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >290 >2.00 >210 >1.45
>250 >1.72 >250 >1.72 >370 >2.55 >250 >1.72 100 0.69 170 1.17 130 0.90 >250 >1.72 >220 >1.52
>200 >1.38 >290 >2.00 360 2.48 >200 >1.38 120 0.83 >150 >1.03 >200 >1.38 >200 >1.38 >280 >1.93
50 0.34 50 0.34 60 0.41 70 0.48 60 0.41 50 0.34 40 0.28 40 0.28 30 0.21
60 0.41 60 0.41 90 0.62 110 0.76 120 0.83 70 0.48 40 0.28 40 0.28 30 0.21
50 0.34 40 0.28 70 0.48 70 0.48 100 0.69 60 0.41 40 0.28 40 0.28 10 0.07
100 0.69 100 0.69 100 0.69 >280 >1.93 220 1.52 100 0.69 40 0.28 100 0.69 70 0.48
40 0.28 30 0.21 80 0.55 90 0.62 70 0.48 40 0.28 30 0.21 40 0.28 30 0.21

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Agerite Superlite Sulfur Durax TMTM 1.00 phr 3.00 phr 1.50 phr 2.00 phr 1.00 phr 0.20 phr
45
Polyolefin Elastomers (POE)

Trade Names
Engage Hercuprene Sarlink
Manufacturer
DuPont Dow Elastomers J-Von DSM
Automotive Electrical Rub strips, fascias, bumper covers, molding, trim Wire and cable insulation and jacketing
General Description
Polyolefin elastomers can be divided into two major categories. The first type is a two-phase polymer system consisting of a thermoplastic matrix, such as polypropylene or polyethylene, with a dispersed second phase of an unvulcanized rubber, such as EPDM, natural rubber and SBR. Hercuprene is an example of this type of polyolefin elastomer. The second category is a family of ethylene-octene copolymers. They are produced by DuPont Dow Elastomers via a proprietary polymerization technique and marketed under the tradename Engage. These systems can be vulcanized using peroxides, silanes or irradiation to yield improved high temperature properties.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595
Medium
Low
General Properties
Polyolefin elastomers are characterized by excellent low temperature properties, clarity and crack resistance. Engage has a brittle point below -60oF (-76oC) for formulations with hardnesses ranging from 60 to 90 Shore A. In addition, they offer excellent UV, ozone and weatherability resistance. They also offer good resistance to polar fluids. Resistance to nonpolar fluids is poor due to the aliphatic nature of the polymer backbone. Room temperature physical properties are good. Like most thermoplastic systems, the physical properties at temperature decrease with increasing temperature. This limitation can be addressed by vulcanizing the polymer. However, this extra processing step mitigates the economic benefits of the polyolefin elastomers over conventional vulcanized rubber. Polyolefin elastomers typically have very low specific gravities and can be utilized in applications where reducing weight is critical.

Additives Antistatic - Decrease
Surface Treatments
46

(psi) (MPa) Polyolefin Elastomer Loctite Adhesive
Engage EP 8100 Engage EP 8150 Engage EP 8200 Engage EP 8500 Antistatic
NOTES:
EP 8500 Armostat 550 100 phr 5 phr
Engage by DuPont Dow Elastomers

270 1.86 270 1.86 310 2.14 230 1.59 230 1.59
>540 >3.72 >550 >3.79 >460 >3.17 >380 >2.62 >380 >2.62
>440 >3.03 >500 >3.45 >460 >3.17 >470 >3.24 >470 >3.24
210 1.45 200 1.38 180 1.24 190 1.31 70 0.48
280 1.93 230 1.59 >270 >1.86 200 1.38 200 1.38
70 0.48 70 0.48 60 0.41 60 0.41 <10 <0.07
200 1.38 150 1.03 190 1.31 130 0.90 70 0.48
210 1.45 210 1.45 170 1.17 180 1.24 180 1.24
>540 >3.72 400 2.76 >560 >3.86 330 2.28 330 2.28
280 1.93 210 1.45 280 1.93 150 1.03 60 0.41

None Required
47
Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber (GPO)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Parel
Manufacturer
Zeon Chemical
Automotive Motor mounts, body mounts, suspension bushings, dust seals, boots
General Description
Poly(propylene oxide) rubber is formed by the copolymerization of propylene oxide and allyl glycidyl ether. The allyl glycidyl ether monomer is present at lower quantities (approximately 6% by weight) and provides crosslink sites for the polymer via the unsaturated group. The propylene oxide provides flexibility in the backbone in several ways. First, the presence of the oxygen atom in the backbone aids polymer chain flexibility. Secondly, the propylene oxide monomer can polymerize with itself to form atactic as well as isotactic regions. The combination of these two regions results in irregular packing of the polymer chains which reduces crystallinity. Another factor contributing to the flexibility of PPO is the bulky allyl glycidyl ether pendant group which further reduces crystallinity by disrupting ordered packing of the polymer. Sulfurbased curative systems are generally used with these polymers, even though peroxides are capable of taking advantage of the unsaturation. Peroxide cure systems tend to cause chain scission, resulting in unacceptable properties.

Medium
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Plasticizer - Decrease
Decrease
T80 Cure
General Properties
The most notable characteristic of poly(propylene oxide) rubber is its ability to offer excellent hysteresis properties and dynamic properties over a wide temperature range. Even after exposure to elevated temperatures as high as 302oF (150oC) for a week, the dynamic properties of GPO rubber remain excellent. Typically, they offer good low temperature flexibility, good ozone resistance, fair fuel and oil resistance and good properties retention at high temperatures. GPO rubber has fair resistance to hydrocarbon fuels and oils and good hydrolysis and swelling resistance in polar solvents such as water and alcohol. GPO rubber does not have outstanding physical properties and tends to have poor compression set and flame resistance. The limited physical properties of GPO rubber can be improved using reinforcing fillers, such as carbon black or silica. However, the poor compression set of GPO rubber is a function of the sulfur crosslinks and cannot be easily remedied.
Surface Treatments
48

(psi) (MPa) Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber
Parel 58 by Zeon Chemical

Loctite Adhesive
Control: Parel 58 T80 Cure Carbon Black Aromatic Oil Plasticizer Antistatic
Parel 58 100 phr
Parel 58
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Parel 58 N550 Parel 58 Aromatic Oil Parel 58 Dioctyl Phthalate Parel 58 Armostat 550 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr
>120 >0.83 >80 >0.55 >330 >2.28 >90 >0.62 >80 >0.55 >110 >0.76
>120 >0.83 >90 >0.62 >350 >2.41 >90 >0.62 >80 >0.55 >100 >0.69
>110 >0.76 >90 >0.62 >360 >2.48 >90 >0.62 >90 >0.62 >110 >0.76
>120 >0.83 >80 >0.55 >410 >2.83 >90 >0.62 >90 >0.62 >100 >0.69
>110 >0.76 >90 >0.62 >350 >2.41 >80 >0.55 >80 >0.55 >100 >0.69
40 0.28 40 0.28 50 0.34 40 0.28 40 0.28 50 0.34
50 0.34 50 0.34 100 0.69 50 0.34 50 0.34 70 0.48
50 0.34 50 0.34 70 0.48 50 0.34 50 0.34 50 0.34
>170 >1.17 >150 >1.03 170 1.17 >140 >0.97 >120 >0.83 >170 >1.17
120 0.83 >110 >0.76 160 1.10 >120 >0.83 >90 >0.62 >120 >0.83
NOTES:

