NCERT Book Sanskrit (Saswati) Class XII

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The text discusses various topics related to Sanskrit literature including its history, genres, prominent authors and works. It also mentions some literary terms and theories.

Some of the main topics discussed are history of Sanskrit literature, genres like drama, poetry etc. It also discusses some prominent authors and their works.

Some of the books mentioned are - Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Nalakahyana etc. It also lists some reference books on Sanskrit literature and literary terms.

fo"k;kuqØef.

kdk
i`"BkÄïk%

iqjksoko~Q III
Hkwfedk VII

eÄõye~ 1
izFke% ikB% fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs 2
f}rh;% ikB% j?kqdkSRllaokn% 11
r`rh;% ikB% ckydkSrd q e~ 27
prqFkZ% ikB% deZxkSjoe~ 38
i×pe% ikB% 'kqduklksins'k% 47
"k"B% ikB% lwfDrlq/k 57
lIre% ikB% foØeL;kSnk;Ze~ 67
v"Ve% ikB% Hkw&foHkkxk% 74
uoe% ikB% dk;± ok lk/;s;a nsga ok ikr;s;e~ 78
n'ke% ikB% nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj% 86
,dkn'k% ikB% mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~ 92
}kn'k% ikB% fdUrks% oqQfVyrk 98
ifjf'k"V
1- NUn 107
2- vyÄkï j 112
3- vuq'kaflr xzUFk 117
eÄõye~
Hknza d.ksfZ Hk% Ük`.kq;ke nsok%
Hknza i';sek{kfHk;Zt=kk% A
fLFkjSjÄLõS rq"VqokalLruwfHk&
O;Z'ksefg nsofgra ;nk;q% AA1AA
e/q okrk Írk;rs e/q {kjfUr flU/o%A
ekèohuZ% lURoks"k/h% AA2AA
e/q uDreqrks"klks e/qeRikfFkZoa jt%A
e/q |kSjLrq u% firk AA3AA
e/qekUuksouLifreZ/eq k¡ vLrq lw;%Z A
ekèohxkZoks HkoUrq% u% AA4AA
HkkokFkZ%
gs nsox.k! ge dkuksa ls dY;k.kdkjh (opu) lqu]as vk¡[kksa ls dY;k.kdkjh (n`';)
ns[ksAa lHkh fLFkj vÄõkas (LoLFk bfUnz;ks)a ls Lrqfr djrs gq, fnO; vk;q dks izkIr djsa
AA1AA
lqjfHkr ok;q cgsA ufn;k¡ e/qj ty ls ;qDr gksaA vks"kf/;k¡ gekjs fy, eèkqe;
gksa AA2AA
jkf=k;k¡ e/qe; gksAa izkr% dky e/qj (lqiHz kkr) gksA i`fFkoh dh /wy Hkh e/qe;
vFkkZr~ e/qj vUuiznkf;uh gksA |qyksd (u{k=kyksd) izdk'ke; gksA ijes'oj gekjs fy,
dY;k.kdkjh gksa AA3AA
ouLifr;k¡ gekjs fy, e/qj gkso]as lw;Z e/qj (vUukfn nsus okys) gksoAas xk;sa gesa eèkqj
(nw/ nsus okyh) gksa AA4AA
izFke% ikB%

fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs
izLrqr ikB bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kr~ ls ladfyr gSA ^bZ'kkokL;e~* in ls vkjEHk gksus osQ dkj.k bls
bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kr~ dh laKk nh x;h gSA ;g mifu"kr~ ;tqosZn dh ekè;fUnu ,oa dk.o lafgrk dk
40ok¡ vè;k; gS] ftlesa 18 eU=k gSaA
bl ladyu osQ vk| nks eU=kksa esa bZ'oj dh loZ=k fo|ekurk dks n'kkZrs gq,] drZO; Hkkouk
ls deZ djus ,oa R;kxiwoZd lalkj osQ inkFkks± dk mi;ksx ,oa laj{k.k djus dk funsZ'k gSA
vkReLo:i bZ'oj dh O;kidrk dks tks yksx Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa muosQ vKku dks r`rh; eU=k
esa n'kkZ;k gSA prqFkZ eU=k esa pSrU; Lo:i] Lo;a izdk'k ,oa foHkq loZO;kid vkRe rÙo dk
fu:i.k gSA i×pe ,oa "k"B eU=kksa esa vfo|k vFkkZr~ O;kogkfjd Kku ,oa fo|k vFkkZr~ vkè;kfRed
Kku ij lw{e fpUru fufgr gSA vfUre eU=k O;kogkfjd Kku ls ykSfdd vH;qn; ,oa vè;kReKku
ls vejrk dh izkfIr dks crykrk gSA
bl ikB~;ka'k ls ;g lUns'k feyrk gS fd ykSfdd ,oa vè;kRe fo|k ,d nwljs dh iwjd
gS rFkk ekuo thou dh ifjiw.kZrk ,oa lokZÄõh.k fodkl esa leku :i ls egÙo j[krh gSaA

bZ'kkokL;fena lo± ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~ A


rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk ek x`/% dL;fLon~/ue~ AA1AA
oqQoZUusogs dekZf.k ftthfo"ksPNra lek% A
,oa Rof; ukU;Fksrks¿fLr u deZ fyI;rs ujs AA2AA
vlq;kZ uke rs yksdk vU/su relk¿¿o`rk% A
rk¡Lrs izRs ;kfHkxPNfUr ;s osQ pkReguks tuk% AA3AA
fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs 3

vustnsoQa eulks toh;ks uSun~no


s k vkIuqoUiwoeZ "kZr~ A
r¼korks¿U;kuR;sfr fr"BÙkfLeUuiks ekrfj'ok n/kfr AA4AA
vU/Ure% izfo'kfUr ;s¿fo|keqiklrs A
rrks Hkw; bo rs reks ; m fo|k;ka jrk% AA5AA
vU;nsokgqfoZ|;k vU;nkgqjfo|;k A
bfr 'kqJeq /hjk.kka ;s uLrf}ppf{kjs AA6AA
fo|ka pkfo|ka p ;Lrn~osnksHk;a l g A
vfo|;k e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs AA7AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
bZ'kkokL;e~ & bZ'kL; bZ'ksu ok vkokL;ke~A bZ'k osQ jgus ;ksX; vFkkZr~ bZ'oj ls O;kIrA
txr~ & xPNfr bfr txr~A lrra ifjorZeku% izi×p%A lrr ifjorZu'khy lalkjA
Hkq×thFkk% & Hkksxa oqQ#A Hkksx djksA fo"k; oLrq dk xzg.k djksA Hkqt~ (ikyus vH;ogkjs
p) èkkrq] vkReusinh] fof/fyÄ~] eè;e iq#"k] ,dopuA
ek x`èk% & yksyqi% ek HkoA yksyqi er gksA yksHk er djksA x`èk~ (vfHkdka{kk;ke~)
/krqA yÄ~ ydkj] eè;e iq#"k% ,dopu esa ^vx`/%* :i curk gSA
O;kdj.k fu;ekuqlkj fu"ksèkkFkZd vO;; ^ekÄ~* osQ ;ksx esa ^vx`èk%* osQ
vkjEHk esa fo|eku ^v* dkj dk yksi gksrk gSA
dL;fLon~ & fdlh dkA bl osQ lekukFkZd in gSa&dL;fpr~] dL;puA vO;;A
oqQoZUuso & djrs gq , ghA Ñ $ 'kr` iqaf yÄ õ ] iz F kek foHkfDr] ,dopu
oqQoZu~ $ ,oA
ftthfo"ksr~ & thforqe~ bPNsr~A thus dh bPNk djsaA tho (izk.kèkkj.ks) èkkrq] bPNkFkZd
lu~ izR;; ls fof/ fyÄ~A tho $ lu~ $ fof/fyÄA~
4 'kk'orh

deZ u fyI;rs & deZ fyIr ugha gksrkA fyi (minsgs) /krq] yV~] deZf.k iz;ksxA ^deZ
ujs u fyI;rs&;g ,d fof'k"V oSfnd iz;ksx gSA rqyuk dhft;s&^fyI;rs
u l ikisuA* (Hkxon~xhrk&5-10)
vlq;kZ% & izdk'kghuA vFkok vlqj lEcUèkhA vfo|kfn nks"kksa ls ;qDr] izk.kiks"k.k
esa fujrA vlqj $ ;_ vlq $ jk $ ;A cgqopuA
vUèksu relk & vR;Ur vKku :ih vUèkdkj lsA ^re%* 'kCn vKku dk cksèkdA
vko`rk% & vkPNkfnrA vk $ o` (oj.ks) $ DrA
izsR; & ej.ka izkI;] ej.k izkIrdjA b.k~ (xrkS) /krqA iz $ b $ Y;i~A
vkRegu% & vkRekua ;s ?ufUrA vkRek dh O;kidrk dks tks Lohdkj ugha djrsA
^vkRekua ¾ bZ'ka loZr% iw.k± fpnkuUna ?ufUr ¾ frjLoqQoZfUr ('kkÄjï Hkk";s)*A
vustr~ & dEiu jfgrA fodkj jfgr] fLFkj] vpyA ,t` (dEius) /krqA
u $ ,t~ $ 'kr`A uiqald fyÄ]õ izFkek foHkfDr ,dopuA
toh;% & vfr'k;su toor~A vf/d osxokykA to $ erqi~ $ bZ;l~A uiqald
fyÄ]õ izFkek foHkfDr ,dopuA
u vkIuqou~ & izkIr ugha fd;kA vkIy` (O;kIrkS)] yÄ~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
v"kZr~ & xPNr~A xeu'khyA ½"kh (xrkS) /krqA 'kr` izR;;] uiqald fyÄ]õ izFkek
foHkfDr ,dopuA vFkok ½ (xrkS) /krq] ysV~ ydkjA
fr"Br~ & fLFkj jgus okykA ifjorZu jfgrA LFkk $ 'kr`] uiqald fyÄ]õ izFkek
foHkfDr ,dopuA
ekrfj'ok & ok;qA izk.kok;qA ekrfj ¾ vUrfj{ks Üo;fr ¾ xPNfr bfr ekrfj'okA
udkjkUr iqafyÄõ] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopuA
izfo'kfUr & izos'k djrs gSaA iz $ fo'k~ (izos'kus) yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
miklrs & mikluk djrs gSaA mi $ vklrsA vkl~ (mios'kus) èkkrq yV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k cgqopuA vkLrs vklkrs vklrsA
rrksHkw; bo & mlls vf/dA rhuksa in vO;; gSaA
jrk% & je.k djrs gSAa fujr gSAa je~ (ØhMk;ka) $ DrA izFkek foHkfDr cgqopuA
osn & tkurk gSA fon~ (Kkus) /krq] yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
mHk;e~ & nksuksaA
fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs 5

rhRokZ & rj.kdjA rÏ (Iyourj.k;ks%) $ DRokA vO;;A


ve`re~ & vejrk dksA tUe&e`R;q osQ nq%[k ls jfgr vejRo dksA
v'uqrs & izkIr djrk gSA v'k~ (Hkkstus) /krqA HkkstukFkZd èkkrq bl lUnHkZ esa
izkfIr osQ vFkZ esa gSA (v'uqrs izkfIrdekZ_ fu?k.Vq% 2-18)
vkgq% & dgrs gSaA czw×k~ (O;Drk;ka okfp) yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
'kqJqe & lqu pqosQ gSaA Jq (Jo.ks) /krq] fyV~ ydkj mÙke iq#"k cgqopuA
foppf{kjs & Li"V mins'k fn;s FksA fo $ pf{kÄ~ (vk[;kus) èkkrq] fyV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k cgqopuA pp{ks pp{kkrs ppf{kjsA
fo|k & Kku] vè;kRe KkuA fon~ (Kkus) $ D;i~ $ Vki~A ;gk¡ ^vè;kRe
fo|k* osQ vFkZ esa ^fo|k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA bl pjkpj txr~
esa loZ=k O;kIr vkReLo:i bZ'oj osQ Kku dks ^vè;kRefo|k* dh
laKk nh x;h gSA ;g ;FkkFkZ Kku ^fo|k* gSA eks{k fo|k uke ls Hkh
tkuk tkrk gSA
vfo|k & vè;kResrj fo|k] O;kogkfjd fo|kA vè;kRe Kku ls fHk lHkh
KkuA u $ fo|kA ^u* dk vFkZ gS ^brj* vFkok ^fHkÂ*A vFkkZr~ ^vkRefo|k
ls fHkÂ* tks Hkh Kkujkf'k gS tSls l`f"VfoKku] ;Kfo|k] HkkSfrd
foKku] vk;qfoZKku] izk| S ksfxdh] lwpuk&rU=k&Kku vkfn vfo|k in esa
lekfgr gSaA

