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    Unit 2 Real and Complex Numbers

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    Asghar Ali
    This document defines various types of real and complex numbers. It discusses natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It also defines terminating and recurring decimal fractions. Complex numbers are introduced as numbers of the form a + bi. The four basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are defined for complex numbers. Logarithms are also introduced, with definitions of common logarithms, natural logarithms, characteristic, mantissa, antilogarithms and the laws of logarithms.

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    Unit 2 Real and Complex Numbers

    Uploaded by

    Asghar Ali
    405 views6 pages
    This document defines various types of real and complex numbers. It discusses natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It also defines terminating and recurring decimal fractions. Complex numbers are introduced as numbers of the form a + bi. The four basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are defined for complex numbers. Logarithms are also introduced, with definitions of common logarithms, natural logarithms, characteristic, mantissa, antilogarithms and the laws of logarithms.

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    This document defines various types of real and complex numbers. It discusses natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It also defines terminating and recurring decimal fractions. Complex numbers are introduced as numbers of the form a + bi. The four basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are defined for complex numbers. Logarithms are also introduced, with definitions of common logarithms, natural logarithms, characteristic, mantissa, antilogarithms and the laws of logarithms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    405 views6 pages

    Unit 2 Real and Complex Numbers

    Uploaded by

    Asghar Ali
    This document defines various types of real and complex numbers. It discusses natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It also defines terminating and recurring decimal fractions. Complex numbers are introduced as numbers of the form a + bi. The four basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are defined for complex numbers. Logarithms are also introduced, with definitions of common logarithms, natural logarithms, characteristic, mantissa, antilogarithms and the laws of logarithms.

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    You are on page 1of 6

    Unit No.

    2 Real and Complex Numbers


    1.Natural Number
    The numbers 1, 2 , 3 .. which we use for counting certain objects are called natural numbers or positive integers. The set of natural numbers is denoted by N. i.e., N = { 1, 2, 3, .}

    2. Whole Numbers
    If we include 0 in the set of natural numbers, the resulting set is the set of whole numbers, denoted by W. i.e., W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, .}

    3.Integers
    The set of integers consist of positive integers, 0 and negative integers and is denoted by Z. i.e., Z = { ., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .}

    4.Rational Number
    All numbers of the form p/q where p, q are integers and q is not zero are called rational numbers. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q. i.e., Q=

    5.Irrational Number
    The numbers which cannot be expressed as quotient of integers are called irrational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by i.e., =

    Mudassar Nazar Notes

    Page 1

    6.Real Number
    The union of set of rational numbers and irrational numbers is known as the set of real numbers. It is denoted by R. i.e., R=Q

    7.Terminating Decimal Fractions


    The decimal fraction in which there are finite number of digits in its decimal part is called a terminating decimal fraction. For example:

    8.Recurring and Non-terminating Decimal Fraction


    The decimal fraction (non-terminating) in which some digits are repeated again and again in the same order in its decimal part is called a recurring decimal fraction. For example:

    9.Additive Identity
    There exists a unique real number 0 called additive identity. such that a+0 =a=0 +a,

    10.Additive Inverse
    For every a R, there exists a unique real number a called the additive inverse of a. Such that a + (-a ) = 0 = (-a) + a

    11.Multiplicative Identity
    There exists a unique real number 1, called the multiplicative identity Such that a . 1 = a = 1 . a,

    Mudassar Nazar Notes

    Page 2

    12.Multiplicative Inverse
    For every non zero real number , there exists a unique real number multiplicative inverse of a. Such that aa-1 = 1 = a-1a or a = a or , called

    13.nth Root
    If n is a positive integer greater than 1 and a is a real number, then any real number x such that x = a is called the nth root of a, and in symbols is written as
    n

    x=

    or

    x = (a)1/n

    14.Base
    In the exponential notation an ( read as a to the nth power) we call a as the base.

    15.Exponent
    In the exponential notation an ( read as a to the nth power) we call n as the exponent or the power to which the base is raised.

    16.Complex Number
    A number of the form z = a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i = number and is represented by z . i . e., z = a + ib , is called a complex

    17.Set of Complex Numbers


    The set of all complex numbers is denoted by C and C=

    18.Conjugate of a Complex Number


    If we change i to i in z = a + bi , we obtain another complex number a bi called the complex conjugate of z and is denoted by ( read z bar) Thus , if z = -1 i , then Mudassar Nazar Notes = -1 + i Page 3

    19.Complex Conjugate

    The numbers a + bi and a bi are conjugates of each other.

    20.Equality of Complex Numbers


    For all a, b, c, d R, a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d

    21.Addition on Complex Numbers


    Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers and a, b, c, d R. The sum of two complex numbers is given by
    Z1 + z2 = ( a + bi) + ( c + di) = ( a+ c) + ( b + d)i

    22.Multiplication on Complex Numbers


    Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers and a, b, c, d R. The products are found as:
    i. Z1 z2 = ( a + bi)( c + di) = ( ac bd ) + (ad + bc)i

    (Multiplication of two complex numbers)


    ii.

    If k R, kz1 = k(a +bi) = ka + kbi ( Multiplication of a complex number with a scalar)

    23.Subtraction on Complex Numbers


    Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers and a, b, c, d R. The difference between two complex numbers is given by
    Z1- z2 = ( a + bi) - ( c + di) = ( a - c ) + (b d )i

    24.Division on Complex Numbers


    Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers and a, b, c, d R. The division of a + bi by c + di is given by + i

    Mudassar Nazar Notes

    Page 4

    Unit No. 3 Logarithms


    1.Scientific Notation
    A number written in the form a scientific notation. 10n , where 1 a < 10 and n is an integer . is called the

    2.Logarithm of a Real Number


    If ax = y the x is called the logarithm of y to the base a and is written as loga y =x, where a > 0 , 1 and y > 0

    3.What is the base of Common Logarithms?


    The base of common logarithm is 10.

    4.What is the base of Natural Logarithms?


    The base of the natural logarithm is e.

    5.Common Logarithm
    If the base of logarithms is taken as 10 then these logarithms are called common logarithms or Briggesian logarithms.

    6.Who invented Common logarithms ?


    Henry Brigges, an English mathematician and astronomer developed common logarithms.

    7.Who invented Natural Logarithms?


    John Napier invented the table of natural logarithms.

    8.Characteristic
    The integral part of the logarithm of any number is called characteristic. Mudassar Nazar Notes Page 5

    9.Who invented Anti-logarithms?


    In 1620 A.D, Prof. Jobst Burgi prepared the table of anti-logarithms.

    10.Mantissa
    The decimal part of the logarithm of any number is called mantissa. It is always positive.

    11.Antilogarithm
    The number whose logarithm is given is called antilogarithm. i.e., if logay = x , then y is the antilogarithm of x, or y = antilog x

    12.Laws of Logarithm
    Followings are the Laws of logarithm: i ii. iii. iv. loga(mn) = logam + logan loga = logam - logan

    logamn = n logam logan= logbn logab

    Mudassar Nazar Notes

    Page 6

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