Zinc Oxide Sulfur TMTM MBT 5.00 phr 1.25 phr 1.50 phr 1.50 phr
49
Polysulfide Rubber
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
LP Thiokol
Manufacturer
Morton Thiokol Morton Thiokol
Aerospace Automotive Construction Propellant binders, gas bladders, sealants, valves Gaskets, rubber washers Building caulk, window glazing
General Description
The key factor that distinguishes polysulfide rubbers from other rubbers is the high sulfur content of the polymer backbone. This results in a very flexible, virtually impermeable rubber. Polysulfide elastomers are produced by the condensation reaction of an organic dihalide with sodium tetrasulfide. Examples of organic dihalides used include ethylene dichloride and di-2chloroethyl ether. Commercial grades vary in sulfur content from 37 to 84%; the sulfur content of the resulting rubber being dependent on the base monomer selected. In addition to the performance benefits offered by the high sulfur content of the backbone, the various reactive sites on the polymer backbone facilitate crosslinking by a wide variety of methods. Generally, a metal oxide or peroxide is used to crosslink the terminal thiol groups, although terminal chlorine and hydroxide groups can also be used. Polysulfide polymers are available in viscosities ranging from pourable liquids to millable gum stock. The strong odor of polysulfides, coupled with the need to peptize some of the gum rubber stocks, can make them difficult to process.

Medium
Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Antistatic - Increase Increase
General Properties
The key performance benefits of polysulfide elastomers are their outstanding chemical resistance and virtual impermeability to most gases, hydrocarbon solvents and moisture. This, coupled with their high flexibility and long-term resistance to both polar and non-polar solvents, makes them especially well suited for sealing applications that require exceptional barrier and resistance properties. Other performance characteristics include good performance at low temperatures and good resistance to UV and ozone. Polysulfide elastomers do not have very good compression set resistance and have fair physical properties. The limited physical properties can be addressed by compounding them with other rubbers, such as polychloroprene. Polysulfide rubber has a recommended service temperature of approximately -40 to 250oF (-40 to -121oC). T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
50

(psi) (MPa) Polysulfide Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Thiokol FA
Linear structure 100 phr
Thiokol by Morton Thiokol

T80 Cure Thiokol ST

Branched structure
Thiokol FA
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Thiokol ST 100 phr
150 1.03 >270 >1.86 >180 >1.24 >390 >2.69 250 1.72 330 2.28 >90 >0.62 >190 >1.31
>180 >1.24 >270 >1.86 >180 >1.24 >380 >2.62 >290 >2.00 340 2.34 100 0.69 180 1.24
>170 >1.17 >230 >1.59 >170 >1.17 >470 >3.24 310 2.14 290 2.00 80 0.55 >220 >1.52
>190 >1.31 >280 >1.93 >190 >1.31 >470 >3.24 280 1.93 350 2.41 110 0.76 >190 >1.31
>140 >0.97 >290 >2.00 >180 >1.24 >500 >3.45 310 2.14 330 2.28 90 0.62 >220 >1.52
80 0.55 80 0.55 70 0.48 110 0.76 130 0.90 110 0.76 60 0.41 80 0.55
150 1.03 150 1.03 150 1.03 250 1.72 230 1.59 240 1.66 110 0.76 150 1.03
110 0.76 140 0.97 150 1.03 290 2.00 260 1.79 310 2.14 60 0.41 180 1.24
>240 >1.66 >370 >2.55 >300 >2.07 240 1.66 >460 >3.17 420 2.90 >140 >0.97 >340 >2.34
160 1.10 >160 >1.10 60 0.41 360 2.48 290 2.00 270 1.86 >70 >0.48 180 1.24
Carbon Black Clay Silica Aromatic Oil Antistatic
Thiokol FA N-550 Thiokol FA Dixie Clay Thiokol FA Hi Sil 233 Thiokol FA Aromatic Oil Thiokol FA Armostat 550
100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 5 phr
NOTES:
Polysulfide Cure Systems

Thiokol FA formulations Stearic Acid 0.5 phr MTBS 0.3 phr DPG 0.1 phr Zinc Oxide 10.0 phr Maglite D 4.0 phr Thiokol ST formulations Stearic Acid 1.0 phr Calcium Hydroxide 1.0 phr Zinc Peroxide 5.0 phr Maglite D 4.0 phr
51
Silicone-Modified EPDM
thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Royaltherm
Manufacturer
Uniroyal Chemical
Automotive Industrial Ignition cables, seals, gaskets, weatherstripping Steam hoses, gaskets, seals
General Description
Silicone-modified EPDM represents a unique combination of the benefits offered by silicone and EPDM rubbers. The inorganic polysiloxane backbone of the silicone contributes low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance, while the EPDM contributes good mechanical properties. The resulting polymer has better physical properties than a silicone and better thermal resistance and strength at temperature than EPDM. Silicone-modified EPDM can be vulcanized by sulfur-based curatives or peroxide cure systems. Peroxide cure systems are generally utilized to maximize heat resistance and compression set resistance. Specialty purpose base compounds offering non-halogen flame retardancy, translucency, FDA approval or utility in sponge applications are also available.

Medium
Low
General Properties
The performance properties of silicone-modified EPDM are best understood in terms of the properties of each of the pure components. In general, it has the good mechanical properties of EPDM rubber with the improved thermal resistance of silicone elastomers. However, there are some trade-offs. For example, the service life at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400oF (149 to 204oC) is an order of magnitude longer than that achieved by EPDM and at least an order of magnitude less than that achieved by silicone. Siliconemodified EPDM offers much better strength retention than silicone when exposed to steam at 327oF (164oC), but only slightly less than EPDM. Tensile strength and abrasion resistance follow the same trend. Siliconemodified EPDM also offers the excellent chemical resistance and wet electrical properties of EPDM. The hot tear strength of silicone-modified EPDM exhibits a synergistic effect between the two phases since it has hot tear strengths superior to that of either of its pure components.