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkja fy[kr&
(d) bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ dL;k% lafgrk;k% Hkkx%\
([k) txRlo± dhn`'ke~ vfLr\
(x) inkFkZHkksx% dFka dj.kh;%\
(?k) 'kra lek% dFka ftthfo"ksr~\
(Ä) vkReguks tuk% dhn`'ka yksoaQ xPNfUr\
(p) eulks¿fi osxoku~ d%\
6 'kk'orh

(N) fr"BÂfi d% /kor% vU;ku~ vR;sfr\


(t) vU/Ure% osQ izfo'kfUr\
(>) /hsjsH;% ½"k;% ¯d JqroUr%\
(×k) vfo|;k ¯d rjfr\
(V) fo|;k ¯d izkIuksfr\

2- ^bZ'kkokL;e~------dL;fLo¼ue~* bR;L; Hkkoa ljylaLÑrHkk"k;k fo'kn;rA

3- ^vUèkUre% izfo'kfUr------fo|k;ka jrk%* bfr eU=kL; Hkkoa fgUnhHkk"k;k vkaXyHkk"k;k


ok fo'kn;rA

4- ^fo|ka pkfo|ka p------¿e`re'uqrs* bfr eU=kL; rkRi;± Li"V;rA

5- fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) bna lo± txr~ -------------------------A
([k) ek x`/% ------------------------- A
(x) 'kra lek% ------------------------- ftthfo"ksr~A
(?k) vlq;kZ uke yksdk ------------------------- vko`rk%A
(Ä) vfo|ksikldk% ------------------------- izfo'kfUrA

6- vèkksfyf[krkuka lizlÄaõ fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&


(d) rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk%A
([k) u deZ fyI;rs ujsA
(x) rfLeUuiks ekrfj'ok n/kfrA
(?k) vfo|;k e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;k¿e`re'uqrsA
(Ä) ,oa Rof; ukU;Fksrks¿fLrA
(p) rkaLrs izsR;kfHkxPNfUr ;s osQ pkReguks tuk%A
(N) vustnsoaQ eulks toh;ks uSuísok vkIuqou~ iwoZe"kZr~A
fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs 7

7- mifu"kUeU=k;ks% vUo;a fy[kr&


vU;nsokgqfoZ|;k vU;nkgqjfo|;k A
bfr 'kqJqe /hjk.kka ;s uLrf}ppf{kjs AA
vustnsoaQ eulks toh;ks uSun~nsok vkIuqoUiwoZe"kZr~ A
r¼korks¿U;kuR;sfr fr"BÙkfLeUuiks ekrfj'ok n/kfr AA
8- izѯr izR;;a p ;kstf;Rok injpuka oqQ#r&
R;t~ $ Dr_ Ñ $ 'kr`_ rr~ $ rfly~

9- izÑfrizR;;foHkkx% fØ;rke~&
izsR;] rhRokZ] /kor%] fr"Br~] toh;%

10- vèkksfyf[krkfu inkfu vkfJR; okD;jpuka oqQ#r&


txR;ka] /ue~] Hkq×thFkk%] 'kre~] dekZf.k] relk] Rof;] vfHkxPNfUr] izfo'kfUr] /hjk.kka]
fo|k;ke~] Hkw;%] lek%A

11- l¯U/ lfU/foPNsna ok oqQ#r&


(d) bZ'kkokL;e~ -------------------- $ --------------------

([k) oqQoZÂsosg -------------------- $ -------------------- $ --------------------

(x) ftthfo"ksr~ $ 'kra --------------------

(?k) rr~ $ /kor% --------------------

(Ä) vustr~ $ ,oaQ --------------------

(p) vkgq% $ vfo|;k --------------------

(N) vU;Fksr% -------------------- $ --------------------

(t) rkaLrs -------------------- $ --------------------


8 'kk'orh

12- v/ksfyf[krkuka leqfpra ;kstua oqQ#r&


/ue~ && ok;q%
lek% && vkRekua ;s ?ufUr
vlq;kZ% && JqroUr% Le
vkRegu% && relk¿¿o`rk%
ekrfj'ok && o"kkZf.k
'kqJqe && vejrka
ve`re~ && foÙke~

13- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka i;kZ;inkfu fy[kr&


ujs] bZ'k%] txr~] deZ] /hjk%] fo|k] vfo|k

14- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka foykseinkfu fy[kr&


,de~] fr"Br~] relk] mHk;e~] toh;%] e`R;qe~

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
lexzs¿fLeu~ fo'os KkuL;k|a Ïksrks osnjkf'kfjfr lqf/;% vkeufUrA rkn`'kL; osnL; lkj% mifu"kRlq
lekfgrks orZrsA mifu"knka ^czãfo|k* ^Kkudk.Me~* ^osnkUr%* bR;fi ukekUrjkf.k fo|UrsA
mi&fu bR;qilxZlfgrkr~ ln~ ("kn~y`) /krks% f‡i~ izR;;s Ñrs mifu"kr~&'kCnks fu"i|rs] ;su
vKkuL; uk'kks Hkofr] vkReuks Kkua lkè;rs] lalkjpØL; nq%[ka f'kfFkyhHkofr rkn`'kks Kkujkf'k%
mifu"kRinsu vfHk/h;rsA xqjks% lehis mifo'; vè;kRefo|kxzg.ka HkorhR;fi dkj.kkr~ mifu"kfnfr
ina lkFkZoaQ HkofrA
izfl¼klq 108 mifu"kRLofi 11 mifu"kn% vR;Ura egÙoiw.kkZ% eguh;k'pA rk% bZ'k&osQu&
dB&iz'u&eq.Md&ek.MwD;&,srjs;&rSfÙkjh;&NkUnksX;&c`gnkj.;d&'osrk'orjk[;k% osnkUrkpk;kZ.kka
VhdkfHk% ifjef.Mrk% lfUrA
vk|k;ke~ bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kfn ^bZ'kk/hua txRloZe*~ bfr izfrik| HkxoniZ.kcq¼;~ k Hkksxks fufnZ';rsA
bZ'kksifu"kfn ^txR;ka txr~* bfr dFkusu leLrczãk.ML; ;k xR;kRedrk fu:firk lk
vkèkqfudxos"k.kkfHkjfi lR;kfirkA lrra ifjorZekuk czãk.Mxrk pyuLoHkkok ;k l`f"V%&i'kwuka
izkf.kuka] rst%iq×tkuka] unhuka] rjÄõk.kka] ok;ks% ok_ ;k p fLFkjRosu voyksD;ekuk l`f"V%&ioZrkuka]
fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs 9

o`{kk.kka] Hkouknhuka ok lk lokZ vfi l`f"V% bZ'ojk/huk lrh pyRLoHkkok ,oA bZ'ojL; foHkwR;k
lokZ vfi l`f"V% ifjiw.kkZ pyRLoHkkok p pdkLrsA rnqDra Hkxon~xhrk;ke~&
;|f}HkwfreRlÙoa JhenwftZreso ok A
rÙknsokoxPN Roa ee rstks¿a 'klEHkoe~ AA bfr AA
Hkxon~xhrk&10-41
mifu"kRizLFkkujgL;a fo|k;k vfo|k;k'p leUo;eq[ksu v=k mn~?kkfVrefLrA ;s tuk
vfo|kinokP;s"kq ;K;kxkfndeZlq] HkkSfrd&'kkL=ks"kq] ykSfdds"kq Kkus"kq nSufUnulq[klk/ul×p;ukFk±
layXuekulk HkofUr rs ykSfddhe~ m¯r izkIuqoUR;so_ fdUrq rs"kka rs"kka tukuke~ vkè;kfReoaQ cye~]
vUrLlÙoa ok fuLlkja HkofrA ;s rq fo|kinokP;s vkReKkus ,o osQoya layXueul% HkofUr]
HkkSfrdKkuL; lk/ulkexzh.kka p frjLdkja oqQoZfUr rs thoufuokZg]s ykSfdosQ¿H;qn;s p Dys'keuqHkofUrA
vr ,o vfo|;k HkkSfrdKkujkf'kfHk% ekuodY;k.kdkjhf.k thou;k=kklEikndkfu oLrwfu
lEizkI; fo|;k vkReKkusu&bZ'ojKkusu tUee`R;qn%q [kjfgre~ ve`rRoa izkIuksfrA fo|k;k vfo|k;k'p
Kkusu ,o bg yksosQ lq[ka ij=k p ve`rRofefr dY;k.kha okpe~ mifn'kfr mifu"kr~ ^vfo|;k
e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs* bfrA
ikBÔka'ksu lg HkkolkE;a i;kZyksp;r&
fu;ra oqQ# deZ Roa deZ T;k;ks¿ádeZ.k%A
'kjhj;k=kkfi p rs u izfl¼~;sndeZ.k% AA Hkxon~xhrk&3-8
v'kCneLi'kZe:ieO;;a rFkk¿jla fuR;exUèkoPp ;r~A
vuk|uUra egr% ija èkzqoa fupkÕ; rUe`R;qeq[kkRizeqP;rsAA dBksifu"kr~&3-15
dBksifu"kfn izfrikfnra Js;% izs;'p vf/ÑR; lÄ~x`Êhr&
fnÄ~ek=ka ;Fkk&
Js;'p isz;'p euq";esrLrkS
laijhR; fofoufDr /hj%A
Js;ks fg /hjks¿fHkizs;lks o`.khrs
izs;ks eUnks ;ksx{ksekr~ o`.khrsAA
dBksifu"kr~&2-2
10 'kk'orh

