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    Wing Planform and Tail Sizing: Altitude and Weight Scaling

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    a320neo
    This document discusses various parameters and requirements that constrain aircraft design, including wing loading, thrust-to-weight ratio, stall speed, approach speed, turning performance, sustained flight characteristics, and tail sizing. It explains how performance requirements define the feasible design space and how initial sizing of the wing, engines, and tail surfaces establishes the basic shape of the airplane design.

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    Wing Planform and Tail Sizing: Altitude and Weight Scaling

    Uploaded by

    a320neo
    72 views10 pages
    This document discusses various parameters and requirements that constrain aircraft design, including wing loading, thrust-to-weight ratio, stall speed, approach speed, turning performance, sustained flight characteristics, and tail sizing. It explains how performance requirements define the feasible design space and how initial sizing of the wing, engines, and tail surfaces establishes the basic shape of the airplane design.

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    MAE155A_Lecture15.pdf

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    This document discusses various parameters and requirements that constrain aircraft design, including wing loading, thrust-to-weight ratio, stall speed, approach speed, turning performance, sustained flight characteristics, and tail sizing. It explains how performance requirements define the feasible design space and how initial sizing of the wing, engines, and tail surfaces establishes the basic shape of the airplane design.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views10 pages

    Wing Planform and Tail Sizing: Altitude and Weight Scaling

    Uploaded by

    a320neo
    This document discusses various parameters and requirements that constrain aircraft design, including wing loading, thrust-to-weight ratio, stall speed, approach speed, turning performance, sustained flight characteristics, and tail sizing. It explains how performance requirements define the feasible design space and how initial sizing of the wing, engines, and tail surfaces establishes the basic shape of the airplane design.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Wing Planform and Tail Sizing

    Altitude and Weight Scaling


    Performance Reqs.
    Stall and Landing
    Sustained Maneuvers
    Tail Sizing
    MAE 155A
    NASA Image
    2
    MAE 155A
    Definitions
    Many performance requirements can be converted into constraints on the airplanes's
    size.
    Constraints and requirements will reduce or limit the design space of possible
    configurations.
    Two of the most important configuration parameters are the aircraft thrust-to-weight
    ratio (T/W) and the wing loading (W/S).
    Propeller airplanes may use power loading (P/W)
    T =engine thrust
    W=weight
    P=power
    V =airspeed
    j=propulsionefficiency
    T
    W
    =
    (
    j
    V
    )(
    P
    W
    )
    3
    MAE 155A
    Altitude and Weight Scaling
    Performance requirements should be scaled so that they can all be considered
    together (defining the feasible design space).
    o=
    W
    W
    T O
    +=
    T
    T
    SL
    (
    T
    W
    )
    =
    (
    T
    T
    SL
    )
    (
    T
    SL
    W
    T O
    )
    (
    W
    T O
    W
    )
    =
    (
    +
    o
    )
    (
    T
    SL
    W
    T O
    )
    (
    W
    S
    )
    =
    (
    W
    W
    T O
    )
    (
    W
    T O
    S
    )
    =o
    (
    W
    T O
    S
    )
    Weight Fraction Thrust Lapse Rate
    4
    MAE 155A
    Stall and Landing Approach
    A stall speed requirement constrains wing loading.
    Approach speed is specified in terms of the airplane stall speed.
    L=W=
    1
    2
    jV
    stall
    2
    S C
    L , max
    W
    S
    =
    1
    2
    jV
    stall
    2
    C
    L, max
    W
    T O
    S
    =
    j
    2o
    V
    stall
    2
    C
    L , max
    W
    T O
    S
    =
    j
    2o
    (
    V
    app
    1.3
    )
    2
    C
    L , max
    W
    T O
    S
    =
    j
    2o
    (
    V
    app
    1.2
    )
    2
    C
    L , max
    V
    app
    =1.3V
    stall
    V
    app
    =1.2V
    stall
    Civilian
    Military
    o=
    W
    app
    W
    T O
    W
    app
    =landing approach weight
    5
    MAE 155A
    Instantaneous Turning
    Instantaneous turning performance implies a maximum turn rate that can be
    achieved for only a short period of time.
    Instantaneous turn performance is all important to air-to-air fighters.
    d
    dt
    =
    g
    V
    .n
    2
    1
    n=
    .
    (
    V
    g
    )
    +1
    L=n W=q S C
    L
    (
    W
    S
    )
    =
    qC
    L
    n
    (
    W
    T O
    S
    )
    =
    qC
    L
    on
    or
    n=load factor
    q=gravity
    =turn rate
    L=lift
    j=density
    V =airspeed
    q=( j/ 2) V
    2
    6
    MAE 155A
    Sustained Turn and Climb
    Requirements for sustained cruise, turning, or climbing are handled by manipulating
    the aircraft equations of motion.
    dV
    dt
    =g
    |
    (
    T D
    W
    )
    sin