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Silica - Increase Plasticizer - Decrease Antistatic - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
52

(psi) (MPa) Silicone Modified EPDM
Royaltherm by Uniroyal Chemical Company

Loctite Adhesive
Control: Royaltherm 1411 T80 Cure Royaltherm 1721 Carbon Black Silica Plasticizer Antistatic
Royaltherm 1411 100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure Royaltherm 1721 100 phr
Improved heat resistance Royaltherm 1411 N-330 Royaltherm 1411 VN-3 silica Royaltherm 1411 Dioctyl Phthalate Royaltherm 1411 Armostat 550 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 45 phr 100 phr 12 phr 100 phr 5 phr
>380 >2.62 >380 >2.62 >260 >1.79 >380 >2.62 580 4.00 >260 >1.79 >230 >1.59
>350 >2.41 >420 >2.90 >350 >2.41 >640 >4.41 >720 >4.97 >280 >1.93 >290 >2.00
>310 >2.14 >420 >2.90 >310 >2.14 >620 >4.27 >720 >4.97 >260 >1.79 >160 >1.10
>270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >270 >1.86 >480 >3.31 >470 >3.24 >270 >1.86 200 1.38
>250 >1.72 >250 >1.72 >250 >1.72 >610 >4.21 >540 >3.72 >250 >1.72 >250 >1.72
40 0.28 40 0.28 60 0.41 110 0.76 90 0.62 30 0.21 40 0.28
110 0.76 110 0.76 160 1.10 210 1.45 210 1.45 70 0.48 90 0.62
110 0.76 110 0.76 140 0.97 210 1.45 240 1.66 70 0.48 90 0.62
>350 >2.41 >350 >2.41 350 2.41 350 2.41 860 5.93 >350 >2.41 350 2.41
120 0.83 100 0.69 160 1.10 >250 >1.72 290 2.00 80 0.55 120 0.83
NOTES:

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Di Cup 40C 1.50 phr 4.00 phr 7.00 phr
53
Silicone Rubber (MQ, VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Blensil Elastosil Silastic
Manufacturer
G.E. Silicones Wacker Chemical Corp. Dow Corning STI
General Description
Silicone rubber is characterized by an inorganic polymeric backbone made up of silicon to oxygen bonds which are known as siloxane linkages. The majority of silicon atoms in the silicone polymer backbone have two pendant methyl groups, which forms the most common silicone polymer used in silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxane (MQ). By replacing a portion of the methyl groups with other species, the silicone rubber can be given crosslink sites or properties tailored for specific needs. For example, in peroxide cured silicone rubber systems, a small percentage of the methyl groups are replaced with vinyl groups (VMQ). The vinyl group containing polymers is also used in conjunction with a platinum catalyst and suitable hydride crosslinkers to produce addition cure silicone formulations. In RTV silicone adhesives and condensation cure compounds, hydrolyzable groups are capped onto the terminal ends of the silicone polymer to provide sites for crosslinking to occur when moisture reacts with these sites to leave reactive silanol sites. As was mentioned, replacing a portion of the methyl groups with other species can also provide properties for specific needs. For example, replacing 5-10% of the methyl groups with bulkier phenyl groups will dramatically drop the brittle point of the silicone (PMQ). Replacing a portion of the methyl groups with trifluoropropyl groups will increase the polarity of the silicone rubber, thus improving its resistance to non-polar solvents. These types of silicones are known as fluorosilicone elastomers and are discussed in a separate chapter.
much of their tensile strength and compression set resistance at these high temperatures. The large volume of the silicon atom also results in a polymer with a large amount of free space and flexibility. Consequently, silicone polymers have high gas permeation rates and remain flexible to temperatures as low as -60oF (-51oC). With the addition of phenyl groups on the backbone, the brittle point can be lowered to -120oF (-84oC). The lack of polarity in the silicone elastomer results in very good resistance to polar solvents such as water and alcohols. Non-polar solvents such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons tend to swell silicones 200-300% and often require the use of the more polar fluorosilicone elastomers. Resistance to many acids and salts is good, though strong bases will degrade the polymer.
Automotive Industrial Medical Hoses, gaskets, seals, ignition cable insulation Adhesives, oven door gaskets, seals, sponges Implantable devices, tubing

High Medium Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Low
General Properties
The unique properties of polydimethyl siloxane elastomers arise primarily from the high bond energy of the silicon oxygen bonds along the backbone, and from the non-polar nature of the two methyl groups which are pendant from each of the silicon atoms. The result is an elastomer with good flexibility and compression set resistance over a wide temperature range. The silicone oxygen bond results in a polymer with excellent resistance to UV and ozone, as well as longterm exposure to temperatures of 400oF (204oC) and intermittent exposure to temperatures as high as 600oF (316oC). More importantly, silicone elastomers retain

Additives T80 Cure All Except Plasticizer - Increase CA No Trend Apparent
Surface Treatments
54

(psi) (MPa) Silicone Rubber Loctite Adhesive
SE 456U by General Electric

Control: SE 456U T80 Cure Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay

Polyethylene Glycol 3 phr, SE 456U
100 phr
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure SE 456U N-550 SE 456U Calcium Carbonate SE 456U Whitex Clay SE 456U Aerosil 200 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr 11.5 phr 100 phr 30 phr 100 phr
<10 <0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 80 0.55 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 170 1.17
70 0.48 190 1.31 >250 >1.72 190 1.31 >300 >2.07 110 0.76 130 0.90 110 0.76 70 0.48 210 1.45
220 1.52 290 2.00 >320 >2.21 >310 >2.14 >320 >2.21 350 2.41 290 2.00 >390 >2.69 220 1.52 190 1.31
<10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 40 0.28 70 0.48 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 170 1.17
10 0.07 30 0.21 80 0.55 60 0.41 90 0.62 190 1.31 30 0.21 80 0.55 10 0.07 170 1.17
290 2.00 180 1.24 190 1.31 200 1.38 290 2.00 190 1.31 200 1.38 180 1.24 290 2.00 210 1.45
200 1.38 280 1.93 200 1.38 200 1.38 170 1.17 200 1.38 200 1.38 200 1.38 170 1.17 200 1.38
<10 <0.07 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
230 1.59 230 1.59 140 0.97 >290 >2.00 140 0.97 250 1.72 230 1.59 230 1.59 60 0.41 230 1.59
60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41
Fumed Silica Ground Silica Iron Oxide Silicone Plasticizer Antistatic
SE 456U Min-U-Sil 10 SE 456U
Red Iron Oxide E-4182 30 phr SE 456U 1000 cP fluid SE 456U Armostat 550 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 4 phr
NOTES:
Cure and Reinforcement System Used in All Formulations

DiCumyl Peroxide Aerosil 200 1.50 phr 5.00 phr
55
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

thermoset rubber
Trade Names
Afpol Buna Copeflex Duradene Europrene Kraton Plioflex Pliolite Solprene Stereon
Manufacturer
Cal Polymers Bayer Coperbo Firestone Enichem Shell Chemical Goodyear Goodyear Housmex Firestone
geous effects on the properties of SBR. In particular, it increases the strength properties, hardness and dimensional stability of SBR. In addition, it can provide electrical and thermal conductivity, all while lowering cost.
Automotive Industrial Consumer Miscellaneous Tires, hoses, belts Foamed products, extruded goods Shoe soles, waterproof materials Adhesives, asphalt
General Description
SBR is formed via the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene. This can be performed as an emulsion or solution polymerization. In emulsion polymerizations, the monomer is emulsified in a medium, such as water, using an emulsifying agent, such as soap. This can be performed as a hot process at 122oF (50oC) or a cold process at 41-50oF (5-10oC). Solution polymerizations typically occur in a hydrocarbon solution with an alkyl lithium catalyst. Solution polymerizations offer improved properties due to the increased control of molecular weight and stereospecificity. In addition, emulsion SBR typically contains 4-7% of non-rubber emulsifier residues which solution SBR does not.

High Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Medium
Low
General Properties
Approximately 75% of the SBR produced in the US is used in tires. This is due to the superior abrasion resistance and traction of SBR. For tire applications, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is critical. If the Tg is too high, the tires will become brittle in cold conditions. If the Tg is too low, the tire traction is compromised. Consequently, any rubber with a Tg which is not between -58 and -94oF (-50 and -70oC) must be mixed with at least one other rubber for tire applications. NR and SBR have Tgs which allow them to be used as the sole elastomer in a tire compound. The processing temperature of SBR has a large effect on the resulting properties of the material. Cold SBR has better abrasion resistance and dynamic properties, as well as a higher capacity to be extended, than hot SBR. Therefore, hot SBR is no longer used for tire applications. Due to the increased control of solution SBR, improved abrasion resistance, traction and hysteretic properties have been realized. Consequently, solution SBR is rapidly replacing emulsion SBR for tire production. The addition of carbon black has many advanta-

Additives High Styrene - Increase Carbon Black - Increase Clay - Increase Silica - Increase Styrene Resin - Increase Aromatic Oil - Decrease Processing Aid - Increase Antioxidant - Increase No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure Prism Primer
Surface Treatments
No Trend Apparent
56

(psi) (MPa) Styrene Butadiene Rubber Loctite Adhesive
Control: Plioflex 1502
Cold Emulsion Polymer, 23.5% Styrene 100 phr
Plioflex by Goodyear
T80 Cure
Plioflex 1502
100 phr
Cured to 80% of Modulus at Full Cure
Cold Solution Polymer Firestone SBR 710 High Styrene Content

Cold Emulsion Polymer, 40% Styrene Plioflex 1513
100 phr
>220 >1.52 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52 >310 >2.14 >550 >3.79 >220 >1.52 >410 >2.83 460 3.17 >460 >3.17 >160 >1.10 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52 >220 >1.52
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >340 >2.34 >560 >3.86 >260 >1.79 >460 >3.17 >510 >3.52 >510 >3.52 >170 >1.17 >310 >2.14 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >530 >3.65 >260 >1.79 >390 >2.69 >570 >3.93 >490 >3.38 >180 >1.24 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79 >260 >1.79
>180 >1.24 >180 >1.24 >180 >1.24 >270 >1.86 >360 >2.48 >180 >1.24 270 1.86 300 2.07 370 2.55 >180 >1.24 >180 >1.24 >250 >1.72 >180 >1.24
>190 >1.31 >110 >0.76 >110 >0.76 >290 >2.00 >350 >2.41 >190 >1.31 270 1.86 >330 >2.28 450 3.10 >190 >1.31 >240 >1.65 >250 >1.72 >270 >1.86
60 0.41 60 0.41 50 0.34 60 0.41 60 0.41 80 0.55 60 0.41 80 0.55 90 0.62 40 0.28 60 0.41 60 0.41 60 0.41
60 0.41 100 0.69 100 0.69 90 0.62 140 0.97 140 0.97 150 1.03 130 0.90 170 1.17 60 0.41 90 0.62 90 0.62 120 083
60 0.41 40 0.28 60 0.41 130 0.90 110 0.76 140 0.97 170 1.17 60 0.41 130 0.90 60 0.41 80 0.55 80 0.55 60 0.41
110 0.76 110 0.76 70 0.48 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 210 1.45 110 0.76 180 1.24 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76 110 0.76
60 0.41 60 0.41 40 0.28 70 0.48 70 0.48 90 0.62 130 0.90 80 0.55 110 0.76 40 0.28 60 0.41 70 0.48 50 0.34
100 phr
Carbon Black Calcium Carbonate Clay Silica Styrene Resin Aromatic Oil Processing Aid Antioxidant Antistatic
NOTES:
Plioflex 1502 FEF N-550 Plioflex 1502 Calcium Carbonate Plioflex 1502 Dixie Clay Plioflex 1502 Hi Sil 233 Plioflex 1502 Resin S6B Plioflex 1502 Aromatic Oil Plioflex 1502 Struktol WB212 Plioflex 1502 DMQ Plioflex 1502 Armostat 550
100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 60 phr 100 phr 60 phr 100 phr 15 phr 100 phr 25 phr 100 phr 37.5 phr 100 phr 4 phr 100 phr 3 phr 100 phr 5 phr
Cure System and Reinforcement Used in All Formulations

Stearic Acid Zinc Oxide Sulfur MBTS TMTD Carbon Black FEF N-550 1.00 phr 5.00 phr 2.50 phr 1.50 phr 0.10 phr 10.00 phr
57
Styrenic TPEs (S-B-S, S-I-S, S-EB-S)

Trade Names
C-Flex Coperflex Dynaflex Europrene SOL K-Resin Kraton Rimflex Solprene
Manufacturer
Concept Coperbo GLS Corp. EniChem Phillips Shell Chemical Co. Synthetic Rubber Tech. Housmex
completely aliphatic backbone resulting in its superior weatherability. Compounds based on S-EB-S normally contain polypropylene which increases the solvent resistance, service temperature and processability. Useful service temperatures are low for styrenic TPEs ranging from -70 to 200oF (-57 to 93oC).
Automotive Consumer Electrical Miscellaneous Hoses, tubing Footwear soles Insulation and jackets for wire and cable Sealants, coatings, caulking adhesives, modified thermoplastics
General Description
Styrenic TPEs are block copolymers of styrene and a diene. In block copolymers, there are two distinct phases present. Each phase is composed of repeating segments of the same molecule. The simplest arrangement being A-B-A or a three-block structure. The dienes most commonly used are butadiene (S-BS), isoprene (S-I-S) and ethylene-cobutylene (S-EB-S), an olefinic pair. The A indicates the hard copolymer blocks, and the B indicates the soft blocks. A block copolymer with an A-B or B-A-B backbone would not have the desired properties of a TPE because the ends of the elastomeric regions would not be anchored in crystalline regions of the TPE.

High Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA -Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Medium
General Properties
Styrenic TPEs are typically the lowest cost TPEs but also have the lowest performance. Specific gravities range from 0.9 to 1.1, hardnesses range from 33 Shore A to 55 Shore D, and ultimate tensile strengths range from 500 to 4000 psi (3.5 to 27.6 MPa). Due to the nonpolar nature of the backbone, styrenic TPEs can be extended with hydrocarbon-based oils and have excellent chemical resistance to polar solvents such as aqueous solutions, acetones and alcohols. However, this results in poor resistance to such non-polar solvents as oils, fuel and hydrocarbon solvents. As the styrene content is increased, the TPE changes from a weak, soft material to a strong elastomer and then will eventually become leathery. At styrene contents above 75%, they are hard, clear, glass-like products which are used as impact resistant polystyrene. Increasing the styrene content hardens the polymer, while the addition of extending oil softens the polymer. Both increase its processability. The weathering resistance of styrenic rubbers is dictated by the soft elastomer segment. S-B-S and S-I-S structures have a double bond per original monomer unit in the backbone. This unsaturatation limits their thermal, chemical and weathering resistance. Alternatively, S-EB-S has a Low

