KINGDOM Glossary

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Numerics
16-Bit Integer Header Values
These are found in both the binary master header and trace headers as one or more integer numbers that are two bytes long. The bytes may be in normal (SEG Y standard) or reverse order.

16-Bit Trace Samples

A compressed form for storing trace samples as two bytes per sample with an integer amplitude range from -32767 to 32768.

32-Bit Floating Point Header Values

These are very rarely found in trace headers as one or more floating point numbers that are four bytes long. Pairs of bytes may be in normal (SEG Y standard) or reverse order and pairs of half words (two byte words) may also be in normal or reverse order.

32-Bit Integer Header Values

These are found in both the binary master header and trace headers as one or more integer numbers that are four bytes long. Pairs of bytes may be in normal (SEG Y standard) or reverse order and pairs of half words (two byte words) may be in normal or reverse order.

32-Bit Trace Samples

The standard format for storing trace samples is four bytes per sample with an overall dynamic range of approximately -10 E -78 to 10 E +78 and a resolution of about 7 significant digits. The floating

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point format adopted as the SEG Y standard is equivalent to the IBM format made popular by IBM mainframe computers. A less common 32-bit format stores trace samples as integers, but these do not have the dynamic range of floating point numbers.

8-Bit Trace Samples

A compressed format for storing trace samples is one byte per sample with an integer amplitude range of -127 to 128. Resolution is not as great as it is with 16-bit and much less than 32-bit formats. This is not an accepted SEG Y trace sample format.

A
Active Time-depth Chart
Only one time-depth chart may be active at any one time. However, a well may have an association with many time-depth charts. The project tree denotes this.

Adaptive Polynomial
This algorithm uses a dynamic second order inverse distance to a power-weighted polynomial fit at every output location. Some point distributions can cause local instabilities. Faulting is supported.

Administrator Account
The Administrator Account allows you to create, edit and delete the interpretation of other authors. This person can setup the project, which includes loading and editing project specific data before handing it over to the interpreters. From time to time, the administrator must log in to do maintenance tasks.

Anchor Point
The Anchor Point is the coordinates to which a PAKnote is attached. These may be in the form of an object or a point. Placement is to within one line and trace number for horizon and survey PAKnotes; to within one half of the bin spacing for grid, point, and fault PAKnotes; to the measured depth for borehole, fault cut, and formation top PAKnotes. Formation top and fault cut PAKnotes should match the PAKnote

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Location and Association coordinate exactly; the borehole PAKnotes should match measured depths approximately (to within 200 ft.). Time coordinates should be within 10 milliseconds. The PAKnote may be positioned at the anchor point, or away from the anchor point and connected via a line.

Annotation Units
The selected units for display of Surface or Z Units in any base map or vertical window. Annotation units are used for labels, line thicknesses, symbol sizes, etc.

Arbitrary Line
A vertical seismic section for one segmented line, which has been drawn from a base map display, slice display, or horizon map display.

Archive
An archive is a single file that contains the complete contents of a set of other files.

Arrow Keys
Four keyboard keys for selecting a new vertical seismic section or slice display.

ASCII
An alternate standard for defining characters that has been adopted by most PC operating systems. Not adopted by the SEG Y file format. See EBCDIC.

Assigned Fault Lines

Manually picked lines that describe a fault surface. The points on the assigned fault lines are gridded and a smooth surface is computed. The fault surface is seen as a smooth line wherever it intersects a vertical seismic section, slice, or horizon.

Audio Video Interleaved (AVI)

Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) is a Windows multimedia video format from Microsoft. It interleaves standard waveform audio and digital video frames (bitmaps) to provide reduced animation at 15 fps at 160x120x8 resolution. Audio is 11,025Hz, 8-bit samples.

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Author
An Author is how the user identifies himself/herself to the KINGDOM software project. Only one author may be logged into a project per workstation. With a Network license, multiple authors can be logged into a project on different workstations. When a new project is created the Author Name dialog box appears a primary author for this project is defined in this dialog box. Interpretations of the primary author remain with the project and are output to the Project directory. Multiple Authors can be created through the Author Manager dialog box; this option is located under the Project Menu. A path other than the Project directory can be specified for these subsequent authors.

Author Management
The Author Management dialog allows you to create, edit, delete, and display authors.

Author Specific Data

Author Specific Data can be imported, edited, and deleted while multiple authors are accessing the project. Author specific data includes: Horizons, Grids, Formation Tops, Contours, Faults, Zones, PAKnotes, Calculator Output, Models, Other Categories, Fault Cuts, Composite Logs, and Sessions. Non Authored Data types include: Surveys, Culture, Well (Locations), Time-depth Charts, Deviation Surveys, Log Curves, Planimeter Polygons, Extracted Traces, Wavelets, Synthetics.

Autopicking
The process of automatically extending the interpretation of an existing horizon using a segmented line defined by previous picks. The previous picks are sometimes called seed points. Like manual picking, picks are identified by horizon name, line number, trace number, time (or depth) and amplitude. Both regular seismic traces and inversion traces may be autopicked or manually picked. Autopicking modes include 2D Fill, 2D Hunt, 3D Hunt, and Polygon 3D Hunt.

Autopicking 2D Fill
Horizon pick mode that automatically tracks a horizon between pairs of points marked manually with the mouse cursor.

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Autopicking 2D Hunt
Horizon pick mode that automatically tracks a horizon in both directions away from a single starting point marked manually with the mouse cursor.

Autopicking 3D Hunt
Horizon pick mode that automatically tracks a horizon in both in-line and crossline directions based on a prior set of picks.