fofo/klq mifu"kRlq izfrikfnrke~ vkReizkfIrfo"k;dftKklka fo'kn;r&


uk;ekRek izopusu yH;ks
u esèk;k u cgquk JqrsuA
;esoS"k o`.kqrs rsu yH;LrL;S"k
vkRek foo`.kqrs ruwa Loke~AA
dBksifu"kr~&2-23
oSfndLojk%
oSfndeU=ks"kq mPpkj.kn`"V~;k f=kfoèkkuka ^Lojk.kka* iz;ksxks HkofrA eU=kk.kke~ vFkZefèkÑR; fpUrua
izÑfrizR;;;ks% ;ksxa] lekla okfJR; HkofrA r=k vFkZfuèkkZj.ks Lojk egÙow.kkZ HkofUrA ^mPpS#nkÙk%*
^uhpSjuqnkÙk%* ^lekgkj% Lofjr%* bfr ikf.kuh;kuq'kklukuq:ie~ mnkÙkLoj% rkYokfnLFkkus"kq mifjHkkxs
mPpkj.kh;%] vuqnkÙkLoj% rkYoknhuka uhpS% LFkkus"kq] mHk;ks% Loj;ks% lekgkj:is.k (leizèkkuRosu)
Lofjr mPPkkj.kh; bfr mPpkj.kØe%A oSfnd'kCnkuka fuoZpukFk± izoÙ` ks fu#Drk[;s xzUFks ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ka
p LojL; egÙoe~ bRFkeqDre~&
eU=kks ghuLLojrks o.kZrks ok
feF;kiz;qDrks u reFkZekgA
l okXotzks ;tekua fgufLr
;FksUnz'k=kqLLojrks¿ijk/kr~AA
eU=kk% Lojlfgrk% mPpkj.kh;k bfr ijEijkA vr% LofjrLoj% v{kjk.kke~ mifj fpÉsu] vuqnkÙkLoj%
v{kjk.kka uhpS% fpÉsu] mnkÙkLoj% fdefi fpÉa fouk p eU=kk.kka iBu&lkSd;kZFk± izn';ZrsA
f}rh;% ikB%

j?kqdkSRllaokn%

izLrqr ikBÔka'k egkdfo dkfynkl }kjk fojfpr j?kqoa'k egkdkO; osQ i×pe lxZ ls ladfyr gSA
blesa egkjkt j?kq ,oa ojrUrq ½f"k osQ f'k"; dkSRl uked czãpkjh osQ eè; lkosQr uxjh esa
gqvk laokn of.kZr gSA

dkSRl osn] iqjk.k] osnkÄõ] n'kZu vkfn 14 fo|kvksa dk vè;;u lekIr djosQ xq#nf{k.kk
nsus dh bPNk ls vius xq# ojrUrq ls ckj&ckj xq#nf{k.kk ysus dh izkFkZuk djrk gSA xq# }kjk
xq#HkfDr dks gh xq#nf{k.kk :i esa ekuus ij Hkh dkSRl dh fujUrj izkFkZuk ls #"V gksdj ojrUrq
mls xq#nf{k.kk osQ :i esa 14 djksM+ Lo.kZeqnzk;sa nsus dh vkKk nsrs gSaA

dkSRl fo'oftr~ uked ;K esa loZLo nku dj pqosQ egkjkt j?kq osQ ikl xq#nf{k.kk osQ
fy, èku ek¡xus vkrk gSA egkjkt j?kq /uifr oqQcsj ij vkØe.k djus dh ;kstuk cukrs gSaA
Hk;Hkhr oqQcsj j?kq osQ dks"kkxkj esa lqo.kZ&o`f"V dj nsrs gSaA j?kq dkSRl dks /u iznku dj lUrq"V
gksrs gSa vkSj dkSRl Hkh xq# dks nsus osQ fy, xq#nf{k.kk izkIr dj lUrq"V gks tkrs gSaA

izLrqr ikBÔka'k ls ;g lUns'k feyrk gS fd 'kkld dks loZlk/kj.k tu osQ izfr mnkj ,oa
dY;k.kdkjh gksuk pkfg, rFkk ;kpd dks viuh vko';drk ls vf/d izkIr djus dh bPNk
ugha j[kuh pkfg,A
12 'kk'orh

reèojs fo'oftfr f{krh'ka


fu%'ks"kfoJkf.krdks"ktkre~ A
mikÙkfo|ks xq#nf{k.kkFkhZ
dkSRl% izins s ojrUrqf'k";% AA1AA

l e`Ue;s ohrfgj.e;Rokr~
ik=ks fu/k;k?;Zeu?kZ'khy% A
Jqrizdk'ka ;'klk izdk'k%
izR;qTtxkekfrfFkekfrFks;% AA2AA
repZf;Rok fof/of}f/K%
riks/ua eku/ukxz;k;h A
fo'kkaifrfoZ"VjHkktekjkr~
Ñrk×tfy% ÑR;fofnR;qokp AA3AA
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 13

vI;xz.kheZU=kÑrke`"kh.kka
oqQ'kkxzc¼ q s oqQ'kyh xq#Lrs A
;rLRo;k Kkue'ks"kekIra
yksoQs u pSrU;feoks".kj'es% AA4AA
rokgZrks ukfHkxesu r`Ira
euks fu;ksxfØ;;ksRlqoQa es A
vI;kK;k 'kkflrqjkReuk ok
izkIrks¿fl lEHkkof;rqa oukUeke~ AA5AA
bR;?;Zik=kkuqferO;;L;
j?kks#nkjkefi xka fu'kE; A
LokFkksiZ ifÙka izfr nqcy
Z k'k&
LrfeR;oksp}jrUrqf'k";% AA6AA
loZ=k uks okrZeosfg jktu~!~
ukFks oqQrLRoÕ;'kqHka iztkuke~ A
lw;Zs riR;koj.kk; n`"Vs%
dYisr yksdL; dFka rfeÏk AA7AA
'kjhjek=ks.k ujsUnz fr"Bu~
vkHkkfl rhFkZifz rikfnrf¼Z% A
vkj.;dksikÙkiQyizlfw r%
LrEcsu uhokj bokof'k"V% AA8AA
rnU;rLrkonuU;dk;ksZ
xqoFZ kZekgrqeZ ga ;fr";s A
LoLR;Lrq rs fuxZfyrkEcqxHk±
'kjn~?kua uknZfr pkrdks¿fi AA9AA
14 'kk'orh

,rkonqDRok izfr;krqdkea
f'k";a eg"ksuZ iZ` frfuZf"kè; A
¯d oLrq fo}u~! xqjos izn; s a
Ro;k fd;}sfr reUo;qƒ AA10AA
rrks ;Fkkof}fgrkèojk;
rLeS Le;kos'kfooftZrk; A
o.kkZJek.kka xqjos l o.khZ
fop{k.k% izLrqrekpp{ks AA11AA
lekIrfo|su e;k egf"kZ&
foZKkfirks¿Hkwnx~ #q nf{k.kk;S A
l es fpjk;kL[kfyrksipkjka
rka HkfDresokx.k;RiqjLrkr~ AA12AA
fucZU/l×tkr#"kkFkZdk';Z&
efpUrf;Rok xq#.kkgeqDr% A
foÙkL; fo|kifjla[;;k es
dksVh'prÏks n'k pkgjsfr AA13AA
bRFka f}tsu f}tjktdkfUr&
jkosfnrks osnfonka ojs.k A
,uksfuo`ÙksfUnz;o`fÙkjsua
txkn Hkw;ks txnsdukFk% AA14AA
xqoFZ kZeFkhZ Jqrikjn`'ok
j?kks% ldk'kknuokI; dkee~ A
xrks onkU;kUrjfeR;;a es
ek HkwRijhoknuokorkj% AA15AA
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 15

l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs enh;s


ola'prqFkks¿Z fXufjokXU;xkjs A
f}=kk.;gkU;gZfl lks<eq gZu&~
;ko|rs lk/f;rqa RonFkZe~ AA16AA
rFksfr rL;kforFka izrhr%
izR;xzghRlÄõjexztUek A
xkekÙklkjka j?kqjI;os{;
fu"Ø"VqeFk± pdes oqQcsjkr~ AA17AA
izkr% iz;k.kkfHkeq[kk; rLeS
lfoLe;k% dks"kx`gs fu;qDrk% A
fgj.e;ha dks"kx`gL; eè;s
o`f"Va 'k'kal%q ifrrka uHkLr% AA18AA
ra HkwifrHkkZljq gsejkf'ka
yC/a oqQcsjknfHk;kL;ekukr~ A
fnns'k dkSRlk; leLreso
ikna lqejs ksfjo otzfHkUue~ AA19AA
tuL; lkosQrfuokfluLrkS
}koI;HkwrkefHkuU|lÙokS A
xq#izn;s kf/dfu%Li`gks¿FkhZ
u`iks¿fFkZdkeknf/dizn'p AA20AA
16 'kk'orh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
fo'oftfr vèojs & fo'oftr~ uked ;K esaA
dks"ktkre~ & /u lewgA lEiw.kZ /ujkf'kA
foJkf.kre~ & iznÙk_ nku esa fn;k gqvkA fo $ J.kq (nkus) $ Dr_ nÙke~A
mikÙkfo|% & fo|k dks izkIr fd;k gqvkA fo|klEiÂA
xq#nf{k.kkFkhZ & xq#nf{k.kk nsus dh bPNk ls izkFkZuk djus okykA
izisns & igq¡pkA iz $ in~ (xrkS) fyV~ $ iz-iq- ,dopu
e`.e;s & fe^h osQ cus gq,A e`r~ $ e;V~A
ohrfgj.e;Rokr~ & lksus osQ cus gq, ik=kksa osQ u jgus lsA fgj.;L; fodkj% ¾ fgj.e;e~A
fo $ b.k~ $ DrA
fuèkk; & j[kdjA laLFkkI;A fu $ /k $ Y;i~A
v?;Ze~ & v?kZ fufeÙkd nzO;A v?kkZFkZe~ ;ksX;e~ bna nzO;e~ v?kZ $ ;r~A
vu?kZ'khy% & vlk/kj.k vkpkjoku~A eguh; LoHkkookykA vewY;LoHkko%] vlkèkkj.k&
LoHkkoks okA u×k~ $ v?kZ%A vewY;e~A
Jqrizdk'ka & osnkfn 'kkL=kksa osQ vè;;u ls izfl¼A Jqr ¾ 'kkL=kA Jqrsu izdk'k%A
re~A
Jqre~ & osnkfn 'kkL=kA Jw;rs bfr Jqra&osnkfn'kkL=ke~A Jq $ DrA
izR;qTtxke & ikl mBdj x;kA izfr $ mr~ $ xe~ $ fyV~A izFkeiq#"k ,dopuA
vkfrFks;% & vfrfFk lRdkj djus okykA vfrFk;s lk/q%A vfrfFk $ <×k~A
vpZf;Rok & iwtu djosQA vp~Z (iwtk;ka) $ f.kp~ $ DRokA LokFksZ f.kp~A
fof/or~ & 'kkL=kksDr fu;eksa osQ vuq:iA ;Fkk'kkL=ke~A fof/ $ or~A
fof/K% & 'kkL=kKA 'kkL=k fu;eksa osQ osÙkkA
riksèkua & ½f"k dksA ftldk ri gh /u gSA ri% /ua ;L;A cgqchz fg leklA
eku/ukxz;k;h & vkRe xkSjo dks gh /u ekuus okyksa esa vxzx.; @ vxzsljA
fo'kkEifr% & jktkA fo'k~ ¾ iztkA ifr ¾ LokehA
fo"VjHkktke~ & vklu ij @ ihB ij cSBs gq,A fo"Vje~ ¾ vklue~ vFkok ihBe~A
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 17