Additives Carbon Black - Increase Silica - Increase Whiting - Decrease Aromatic Oil - Decrease Naphthenic Oil - Decrease Plasticizer - Decrease EVA Blend - Decrease PE Blend - Increase Antistat - Decrease C-Flex - Decrease No Trend Apparent
T80 Cure
Surface Treatments
58

(psi) (MPa) Styrene Butadiene TPE Loctite Adhesive
Control: Kraton G 1650
S-EB-S
100 phr
Kraton by Shell Chemical and C-Flex by Concept Polymer Technology

Carbon Black
Kraton G 1650 N-550 Kraton G 1650 Dixie Clay Kraton G 1650 Hi Sil 233
100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr
Clay
Silica Whiting Aromatic Oil Naphthenic Oil Plasticizer Processing Aid EVA Blend PE Blend Antistatic C-Flex
Silicone Oil
Kraton G 1650 100 phr Precipitated Whiting 100 phr Kraton G 1650 Aromatic Oil Kraton G 1650 Naphthenic Oil Kraton G 1650 Dioctyl Phthalate Kraton G 1650 Carnauba Wax Kraton G 1650 EVA Kraton G 1650 Polyethylene Kraton G 1650 Armostat 550 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 50 phr 100 phr 10 phr 100 phr 20 phr 100 phr 100 phr 100 phr 5 phr 100 phr
Kraton D 1101
S-B-S Linear
100 phr
PS Blend Kraton D 1118X

SB Type Branched NOTES:
Kraton D 1101 Polystyrene
100 phr 100 phr 100 phr
290 2.00 530 3.65 220 1.52 440 3.03 50 0.34 140 0.97 80 0.55 10 0.07 290 2.00 130 0.90 520 3.59 220 1.52 140 0.97 160 1.10 530 3.65 120 0.83
>510 >3.52 >810 >5.59 510 3.52 >550 >3.52 180 1.24 >300 >2.07 300 2.07 <10 <0.07 510 3.52 240 1.65 510 3.52 190 1.31 >240 >1.65 280 1.93 510 3.52 130 0.90
370 2.55 570 3.93 580 4.00 >550 >3.79 >200 >1.35 150 1.03 >370 >2.55 20 0.14 370 2.55 370 2.55 550 3.79 160 1.10 220 1.52 370 2.55 630 4.34 150 1.03
230 1.59 360 2.48 320 2.21 390 2.69 40 0.28 150 1.03 90 0.62 10 0.07 390 2.69 180 1.24 370 2.55 230 1.59 80 0.55 230 1.59 450 3.10 120 0.83
230 1.59 620 4.27 340 2.34 510 3.52 40 0.28 140 0.97 80 0.55 20 0.14 230 1.59 140 0.97 550 3.79 230 1.59 100 0.69 230 1.59 520 3.59 140 0.97
90 0.62 50 0.34 50 0.34 30 0.21 30 0.21 20 0.14 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 90 0.622 20 0.14 60 0.41 <10 <0.07 10 0.07 50 0.34 90 0.62 70 0.48
170 1.17 170 1.17 170 1.17 60 0.41 30 0.21 50 0.34 50 0.34 <10 <0.07 110 0.76 40 0.28 80 0.55 100 0.69 20 0.14 170 1.17 250 1.72 170 1.17
170 1.17 280 1.93 230 1.59 390 2.69 30 0.21 40 0.28 40 0.28 <10 <0.07 210 1.45 170 1.17 350 2.41 120 0.83 30 0.21 130 0.90 290 2.00 90 0.62
660 4.55 660 4.55 >1090 >7.52 >660 >4.55 180 1.24 160 1.10 170 1.17 20 0.14 410 2.83 410 2.83 660 4.55 260 1.79 170 1.17 >430 >2.96 1020 7.03 320 2.21
180 1.24 270 1.86 220 1.52 350 2.41 70 0.48 80 0.55 60 0.41 10 0.07 180 1.24 220 1.52 310 2.14 50 0.34 40 0.28 180 1.24 480 3.31 130 0.90

None Required
59
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV)

Trade Names
Geolast Santoprene
Manufacturer
Advanced Elastomer Systems Advanced Elastomer Systems
Automotive Construction Electrical Medical Air ducts, rack and pinion steering boots, motor drive belts Glazing seals, expansion joints Specialty wire and cable insulation Drug vial stoppers, grommets, syringe plunger tips, volumetric infusion pump tips Sander grips, squeegees, dust seals, clothes washer filter seals
General Description
Thermoplastic vulcanizates are elastomeric alloys of a continuous plastic phase and a fine dispersion of dynamically vulcanized rubber. Santoprene, for example, uses polypropylene as the plastic phase with EPDM as the rubber phase. Geolast also uses polypropylene for the plastic phase, however, nitrile rubber is used for the thermoset rubber phase. Generally, these compounds derive their physical properties from the interaction of the two phases and do not use the fillers and extenders commonly used with most thermoset rubber systems. Consequently, material properties are primarily a function of the type and level of vulcanizate and its degree of crosslinking. Even though TPVs contain a vulcanizate phase, these materials can still be processed by common thermoplastic processing equipment such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, thermoforming and calendering.
Miscellaneous

High Medium Prism Primer - Prism 401/Prism 770 Surface Insensitive CA - Prism 401 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 4204 Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic - Depend 330 Light Curing Acrylic - Loctite 3105 Methyl CA - Super Bonder 496 Rubber Toughened CA - Prism 480 Acetoxy Silicone - Superflex 595 Oxime Silicone - Ultra Black 5900 Polyurethane - Loctite 3951
Low
General Properties
In general, TPVs offer the performance properties of a thermoset rubber with the processing ease of a thermoplastic. These properties include good tensile strength, good abrasion resistance and outstanding fatigue flex resistance. The saturated nature of the olefinic backbone in the Santoprene and Geolast plastic phases, coupled with the highly crosslinked nature of their vulcanizate phases, gives them excellent chemical resistance, as well as good thermal and weathering resistance. Santoprene has shown good property retention after long-term exposure to acids, bases, and aqueous solutions. Resistance to oils and other hydrocarbons varies with grade and fluid type. However, the higher the polarity of the fluid, the more likely it is to attack Santoprene. For increased oil resistance, Geolast offers superior performance because it utilizes nitrile as the vulcanizate phase rather than EPDM. Unlike most TPEs, which soften at high temperatures, TPVs have shown good property retention at temperatures as high as 275oF (135oC) and good compression set resistance at temperatures as high as 212oF (100oC). Their low temperature performance is also good with brittle points below -67oF (-55oC).