Azimuth
A direction on the Earths surface. Azimuth is expressed as angle relative to a reference direction, usually a standard direction or directions such as North and East, as in a north by northeast heading. In TKS, azimuth is numerically expressed as degrees clockwise from Grid North. Due east is expressed as 90.0. (The geodetic standard is opposite the mathematical standard of measuring angles counterclockwise.) KINGDOM does not recognize True North or Magnetic North but does provide for adjustment of True North and Magnetic North entries to express them as Grid North.

B
Base Map
This is the true North map that is used to display horizons, fault surfaces, and time and depth slices.

Basic Concepts of Well Log Analysis

The basic concepts of well log analysis are: a borehole represents a dynamic system; fluid used in the drilling of a well affects the rock surrounding the borehole and thus the log measurements. Additionally, the rock surrounding the borehole has certain properties, which affect the movement of fluids into and out of it. Note:
The two primary parameters that can be determined from well log measurements are porosity and the fraction of pore space filled with hydrocarbons.

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Binary
Represents a way of defining data that is not printable as characters. Integer and floating-point numbers are examples of binary data. See Text for comparison.

Borehole Intersections
Those points where a borehole penetrates a grid, horizon, fault, or slice. When a borehole penetrates a horizon, the point of intersection is sometimes called the take point.

Byte
The basic representation of a character of text in the computer. A byte contains 8 bits of information, which can be arranged in 256 possible combinations of forming 256 different text symbols. Several bytes together describe longer strings of bits, which define more complicated data structures such as integer and floating point numbers.

C
CDP Bin
A rectangular area represented by one seismic trace in a 3D survey. Usually the exact geographical location of a trace is in the center of the CDP bin. See Line/Trace Grid.

CDP Ensemble Number

An integer number in the trace header that counts traces within a 2D survey. Sometimes called just the CDP number. CDP numbers are usually sequential with an arbitrary starting point and often does not relate directly to shot point numbers annotated on base maps of seismic surveys.

CGM (Computer Graphic Metafile)

CGM stands for Computer Graphics Metafile. This is a non-proprietary metafile format supported by an international standards body. The metafile has been designed to be extensive to support the specialized needs of various groups such as the oil industry.

CGM images are portable between UNIX and Windows

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Popular applications like Microsoft Word (word processor) and Lotus Freelance (slide
presentations) support CGM. The resolution of text remains intact even at a very large display scale.

CGM+ (Computer Graphic Metafile)

CGM+ is CGM with seismic traces as an additional graphic object. CGM+ is an oil and gas standards for sharing scalable geoscience images. Geoscience images are commonly more detailed than ordinary Windows images.

CGM+ files are more compact than CGM files because traces are stored in a binary format similar
to SEG Y files. Since these files are smaller, transmission across networks and the web is faster.

Because seismic traces in CGM+ files are in a raw format, the user can choose the type of seismic
section display at the time the image is rendered. Users also have control over color bars, drawing resolution and other aspects of the display.

Three major software vendors support CGM+ files/formats for rendering images on the screen
and plotters.

Checkshot Survey
This is equivalent to velocity survey. See velocity survey for details.

Color Bar
A one-dimensional list of colors and range of numbers. The number may represent a range of times or a range of amplitudes. The range of numbers is spanned by the number of colors, starting value and sample interval. Times or amplitudes falling outside the range are assigned end colors.

Color Contouring
A color bar with some specified sample interval and selected end times or amplitudes.

Color Editor Dialog

The Color Editor dialog allows users greater ease and control over their color bar creation, editing, and color computations. Color bar updates can be viewed instantly; computations are calculated from a select group based directly on the data being used. The color bar icons allow you to access menu items quickly. To display the Color Bar in an active window, click on View>Toolbars from the

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KINGDOM main menu then click on Color. This displays the Color Bar with the current color bar for the active map or seismic window. Click on the Color Bar Editor icon in the Viewing toolbar to open the Color Editor dialog. The default values (start and end) in an active map window are calculated based on the minimum and maximum values of the displayed horizon or grid, where as the default values in an active seismic display use the minimum and maximum values of the displayed seismic data and the adjusted seismic display gain.

Color Raster
A type of vertical seismic section display by assigning to each sample of each trace a rectangular color block with a color related to amplitude. The colors are assigned based on a color bar shown on the right side of the display. See HiRes color raster display.

Compression
Compression is the process of removing the redundant information.

Conformity
The relationship between adjacent layers of sedimentary rock.

Contours
Set of polylines that track line of equal values. Contours are sometimes called level lines to indicate that a contour is a line of equal elevation on a topographic map. The edge of a lake is a level line but the tree line near the top of a high mountain is generally not. In the KINGDOM software one can make contours representing horizon time and depth maps, amplitude maps, isochrons, and isopachs, and fault surfaces.

Crossline Number
Traces in 3D seismic volumes are often referenced by their in-line and crossline number. 3D seismic volumes are often accessed as two sets of vertical slices oriented perpendicular to each other that form a Cartesian coordinate system. One set are referred to as in-lines or simply lines. The other set is known as crosslines or traces. The crossline number is sometimes called the X-line number.

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Cubic Spline
A cubic spline fit to the input data values is made and then used to interpolate values at grid node locations. This algorithm cannot support faulting.

CUL[number]*.CUL File
A cultural file. The asterisk (*) represents some arbitrary project name.

Cultural File
A text file with a particular format for describing cultural information in KINGDOM. Cultural information is on the surface of the earth and consists of polyline, symbol and text information.

