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    Chemistry Organic Flowcharts

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    Louisefleming
    This document provides a summary of common organic reactions organized by functional groups. It begins by outlining the goals of understanding functional groups, organic reactions, and being able to write balanced equations. The document then presents "spider diagrams" that summarize common reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amino acids, phenols, benzenes, nitriles, amides and other functional groups in a visual format. It is intended to help students revise reactions required for chemistry exams by selecting a functional group and compound to write equations for.

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    Chemistry Organic Flowcharts

    Uploaded by

    Louisefleming
    908 views3 pages
    This document provides a summary of common organic reactions organized by functional groups. It begins by outlining the goals of understanding functional groups, organic reactions, and being able to write balanced equations. The document then presents "spider diagrams" that summarize common reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amino acids, phenols, benzenes, nitriles, amides and other functional groups in a visual format. It is intended to help students revise reactions required for chemistry exams by selecting a functional group and compound to write equations for.

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    organic chemistry flow cahrt

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    This document provides a summary of common organic reactions organized by functional groups. It begins by outlining the goals of understanding functional groups, organic reactions, and being able to write balanced equations. The document then presents "spider diagrams" that summarize common reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amino acids, phenols, benzenes, nitriles, amides and other functional groups in a visual format. It is intended to help students revise reactions required for chemistry exams by selecting a functional group and compound to write equations for.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    908 views3 pages

    Chemistry Organic Flowcharts

    Uploaded by

    Louisefleming
    This document provides a summary of common organic reactions organized by functional groups. It begins by outlining the goals of understanding functional groups, organic reactions, and being able to write balanced equations. The document then presents "spider diagrams" that summarize common reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amino acids, phenols, benzenes, nitriles, amides and other functional groups in a visual format. It is intended to help students revise reactions required for chemistry exams by selecting a functional group and compound to write equations for.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The document provides a summary of organic reactions for various functional groups using spider diagrams. It is intended as a revision aid for A-level chemistry students to learn organic reactions.

    Combustion reactions with oxygen and substitution reactions with halogens using UV light are discussed for alkanes.

    Halogenation, dehydration, and oxidation reactions are among the reactions discussed for alcohols in the document.

    Chem Factsheet

    April 2003 Number 52

    Reactions of Functional Groups - A Summary


    To succeed in this topic you need to: Be able to recall and write out the functional groups represented in this Factsheet; Have a thorough knowledge of the organic reactions and their conditions (described in the Organic Chemistry Factsheets to date 27, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 39); Recognise the summarised versions of the equations in this Factsheet and be able to write them out in full under exam conditions. After working through this Factsheet you will: Have revised the organic chemistry reactions that candidates are required to learn for AS and A2 Chemistry modules. Have a reference paper as you start to work through questions on organic pathways and synthesis. This Factsheet is designed to be used as a revision aid as candidates set about the sometimes daunting task of learning all of the organic reactions required by the A2 Chemistry course. These spider diagrams represent the reactions in a summarised version, in a visual fashion that suits many learners. They should be used in conjunction with Factsheets 27, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 39, which show the reactions in a more detailed format. A good way of using this Factsheet to revise effectively would be as follows: 1. Pick a group to revise (e.g. alkanes). 2. Pick a member of that group at random (e.g. propane). 3. Use the spider diagram to help you write out balanced chemical reactions, with conditions, for the organic chemical you have chosen. (e.g.) Propane and oxygen (combustion) C3H8 + 5O2
    heat

    Reactions of alkenes CO2 + H2O Alkane


    H2 electrophilic heat, addition Ni catalyst O2 heat halogen

    Di-halogenoalkane
    electrophilic addition

    Alkenes

    Diol

    alkaline KMnO4(aq)

    hydrogen halide

    Halogenoalkane
    electrophilic addition

    oxidation electrophilic addition

    Reactions of alcohols bromo-alkane nucleophilic substitution chloro-alkane nucleophilic substitution


    NaBr(s) + H2SO 4(conc.) to make HBr

    iodo-alkane nucleophilic substitution

    dry PCl5

    P(s) + I2(s) to make PI 3

    halogenation

    3CO2 + 4H2O dehydration

    Alcohol oxidation primary alcohols

    Propane and chlorine (free radical substitution) C3H8 + Cl2


    uv light

    C3H7Cl + HCl

    conc. H2SO4

    In an exam, candidates are required to apply their knowledge of organic reactions to a wide variety of compounds, so the more of these you do, the better! Reactions of alkanes

    heat to 170 o C

    secondary alcohols
    Cr2O72(aq) H+(aq)

    Cr2O72(aq)

    H+(aq)

    alkene

    Carbon Dioxide + Water


    combustion

    O2 heat

    halogen

    aldehyde Halogeno alkane


    free radical substitution further oxidation Cr2O72(aq) H+(aq)

    ketone

    Alkanes
    UV Light

    carboxylic acid

    Reactions of Functional Groups - A Summary


    Fig. 3 Halogenoalkane reactions
    Nitrile
    nucleophilic substitution KCN in water/ethanol heat under reflux NH3 in ethanol NaOH(aq)