Additives Grey Concentrate - Increase
Surface Treatments
60

(psi) (MPa) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Loctite Adhesive
Santoprene 101-55
Santoprene 101-55 100 phr
Santoprene and Geolast by Advanced Elastomer Systems

30 0.21 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 30 0.21 30 0.21 90 0.62 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 230 1.59 320 2.21 430 2.97 420 2.90
80 0.55 170 1.17 180 1.24 70 0.48 140 0.97 230 1.59 320 2.21 320 2.21 430 2.97 250 1.72 360 2.48 380 2.62 390 2.69
220 1.52 >390 >2.69 1220 8.41 210 1.45 >200 >1.38 >390 >2.69 330 2.28 1020 7.03 1070 7.38 >250 >1.72 >350 >2.41 360 2.48 470 3.24
20 0.14 90 0.62 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 230 1.59 230 1.59 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 150 1.03 320 2.21 >240 >1.66 430 2.97
20 0.14 140 0.97 <10 <0.07 30 0.21 30 0.21 240 1.66 50 0.34 <10 <0.07 130 0.90 >270 >1.86 400 2.76 270 1.86 550 3.79
20 0.14 20 0.14 10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 20 0.14 10 0.07 10 0.07 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 60 0.41 30 0.21 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
60 0.41 60 0.41 30 0.21 <10 <0.07 60 0.41 10 0.07 10 0.07 40 0.28 50 0.34 70 0.48 70 0.48 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07
50 0.34 110 0.76 230 1.59 50 0.34 70 0.48 10 0.07 100 0.69 <10 <0.07 170 1.17 120 0.83 180 01.24 40 0.28 230 1.59
120 0.83 210 1.45 610 4.21 180 1.24 180 1.24 280 1.93 280 1.93 310 2.14 800 5.52 280 1.93 320 2.21 750 5.17 250 1.72
80 0.55 90 0.62 <10 <0.07 <10 <0.07 80 0.55 120 0.83 120 0.83 <10 <0.07 60 0.41 150 1.03 120 0.83 180 1.24 <10 <0.07
Santoprene 101-73 Santoprene 103-50 Santoprene 201-55 Santoprene 201-55 w/Grey Concentrate Santoprene 201-73 Santoprene 201-73 w/Grey Concentrate Santoprene 203-50 Santoprene 203-50 w/Grey Concentrate Geolast 701-70W183
Santoprene 101-73
100 phr
Santoprene 103-50
100 phr
Santoprene 201-55
100 phr 100 phr
Santoprene 201-55 Grey Concentrate Santoprene 201-73
Santoprene 201-73 Grey Concentrate Santoprene 203-50
Santoprene 203-50 Grey Concentrate
100 phr 4 phr
Geolast 701-70W183 100 phr
Geolast 701-80W183 Geolast 701-80W183 Geolast 701-87W183 Geolast 703-4045

NOTES:
100 phr
Geolast 701-87W183 100 phr
Geolast 703-45
100 phr
Cure System Used in All Information

None Required
61
Test Methodology
Determining The Experimental Matrix
The Selection of Adhesives It was desired to evaluate a cross section of the adhesives which were believed to be best suited for bonding elastomers. The adhesive families selected were cyanoacrylates, acrylics, polyurethanes and silicones. The cyanoacrylate family was further broken down into the following five subcategories: methyl; surface insensitive ethyl; rubber toughened ethyl; rubber toughened, surface insensitive, thermally resistant ethyl; and surface insensitive ethyl used in conjunction with a surface primer. The acrylic family was also broken down into subcategories, namely two-part no-mix and light curing acrylic adhesives. Finally, both acetoxy and oxime silicones were evaluated. From each specific adhesive type, an adhesive was then selected which was believed to be best representative of the performance of that adhesive type when bonding elastomers. The adhesives which were selected are tabulated below: Adhesive Super Bonder 496 Prism 401 Prism 401 and Prism Primer 770 Prism 480 Prism 4204 Superflex 595 Ultra Black 5900 Depend 330 Loctite 3105 Loctite 3951and Primer 7251 Adhesive Description Methyl cyanoacrylate Surface insensitive ethyl cyanoacrylate Surface insensitive ethyl cyanoacrylate used in conjunction with a chemical surface primer Rubber toughened ethyl cyanoacrylate Clear, rubber toughened, surface insensitive, thermally resistant cyanoacrylate Acetoxy silicone Oxime silicone Two-part no-mix acrylic Light curing acrylic Polyurethane used in conjuction with a chemical surface primer Specialty Formulations 1. A grade of the elastomer which had no fillers or additives was selected and tested for bond strength performance with the aforementioned adhesives. This was the control which was used to determine the effect of additives, fillers and processing changes on the bondability of an elastomer. 2. The most common additives and fillers used with each elastomer were identified. Variations in polymer structure which differentiate different grades of the elastomer were also identified. For example, acrylonitrile level in nitrile rubber or vinyl acetate level in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. 3. A separate formulation of the elastomer was compounded which represented a high level of additive or filler, a processing change or a variation in the polymer structure. 4. Adhesive bond strength evaluations were performed. 5. The results were analyzed to determine if the filler, additive or change in polymer structure resulted in a statistically significant change in the bondability of the elastomer in comparison with the unfilled control within 95% confidence limits. Commercially Available Grades For five elastomers, commercially available grades were selected to represent a cross section of the various grades which were available and tested for bond strength.
Determining The Test Method