vkjkr~ & lehi esaA nwj vkSj lehi nksuksa vFkks± esa ^vkjkr~* in dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA vO;;A
ÑR;for~ & vius drZO; ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro dks le>us okykA Ñ $ ;r~ $
fon~ $ fDoi~A
mokp & op (ifjHkk"k.ks) /krq] fyV~] izFke iq#"k] ,dopuA
eU=kÑrke~ & eU=knz"Vkvksa esaA euu djus okyksa esaA fpUru djus okyksa esaA
izFke vFkZ esa Ñ&/krq dk vFkZ gS ^n'kZu* u fd fuekZ.kA
½"k;ks eU=knz"Vkj%A
oqQ'kkxzcq¼s & gs lw{en'khZ ! oqQ'kL; vxz oqQ'kkxza oqQ'kkxzfeo cqf¼;ZL; l%
oqQ'kkxzh;e~A rRlEcks/ue~A oqQ'k ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh rh[kh
ukasd okyh ?kkl gksrh gS ftldk mi;ksx ;K&;kxkfn esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
v'ks"ke~ & lEiw.kZA vfo|eku% 'ks"k% ;fLeu~ rr~A u $ 'ks"ke~A 'ks"k u
jgus rdA
yksosQu & yksxksa lsA lewgokph inA
m".kjf'e% & lw;ZA m".k% jf'e% ;L; l%A cgqozhfg leklA
vkIre~ & izkIr fd;k x;kA vkIy` (O;kIrkS) $ DrA
vgZr% & iz'kalk osQ ;ksX; dkA vg~Z (iwtk;ke~) $ 'kr`] "k"Bh ,dopuA
vgZ~&èkkrq ls ^iz'kalk* osQ vFkZ esa gh 'kr` izR;; gksrk gSA
vfHkxesu & vkxeu lsA
r`Ire~ & lUrq"VA r`i~ (izh.kus) $ DrA
fu;ksxfØ;;k & vkKk lsA
mRlqoaQ & mRdf.BrA
lEHkkof;rqe~ & ÑrkFkZ djus osQ fy,A le~ $ Hkw $ f.kp~ $ rqequ~A
v?;Zik=kkuqferO;;L; & (e`.e;) v?;Zik=k ls gh ftlosQ lEiw.kZ /u osQ O;; gks
tkus dk irk yxrk gS mldkA v?;ZL; ik=ke~A v?;Zik=ks.k
vuqfer% O;;% ;L; l%A rL; ¾ j?kks%A
xke~ & ok.kh dksA xks 'kCn vusdkFkZd gSA bl LFkku ij ok.kh dk
okpd gSA
18 'kk'orh

fu'kE; & lqudjA fu $ 'ke~ $ Y;i~A


LokFkksZiifÙke~ & vius iz;kstu (dk;Z) dh flf¼ dksA ;gk¡ vFkZ 'kCn iz;kstu
okpd gSA
nqcZyk'k% & fujk'k gksrs gq,_ f'kfFky euksjFk gksrs gq,A nqcZyk vk'kk ;L;
l%A
vokspr~ & cksykA op~ $ (ifjHkk"k.ks) yÄ~ izFkeiq#"k] ,dopuA
okrZe~ & oqQ'kyrk] uhjksxrkA ^okr±] LokLF;e~] vkjksX;e~] vuke;e~* bfr
i;kZ;inkfuA
vosfg & tkuksA vo $ bfg (b.k~ xrkS) yksV~ eè;eiq#"k ,dopuA
lw;sZ rifr (lfr) & lw;Z osQ izdk'keku gksus ijA lrh lIreh iz;ksxA rifr & ri
$ 'kr` lIreh foHkfDr ,dopu (iqa-)
dFka dYisr & oSQls i;kZIr gksxk (leFkZ ugha gksxk) Dy`i~ (lkeF;sZ) fofèk
fyÄ~A izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
rfeÏk & vUèkdkj lewgA ^rfeÏk rq reLrrkS*A
'kjhjek=ks.k & osQoy 'kjhj lsA osQoya 'kjhja 'kjhjek=ke~A ek=kp~ izR;;A
vkHkkfLk & lq'kksfHkr gks jgs gksA vk $ Hkk (nhIrkS) yV~ eè;e iq#"k
,dopuA
rhFkZizfrikfnrfèkZ% & lRik=kksa dks lkjh lEifÙk nku djus okysA rhFksZ&lRik=ks
izfrikfnrk&nÙkk ½f¼%&le`f¼% (lEir~) ;su l%A
vkj.;dk% & vj.; esa fuokl djus okys eqfutu vkfn vj.;s Hkok%
vkj.;dk%A
LrEcsu & MkaB (MaBy) ek=k lsA r`rh;k foHkfDr ,dopuA
uhokj% & èkkU; fo'ks"kA taxy esa Lor% mRiUu gqvk èkkU; fo'ks"kA
vuU;dk;Z% & ftls fufnZ"V mís'; osQ vfrfjDr vU; dk;Z u gksA iz;kstukUrj&
jfgr%A u fo|rs vU;dk;± ;L; l%A vU;Pp rr~ dk;Z×p
vU;dk;Ze~A
vkgrqZe~ & xzg.k djus osQ fy;sA vk $ â (gj.ks) $ rqe~A
;fr";s & iz;Ru d:¡xkA ;rh (iz;Rus) $ y`V~ mÙke iq#"k cgqopuA
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 19

fuxZfyrkEcqxHk± & ftlosQ xHkZ ls ty fudy pqdk gksA vECoso xHkZ% vEcqxHkZ%A
fuxZfyr% vEcqxHkZ% ;Lekr~ l%A
'kjn~/ue~ & 'kjr~ dkfyd es?kA
uknZfr & ;kpuk ugha djrk gSA u $ vnZfrA vn~Z (xrkS ;kpus p) yV~
izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
pkrd% & iihgk (i{kh fo'ks"k) pkrd i{khA
izfr;krqdkee~ & ykSV tkus dh bPNk okys dksA izfr;krqa dke% ;L; l% re~A
izfr $ ;k (izki.ks) $ rqe~A ^rqadkeeulksjfi* bl vuq'kklu
ls ^rqe~* izR;; osQ edkj dk yksi gksrk gSA
fuf"kè; & fuokj.k djA fuok;ZA fu $ f"kèk~ (xR;ke~) $ Y;i~A
izns;e~ & nsus ;ksX;A iz $ nk (nkus) $ ;r~A
fd;r~ & fdrukA ¯d ifjek.ke~\A
vUo;qÄ~Dr & iwNkA vuq $ ;qt~ $ yÄ~ izFke iq#"k ,dopuA v;qÄ~Dr
v;q×tkrke~ v;q×trA
;Fkkor~ & fof/or~A 'kkL=kksa osQ fu;ekuq:iA
Le;kos'kfooftZrk; & tks xoZ osQ vkos'k ls oftZr gksA xokZfHkfuos'k'kwU;k;A Le;% ¾
xoZ%A
o.khZ & czãpkjhA o.kZ $ bu~A
vkpp{ks & dgus yxk FkkA vk $ pf{kÄ~ (O;Drk;ka okfp) fyV~ izFkeiq#"k
,dopuA
xqjos & fu;ked dksA iztkuka fu;kedk;A
xq#nf{k.kk;S & xq#nf{k.kk Lohdkj djus gsrqA
fpjk; & fpjdky ls (cgqr o"kks± ls@cgqr fnuksa ls)A ;g ,d vO;;
gS ftl osQ vUr esa ukuk foHkfDr;ksa osQ :i fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA
tSls fpje~] fpjkr~] fpjL;A ;s LkHkh lekukFkZd gSaA
vx.k;r~ & fxu fy;kA x.k~ (la[;kus) $ f.kp~ $ yÄ~A pqjkfn x.kA
iqjLrkr~ & lc ls igysA vO;;A
fucZUèksu & ckj ckj izkFkZuk fd;s tkus lsA izkFkZukfr'k;suA
20 'kk'orh

vFkZdk';Ze~ & vFkZ ladV] nkfjn~z;A


vfpUrf;Rok & fcuk lkspsA u×k~ $ fprh (laKkus) $ f.kp~ $ RokA
fo|kifjlÄ~[;;k & fo|k dh x.kuk (la[;k) osQ vuqlkjA
vkgj & ykvksA vk $ â $ yksV~A eè;e iq#"k ,dopuA
,uksfuo`ÙksfUnz;o`fÙk% & ftrsfUnz;A ikiksa ls fuo`Ùk bfUnz; o`fÙk okysA ,u% ¾ iki]
vijkèkA
txkn & dgkA xn~ (O;Drk;ka okfp) $ fyV~A izFkeiq#"k ,dopuA
Jqrikjn`'ok & 'kkL=kK] 'kkL=keeZKA JqrL; ikja n`"Voku~A Jqr $ ikj $ n`'k~
$ ‡fui~A
ldk'kkr~ & ikl lssA vO;;A
onkU;kUrje~ & nwljs nkrkA onkU;% ¾ nkuhA vU;% onkU;% onkU;kUrje~A
ekHkwr~ & u gksosA ekÄ~ $ vHkwr~A
ijhokn% & fuUnkA ^ifjokn* 'kCn Hkh fuUnkFkZd gSA
olu~ & jgrs gq,A ol~ (fuokls) $ 'kr`A izFkek foHkfDr] ,dopuA
prqFkZ% vfXu% bo & pkSFkh vfXu tSlkA nf{k.kkfXu] xkgZiR;kfXu vkSj vkgouh;kfXu
uke ls vfXu osQ rhu izdkj gSaA
vXU;xkjs & vfXu'kkyk esaA ;K'kkyk esaA
RonFk± lkèkf;rqa ;ko|rs & rqEgkjk iz;kstu iwjk djus osQ fy, ;Ru d:¡xkA ro $ vFkZe~]
¾ RonFkZe~ ;kor~ $ ;rsA ^;fr";s* bl vFkZ esa ^;rs* dk
iz;ksxA ;rh (iz;Rus) $ yV~] vkReusinhA mÙkeiq#"k ,dopuA
vforFke~ & lR;A forFke~ ¾ feF;k] u forFke~ ¾ vforFke~A
lÄõje~ & izfrKk dksA ^laÄõj* ukukFkZd 'kCn gSA
xke~ & Hkwfe dksA vusdkFkZd 'kCnA
pdes & bPNk dhA de~ (dkUrkS)] fyV~] vkReusinh] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
dks"kx`gs & [ktkus esaA ^dks'kx`g* in Hkh izpkj esa gSA
'k'kalq% & dgk FkkA dFk;keklq%A 'kal~ $ fyV~ izFke iq#"k cgqopuA
uHkLr% & vkdk'k dh vksj lsA uHkl~ $ rfly~A vO;;A
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 21

Hkklqje~ & pedrs gq,A pedhykA HkkLoje~A


vfHk;kL;ekukr~ & vkØe.k fd;s tkus okys (oqQcsj ls)A vfHk $ ;k (izki.ks)
$ y`V~ (deZf.k) ;o~Q $ 'kkup~A vfHkxfe";ek.kkr~A
fnns'k & ns fn;kA fn'k~ (vfrltZus) fyV~ izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
lqesjks% & lqes# ioZr dkA iqjk.kksa osQ vuqlkj ;g Lo.kZe; ioZr gSA
otzfHkUue~ & otzk;q/ ls dVk gqvkA ^otz* bUnz dk vk;qèk gSA mlus otzk;qèk
ls ioZrksa osQ ia[k dkV fn;s] ,slh ikSjkf.kd dFkk gSA
ikne~ & fxfjikn%A rygVhA izR;UrioZrfeo fLFkre~A
vfHkuU|lÙokS & iz'kaluh; O;ogkj okys (nksuksa)A vfHkuU|a lÙoa ;;ks% rkSA
xq#izns;kf/dfu%Li`g% & xq# dks nsus ls vf/d nzO; dks ysus esa bPNk u j[kus okyk
(vFkh±)
vfèkdizn% & vf/d nsus okykA vf/oaQ iznnkfr bfrA
lkosQrfuokflu% & v;ksè;k osQ fuoklh yksxA lkosQr $ fuokl $ bu~A "k"Bh
foHkfDr ,dopuA

