NARRATIVES

BASIC Linking Words

and but because so when because until although for example too
nd bt bkz s wen bkz ntl l fr zmp l tu

both before first firstly at first, while during meanwhile, when as soon as inmediately once then next later after that

They are both They both have en primer lugar al principio mientras durante mientras tanto cuando en cuanto inmediatament e una vez despus , luego despus ms tarde despus
1. After is a preposition: it can be followed by a noun or an -ing form

fstli t fst wal djr minwal wen z sun z miditli wns en nekst let ft t

There are two reasons for this decision: firstly (first) ...

We ate in a restaurant after the film After seeing the film, we ate in a restaurant

1.

After in not an adverb: we do not use it with the same meaning as afterwards, then or after that

afterwards ftwdz despus after a while tras un tiempo

(periodo corto)

We went to the cinema and afterwards (then/ after that) we ate in a restaurant.

in a while at last lastly finally, eventually, in the end,

fanli ventl i n i end

After a while we turned off the television and went for a walk Go ahead, I'll be along in a while

por fin por ltimo, finalmente finalmente finalmente al final

LINKING WORDS
http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.33.htm http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/linking-words/ https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4_writingskills/writing_tuts/linking_LL/linking3.html

SEQUENCE

TIME

ADDITION

To begin Initially First / firstly Second / secondly Third / thirdly etc Then After this / that Afterwards After a while = in a while Next The following Following this / that Last Lastly, finally In addition, moreover Further / furthermore Another Also In conclusion To conclude To summarise

Now Nowadays At the moment Before When Whenever While Meanwhile Since Until As As soon as Just as

And In addition / additionally / an additional Furthermore Also Too As well as

DEFINITION
Is Refers to Means That is Consist of

CONDITION
If Depending of Unless Whether Provided that For So that Whether

REASON
For Because Because of Since As So The reason why Leads to Due to Owing to

RESULT
So As a result As a consequence (of) Because of this/that For this/that reason Therefore Thus Consequently This means that In that case Under these circumstances Hence It follows that

DEDUCTION
Then In other words In that case This implies that ... If so/not Otherwise

COMPARISON
Like Similar to Same as Similarly Just like Just as Likewise Also Compare Compare(d) to / with Not only...but also

SIMILARITY
Equally Similarly In the same way Correspondingly Likewise

CONTRAST
But However Although On the other hand On the contrary Unlike Instead of In contrast In comparison Compared with Even though

Though Still In contrast (to) / in comparison Despite / in spite of Alternatively Nevertheless Nonetheless In theory in practice Yet While Whereas Otherwise Conversely

EXAMPLE
For example One example For instance That is In other words In particular Such as Just as In this case As follows: Including To ilustrate To put it more simply Namely

ALTERNATIVE
Alternatively Rather On the other hand The alternative is Another possibility would be

GENERALISING
Usually In General Generally On the whole As a rule For the most part In most cases

STATING THE OBVIOUS

Obviously Clearly Certainly Naturally Of course As can be expected Surely After all Undoubtedly Plainly

EMPHASIS
In particular Particularly Especially Mainly Admittedly Generally Importantly Indeed In fact

SUMMARISING
In conclusion To conclude In summary To summarise To recapitulate To repeat Lastly Finally In short In brief In a nutshell Therefore Overall To sum up

Upper-intermediate language practice Macmillan

Explanations
There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the information in the text is organised. This term covers a wide range of words and phrases which make text easier to understand. A selection is given here. ADDING A POINT As well as the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. In addition to the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. Not only were there the obvious dangers, but there was also the weather to be considered. m DEVELOPING A POINT Besides/furthermore/in addition/moreover/what's more/on top of that/to make matters worse, smoking has been directly linked to lung cancer. CONTRAST The identity of the attacker is known to the police. However/nevertheless/an the same no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. No name has, however/all the same, been released. (Al)though/while/even though/despite the fact that the identity of the attacker is known to the police, no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. A name has nevertheless/none the less/still not been released. No, I didn't say the President got it wrong. On the contrary, I think he's handled the affair superbly. I prefer city life as opposed to country life. I prefer city life, whereas John prefers country life. Donahue established his reputation as a novelist. In contrast, his new book is a nonfiction work. EXPLAINING REASONS The government does not intend to cause any further provocation. As a result/'accordingly'/thus/hence/'consequently'/for that reason, all troops have been withdrawn. The employers have promised to investigate these complaints, and we in turn have agreed to end the strike.

MAKING GENERALISATIONS

Broadly speaking, generally speaking, on the whole, by and large, to a large/some/a certain extent, this has been an encouraging year for the company. STARTING That's absolute rubbish! For a start/first of all/in the first place/for one thing, it was Rod who said that, not me. And secondly ... GIVING NEW INFORMATION She then turned to Henry, who incidentally/by the way is now about two metres tall, and said ... By the way/incidentally, do you remember an old friend of ours called Ransom? CONCESSION/QUALIFICATION OK, so you two have had a few problems. Even so/all the same, I don't see why you need to split up. Lancaster is a man ofgreat personal integrity. Having said that/even so/all the same, I don't think he'd make a good chairman. REALITY What did you think of'Death in Action'? To be (perfectly) honest/to tell the truth, I can't stand films like that.