The lap shear test method (ASTM D1002) is typically used to determine adhesive shear strengths. However, because it was designed for use with metals, it has several serious limitations when evaluating elastomers. For example, because elastomers have much lower tensile strength than metals, the lap shear specimens are much more likely to experience substrate failure than the metal lap shear specimens. This makes the comparative analysis of different adhesives on an elastomer very difficult, since many of the adhesives will achieve substrate failure, rendering it impossible to make
The Selection of Elastomers The various types of elastomers which are currently available were surveyed, and twenty-five of the most commonly used elastomers were selected for testing. The specific formulations of these elastomers which were evaluated were chosen in one of the two following ways:
62
performance comparisons. Another major disadvantage to using the lap shear test method is that elastomers will deform more readily than metal as a result of their lower moduli. This results in severe part deformation which introduces peel and cleavage forces on the joint. While this cannot be avoided while testing elastomers, especially under high loads, providing a rigid support for the rubber can minimize this effect. For this testing, the rubber samples were bonded to steel lap shears to provide this rigid support. Proper selection of the joint overlap can also give bond strength results which more accurately reflect the adhesive bond strength. When testing flexible materials in a lap joint, it is desirable to minimize the overlap to produce as uniform a stress distribution as possible over the bond area. Due to the flexibility of elastomeric materials, stresses on a lap joint are concentrated on the leading edge of the bonded assembly. As a result, when the overlap length is increased, the measured bond strength appears to drop. This occurs because the area of the joint increases, but the force that the joint can withstand does not increase proportionately, since it is still concentrated on the leading edges of the joint. Through experimentation, it was found that decreasing the overlap below 0.25 did not significantly increase the measured bond strength. As a result, it was concluded that the stress distribution over this bond area was sufficiently uniform to use for comparative testing. The flexibility and low tensile strength inherent in elastomeric materials make it difficult to design a test specimen which will omit peel forces and not experience substrate failure at low loadings. This is particularly difficult when the test specimen must be compatible with a large-scale test program, that is, it must be amenable to consistent assembly in large numbers. The test assembly which was selected to address these concerns in this test program is shown below in Figure 1.
Limitations
While the bond strengths in this guide give a good indication of the typical strengths that can be achieved with many elastomers, as well as the effect of many fillers and additives, they also face several limitations. For example, the additives and fillers were selected because they were believed to be representative of the most commonly used additives and fillers. There are, however, many types of each additive and filler produced by many different companies, as well as different types of the same additives and/or fillers. These additives and fillers may not influence the bondability of an elastomer consistently. In addition, the additives and fillers were tested individually in this guide. Consequently, the effect of interactions between these different fillers and additives on the bondability of materials could not be determined. Another consideration that must be kept in mind when using this data to select an adhesive/elastomer combination is how well the test method will reflect the stresses that an adhesively bonded joint will see in real world applications. Adhesively bonded joints are designed to maximize tensile and compressive stresses and to minimize peel and cleavage stresses. The optimum adhesive joint will have a much larger magnitude of the former two stresses than of the latter two. Thus, the shear strength of an adhesive is generally most critical to adhesive joint performance. However, since all adhesive joints will experience peel and cleavage stresses to some degree, their effects should not be disregarded. Finally, selecting the best adhesive for a given application involves more than selecting the adhesive which provides the highest bond strength. Other factors such as speed of cure, environmental resistance, thermal resistance, suitability for automation and price will play a large role in determining the optimum adhesive system for a given application. It is suggested that the reader refer to the chapters which explain the properties of the various adhesives in greater detail before choosing the best adhesive for an application. Although there are some limitations to the degree the information provided in this guide can be extrapolated, the data contained here should be invaluable in helping the end user quickly make adhesive selections based on the adhesive performance on various adhesive/elastomer combinations.
1/4 overlap
1x4x1/16 steel lap shear specimen
1x1x1/8 rubber specimens
Figure 1 Rubber Bonding Test Specimen
63
Once the most promising combinations of adhesives and elastomers have been identified, it is important that testing be performed on assemblies to insure that they will meet or exceed all performance requirements.
Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic (Depend 330) 1. Activator 7387 was sprayed on one test specimen. 2. The activators carrier solvent was allowed to flash off for more than two to five minutes. 3. Depend 330 was applied in an even film to a second test specimen. 4. The second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.25 overlap (bond area = 0.25 in2). 5. A fixturing weight was placed over the modified lap shear test specimen. 6. The mated assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for 1 week before testing. Light Cure Acrylic (Loctite 3105) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one test specimen. 2. A UV transparent, medical polycarbonate 1 by 4 by 0.125 test specimen was cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. 3. The second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.25 overlap (bond area = 0.25 in2). 4. The assembly was irradiated (through the polycarbonate) in an ultraviolet light source for 30 seconds to cure the adhesive. The ultraviolet light source used was a Fusion- UV Curing System, equipped with an H-bulb having an irradiance of approximately 100mW/cm2@365nm. Silicones (Superflex 595 and Ultra Black 5900) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one test specimen. 2. A second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.25 overlap (bond area = 0.25 in2). 3. A fixturing weight was placed over the modified lap shear test specimen. 4. The mated assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for 1 week before testing.
Test Methods
Substrate Preparation 1. Substrates were cut into 1 by 1 by 0.125 test specimens. 2. All bonding surfaces were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. Adhesive Application and Cure Method Cyanoacrylates (Super Bonder 496, Prism 401, Prism 480 and Prism 4204) 1. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one test specimen. 2. A second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.25 overlap (bond area = 0.25 in2). 3. A fixturing weight was placed over the modified lap shear test specimen. 4. The mated assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for 1 week before testing. Cyanoacrylates with Polyolefin Primers (Prism 401 and Prism Primer 770) 1. Polyolefin primer was brushed onto each bonding surface. 2. The polyolefin primers carrier solvent was allowed to flash off. 3. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one substrate. 4. The second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.25 overlap (bond area = 0.25 in2). 5. A fixturing weight was placed over the modified lap shear test specimen. 6. The mated assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for 1 week before testing.
64
Polyurethanes (Loctite 3951) 1. Primer 7251 was brushed onto each bonding surface. 2. The primers carrier solvent was allowed to flash off. 3. Adhesive was applied in an even film to one substrate. 4. The second test specimen was mated to the first with a 0.25 overlap (bond area = 0.25 in2). 5. A fixturing weight was placed over the modified lap shear test specimen. 6. The mated assembly was allowed to cure at ambient conditions for one week before testing.
65
Index of Trade Names and Acronyms