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkja fy[kr&
(d) dkSRl% dL; f'k"; vklhr~\
([k) j?kq% de~ vèoje~ vuqfr"Bfr Le\
(x) dkSRl% fdeFk± j?kqa izki\
(?k) eU=kÑrke~ vxz.kh% d% vklhr~\
(Ä) rhFkZizfrikfnrf¼Z% ujsUnz% dFkfeo vkHkkfr Le\
(p) pkrdks¿fi oaQ u ;kprs\
(N) dkSRlL; xq#% xq#nf{k.kkRosu fd;¼ua ns;fefr vkfnns'k\
(t) j?kq% dLekr~ ijhoknkr~ Hkhr% vklhr~\
(>) dLekr~ vFk± fu"Ø"Vqe~ j?kq% pdes\
(×k) fgj.e;ha o`¯"V osQ 'k'kalq%\
(V) dkS vfHkuU|lÙokS vHkwrke~\
22 'kk'orh

2- dks"Bdkr~ leqfpra ineknk; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&


(d) ;'klk ------------------------- vfrfFka izR;qTtxkeA (izdk'k%] Ñ".k%] vkfrFks;%)
([k) eku/ukxz;k;h ------------------------- riksèkue~ mokpA (fo'kkEifr%] vÑrk×tfy%] dkSRl%)
(x) oqQ'kkxzcq¼s! ------------------------- oqQ'kyhA (rs f'k";%] rs xq#%] vxz.kh%)
(?k) gs jktu~ loZ=k ------------------------- vosfgA (nq%[ke~] okrZe~] vlq[ke~)
(Ä) LrEcsu vof'k"V% ------------------------- bo vkHkkflA (èkkU;e~] uhokj%] o`{k%)
(p) gs fo}u~! ------------------------- xqjos fd;r~ izns;e~A (Ro;k] e;k] yksosQu)
(N) ------------------------- vfpUrf;Rok xq#.kk vgeqDr% ('kjhjDys'ke~] vFkZdk';Ze]~ jksxDys'ke~)

3- vèkksfyf[krkuka lizlÄaõ fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&


(d) dksVh'prÏks n'k pkgjA
([k) ekHkwRijhoknuokorkj%A
(x) f}=kk.;gkU;gZfl lks<qegZu~A
(?k) fu"Ø"VqeFk± pdes oqQcsjkr~A
(Ä) fnns'k dkSRlk; leLresoA

4- vèkksfyf[krs"kq fjDrLFkkus"kq fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.kinkfu ikBÔka'kkr~ fpRok fy[kr&


(d) ------------------------- vèojsA
([k) ------------------------- dks"ktkre~A
(x) ------------------------- vuqferO;;L;A
(?k) ------------------------- iQyizlwfr%A
(Ä) ------------------------- fooftZrk;A

5- foxzg iwoZoaQ lekluke fufnZ'kr&


(d) mikÙkfo|% ([k) riks/u%a
(x) ojrUrqf'k";% (?k) egf"kZ%
(Ä) fofgrkèojk; (p) txnsdukFk%
(N) u`ifr% (t) vuokI;
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 23

6- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka leqfpra ;kstua oqQ#r&


(v) (vk)
(d) rs (1) prqnZ'k
([k) prÏ% n'k p (2) xq#nf{k.kkFkhZ
(x) vL[kfyrksipkjka (3) vgkfu
(?k) pSrU;e~ (4) LofLr vLrq
(Ä) dkSRl% (5) izcksèk% izdk'kks ok
(p) f}=kkf.k (6) HkfDre~
7- izÑfrizR;;foHkkx% fØ;rke~&
(d) vFkhZ ([k) e`.e;e~ (x) 'kkflrq% (?k) vof'k"V% (Ä) mDRok (p) izLrqre~
(N) mDr% (t) vokI; (>) yCèke~ (×k) vos{;A

8- foHkfDr&fyÄõ&opukfnfunsZ'kiwoZoaQ inifjp;a oqQ#r&


(d) tuL; ([k) }kS (x) rkS (?k) lqesjks% (Ä) izkr% (p) ldk'kkr~ (N) es
(t) Hkw;% (>) foÙkL; (×k) xq#.kk

9- vèkksfyf[krkuka fØ;kinkuke~ vU;s"kq iq#"kopus"kq :ikf.k fy[kr&


(d) vxzghr~ ([k) fnns'k (x) vHkwr~ (?k) txkn (Ä) mRlgrs (p) vnZfr
(N) ;kprs (t) vokspr~

10- vèkksfyf[krkuka inkuka foykse inkfu fy[kr&


(d) fu%'ks"ke~ ([k) vlÑr~ (x) mnkjke~ (?k) v'kqHke~ (Ä) leLre~

11- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&


(d) u`i% ([k) vFkhZ (x) Hkklqje~ (?k) o`f"V% (Ä) foÙke~ (p) onkU;% (N) f}tjkt%
(t) xoZ% (>) ?ku% (×k) okrZe~
24 'kk'orh

12- v/ksfyf[krkuke~ vUo;a oqQ#r&


(d) l e`.e;s ohrfgj.e;Rokr~ ------------------------- vkfrFks;%A
([k) lekIrfo|su e;k egf"kZ% ------------------------- iqjLrkr~A
(x) l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs enh;s ------------------------- RonFkZe~A

13- vèkksfyf[krs"kq iz;qDrkuke~ vyÄïjk.kka funsZ'ka oqQ#r&


(d) ^;rLRo;k Kkue'ks"kekIra yksosQu
pSrU;feoks".kj'es%*AA
([k) 'kjhjek=ks.k ujsUnz! fr"BÂ Hkkfl ------------------------- bokof'k"V%AA
(x) ra HkwifrHkkZlqjgsejkf'ka ------------------------- otzfHkÂe~AA

14- vèkksfyf[krs"kq NUn% fufnZ';rke~&


(d) reèojs fo'oftfr f{krh'ka ------------------------- ojrUrqf'k";%AA
([k) xqoZFkZeFkhZ Jqrikjn`'ok ------------------------- uokorkj%AA
(x) l Roa iz'kLrs efgrs ------------------------- RonFkZe~AA

15- ^j?kq&dkSRllaokna* ljylaLÑrHkk"k;k Lodh;S% okD;S% fo'kn;rA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
dkfynklh;k dkO;'kSyh lân;kuka euks furjka j×t;frA izfregkdkO;a lqyfyrS% lqeèkqj%S izlknxq.kHkfjrS%
p 'kCnlUnHkSZ% euksgkfj.k% laoknku~ dfo% lek;kst;frA r=k ân;Äõek% ifjljlfUuos'kk%
vkJeksioukn;%] yrkxqYekn;%] 'kqd&fid&e;wj&ejUn&gfj.kkn;% LoHkkoje.kh;k% dfouk fp=;UrsA
rkn`'kk% laoknk% dkfynklh;egkdkO;;ks% lUR;usosQA ;Fkk&j?kqoa'ks ,o f}rh;lxsZ ¯lg&fnyhi;ks%
laokns&
^vya eghiky ro Jes.k iz;qDreI;L=kferks o`Fkk L;kr~A
u ikniksUewyu'kfDrjag% f'kyksPp;s ewPNZfr ek#rL;AA**
j?kqoa'ke~ 2-34
lEcUèkekHkk"k.kiwoZekgqoZ̀Ùk% l ukS lÄõr;ksoZukUrsA
rn~HkwrukFkkuqx! ukgZfl Roa lEcfU/uks es iz.k;a fogUrqe~AA
j?kqoa'ke~ 2-58
j?kqdkSRllaokn% 25

dkfynkl% miekyÄïkjfiz;%A rL; losZ"kq dkO;s"kq miek;k% ân;gkjhf.k mnkgj.kkfu yH;UrsA ;Fkk&
oU;o`fÙkfjeka 'k'onkRekuqxeusu xke~A
fo|keH;lususo izlknf;rqegZflAA
j?kqoa'ke~ 1-88
v?;Ze~ & v?;Ze~ bfr insu vfrfFklRdkjkFk± lÄ~xkz áa nzO;e~ vfHk/h;rsA Hkkjrh;k;ke~ vfrfFklRdkj
ijEijk;ke~ ,rs"kka nzO;k.kka furjka egÙoa orZrsA rkfu nzO;kf.k nwjknkxrL; vfrfFktuL;
v?oJee~ viusraq leFkkZfu_ vr ,o rkfu v?;ZnzO;s"kq LFkkua HktUrsA v?kZL;] v?;ZL;
ok nzO;kf.k rq & nwokZ] v{krkfu] l"kZ;k%] iq"ikf.k lqxU/hfu] pUnukfnlqxfU/nzO;kf.k]
Loknq 'khrya ty×pA v?kZ% v?;± ok vfrFkhuke~ mipkjkFk±] vknjkFk± ok fo/h;r bfr
;kKoyD;% izkgA r|Fkk&
^nwokZ l"kZiiq"ik.kka nÙok?k± iw.kZe×tfye~* bfrA
fo|k & izkphudkys prqnZ'k fo|k% ikB~;Urs LeA rk% Le`fr"kq mfYyf[krk% lfUrA r|Fkk

vÄõkfu osnk'pRokjks ehekalk U;k;foLrj%A


iqjk.ka /eZ'kkL=ka p fo|k ásrk'prqnZ'kAA

f'k{kk] O;kdj.ka] NUn%] fu#Dra] T;kSfr"ka] dYi% bfr "kV~ osnkÄõkfu_ ½o~Q] lke]
;tq%] vFkoZ.k bfr pRokjks osnk%A osnkFkZfopkjk; izoÙ` ka ehekalk'kkL=ke~] U;k;foLrj'kCnsu
Kk;ekuk vkUohf{kdh] n.Muhfr%] okrkZ] p_ v"Vkn'k&iqjk.kfu_ èkeZ'kkL=k×p prqnZ'k&
fo|klq vUrHkZofUrA
eU=k% & eU=k bfr ina ^ef=k* (xqIrHkk"k.ks) /krks% ?k×k~ izR;;s Ñrs fu"iÂ%] ½f"kfHk% n`"Vkuke~
vkuqiwokZiz/kukuke~ ½X;tqLlkekFkokZ[;kuka lkekU;su cksèkde~A izR;soaQ osns vUrxZrkuka
eU=kk.kka cksèkdr;k fHkÂk% fHkÂk% 'kCnk% iz;qT;UrsA osQoye~ ½Ä~eU=k.kka Ñrs ^½p*
bfr lkeeU=kk.kka ^lkekfu* bfr] ;tqeZU=kk.kka ^;twaf"k* bfr vFkoZeU=kk.kka ^vkFkokZ* bfr
p laKkA
KkukFkZdkr~ ^eu~* /krks% vfi eU=k'kCnL; O;qRifÙka izn'kZ;fUrA è;kukoLFkk;ka eU=kku~
½"k;% vi';u~ bfr dkj.kkr~ rs ^eU=knz"Vkj* bR;qP;UrsA loZnk euua oqQoZfUr] è;kueXuk
HkofUr bfr dkj.kkr~ ½"k;% eU=kÑr bR;fi mP;UrsA
26 'kk'orh

cgqHkk"kkKkue~ & vèkksfyf[krkuke~ vU;Hkk"kk'kCnkuka lekukFkZdkfu inkfu ikBs vUos"VO;kfu