INTENSIFIERS and STRONG ADJECTIVES INTENSIFIERS + Base adjectives

We use words like VERY, REALLY and EXTREMELY to make adjectives stronger. We call these words
intensifiers.

-Its a very interesting story -Everyone was very excited. -Its a really interesting story. -Everyone was extremely excited We also use ENOUGH as an intensifier, but enough comes after its adjective: If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car. I cant wear those shoes. Theyre not big enough.

TOO comes before the adjective:

I cant wear those shoes. Theyre too small.

INTENSIFIERS
- very - really =muy, realmente -extremely =extremadamente - amazingly /me.z.li/ - exceptionally /ksep.n.l.i/

PRONUNCIATION very really extremely amazingly exceptionally incredibly

incredibly /nkred..bli/ remarkably /rm.k.bli/ particularly /ptk.j.l.li/ enough /nf/ = suficiente / bastante - too -

remarkably particularly enough too

BASE ADJECTIVES incredibly really very quite a bit not very

BASE ADJECTIVES VERSUS STRONG ADJECTIVES

BASE ADJECTIVES Base adjectives are normal adjectives that don't have the idea of 'very' STRONG ADJECTIVES Strong adjectives, however, are extreme adjectives that have the idea of 'very'

BASE ADJECTIVES beautiful ugly dirty good bad happy angry hungry tired funny big small fat scared cold hot

STRONG ADJECTIVES gorgeous awful filthy great, fantastic terrible thrilled furious starving exhausted hilarious huge, enormous tiny obese terrified freezing boiling

STRONG ADJECTIVES
When we want to describe something or someone as exceptional you can use a STRONG ADJECTIVE like: VERY BIG > VERY SMALL Enormous Enormous /n.ms/ = very big = enorme
>>>> Enormous = huge

Huge

Huge /hjud/ = very big= enorme Immense /ments/ =immenso >Tiny /ta.ni/ = very small = diminuto / minsculo VERY GOOD > VERY BAD Wonderful /wn.d.fl/ = very good = maravilloso Great /ret/ = very good = genial Brilliant /brl.i.nt/ (informal) = extremely good = genial
(also: very clever)

Immense Tiny Wonderful Great Brilliant Fantastic Terrific Awful Terrible Dreadful

Fantastic /fnts.tk/ (informal) = extremely good= fantstico +Terrific /trf.k/ (informal) = extremely good = tremendo, fabuloso, estupendo >Awful /.fl/ = very bad = horroroso / horrible (for people, very ugly) >Terrible /ter..bl/ = very bad = horroroso / horrible >Dreadful /dred.fl/ = very bad = horroroso / horrible Gorgeous /.ds/ = very beautiful >Awful /.fl/ = very ugly (for things, also means very bad) Delicious /dl.s/ = very tasty = delicioso Starving /st.v/ = very hungry = muerto de hambre Brilliant /brl.i.nt/ = very clever
(informal) = extremely good

Thrilled /rld/ = very happy = entusiasmado / emocionado Hilarious /hle.ri.s/ = very funny = divertidssimo / muy cmico >Filthy /fl.i/ = very dirty >Furious /fj.ri.s/ = very angry = furioso / violento >Exhausted /z.std/ = very tired >Terrified /ter..fad = very afraid / frightened / scared = mu asustado >Freezing /fri.z/ = very cold or extremely cold >Boiling / bl / = very hot = sofocante >Obese /||bis/ = very fat = obeso >Crowded /kra.dd/ = very packed = abarrotado Certain /s.tn/
= very sure

Brilliant Thrilled Hilarious Filthy Furious Exhausted Terrified Freezing Boiling Obese Crowded Certain

INTENSIFIERS + Strong adjectives

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/vocabulary-lesson-base-strong-adjectives.php

Very, absolutely and really are used differently according whether the adjective is a base or a strong one:
very absolutely really

Base adjectives Strong adjectives

Examples: VERY
BASE ADJECTIVES STRONG ADJECTIVES

ABSOLUTELY
absolutely thrilled.

REALLY
really happy really thrilled

very happy

We do not use VERY with strong adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant". WITH STRONG ADJECTIVES, FOR INTENSIFIERS WE NORMALLY USE:
- ABSOLUTELY /bslutli/ absolutamente - REALLY /r.li/ realmente /muy / realmente (used to emphasize an adjective or adverb) - EXCEPTIONALLY /ksepnli/ excepcionalmente (used before an adjective or adverb to emphasize how strong or unusual the quality is or in unusual circumstances) - PARTICULARLY /ptk.j.l.li/ especialmente / particularmente (especially, more than usual or more than others)

The film was absolutely awful. He was an exceptionally brilliant child. The food smelled really disgusting.