Cultural Information
Any XY data which identifies cultural features such as political boundaries, geologic features such as streams, shorelines, etc.

Calculated Cums
Calculated Cums are total cumulative values are calculated on the fly from the Production Data dialog using the monthly cum values. The calculated cums are read-only and may not be edited within the spreadsheet.

D
Datum
A Datum is a mathematical surface on which field measurements can be referenced. A datum is also a fixed three-dimensional surface, an oblate spheroid that is approximately the shape of the earth. From this surface, latitude and longitude are computed, and not measured.

DBADMIN
DBADMIN is KINGDOM softwares Project Database management tool. It is used to edit or delete projects from RDBMS storage as well as Import/Export projects to disk files (import/export).

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RDBMS is Relational Database Management System. For detailed information on the DBADMIN tool, refer to the Database Administration help found in The KINGDOM Help Topics under the KINGDOM main window Help Menu.

Decompression
Decompression is the process of rebuilding the image out of compressed data.

Default Author
A default author is used in the Single User Access mode. In this mode, there is only one author, which will be created with the KINGDOM software stand-alone projects.

Delay Recording Time

One of the components of start time defined in Table 2SEG Y Trace Header Description.

Density Logs
The formation density log is a porosity log that measures the electron density of a formation.

Deviation Survey
Measurement of drift, which is the azimuth and inclination of a borehole from the vertical. Often made from data from a dipmeter. A deviation survey is often referred to as a directional survey.

Diffractions
These are scattered waves, which leave an edge or surface in all directions, as opposed to a specula reflection which leaves in only one direction. Diffractions are always weaker than a corresponding specula reflection.

Digitizing
Picking various types of data such as horizons, fault lines, cultural lines, or contour lines, using successive left mouse button clicks.

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Dip
The angle which bedding makes with the horizontal. Apparent Dip is the angle between horizontal and the component of dip in the plane of a section.

Dipmeter
Dipmeter is a well log from which the magnitude and azimuth of formation dip can be determined.

Directional Survey
Describes a non-vertical borehole. Measurement of the angle and compass orientation of the borehole path. A directional survey is often referred to as a Deviation Survey.

E
EBCDIC
A computer industry standard, which identifies each of the 256 values of a byte with a character and adopted by the SEG Y file format. A computer code for character symbols. See ASCII.

ECS
The Export Coordinate System (ECS). This is the datum, projection system, and linear units that describe the data being exported from the project.

EMF (Enhanced Metafile)

EMF is an industry standard file format for sharing scalable Windows images.

Envelope
A trace attribute amounting to a measure of reflection strength. For a single reflection event with a symmetric wavelet, the time of the peak of the envelope trace corresponds to the time of the peak of the symmetric wavelet. The envelope is insensitive to the phase of the reflection coefficient.

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Exporting
Downloading various data sets from one application into a file that can be read by another application. The user often exports information to a file that can be imported by another application.

F
F[5 numbers].FLT File
Binary fault surface file. The KINGDOM software internally computes the 5 numbers.

Fault Lines
Manually picked jointed lines that indicate the presence of an unsubstantiated fault surface or cut.

Fault Surface
A smooth and continuous three-dimensional surface, which represents where rock layers have failed due to tectonic stresses.

Faults Toolbar
The Faults toolbar displays the visible fault surfaces and contains buttons to digitize, assign and deassign fault lines.

Flattening
Either a vertical seismic section display or a cross section, or seismic slice display in which the time or depth has been shifted proportional to the times or depths of either a horizon or a formation top.

Floating Point
An organized way of describing fractional numbers in a computer. Floating-point numbers contain a sign bit; several gain bits (sometimes called exponent bits) and many bits of mantissa. Two common formats are IBM floating point format and IEEE floating point format. Compare with byte and integer.

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Floating Point Header Value
A portion of the trace header, which contains a floating point number that is four bytes long. The SEG Y file format does not allow floating point values in trace headers.

Format of Line Number

In the trace header, the line number may be 16-bit integer (common) or 32-bit floating point (very rare).

Format of Trace Number

In the trace header, the trace number is usually the same format as the line number. The format may be 16-bit integer, 32-bit integer (common) or 32-bit floating point (very rare).

Formation
Formation is a lithological unit with some distinction, which permits identification. A formation is not necessarily a time unit; however, it may be composed of several members and be part of a larger group.

Formation Top
A formation top is the change in the lithological pattern. This change is usually gradual.

FORMULA.EMC File
A file of extended math calculator formulas.

Frequency
A trace attribute, which measures the change in phase with respect to time. It amounts to the reciprocal of the time it takes phase to change 360 degrees. Frequency is defined at each time sample, so it is sometimes referred to as instantaneous frequency.

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G
G[5 numbers].GRD File
Binary grid file. The KINGDOM software internally computes the 5 numbers.

*.GDM File
Grid management file. The asterisk (*) represents some arbitrary project name.

Gamma Ray Logs

Gamma Ray Logs are lithology logs that measure the natural radioactivity of a formation.

Gradient Projection
X, Y-derivatives are computed at every input data location. An inverse distance to power weighting is used to project an interpolated value at an output grid location. Faulting is fully supported.

Gridding
In a gridding operation, control points on a horizon are interpolated to a regular grid of values. You choose the grid origin and grid spacing. The control points are the collection of points in 2D lines and bins in 3D surveys, as well as formation tops, contours, fault surfaces, fault cuts, grids, X-Y-Z points, zones and well information.