Trade Name/Acronym ACM Afpol Alcryn Baypren BIIR Blensil Breon Buna Butaclor C-Flex Chemigum CIIR CO Compo Crepe Copeflex Coperflex CR CSM Dai-el Duradene Dynaflex Ecdel ECO EEA Elastosil Elvax Engage EPDM EPM Epsyn Escorene Estate Brown Crepe Europrene SOL Europrene Europrene EVA Evazote Exxon Bromobutyl Exxon Butyl Exxon Chlorobutyl FE FKM Flat Bark Crepe Fluorel FSE FVMQ GCO
66
Elastomer Type Polyacrylate Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Melt Processible Rubber Polychloroprene Halogenated Butyl Rubber Silicone Nitrile Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Polychloroprene Styrenic TPE Nitrile Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber Natural Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Polychloroprene Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Fluorocarbon Rubbers Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Copolyester TPE Epichlorohydrin Rubber Ethylene Acrylic Rubber Silicone Etylene-Vinyl Acetate Polyolefin Ethylene Propylene Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Etylene-Vinyl Acetate Natural Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Polyacrylate Rubber Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Halogenated Butyl Rubber Butyl Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubber Fluorocarbon Rubber Natural Rubber Fluorocarbon Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber
Manufacturer/Comment Acronym for Elastomer Cal Polymers DuPont Bayer Acronym for Elastomer General Electric Silicones B.P. Chemicals Bayer Enichem Elastomers Concept Goodyear Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer International Type of NR Coperbo Coperbo Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Daikin Firestone GLS Corporation Eastman Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Wacker Chemical Corporation DuPont DuPont Dow Elastomers Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Copolymer Rubber Co. Exxon Chemical International Type of NR Enichem Enichem Enichem Elastomers America Acronym for Elastomer B.P. Chemicals Exxon Chemical Exxon Chemical Exxon Chemical Shinetsu Chemical Acronym for Elastomer International Type of NR 3M General Electric Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer
Page 42 56 34 38 30 54 40 56 38 58 40 30 18 36 56 58 38 14 26 56 58 16 18 20 54 24 46 22 22 22 24 36 58 56 42 24 24 30 12 30 28 26 36 26 28 28 18
Trade Name/Acronym GECO Geolast GPO Hercuprene H-NBR HSN Humex Hycar Hydrin Hypalon HyTemp Hytrel IIR IR Isolene Kalrez Kraton Kraton K-Resin Krynac Lomod LP LS MPR MQ Natsyn NBR Neoprene Nipol Nipol Nordel NR Nysen Pale Crepe Parel Perbunan Plioflex Pliolite PMQ POE Polysar EPDM Polysar Bromobutyl Polysar Butyl Polysar Chlorobutyl Pure Smoked Blanket Crepe PVMQ Ribbed Smoked Sheet Rimflex
Elastomer Type Epichlorohydrin Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber Polyolefin Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Nitrile Rubber Polyacrylate Rubber Epichlorohydrin Rubber Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Polyacrylate Rubber Copolyester TPE Butyl Rubber Polyisoprene Polyisoprene Fluorocarbon Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrenic TPE Nitrile Rubber Copolyester TPE Polysulfide Rubber Fluorosilicone Rubbers Melt Processible Rubber Silicone Rubber Polyisoprene Nitrile Rubber Polychloroprene Polyisoprene Nitrile Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Natural Rubber Nitrile Rubber Natural Rubber Poly(propylene oxide) Rubber Nitrile Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Silicone Rubber Polyolefin Ethylene Propylene Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Butyl Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Natural Rubber Silicone Rubber Natural Rubber Styrenic TPE
Manufacturer/Comment Acronym for Elastomer Advanced Elastomer Systems Acronym for Elastomer J-Von Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Huels Mexicanos B.F. Goodrich Zeon DuPont Zeon Chemical DuPont Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Hardman DuPont Shell Chemical Shell Chemical Phillips Polysar International General Electric Morton Thiokol Dow Corning Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Goodyear Acronym for Elastomer DuPont Goldsmith & Eggleton Nippon Zeon DuPont Acronym for Elastomer Copolymer Rubber International Type of NR Zeon Chemical Mobay Goodyear Goodyear Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Bayer Bayer Bayer Bayer International Type of NR Acronym for Elastomer International Type of NR Synthetic Rubber Technologies
Page 18 60 48 46 32 32 40 42 18 14 42 16 12 44 44 26 56 58 58 40 16 50 28 34 54 44 40 38 44 40 22 36 40 36 48 40 56 56 54 46 22 30 12 30 36 54 36 58
67
Trade Name/Acronym Riteflex Royalene Royaltherm Santoprene Sarlink SBR S-B-S S-EB-S Silastic S-I-S Ski-3 Solprene Solprene Stereon Synthetic Natural Rubber Tecnoflon Therban Thick Blanket Crepe Thin Brown Crepe Thiokol TPV Ultrathene Vamac Vistalon Viton VMQ XNBR Zetpol
Elastomer Type Copolyester TPE Ethylene Propylene Rubber Silicone-Modified EPDM Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Polyolefin Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrenic TPE Silicone Styrenic TPE Polyisoprene Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Styrenic TPE Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Polyisoprene Fluorocarbon Rubber Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Natural Rubber Natural Rubber Polysulfide Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Ethylene Acrylic Rubber Ethylene Propylene Rubber Fluorocarbon Rubbers Silicone Rubber Nitrile Rubber Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber
Manufacturer/Comment Hoescht Celanese Uniroyal Chemical Uniroyal Chemical Advanced Elastomer Systems DSM Thermoplastic Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Dow Corning STI Acronym for Elastomer Alcan Housmex Housmex Firestone Common Name for IR Ausimont Bayer International Type of NR International Type of NR Morton Thiokol Acronym for Elastomer Quantum Chemicals DuPont Exxon Chemical DuPont Acronym for Elastomer Acronym for Elastomer Zeon Chemical
Page 16 22 52 60 46 56 58 58 54 58 44 56 58 56 44 26 32 36 36 50 60 24 20 22 26 54 40 32
The trade names mentioned above are the property of the manufacturing companies listed.
68
Acknowledgements
This design guide would not have been possible without the expertise, advice and material samples graciously provided by the companies listed below. Loctite Corporation would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their invaluable assistance in developing this resource. Advanced Elastomer Systems Wayne Buchheim Senior Marketing Technical Service Specialist Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc. Krishna C. Baranwal, Ph.D. Executive Vice President, Technical Robert May Manager Compound Development Mixing and Processing Robert Samples Chief Executive Officer Malcolm Wilborn Vice President, Business Development Services Bose Corporation Robert Lituri Corporate Chemist Florida State University Joe Deforte Mechanical Engineer R. T. Vanderbilt Company Joseph DeMello Sales Representative
69
Disclaimer
The information contained herein is intended to be used solely as an indicator of the bondability of the evaluated elastomers. The information is believed to be accurate, and is well suited for comparative analysis; however, the testing was performed using a limited number of adhesive lots, elastomer lots, and replicates. Consequently, this makes the information contained herein inappropriate for specification purposes. All polymeric materials have the potential for swelling or stress cracking when exposed to uncured adhesive depending on the exposure time, part geometry, stresses, and composition variables. Consequently, it is important that the end user evaluate the suitability of the adhesive in their process to insure that the adhesive does not detrimentally affect the performance of the plastic or elastomer. Loctite cannot assume responsibility for the results obtained by others over whose methods we have no control. It is the user's responsibility to determine suitability for the user's purpose of any production method mentioned herein and to adopt such precautions as may be advisable for the protection of property and of persons against any hazards that may be involved in the handling and use thereof. In light of the foregoing, Loctite Corporation specifically disclaims all warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose arising from sale or use of Loctite Corporation's products. Loctite Corporation specifically disclaims any liability for consequential or incidental damages of any kind, including lost profits. The discussion herein of various process or compositions is not to be interpreted as representation that they are free from domination of patents owned by others or as a license under any Loctite Corporation patents which may cover such processes, or compositions. We recommend that each prospective user test the proposed application in its manufacturing process, using this data as a guide. This product may be covered by one or more United States or foreign patents or patent applications.
Superflex is a TM; and Ultra Black, Loctite, Black Max, PRISM, Super Bonder and Depend are Reg. TMs of Loctite Corp., Hartford, CT 06106 U.S.A. Fusion UV Curing Systems is a TM of Fusion Systems Corporation.
70

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Table Of Contents

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Cure Process Effects

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Light Curing Acrylic Adhesives

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Two-Part No-Mix Acrylic Adhesives

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Why Bond Elastomers With Loctite Adhesives?

Advantages Versus Mechanical Fasteners

Advantages Versus Solvent Welding

Advantages Versus Ultrasonic Welding

Advantages Over Other Adhesives

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Advantages Versus Epoxies

Advantages Versus Hot Melts

Advantages Versus Solvent Cements

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

How To Use The Bonding Chapters

Relative Adhesive Performance

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV)

Relative Adhesive Performance

Effects of Formulation and Processing

Describes the key characteristics of each elastomer.

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Effects of Formulation and Processing

Summarizes the effect of Prism Primer on cyanoacrylate adhesive performance.

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

How To Use The Adhesive Shear Strength Table

ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

Kraton by Shell Chemical and C-Flex by Concept Polymer Technology

PS Blend Kraton D 1118X

Kraton D 1101 Polystyrene

100 phr 100 phr 100 phr

T80 Cure (not shown)

Cure System Used in All Formulations

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Butyl Rubber (IIR)

Relative Adhesive Performance

Effects of Formulation and Processing

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

Butyl Rubber by Exxon Chemical

Cure System Used in All Formulations

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)

Relative Adhesive Performance

Effects of Formulation and Processing

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH

Hypalon by DuPont Dow Elastomers

496 Methyl Cyanoacrylate

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs

Cure System Used in All Formulations

Relative Adhesive Performance

The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Rubbers and TPEs