estcku (Host) vxokuh (to receive) ftn (insistance)
fof'k"VokD;fuekZ.kdkS'kye~
^lw;sZ rifr dFka rfeÏk*&,rRln`'kkfu okD;kfu fuesZ;kfu
1- lw;sZ vLre~ ------------------------- (xe~) pUnz mnsfrA
2- ef; ekxsZ ------------------------- (LFkk) ;kue~ vkxre~A
3- rfLeu~ ------------------------- (izPN~) vge~ mÙkje~ v;PNe~A
vusdkFkZd'kCn% & ikB~Ôka'ks n`"Vkuke~ vusdkFkZd'kCnkuka lÄ~xzga ÑRok ukuk vFkkZu~ mfYYk[krA
dkO;lkSUn;Zcks/% & dkfynklL; vU;s"kq dkO;s"kq & ½rqlagkj&es?knwr;ks%] ekyfodkfXufe=k&
foØekSo'Z kh;kfHkKku'kkoqQUrys"kq oqQekjlEHkos p Hkof‰% voyksfdrk% vyÄkï jS%
lq'kksfHkrk% 'yksdk% lÄ~xzkák%] dkO;lkSUn;± p leqiLFkkiuh;e~A
fp=kys[kue~ & dkfynklÑra izÑfrfp=k.ke~] vkJefp=k.ka] o`{kknhuka i'kqif{k.kka p fp=k.ka
'yksdksYys[kuiwoZoaQ iQyosQ"kq i=ks"kq ok o.kSZ% ysiuh;e~A
r`rh;% ikB%

ckydkSrqde~
izLrqr ikB d#.k jl osQ vuqie fprsjs egkdfo HkoHkwfr fojfpr ¶mÙkjjkepfjre~¸ uked
izfl¼ ukVd osQ prqFkZ vad ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA jktk jke }kjk fuokZflrk Hkxorh lhrk
osQ tqM+ok¡ iq=kksa yo ,oa oqQ'k dk egf"kZ okYehfd osQ }kjk ikyu&iks"k.k fd;k x;k] mUgsa 'kL=kksa
,oa 'kkL=kksa dh f'k{kk nh x;h rFkk Lojfpr jkek;.k osQ lLoj xku dk vH;kl djk;k x;kA
egf"kZ okYehfd osQ vkJe esa vfrfFk :i esa i/kjs jktf"kZ tud] dkSlY;k ,oa v#U/rh [ksyrs
gq, ckydksa osQ chp ,d ckyd esa jke ,oa lhrk dh Nk;k ns[krs gSaA os mUgsa cqykdj xksn esa
fcBkdj okRlY; dh o"kkZ djrs gSaA brus esa gh pUnzosQrq }kjk jf{kr jktk jke dk v'oesèkh;
v'o vkJe esa izos'k djrk gSA uxjh; v'o dks ns[kdj vkJe osQ ckydksa esa dkSrwgy mRiUu
gksrk gSA os mls ns[kus osQ fy, yo dks Hkh cqyk ykrs gSaA yo ?kksM+s dks ns[krs gh tku tkrs
gSa fd ;g v'oesèkh; ?kksM+k gSA j{kdksa dh ?kks"k.kk lqudj ckyd yo ?kksM+s dks vkJe esa ys
tkdj ck¡/us dk vkns'k nsrs gSaA bldk vR;Ur ekfeZd fp=k.k bl ikB esa gqvk gSA
(usiF;s dydy%A losZ vkd.kZ;fUr)
tud% % v;s] f'k"Vkuè;k; bR;L[kfyra [ksyrka cVwuka dksykgy%A
dkSlY;k % lqyHklkS[;fenkuha ckyRoa HkofrA vgks] ,rs"kka eè;s d ,"k
jkeHknzL; eqX/yfyrSjÄnõS kZjdks¿LekoaQ ykspus 'khry;fr\
v#U/rh % oqQoy;nyfLuX/';ke% f'k[k.Mde.Muks
oVqifj"kna iq.;Jhd% fJ;So lHkkt;u~ A
iqujfi f'k'kqHkwrZ ks oRl% l es j?kquUnuks
>fVfr oqQ#rs n`"V% dks¿;a n`'kksje`rk×tue~ AA1AA
tud% % (fpja fuoZ.;Z ) Hkks% fdeI;srr~A
efgEukesrfLeu~ fou;f'kf'kjks ekSXè;el`.kks
fonXèkSfuZxkz á
Z ks u iqujfonXèkSjfr'k;% A
euks es laeksgfLFkjefi gjR;s"k cyoku~
v;ks/krqa ;}Rifjy?kqj;LdkUr'kdy% AA
28 'kk'orh

yo% % (izfo';] Loxre~) vfoKkro;% ØekSfpR;kr~ iwT;kufi lr%


dFkefHkoknf;";s\ (fofpUR;) v;a iqujfo#¼izdkj bfr
o`¼sH;% Jw;rsA (lfou;eqil`R;) ,"k oks yoL; f'kjlk
iz.kkei;kZ;%A
v#U/rhtudkS % dY;kf.ku~! vk;q"eku~ Hkw;k%A
dkSlY;k % tkr! fpja thoA
v#U/rh % ,fg oRl! (yoeqRlÄsõ x`ghRok vkRexre~) fn"V~;k u osQoy&
eqRlÄõf'pjkUeuksjFkks¿fi es iwfjr%A
dkSlY;k % tkr! brks¿fi rkonsfgA (mRlÄsõ x`ghRok) vgks] u osQoya
ekalyksTToysu nsgcU/su] dygal?kks"k& ?k?kZjkuqukfnuk Lojs.k
p jkeHknzeuqljfrA tkr! i';kfe rs eq[kiq.Mjhde~A (fpcqd&
eqUueÕ;] fu:I;] lok"ikowQre~) jkt"ks!Z fda u i';fl\ fuiq.ka
fu:I;ek.kks oRlk;k es oèok eq[kpUnz.s kkfi laonR;soA
tud% % i';kfe] lf[k! i';kfeA (fu:I;)
oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofLeUufHkO;T;rs]
laof` Ùk% izfrfcEcrso fuf[kyk lSokÑfr% lk |qfr% A
lk ok.kh fou;% l ,o lgt% iq.;kuqHkkoks¿I;lkS
gk gk nsfo fdeqRiFkSeeZ eu% ikfjIyoa /kofr AA
dkSlY;k % tkr! vfLr rs ekrk\ Lejfl ok rkre~\
yo% % ufgA
dkSlY;k % rr% dL; Roe~\
yo% % Hkxor% lqxg` hruke/s;L; okYehosQ%A
dkSlY;k % vf; tkr! dFkf;rO;a dFk;A
yo% % ,rkonso tkukfeA
(izfo'; lEHkzkUrk%)
ckydkSrqde~ 29

cVo% % oqQekj! oqQekj! v'oks¿'o bfr dks¿fi Hkwrfo'ks"kks tu&


ins"ouqJ; w rs] lks¿;e/quk¿LekfHk% Lo;a izR;{khÑr%A
yo% % ^v'oks¿'o* bfr uke i'kqlekEuk;s lkaxkz feosQ p iB~;rs] rn~
czrw μdhn`'k%\
cVo% % v;s] Jw;rke~μ
i'pkRiqPNa ogfr foiqya rPp èkwuksR;tÏe~
nh?kZxhz o% l Hkofr] [kqjkLrL; pRokj ,o A
'k"ik.;fÙk] izfdjfr 'kÑr~fi.Mdkukezek=kku~
fda O;k[;kuSot Zz fr l iqunwjZ esáfs g ;ke% AA
(bR;ftus gLr;ks'pkd"kZfUr)
yo% % (ldkSrd q ksijks/fou;e~A) vk;kZ%! i';rA ,fHkuhZrks¿fLeA (bfr
Rofjra ifjØkefrA)
v#U/rhtudkS % egRdkSro q Qa oRlL;A
dkSlY;k % vj.;xHkZ:ikykiS;; Zw a rksf"krk o;a pA Hkxofr! tkukfe ra
i';Urh of×prsoA rLekfnrks¿U;rks HkwRok izs{kkegs rkor~
iyk;ekua nh?kkZ;"q ke~A
v#U/rh % vfrtosu nwjefrØkUr% l piy% dFka n`';rs\ (izfo';)
cVo% % i';rq oqQekjLrkonk'p;ZeA~
yo% % n`"Veoxra pA uwuek'oesf/dks¿;e'o%A
cVo% % dFka Kk;rs\
yo% % uuq ew[kkZ%! ifBreso fg ;q"ekfHkjfi rRdk.Me~A ¯d u i';Fk\
izR;soQa 'krla[;k% dofpuks nf.Muks fu"kfÄõ.k'p jf{krkj%A
;fn p foizR;;LrRi`PNrA
cVo% % Hkks Hkks%! ¯diz;kstuks¿;e'o% ifjo`r% i;ZVfr\
30 'kk'orh

yo% % (lLi`gekRexre~) ^v'oes/* bfr uke fo'ofotf;uka {kf=k;k.kk&


ewtLZ oy% loZ{k=kifjHkkoh egku~ mRd"kZfud"k%A (usiF;s)
;ks¿;e'o% irkosQ;eFkok ohj?kks"k.kk A
lIryksoQS dohjL; n'kd.BoqQyf}"k% AA
yo% % (lxoZe~)A vgks! lanhiukU;{kjkf.kA
cVo% % fdeqP;rs\ izkK% [kyq oqQekj%A
yo% % Hkks Hkks%! rfRde{kf=k;k i`fFkoh\ ;nsoeqn?~ kks";rs\ (usiF;s)
js] js] egkjkta izfr d% {kf=k;%\
yo% % f/x~ tkYeku~A
;fn uks lfUr lUR;so osQ;e| foHkhf"kdk A
fdeqDrSjfs Hkj/quk rka irkdka gjkfe o% AA
gs cVo%! ifjo`R; yks"BSjfHk?uUr miu;rSue'oe~A ,"k jksfgrkuka eè;spjks
HkorqA
(izfo'; lØks/%)
ckydkSrqde~ 31

iq#"k% % f/o~Q piy! fdeqDrokufl\ rh{.krjk ák;q/Js.k;% f'k'kksjfi n`Irka


okpa u lgUrsA jktiq=k'pUnzoQs rqnnZq kZUr%] lks¿I;iwokZj.;n'kZukf{kIrân;ks
u ;konk;kfr] rkor~ Rofjreusu r#xgusukiliZrA
cVo% % oqQekj! Ñra Ñre'osuA rtZ;fUr foLiQkfjr'kjkluk% oqQekj&
ek;qèkh;Js.k;%A nwjs pkJeine~A brLrnsfgA gfj.kIyqr%S iyk;kegsA
yo% % ¯d uke foLiqQjfUr 'kL=kkf.k\
(bfr /uqjkjksi;fr)