Grid North
A direction on the Earths surface that parallels the Y axis of a map projection. 3D surveys are acquired by placing sources and receivers on a projected orthogonal grid. The grid is generated by a standard projection such as Universal Transverse Mercator or State Plane Zones. Except for possibly one line, lines that form an orthogonal grid on a map are not parallel to True North, hence the Grid North designation.

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H
H[5 numbers].HRZ File
Binary horizon file. The KINGDOM software internally computes the 5 numbers.

*.HZM File
Horizon management file. The asterisk (*) represents some arbitrary project name.

Halfword
Half a four-byte word. That is, a two byte word.

Hilbert
A trace attribute amounting to a -90 degree phase shift of a trace. If the trace consists of a single symmetric reflection event, the Hilbert Transform trace attribute trace is a single antisymmetric reflection event. Whereas the time of the peak of the symmetric event corresponds to the time of the reflection coefficient, this time corresponds to the zero crossing of the antisymmetric event.

Hires Color Raster

A type of vertical seismic section display by assigning to each pixel of the display area a color related to the amplitude interpolated between traces. The color associated with the amplitude is defined by a color bar shown on the right side of the display. See color raster display.

Horizon Map
A base map window containing time, depth, or amplitude of values for a reflection event. Display types include color raster and hires color raster. When horizon amplitudes are displayed in map view, they are sometimes called horizon slices.

Horizon Picking (Definition)

Horizon picking (or digitizing) is recognizing and capturing a reflection event. Horizon picking is guided by placing the cursor near a reflection event and clicking the left mouse button. Each pick is identified by horizon name, line number, trace number, time and amplitude.

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Horizon Toolbar
The horizon toolbar displays the visible horizons and allows the picking mode and phase to be changed for any particular horizon.

Hue-Saturation-Luminance Color System

The Hue-Saturation-Luminance color system is a three-dimensional system where the current color is based on the location of the cursor in both the Hue-Saturation plane and the Luminance spectrum.

I
IBM Floating Point Format
Four bytes (32 bits) describing a trace sample in scientific notation consisting of four radix-16 gain bits, 27 mantissa bits and one sign bit. The standard describes a dynamic range that exceeds the IEEE floating point number format.

*.INI File
Project parameters file. The asterisk (*) represents some arbitrary project name.

ICS
The Import Coordinate System. This is the datum, projection system, and linear units that describe the data being imported into the project.

Image Raypath
This raypath indicates the amount of lateral shift of a time migrated image due to lateral change in velocity. At the seismic datum, the image raypath is vertical. The amount of image ray bending is determined by the angle between the image ray and the boundary where the velocity changes and the amount of velocity change.

Imported Cums

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Imported Cums are available for posting when Cumulative Production is selected as additional production data to import. Some import files contain the total cumulative value (or running cum) for a well, in addition to the monthly cums. This selection stores the total cum separately from the monthly cums and makes it available for posting. The imported cum may be edited only within the spreadsheet.

Importing
Uploading information store in a file with a recognizable format. One often imports information from a file created by another application.

In-line Number
3D seismic volumes are often accessed as two sets of vertical slices oriented perpendicular to each other. One set are referred to as in-lines or simply lines. The other set is known as crosslines or traces.

Instant Updates (Color Editor)

Selected under View menu, Instant Updates controls whether or not the changes in the color editor dialog will take effect immediately in map and seismic windows. If the feature is not selected, the changes will only show up in the map and seismic windows when you click on Apply, OK, Set or Close the editor dialog. Note: The changes will only be permanent if you save the colorbar file.

Integer
An organized way of describing whole numbers in a computer. Integer numbers contain a sign bit and a number of bits of mantissa. Together they define a number that extends from some large negative number to some large one. Compare with byte and floating point.

Integer Header Value

A portion of the trace header that contains an integer number that is two bytes long.

Inverse Distance to a Power

This algorithm uses an inverse distance to a power weighting of surrounding points to project an interpolated value at an output grid location. Faulting is fully supported.

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Inversion
A set of seismic traces derived from ordinary traces and supplemental well information, which estimates the acoustic impedance properties of the earth. In contrast, ordinary seismic traces identify the boundaries where acoustic impedance changes.

Isochore
A contour that connects points of equal true vertical thickness of a rock unit.

Isochron
A contour that connects of points of equal thickness. It represents the true stratigraphic thickness of a rock unit measured perpendicular to bedding surfaces.

Isopach
The absolute value of the difference between two depth maps. They are often computed by calculating the absolute value of the difference between two time maps (AKA isochron) then multiplying that map by an constant or interval velocity map.

J-K
Kelly Bushing (KB)
Kelly Bushing is an adapter that connects the rotary table to the kelly. The reading KB (Kelly Bushing) is the distance from the kelly bushing to sea level.

L
*.LIN File
Named arbitrary line parameter file. The asterisk (*) represents some arbitrary project name.

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Lag Time A
One of the components for determining start time whose specification is described in Table 2SEG Y Trace Header Description.

Lag Time B
One of the components of start time described in Table 2SEG Y Trace Header Description.

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude is the angle above or below the equatorial plane. Longitude is the angle from the Meridian plane, which passes through as marker in Greenwich, England.

Line
A line object has attributes of line style, map locations, color, and width.

Line Number
Traces in 3D seismic volumes are often referenced by their in-line and crossline number. 3D seismic volumes are often accessed as two sets of vertical slices oriented perpendicular to each other that form a Cartesian coordinate system. One set is referred to as in-lines or simply lines. The other set are known as crosslines or traces.

Line Number Format

The particular format of the line number in the SEG Y trace header. Formats include 16-bit integer, 32-bit integer, and 32-bit floating point (IBM format).