    Chem Factsheet
    Ester Reactions

    Alcohol
    nucleophilic substitution

    Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

    H 2O

    H 2O

    Ester
    acid conditions alkaline conditions

    Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

    heat under reflux

    Halogenoalkane
    KOH in ethanol heat under reflux

    heat

    Acyl Chloride Reactions Carboxylic acid


    nucleophilic substitution H 2O alcohol

    Amines
    nucleophilic substitution

    Alkene
    nucleophilic elimination

    Ester
    nucleophilic substitution

    Grignard Reagents Preparation


    Mg turnings

    Halogenoalkane
    Dry ether solvent Boil under reflux

    Grignard Reagent "R-MgHal"


    addition primary amine

    Acyl Chloride
    NH3

    Reactions Primary Alcohol


    nucleophilic addition / hydrolysis

    N-substituted Amide
    nucleophilic substitution

    Amide
    nucleophilic substitution

    Alkane
    nucleophilic substitution

    methanal, CH2=O(g) then use + H2O(l) dilute acid for hydrolysis H 2O H+(aq)

    Secondary Alcohol
    nucleophilic addition / hydrolysis

    Reactions of Aldehydes Primary Alcohol


    reduction

    Grignard Reagent "R-MgHal"


    CO2 (g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) ketone + H2O(l)

    aldehyde (not methanal) + H2O(l)

    Hydroxy-nitrile compound
    nucleophilic addition trace of KOH

    Primary Alcohol
    reduction LiAlH4 in ether Fehlings solution warm

    H+(aq)

    HCN

    NaBH4 in ethanol

    Carboxylic Acid
    nucleophilic addition / hydrolysis

    Tertiary Alcohol
    nucleophilic addition / hydrolysis

    Aldehydes
    2,4-DNP in ethanol H2SO4 silver nitrate in ammonia warm solution

    Carboxylic Acid Reactions Polyester Ester


    nucleophilic substitution alcohol boil under reflux conc. H2SO4 Na2CO3 or NaHCO 3 nucleophilic substitution / polymerisation

    2,4-DNP Derivative
    nucleophilic addition then elimination

    Positive Fehlings Test


    redox

    Positive Silver Mirror Test


    redox

    Alcohol
    Diacid + H+(aq) Diol reduction LiAlH4 then H+(aq) LiAlH4 in dry ether PCl5

    Carboxylic Acid
    aqueous

    dry

    Sodium Salt + CO2 + H2O


    neutralisation

    Acyl Chloride
    nucleophilic substitution

    Reactions of Functional Groups - A Summary


    Reactions of Aldehydes Secondary Alcohol
    reduction

    Chem Factsheet
    Reactions of Amino Acids
    acid alkali

    Salt Secondary Alcohol


    reduction LiAlH4 in ether neutralisation

    Amino Acids

    Salt
    neutralisation

    Hydroxy-nitrile compound
    nucleophilic addition trace of KOH

    HCN

    NaBH4 in ethanol

    Reactions of Phenol 2,4,6tribromophenol


    electrophilic substitution OH (aq) Br 2(aq)
    -

    Ketones
    2,4-DNP in H2SO4

    Phenate ion
    neutralisation

    2,4-DNP Derivative
    nucleophilic addition then elimination

    Phenol
    acyl chloride, in NaOH(aq)

    Reactions of Amines Substituted Amides


    nucleophilic substitution

    Ester
    nucleophilic substitution

    Salts
    nucleophilic addition / neutralisation acid

    Reactions of Benzene Bromobenzene

    acyl chloride

    electrophilic substitution Br2 Fe cat. dry

    Amines
    primary amines + acyl chlorides if monomers contain 2 amine groups and 2 acyl chloride groups 50o C conc H2SO4

    Benzene
    Fe cat. dry HNO3 Br2

    Polyamides
    nucleophilic substitution polymerisation

    Nitrobenzene
    electrophilic substitution

    Alkylbenzene
    electrophilic substitution in alkali heat under reflux

    Reactions of Nitrites Carboxylic acid salt


    hydrolysis alkali heat under reflux acid heat under reflux LiAlH4 in ether

    Nitriles

    Carboxylic acid
    hydrolysis

    Sn, conc. HCL, NaOH

    KMnO 4

    Phenylamine
    reduction HNO2 + HCl

    Benzocarboxylic acid
    oxidation

    Amine
    reduction

    Reactions of Amides

    Benzenediazonium ions
    Br2(l) + NaOH(aq) warm

    Nitrile
    dehydration

    P4 O10 warm

    Amides

    Amine + CO2
    hydrolysis

    Acknowledgements: This Factsheet was researched and written by Kieron Heath Curriculum Press, Unit 305B, The Big Peg, 120 Vyse Street, Birmingham, B18 6NF ChemistryFactsheets may be copied free of charge by teaching staff or students, provided that their school is a registered subscriber. No part of these Factsheets may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any other form or by any other means, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISSN 1351-5136

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