    dh
    dt
    =V sin
    dV
    dt
    =
    g
    W
    (T D)
    (
    g
    V
    )
    dh
    dt
    T =D+
    (
    W
    V
    )
    dh
    dt
    +
    (
    W
    g
    )
    dV
    dt
    T
    W
    =
    D
    W
    +
    (
    1
    V
    )
    dh
    dt
    +
    (
    1
    g
    )
    dV
    dt
    g=gravity
    V =airspeed
    T =thrust
    D=drag
    W=weight
    t =time
    = flight pathangle
    h=altitude
    dh/ dt =climb rate
    dV / dt =acceleration
    7
    MAE 155A
    Sustained Flight (continued)
    Replace drag force (D) with the airplane's drag polar:
    D=q S C
    D
    =qS (C
    D0
    +KC
    L
    2
    )
    C
    L
    =
    n
    q
    (
    W
    S
    )
    T
    W
    =
    D
    W
    +
    (
    1
    V
    )
    dh
    dt
    +
    (
    1
    g
    )
    dV
    dt
    T
    W
    =
    qC
    D0
    (W/ S)
    +
    K n
    2
    q
    (
    W
    S
    )
    +
    (
    1
    V
    )
    dh
    dt
    +
    (
    1
    g
    )
    dV
    dt
    T
    SL
    W
    T O
    =
    qC
    D0
    +(W
    T O
    / S )
    +
    K n
    2
    o
    2
    +q
    (
    W
    T O
    S
    )
    +
    (
    o
    +
    )|
    (
    1
    V
    )
    dh
    dt
    +
    (
    1
    g
    )
    dV
    dt

    8
    MAE 155A
    Feasible Design Space
    W
    T O
    / S
    T
    SL
    /W
    T O
    T
    h
    r
    u
    s
    t
    -
    t
    o
    -
    W
    e
    i
    g
    h
    t

    R
    a
    t
    i
    o
    Wing Loading
    Feasible
    Design Space
    Climb
    Landing
    Turning
    Takeoff
    9
    MAE 155A
    Defining the Airplane
    The airplane takes shape after the empty weight has been estimated.
    What we know about the shape of the wing:
    Aspect Ratio was chosen to estimate induced drag
    Reference area is known from chosen wing loading:
    What we know about the engines:
    Specific fuel consumption assumed for performance calculations (range, endurance)
    Engine thrust is known from wing selected thrust-to-weight ratio:
    S=
    (
    1
    W
    T O
    / S
    )
    W
    T O
    T
    SL
    =
    (
    T
    SL
    W
    T O
    )
    W
    T O
    N
    engines
    T
    SL , per engine
    =
    (
    T
    SL
    W
    T O
    )
    W
    T O
    Multiple engines
    Single engine
    10
    MAE 155A
    Tail Surface Sizing
    A later lecture will describe how horizontal and vertical tail size affect the stability
    properties of the airplane.
    For now, an initial tail surface size can be established using historical data.
    S
    VT
    l
    VT
    =c
    VT
    b S
    S
    HT
    l
    HT
    =c
    HT

    c S
    S
    VT
    =vertical tail area
    c
    VT
    =vert tail volume coeff
    b=wingspan , S=wing ref area
    l
    VT
    =distance wing -vert tail
    S
    HT
    =horz tail area
    c
    HT
    =horz tail volume coeff

    c=mean wing chord


    l
    HT
    =distance wing -horz tail
    Aircraft Type c
    HT
    c
    VT
    Sailplane 0.53 0.022
    ISR (Surveillance) 0.34 0.014
    Single Engine GA 0.70 0.032
    Twin Engine GA 0.76 0.060
    Business Twin 0.91 0.090
    Jet Transport 1.00 0.083
    Jet Trainer 0.60 0.060
    Jet Fighter 0.50 0.076

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