Line/Trace Grid
A 3D survey is assumed to consist of a regular orthogonal grid of CDP bins. It is assumed that the dimensions of a CDP bin do not change in a survey.

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Line/Trace Grid Base Map
A description of the location of CDP traces in a 3D survey in terms of line/trace grid coordinates. This base map is prepared by the seismic processing contractor. A field trace and CDP trace have different locations. A field trace is assigned to a CDP bin midway between the source and receiver locations.

Line/Trace Grid Coordinates

A method of referencing a trace in a 3D survey in terms of line number and trace number. These coordinates are assumed to be based on a plane surface.

Lithology
Lithology is the microscopic description of the mineralogy, grain size, texture and color rock units.

Local Time-depth Chart

Local refers to a time-depth chart that is written to, owned by and viewed by only one borehole. The user may elect to deliberately assign many wells to the same depth chart and have them locally designated. The advantage is that if the user were to edit a time-depth chart (because it is local), the edit will only effect the one borehole. This differs from shared time-depth charts.

Logs
Logs are records created from different sources, which contain one, or more curves related to some property in the rock surrounding the well bore. Note: The common use of the word, log may refer to a particular curve, a suite or group of curves, a logging tool (sonde), or the process of logging.

Log Scale
This is another name for a logarithmic scale. It is a scale of measurement t hat uses the logarithm of a physical quantity rather than the quantity itself. Log Scale applies to Production data. Use this feature if you have lots of data at a low range and no data at a high range and vice versa.

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M
Magnetic North
The direction on the Earths surface that parallels a free-floating bar magnet. The magnetic pole is an area in Canada about 8o south of the True North Pole. It moves about 6 miles per year.

Manual Picking
Horizon pick mode that preserves picks along a segmented line digitized with the mouse cursor. Horizon time and amplitude information is recorded along the line segment.

Map Coordinates
Reference location of a trace in terms of its geographic location. In KINGDOM, map coordinates are assumed to be based on a plane surface. World coordinates are equivalent to map coordinates.

Map Projection
Map projection is how the datum representation is converted to a flat surface for practical application. Each projection has its own variation of distortion of the original data.

Master Binary Header

Portion of the master header composed of specific numeric information describing the seismic traces in the SEG Y file. Binary information consists of a mixture of 16-bit and 32-bit integer values.

Master Header
The first portion of a SEG Y file containing general information about the seismic reflection survey in two partsMaster Text Header and Master Binary Header.

Master Text Header

Portion of the master header composed of general survey information that is stored in EBCDIC character format.

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Measured Depth (MD)
MD (Measured Depth) is the measured depth along the borehole from the reference elevation to TD (Total Depth of the well) or any correlation point in between. This reference elevation is commonly ground level (GL), derrick floor (DF), rotary table (RT) or kelly bushing (KB).

Median Value (Balance Amplitudes)

The median value is the amplitude selected from the middle of the array. To compute the median, RMS values of each trace are arranged in ascending order of amplitude in an array.

Minimum Tension
Minimum Tension produces a surface that honors the control points but quickly returns to the average of the data. This results in a surface that accentuates control points that are above or below the average of the data. A minimum tension will never produce a surface that overshoots or undershoots the maximum or minimum of the data.

Mode Converted Waves

These waves have spent part of their time traveling as one kind of wave (compressional or shear) and the rest of the time as another kind.

ModPAK Block
An enclosed area (polygon) bounded by Surfaces or model boundaries. The bounds of a block are easily identifiable: Just click in any enclosed area of a section and you will see the block boundaries overlain with a thick black line. A block often represents a geologic fault block, hence the name. Material properties are defined by block.

ModPAK Segment
Two or more points connected by a line. One or more segments comprise a ModPAK Surface.

ModPAK Layer
A group of similar (geological) Blocks. For example: All the blocks bounded by Horizon A, Horizon B, several faults, and the left and right model boundaries.

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ModPAK Surface
There are three types of Model Surfaces in ModPAK; Horizon, Fault and Lens. Surfaces are used to create Blocks, which are used to create Layers.

MRU List
Most Recently Used (MRU) list of projects for faster opening a KINGDOM project.

N
Neutron-Density Log
The Neutron Log is a combination porosity log. Porosity can be determined from a neutron-density log either by a crossplot chart or by a formula. Some other uses are: detection of gas bearing zones and determination of lithology.

Neutron Log
The neutron log is a porosity log that measures the hydrogen ion concentration in a formation. In shale-free formations where porosity is filled with water, the neutron log can be related to water-filled porosity.

Normal
Arrangement of bytes in half words according to the SEG Y standard whereby half word integers are stored with the most significant byte of the integer is first. This ordering convention is so fundamental that, generally, an entire SEG Y file is stored in either normal or reverse order. See Reverse.

Normal Incidence Raypath

This raypath describes the path that carries seismic energy from the seismic datum to a reflector and reflection back along the same path to the datum. The seismic wave travel to the reflector during the first half of its trip and exactly the same amount of time traveling back to the datum. In addition, the wave meets the reflector along a raypath that is at right angle to the reflector.

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O
Object Menu
A small window of buttons to select objects. The object menu can be moved to a new location but it cannot be resized.

Objects
Graphical entities. An object is a well symbol, a symbol, text, or line. Each object has its own attributes.

OLE
(O)bject (L)inking and (E)mbedding is an abbreviation for two computer concepts. Linking describes how a portion of information can be stored apart from the current activity, like a picture bitmap stored outside a word-processing document. Embedding is like linking but adds the concept of working on one kind of data within another kind, like editing a bitmap image with a paint program while working on the a document with the word processor.