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
f'k"Vkuè;k;% & f'k"Vs"kq (vkIrs"kq) vuè;k;% f'k"Vkxeuiz;qDrks¿uè;k;%A cM+s yksxksa
osQ vkus ij vodk'kA
vL[kfyre~ & vfu;fU=kre~] csjksdVksdA
lqyHklkS[;e~ & lqyHka lkS[;efLeu~A blesa (cpiu esa) lq[k lqyHk gksrk gSA
eqX/yfyrS% & eqX/S% euksgjS% yfyrS%&lqoqQekjS%A euksgj o lqoqQekjA
oqQoy;nyfLuX/& & oqQoy;e~&uhydeye~ rL; nye~&i=ke~
';ke% & rL; bo fLuX/%&el`.k% ';ke%&Ñ".ko.kZ%A uhy dey&ny osQ
leku fLuX/ (fpduk) rFkk ';keo.kZA
f'k[k.Mde.Mu% & dkdi{k'kksfHkr%A dkdi{kksa (?kq¡?kjkys ckyksa) ls vyÄ~ÑrA
iq.;Jhd% & iq.;k&vykSfddh Jh 'kksHkk ;L;A vykSfdd 'kksHkk& lEiUuA
n`'kksje`rk×tue~ & n`'kks%&us=k;ks%] ve`rk×tue~&ve`re;e~ v×tue~] vk¡[kksa esa ve`re;
v×tuA
fou;f'kf'kj% & fou;su&fouezr;k] f'kf'kj%&'khry%A fou; ls 'khry (efgEukefr'k;%
dk fo'ks"k.k)A
ekSXè;el`.k% & ekSXè;su&e/qjLoHkkor;k] el`.k%&dksey% loZHkkoqd& tuLi`g.kh;%A
eèkqj LoHkko osQ dkj.k dksey] Li`g.kh;A
fonX/S% & lw{eefrfHk%A foosfd;ksa osQ }kjkA
32 'kk'orh

lEeksgfLFkje~ & lEeksgsu&'kksdk?kkrsu] fLFkje~&tMhHkwrfeo] lhrk fuokZlu


osQ dkj.k 'kksdk?kkr ls laKk'kwU; lk tM+A
v;LdkUr'kdy% & v;LdkUr/krks%&pqEcdL; 'kdy%&vo;o% ([k.M%)]
pqEcd dk NksVk&lk VqdM+kA
vfoKkro;%ØekSfpR;kr~ & vfoKkre~ o;% ØekSfpR;e~&voLFkk Øe (vk;q esa NksVs
cM+s dk Øe) dk Kku u gksus lsA
iz.kkei;kZ;% & ;FkkØea iz.kkeijaijkA vkSfpR; Øe osQ vuqlkj iz.kkeA
mRlÄõs & ØksMsA xksn esaA
ekalyksTToysu & ekalysu&ifjiq"Vsu cyork mTToysu&izdk'k;qDrsu] rstfLoukA
cfy"B vkSj rstLohA
dygal?kks"k?k?kZjkuqukfnuk & dygalL; ;ks ?kks"k%&'kCn% rL; vuqukfnuk&vuqdkfj.kkA
e/qj d.Bokys gal osQ Loj dk vuqdj.k djus okys
(Loj ls)A
eq[kiq.Mjhde~ & eq[keso iq.Mjhde~&'osrdeye~] eq[k:ih deyA
iq.;kuqHkko% & iq.;'pklkS vuqHkko% ¾ ifo=k%&izHkko%] ekgkRE;e~] iq.;
izHkkoA ¶vuqHkko% izHkkos p lrka p efrfu'p;sA¸
vfHkO;T;rs & vfHk $ fo $ v×t~ /krq $ yV~ (deZ o kP;)]
izFke iq#"k ,dopu] vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA
mRiFkS% & mUekxSZ%A mUekxks± lsA
ikfjIyoe~ & p×pye~A
i'kqlekEuk;s & i'kqoxZo.kZuijs 'kkL=ks] i'kq'kkL=k esaA
lkaxzkfeosQ & laxzke o.kZuijs 'kkL=ks] laxzke'kkL=k esaA
/quksfr & /w × k~ $ yV~ $ iz F ke iq # "k ,dopu (Lokfnx.k]
'uqfodj.k)] fgykrk jgrk gSA
vtÏe~ & fujUrje~] yxkrkjA
nh?kZxzho% & nh?kkZ xzhok ;L; l%] ftldh xnZu yEch gSA
izfdjfr & iz $ oÏQ $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu (rqnkfn] 'k
fodj.k)] fc[ksjrk gSA R;kxrk gSA
'kÑr~ & iqjh"ke~A eyA
ckydkSrqde~ 33

vkezek=kku~ & vkeziQyrqY;ku~A vke osQ iQyksa tSlkA


ldkSrqdksijks/fou;e~ & dkSrqoQu] mijks/su] fou;su p lfgre~] dkSrwgy] vkxzg
vkSj fou; osQ lkFkA
vj.;xHkZ:ikykiS% & vj.;xHkkZ.kka&oufuokfluka (ckydkuka) :iS%& 'kjhjlkS"BoS%]
vkykiS%&okrkZfHk%A ouoklh ckydksa osQ 'kjhj lkSUn;Z vkSj
ckrphr lsA
iyk;ekue~ & ijk $ v;~ $ yV~ & 'kkup~ vkns ' k (/krq )
¶milxZL;k;rks¸ ijk osQ j~ dks y~ vkns'k f}rh;k ,dopu]
nkSM+rs gq, dksA
nh?kkZ;q"ke~ & nh?kZe~ vk;q% ;L; l% nh?kkZ;q%] re~A fpjk;q dks v'oes/
;K lEcU/hA
fu"kfÄ.õ k & fu"kÄkõ % lfUr ;s"kke~ rs fu"kfÄ.õ k%A fu"kÄõ $ bfu] (iq¡-)
izFkek foHkfDr cgqopuA rjdl/kjhA
foizR;;% & lUnsg] fo $ izfr $ b.k~/krq $ vp~ izR;;A
mQtZLoy% & mQtksZ¿L;kLrhfr mQtZLoy%] mQtZl~ $ oyp~A 'kfDr'kkyhA
loZ{k=kifjHkkoh & leLr ('k=kq) jktkvksa dks ijkftr djus okyhA
mRd"kZfud"k% & mRd"kZL; fudFk%] mRd"kZ dh dlkSVhA
lIryksoSQdohjL; & lIryksosQ"kq ,dohjL;] lkrksa yksdksa esa ,dek=k ohj dkA
n'kd.BoqQyf}"k% & n'kd.BL; oqQya }sf"V bfr n'kd.BoqQyf}V~&rL;A jko.k
osQ oqQy osQ }s"khA
lUnhiukU;{kjkf.k & lUnhiukfu $ v{kjkf.kA ;s v{kj (dFku) cM+s ØksèkksRiknd
gSaA
yks"BS% & <syksa lsA
vfHk?uUr% & vfHk $ gu~ $ yV~ ('kr`)] (iq-¡ ) izFkek foHkfDr cgqopu]
ekjrs gq,A
jksfgrkuke~ & e`xksa osQA
viwokZj.;n'kZukf{kIrân;% & viwokZj.;L; n'kZusu vkf{kIra ân;a ;L; l%] cgqozhfg
leklA viwoZ ou dh 'kksHkk ns[kus esa layXu eu okysA
viliZr & vi $ l`i~ $ yksV~ $ eè;e iq#"k cgqopuA Hkkx tkvksA
34 'kk'orh

foLiQkfjr'kjkluk% & foLiQkfjrkfu 'kjklukfu ;SLrsA cgqozhfg leklA èkuq"kksa


dks rkus gq,A
gfj.kIyqrS% & gfj.kkuka IyqrSfjo IyqrS%A gfj.kksa dh Hkk¡fr owQnrs gq,A
iyk;kegs & Hkkx tk,¡A ijk $ v;~ /krq $ yV~ $ mÙke iq#"k
cgqopu ¶milxZL;k;rks¸ ls ijk osQ j~ dks y~] Hkkx
pyasA
foLiqQjfUr & fo $ jiqQj~ $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k cgqopu] ped
jgs gSAa
vkjksi;fr & (/uq"k) p<+krk gSA

vH;kl
1- laLÑrsu mÙkja nh;rke~&
(d) ^mÙkjjkepfjre~* bfr ukVdL; jpf;rk d%\
([k) usiF;s dksykgya JqRok tud% ¯d dFk;fr\
(x) yo% jkeHknza dFkeuqljfr\
(?k) cVo% v'oa dFka o.kZ;fUr\
(Ä) yo% dFka tkukfr ;r~ v;e~ vk'oesf/d% v'o%\
(p) jktiq#"kL; rh{.krjk vk;q/Js.k;% fda u lgUrs\

2- js[kkfÄïrinkfu vkèk`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&


(d) v'ose/ bfr uke {kf=k;k.kke~ egku~ mRd"kZfud"k%A
([k) gs cVo%! yks"BS% vfHk?uUr% miu;r ,ue~ v'oe~A
(x) jkeHknzL; ,"k nkjd% vLekoaQ ykspus 'khry;frA
(?k) mRiFkS% ee eu% ikfjIyoa /kofrA
(Ä) vfrtosu nwjefrØkUr% l piy% n`';rsA
(p) foLiQkfjr'kjkluk% vk;q/h;Js.k;% oqQekja rtZ;fUrA
(N) fuiq.ka fu:I;ek.k% yo% eq[kpUnzs.k lhr;k laonR;soA
ckydkSrqde~ 35

3- fgUnhHkk"k;k lizlÄõO;k[;ka oqQ#r&


(d) loZ{k=kifjHkkoh egku~ mRd"kZfud"k%A
([k) ¯d O;k[;kuSot
Zz fr l iqunwjZ esásfg ;ke%A
(x) lqyHklkS[;fenkuha ckyRoa HkofrA
(?k) >fVfr oqQ#rs n`"V% dks¿;a n`'kksje`rk×tue~\

4- vèkksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d% oaQ izfr dFk;fr&

d% oaQ izfr
(d) vfLr rs ekrk\ Lejfl ok rkre~\ ----------------------- -----------------------
([k) fn"V~;k u osQoyeqRlÄ%õ euksjFkks¿fi es iwfjr%A ----------------------- -----------------------
(x) oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofLeÂfHkO;T;rsA ----------------------- -----------------------

(?k) lks¿;e/quk¿LekfHk% Lo;a izR;{khÑr%A ----------------------- -----------------------

(Ä) brks¿U;rks HkwRok isz{kkegs rkoRiyk;ekua nh?kkZ;q"ke~A ----------------------- -----------------------


(p) f/o~Q piy! fdeqDrokuflA ----------------------- -----------------------

5- v/ksfyf[krokD;kuka fjDrLFkkukfu funsZ'kkuqlkja iwj;r&


(d) d ,"k ----------------------- jkeHknzL; eqX/yfyrSjXSnkZjdks¿LekoaQ ykspus -----------------------
(fØ;kinsu)
([k) ,"k ----------------------- es lEeksgufLFkjefi eu% gjfrA (drZ̀insu)
(x) -----------------------! brks¿fi rkonsfg! (lEcks/usu)
(?k) ^v'oks¿'o* ----------------------- uke i'kqlekEuk;s lkaxzkfeosQ p iB~;rsA (vO;;su)
(Ä) ;q"ekfHkjfi rRdk.Ma ----------------------- ,o fgA (ÑnUrinsu)
(p) ,"k oks yoL; ----------------------- iz.kkei;kZ;% (dj.kinsu)
36 'kk'orh

6- v/% leLrinkuka foxzgk% nÙkk%A mngkj.keuql`R; leLrinkfu jp;r] leklukekfi


p fy[krA
mnkgj.ke~& i'kwuka lekEuk;%] rfLeu~ i'kqlekEuk;s&"k"Bh rRiq#"k%
(d) fou;su f'kf'kj% ----------------------- -----------------------
([k) v;LdkUrL; 'kdy% ----------------------- -----------------------
(x) nh?kkZ xzhok ;L; l% ----------------------- -----------------------
(?k) eq[ke~ ,o iq.Mjhde~ ----------------------- -----------------------
(Ä) iq.;% pklkS vuqHkko% ----------------------- -----------------------
(p) u L[kfyre~ ----------------------- -----------------------

7- v/ksfyf[krikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkuka leqfprkFksZu esyua oqQ#r&


(d) usiF;s (d) izdV:i esa
([k) vkRexre~ ([k) ns[kdj
(x) izdk'ke~ (x) insZ osQ ihNs
(?k) fu:I; (?k) vius eu esa
(Ä) mRlXs x`ghRok (Ä) izos'k djosQ
(p) izfo'; (p) vius eu esa
(N) lxoZe~ (N) xksn esa fcBk dj
(t) Loxre~ (t) xoZ osQ lkFk