P
P[5 numbers].FLT File
Binary fault polygon file. The KINGDOM software internally computes the 5 numbers.

PAKnotes
PAKnotes represent information attached to an object within the project. PAKnotes may be in the form of files or web sites. PAKnotes are authored items that may be attached to horizons, faults, grids, surveys, boreholes, formation tops, fault cuts, points, and the Project Tree.

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PING (Packet INternet Groper)
Ping is an Internet utility used to determine whether a particular IP address is online. It is used to debug a network by sending out a packet and waiting for a response. The name comes from the sound that a server makes. It also functions like a domain name (DNS) server, because pinging a domain name will return its IP address.

PCS
The Project Coordinate System. This is the datum, projection system, and linear units that describes the project area. Latitude and Longitude values are computed from stored XY values based on the PCS.

Peak
A portion of a seismic trace with positive amplitudes.

Peripoint
A point anchored on the perimeter of a digitized culture circle. This is the point that ended digitization.

Permeability
Permeability is the property a rock has to transmit fluids. Permeability is controlled by the size of the connecting passages between pores. Note: The ability of a rock to transmit a single fluid when it is 100% saturated with that fluid is called absolute permeability. Effective permeability refers to the presence of two fluids in a rock; it is the ability of the rock to transmit a fluid in the presence of another fluid when the two fluids are immiscible.

Phase
A trace attribute which exhibits phase angle between -180 and +180 degrees. If a trace consists of a single symmetric reflection event, the phase at the time of the peak is 0 or +180 (or -180) degrees. Similarly, if the trace consists of a single antisymmetric reflection event, the phase at the zero

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crossing is either +90 or -90 degrees. Phase is defined at each time sample, so it is sometimes referred to as instantaneous phase.

Picking Fault Lines

Recognizing and capturing a break in a reflection event as evidence of a fault surface. The fault surface is not identified, however, until several unassigned fault lines are assigned to a fault surface. Thereupon, they are called assigned fault lines and define the fault surface.

Plotting
Creating a print of displayed data with a color printer.

Polarity
The convention which establishes the relationship between a reflection event observed on a seismic trace and a reflection coefficient associated with a change in the acoustic impedance properties between rock layers. See Polarity SEG Convention for the SEG standard definition of polarity.

Polarity SEG Convention

The convention that a positive reflection coefficient results in a reflection event observed as a trough (negative amplitude values). Many seismic interpreters prefer the opposite convention where a positive reflection coefficient is observed as a peak reflection event.

Porosity
Porosity is defined as the percentage of voids to the total volume of rock. It is measured as a percent and represented by the symbol and is commonly stated in percent or decimal format. Porosity () = Volume of pores Total volume of rock

Porosity Logs
Porosity logs include: sonic logs, density log, neutron logs, and the combination neutron-density log.

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Portable Document Format (PDF) File
Portable Document Format files are created to enable the user to view, annotate, and print converted electronic documents. The original document appearance is preserved. This PDF document can then be distributed and printed on any system. PDF files are created using Adobe Acrobat and are viewed by using Acrobat Reader.

Project Directory
Describes the project directory in which the data files for KINGDOM are stored.

Project Path
Describes the starting directory from which a project directory is created. The project directory is a subdirectory under a project path.

Project Specific Data

Project Specific Data is loaded and edited by the Administrator. Project specific data includes surveys, culture and well data (excluding interpretation).

Project Tree
The project tree is the schematic organization of your project. There is only one project tree per project. There are three principal operations that can be done through the tree: visibility change through check boxes, display by double click, and display by drag and drop. The project tree looks and acts like the left hand side of the file manager.

Q-R
Reflection Event
An echo observed on one or more seismic traces. On each trace the reflection event will have some specified time and amplitude.

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Repeat Marker Colors
Repeat Marker Colors allows you to use the colors, which correspond to the selected markers. It fills in the bar from the top down.

Resistivity
Resistivity is a basic measurement of a reservoirs fluid saturation and is a function of porosity, type of fluid (i.e. hydrocarbons, salt or fresh water), and type of rock. Resistivity is measured by electric logs. Note: Resistivity is the measure of resistance; the reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity.

Resistivity Logs
Resistivity Logs are electric logs, which are used to: determine hydrocarbon versus water bearing zones, indicate permeable zones and determine resistivity porosity. The most important use of these logs is to determine hydrocarbon versus water bearing zones. Note: The two basic types of logs in use today, which measure formation resistivity, are induction and laterolog.

Reverse
Arrangement of bytes in half words in the sense opposite the SEG Y order. In this order, half word integers are stored with the least significant byte first. See Normal.

Reverse Polarity Displays

Displays are altered so that peaks are displayed as troughs and vice versa. The polarity of the data is never altered.

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RMS Amplitude
RMS stands for Root Mean Square, that is, the square root of the mean square. For seismic data, only non-zero sample values are included in the calculation. RMS is the square root of the sum of sample values squared, divided by the number non-zero values. RMS = square root of (Sum of values squared / number of non-zero values). For example: The RMS of the series (3, 0, 4) is 3.53553... as shown below:

Rock Solid AttributesGlossary

Refer to the Rock Solid online Help for definitions of Advanced 3D Post-Stack Seismic Attribute generated through this option.

Rotation
A trace attribute, which is equivalent to some, selected phase shift of a trace. A rotation of -90 degrees is equivalent to a Hilbert Transform trace.

RTL File
An RTL file is generated when the user uses DirectPLOT and plots to a file. The user must create plot files in order to print/plot hard copies. RTL was added to allow the users to plot those files directly from KINGDOM.

S
SEISMIC[numbers].1 File
Binary vertical trace file. The numbers are internally computed by 2d/3dPAK. There is one seismic*.1 file per data type, per survey.

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S[numbers].SUR File
Binary trace coordinates file for the corresponding seismic[numbers].1 file. The numbers are internally computed by 2d/3dPAK. There is one S*.SUR file per survey.

SEISMIC[numbers].SDD File
Seismic data definition file for the corresponding seismic[numbers].1 file. The numbers are internally computed by 2d/3dPAK. There is one seismic*.SDD file per data type, per survey.

Sample Interval
The time interval between each sample in a seismic trace.

Seed Points
Equivalent to previous picks that serve as a starting point for autopicking.

SEG Y File
Seismic data is often stored in digital files, often in SEG Y format. A digital trace file stored in SEG Y format is called a SEG Y file. SEG Y is a computer file format for seismic reflection data adopted by the oil industry and defined by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. The file contains a master header, a binary header and the actual trace data. Each individual traces is proceeded with a trace header.

SEG Y Traces
Each trace consists of a trace header and list of amplitudes. Each amplitude represents a sample of a time series that describes a seismic trace. The SEG Y standard determines how a trace is stored in a SEG Y file.

Seismic Trace
A seismic trace is represented by a time series regularly sampled in time. Each sample in the time series is also called an amplitude. A trace in a SEG Y file consists of trace header and list of samples.

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Shared Time-depth Chart
Refers to a time-depth chart that resides in a list that a well map points to but is not owned or written to the borehole. Therefore, when edits are made to a regional time-depth chart, the edits will affect many wells. Further, when this type of well is deleted it is deleted from the project and all wells that were previously linked to this information will lose their pointers.

Show All Labels (Color Editor)

Show All Labels allows you to show all data value labels for each of the colors in the color bar and if space is available. By default, only data values for colors at marker positions are shown.

Slice Display
A base map display, which represents a map view of trace samples for one value of time or depth. Display types include color raster and hires color raster. A time or depth slice is sometimes called a horizontal slice.

Slice File
A file of horizontal time or depth slices created by 2d/3dPAK for faster display of time or depth slices.

Sonic Log
The sonic log is a porosity log that measures interval transit time (t) of a compressional sound wave traveling through one foot of formation. It is commonly measured in ms/ft (microseconds/foot). The sonic log device consists of one or more sound transmitters, and two or more receivers.

Source Line/Source Receiver Line Base Map

A base map prepared by the seismic acquisition contractor indicating the location of source and receiver lines in the field. Contrast with line/trace grid map.

Specular Reflection
This is a mirror-like reflection in contrast to a diffuse reflection. At a reflection surface, the wave leaves the surface as a specular reflection along a raypath whose angle of emergence is the same as the angle of incidence for the raypath of the incident wave.

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Speed Keys
A set of keyboard keys for speeding up interpretation. Each keystroke has an equivalent selection in the menu bar.

Spontaneous Potential (SP) Logs

The spontaneous log is one of the earliest electric logs and is used to identify impermeable zones such as shale, and permeable zones such as sand. Another use of the SP curve is in the detection of hydrocarbons by the suppression of the SP response. It measures the difference in electrical potential between a fixed electrode at the surface and a movable electrode in the borehole.

Start Time
The time of the first sample in a trace. It is computed from lag times A and B and also delay recording time. Usually the time of the first sample is zero.

Starting Byte of Line Number

The number of the byte that describes the beginning of the line number in a trace header.

Starting Byte of Trace Number

The number of the byte that describes the beginning of the trace number in a trace header.

Static Spontaneous Potential (SSP)

The concept of static spontaneous potential is important because SSP represents the maximum SPSpontaneous_Potential_SP_Logs that a thick, shale-free, porous and permeable formation can have for a given ratio between Rmf/Rw.(resistivity of the mud filtrate/formation water resistivity).

Subsea (+/-)
Subsea (+/-) is the true vertical depth between sea level to any point in the subsurface. When information is loaded, subsea volumes can be defined as positive values (depths below sea level) or negative values (elevations from sea level). Well information, on the other hand, conforms to the standard that depths below sea level are negative.

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Surface Units
Also called Map Units. English or Metric units describing horizontal distance on the base map. Changing Surface Units will recompute latitude and longitude values.

Symbol
A symbol object has attributes of map location, size legend, left annotation, font, font style, and color.

T
.TKS File
Project file, which opens a project for the KINGDOM software since version 7.0. It is roughly equivalent to the *.PRJ file that opens a project in 2d/3dPAK. The asterisk (*) represents some arbitrary project name.

TSLICE[numbers].1 File
Binary horizontal trace file representing time slices or depth slices. The numbers are internally computed by 2d/3dPAK.

TSLICE[numbers].SDD File
Time or depth slice seismic data definition file for the corresponding tslice[numbers].1 file. The numbers are internally computed by 2d/3dPAK.

TAR
TAR stands for tape archiver. The TAR utility writes and reads the original TAR format from UNIX systems and converts the data into a format that can be used by other PC operating systems.

TVD(KB)
TVD(KB) is the true vertical depth between the kelly bushing to any point in the subsurface.

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TVD(Seismic)
TVD(Seismic) is the true vertical depth between seismic datum to any point in the subsurface.

Text
Text represents way of defining data that is printable and has attributes of caption, map location, size, angle in decimal degrees with respect to the horizontal, font, font style, and color. A text file can be viewed by a text editor but a binary file cannot. Text is represented by ASCII or EBCIDIC characters.

Thick Bed
In contrast to a thin bed, the thick bed is a situation where reflections from the top and bottom of a layer can be resolved as individual events. See thin bed for further details.

Thin Bed
Below a certain thickness limit, reflections from top and bottom of a layer merge together. Consider a layer encased in material where the layer has either higher or lower acoustic impedance than the material around it. For a vanishingly thin layer, the amplitude drops to zero and for a very thick layer, amplitude is proportional to the strength of the specula reflection. Between these two extremes is a thickness called tuning thickness where amplitude increases to a maximum value that is even higher than the specula reflection amplitude. Below tuning thickness, reflections from top and bottom cannot be resolved as individual events. This is the thin bed situation. Tuning thickness depends on the time thickness of the layer and shape of the basic reflection wavelet.

Time-depth Chart
The chart is a mathematical function, which describes the relationship between vertical reflection travel time and vertical depth. The chart is usually constructed by connecting a set of known times and depths with straight lines so the time-depth chart is a segmented line.

Trace
A seismic trace is represented by a time series regularly sampled in time. Each sample in the time series is also called an amplitude. A trace in a SEG Y file consists of trace header and list of regularly sampled trace amplitudes.

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Trace Amplitudes
In a computer, a seismic trace is just a list of trace amplitudes. Trace amplitudes can be of several formats. See 16-bit trace samples, 32-bit trace samples and 8-bit trace samples.

Trace Header
Is the beginning of a seismic trace in a SEG Y file containing information about the trace.

Trace Length
Describes the number of bytes of information related to a trace in a SEG Y file. The trace length includes the number of bytes in the trace header and number of bytes, which describe the trace samples.

Trace Number
Represents a number in the trace header that counts traces within a line. In a 3D survey, trace numbers repeat while line numbers do not. Crossline number and X-line number are equivalent. See trace number format for the way trace numbers are stored in the SEG Y trace header.

Trace Number Format

The particular format of the trace number in the SEG Y trace header. Formats include 16-bit integer, 32-bit integer and 32-bit floating point (IBM format).

Trace Sample
A seismic trace is represented by a time series regularly sampled in time. Each trace sample in the time series is also called an amplitude. A trace in a SEG Y file consists of trace header and trace samples. For the kinds of trace samples, see 8-bit trace sample and 32-bit trace sample. See trace length for the size of a seismic trace in a SEG Y file.

Trace Sequence Number

An integer number in the trace header that counts traces within a line. In a 3D survey, trace numbers repeat while line numbers do not.

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Track
A Track is the space parallel to the borehole axis on left and right side of the borehole. As per industry standard, track 1 is left of borehole, track 2 is right of borehole, track 3 is right of track and so on. Look under the Define Curve Track tab of the Log Setting dialog for a standard track display.

Trough
A portion of a seismic trace with negative amplitudes.

True North
The direction on the Earths surface that points to point where the rotational axis intersects the surface of the Earth in the Arctic Ocean.

U
Unassigned Fault Lines
Manually picked lines that mark the presence of a fault. Fault lines remain unassigned until two or more can be combined to identify a fault surface.

Unconformity
A surface between successive strata representing a missing interval in the geologic record of time, and produced by an interruption in deposition or by the erosion of depositionally continuous strata followed by renewed deposition.

Undo (Color Editor)

The Undo feature in the color editor dialog will take you back to the initial color bar when the editor is first open or if there have been edits, it will take you back to the color bar prior to your last effectuated edit.

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User
A user is a person sitting in front of the computer working on the KINGDOM software. A user can log on to the project multiple times as different authors.

USTAR
USTAR is the compatible tape archiver to copy and back up files.

V
Velocity Function
The function describes how velocity changes with time or depth. It is related to a time-depth chart since the travel time between two depths defines a velocity.

Velocity Survey
A survey is conducted in a well by recording the time of travel between a downhole receiver and a source near the wellhead. The resulting time-depth chart can be expressed as a velocity function.

Vertical Seismic Section

A window display, which represents a section of seismic traces along some map direction. The direction may be along an in-line, crossline or arbitrary line. Display types include wiggle trace, color raster, and hires color raster.

Vertical Trace File

The Vertical Trace File is the file that holds the seismic traces for 2d/3dPAK.

Vertical Borehole
Vertical borehole is a well drilled 90 degrees to a horizontal reference, usually sea level (also known as a straight hole).

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Voxel
A voxel (a blend of the words volumteric and picel is a volume element, representing a value on a regular grid in 3-D space. This is analogous to a pixel, which represents 2D image data. (After Wikipedia)

W
Well
Well (no pun intended), this is pretty basic. Descending downward from the kelly bushing into the earth is a main borehole which may have one or more sidetrack boreholes that deviate in different directions. A horizontal well refers to a borehole that has bent into a direction near the horizontal.

Word
A unit of information consisting of four contiguous bytes.

World Coordinates
Equivalent to map coordinates.

X
X-line Number
Equivalent to the trace number within an in-line or the crossline number.

Y
Y-line Number

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Equivalent to the in-line number.

Z
Zone
Zone is defined as an interval, bounded by two reference surfaces such as formation tops, grids, horizons, or subsea depths.

Zone Attribute
Zone Attribute is a property derived or interpreted for the zone such as isopach, net, average porosity, etc.

Zoom
A display feature where a portion of a display is enlarged.

Z Units
Also called Depth Units. Time, English, Metric units describing vertical lengths in the subsurface display.

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