8- ikBekfJR; fgUnhHkk"k;k yoL; pkfjf=kdoSf'k"V~;a fy[kr&

9- vèkksfyf[krs"kq 'yksosQ"kq NUnksfunsZ'k% fØ;rke~&


(d) efgEukesrfLeu~ fou;f'kf'kjks ekSXè;el`.kksA
([k) oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofeLeÂfHkO;T;rsA
(x) i'pkRiqPNa ogfr foiqya rPp /quksR;tÏe~A

10- ikBekfJR; mRisz{kkyÄ~dkjL; miekyÄ~dkjL; p mnkgj.ka fy[kr&


ckydkSrqde~ 37

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) HkoHkwfr% laLÑrlkfgR;L; izeq[kks egkdfojklhr~A
^^dfookZDifrjktJhHkoHkwR;kfnlsfor%A
ftrks ;;kS ;'kksoekZ rn~xq.kLrqfrofUnrke~AA** bfr dYg.kjfprjktrjfÄõ.khLFk'yksosQu ifjKk;rs
;n;e~ v"Ve'krkCn~;ka orZekuL; dkU;oqQCts'ojL; ;'kksoeZ.k% lelkef;d vklhr~A
vusu egkdfouk =khf.k ukVdkfu jfprkfu&
ekyrhekèkoe~] egkohjpfjre~ mÙkjjkepfjra pA
mÙkjjkepfjra HkoHkwrs% loksZRÑ"Vk jpukLrhfr fo}Rleqnk;s b;eqfDr% izfl¼k orZrs
^^mÙkjs jkepfjrs HkoHkwfrfoZf'k";rsA**
vL; ukVdL; dFkkoLrq jkek;.kkèkkfjrefLrA v=k JhjkeL; jkT;kfHk"ksdkuUrjeqÙkja pfjra
of.kZre~] iwoZpfjrUrq HkoHkwfrfojfprs egkohjpfjrs izfrikfnre~A vr ,o mÙkja jkeL; pfjra
;fLeu~ rr~ mÙkjjkepfjre~A vFkok mÙkje~ ¾ mRÑ"Va jkeL; pfjra ;fLeu~ rr~ mÙkjjkepfjre~
bfr ukVdL; ukedj.ka lehphua orZrAs lhrkifjR;kxsuk=k jkeL;ksRÑ"VjkT;èkeZikyuozrRoa lwP;rsA
;|fi HkoHkwfr% d#.kjlL;kfHkO;Dr;s lfo'ks"ka iz'kL;rs] ijUrq izLrqrs ukV~;ka'ks okRlY;L;
Hkko% eeZLi`'ka izdfVr%A rFkSo gkL;jlL;kfi #fpjk vfHkO;fDrj=k l×tkrkA
([k) v'oesèk% & v'oesèk;K% izkphudkys jkT;foLrkjk; jk"Vª&le`¼;s p dj.kh;% ;K% vklhr~A
vfLeu~ ;Ks jkKka cyL; ijkØeL; p ijh{kk Hkofr LeA ;KdrkZ u`i% Lojkf"Vª;izrhde'oa
p lSU;cyS% lg Hkwe.My&Hkze.kk; isz"k;fr LeA ;ks u`i% LojkT;s lekxre'oa fuckZèka xUrq
izkfn'kr~] l ;Kd=ksZ jkKs djns;rka Lohdjksfr LeA ;% re'oe#.kr~ l vk'oesfèkd&u`iL;kèkhurka
ukÄhõ djksfr LeA rnk mHk;kscZy;kseZè;s ;q¼a Hkofr Le r=kSo p u`ik.kka ijkØe% ijh{;rs
LeA 'kriFkczkã.ks jk"VªkFksZ iz;qDre~&
^jk"Vªa oS v'o%* bfrA
(x) ^ckydkSrqde~* bfrikBL; lkfHku;a ukV~;iz;ksxa oqQ#rA
(?k) xq#oqQyijEijk;ka ckydkuka Ñrs xq:u~ izfr vfHkoknuL; dhn`'k% f'k"Vkpkj% v=k fpf=kr%
bfr fu:I;rke~A rFkSo xqjo% dFke~ vk'khoZpkafl v;PNu~ bR;fi Ks;e~A
(Ä) okrkZykikFk± laLÑrHkk"kk;k% lqpk#iz;ksxL; mnkgj.kkfu ikBkr~ vUos"VO;kfuA
prqFkZ% ikB%

deZxkSjoe~
izLrqr ikB] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk osQ f}rh; ,oe~ r`rh; vè;k;ksa ls lax`ghr gSA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk og
fo'oizfl¼ xzUFkjRu gS] fTklesa JhÑ".k us fo"kknxzLr vtquZ dks dÙkZO; dk mins'k nsdj èkeZj{kkFkZ
;q¼ osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k FkkA dekasZ esa oqQ'kyrk dks gh ;ksx crk;k x;k gSA vr% lHkh dks
fu%laxHkko ls lnk loZfgr osQ dk;ksZa esa layXu jguk pkfg,A ;gh mifu"knksa dk Hkh lUns'k
gS&oqQoZUUksosg dekZf.k ftthfo"ksPNra lek%A

cq f ¼;q D rks tgkrhg mHks lqÑrnq"ÑrsA


rLek|ks x k; ;q T ;Lo ;ks x % deZ l q dkS'kye~ AA1AA
fu;ra oqQjQ deZ Roa deZ T;k;ks ádeZ.k%A
'kjhj;k=kkfi p rs u iz f ln~ è ;s n deZ . k% AA2AA
deZxkSjoe~ 39

u deZ.kkeukjEHkkUuS"dE;Ze~ iqjQ"kks¿'uqrAs
u p lUU;luknso flf¼a lef/xPNfr AA3AA
u fg df'pR{k.kefi tkrq fr"BR;deZÑr~A
dk;Zrs áo'k% deZ loZ% izÑfrtSxqZ.kS% AA4AA
rLeknlDr% lrra dk;± deZ lekpjA
vlDrks ákpjUdeZ ijekIuksfr iwjQ"k% AA5AA
deZ.kSo fg laflf¼ekfLFkrk tudkn;%A
yksdlaxzgesokfi lai';UdrqZegZfl AA6AA
;|nkpjfr Js"BLrÙknsors jks tu%A
l ;Rizek.ka oqQjQrs yksdLrnuqorZrs AA7AA
u cqf¼Hksna tu;snKkuka deZlfÄõuke~A
tks"k;sRloZdekZf.k fo}kU;qDr% lekpju~ AA8AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
tgkrhg & tgkfr $ bg] á /krq $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] ;gk¡]
(bl yksd esa) R;kx nsrk gSA
lqÑrnq"Ñrs & lqÑra p nq"Ñra p] }U} lekl] iq.; vkSj ikiA
;qT;Lo & ;qt~ /krq (vkReusin) $ yksV~ $ eè;e iq#"k ,dopu] iz;Ru
djksA
vkfLFkrk% & vkM+ $ LFkk /krq $ Dr] izFke iq#"k cgqopu] izkIr gq, FksA
yksdlaxzgesokfi & yksdlaxzge~ $ ,o $ vfi] yksdlaxzg dks HkhA
vgZfl & vgZ~ /krq $ yV~ $ eè;e iq#"k ,dopu] ;ksX; gksA
40 'kk'orh

vkpjfr & vkM+ $ pj~ /krq $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] vkpj.k
djrk gSA
brj% & vU; yksx] lc yksxA
vuqorZrs & vuq $ o`r~ /krq $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] vuqlj.k
djrk gSA
u tu;sr~ & tu~ /krq $ f.kp~ $ fof/fyÄ~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] mRiUu
ugha djuk pkfg,A
deZlfÄõuke~ & deZ es vklDr euq";kas dkA
tks"k;sr~ & tq"k $ /krq] f.kp~] fof/fyÄ~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] djokuk
pkfg,] yxuk pkfg,A
oqQ# & MqÑ×k~ $ (ijLeSin) yksV~ $ eè;e iq#"k ,dopu] djksA
T;k;% & iz'kL; $ bZ;lqu~] uiaq $ izFke foHkfDr ,dopu] Js"B gSA
ádeZ.k% & fg $ vdeZ.k%] D;kasfd deZ u djus lsA
'kjhj;k=kkfi & ykSfddO;ogkj% ('kjhj;k=kk $ vfi) 'kjhjμfuokZg HkhA
izfln~è;sndeZ.k% & izfln~è;sr~ $ vdeZ.k%]deZ u djus ls fln~/ ugha gksxkA
deZ.kkeukjEHkkUuS"dE;Ze~ & deZ.kke~ $ vu~ $ vkjEHkkr~ $ uS"dE;Ze~] deksZa dk vkjEHk
fd;s fcuk fu"deZrk dksA
v'uqrs & v'k~ yV~ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] izkIr djrk gSA
lef/xPNfr & le~ $ vf/ $ xe~ /krq $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu]
izkIr djrk gSA
tkrq & (vO;;)] dHkhA
u fr"BR;deZÑr~ & fr"Bfr $ vdeZÑr~] deZ fd;s fcuk ugha jgrkA
lekpj & le~ $ vkM+ $ pj~ /krq $ yksV~ eè;e iq#"k ,dopu]
HkyhHkk¡fr djksA
vlDr% & l×t~ /krq $ Dr lDr% u lDr% vlDr%] u×k~ rRiqjQ"k lekl]
vuklDr gksdjA
vkpju~ & vkÄ~ $ pj~ $ 'kr`] izFkek ,dopu] djrk gqvkA
vkIuksfr μ vki~ /krq $ yV~ $ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] izkIr djrk gSA
deZxkSjoe~ 41

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjr&
(d) v;a ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lÄïfyr%\
([k) vdeZ.k% ¯d T;k;%\
(x) tudkn;% osQu flf¼e~ vkfLFkrk%\
(?k) yksd% de~ vuqorZrs\
(Ä) cqf¼;qDr% vfLeu~ lalkjs osQ tgkfr\
(p) osQ"kke~ vukjEHkkr~ iq#"k% uS"dE;± izkIuksfr\

2- fu;ra oqQ# deZ Roa ----- izfl¼~;ns deZ.k% vL; 'yksdL; vk'k;a fgUnhHkk"k;k Li"VhoqQ#rA

3- ^;|nkpjfr ----- yksdLrnuqorZrs* vL; 'yksdL; vUo;a fy[krA

4- v/ksfyf[krkuka 'kCnkuka foykseku~ ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr&


;Fkk& o'k% & vo'k%
(d) cqf¼ghu% & ------------------
([k) nq"Ñre~ & ------------------
(x) vdkS'kye~ & ------------------
(?k) U;wu% & ------------------
(Ä) deZ.k% & ------------------
(p) nqxZq.kS% & ------------------
(N) dnkfpr~ & ------------------
(t) fuÑ"V% & ------------------

5- vèkksfy[krs"kq ins"kq lfUèkfoPNsna oqQ#r&


tgkrhg] ádeZ.k%] 'kjhj;k=kkfi] iq#"kks¿'uqrs] fr"BR;deZÑr~] izÑfrtSxqZ.kS%] deZ.kSo]
yksdLrnuqorZrs] tu;snKkuke~
42 'kk'orh

6- v/ksfyf[krfozQ;kinkuka ydkjiq#"kopufunsZ'ka oqQ#r&


tgkfr] ;qT;Lo] dqjQ] v'uqrs] lef/xPNfr] fr"Bfr] vkIuksfr] vuqorZrs] tu;sr~] tks"k;sr~A

7- vèkksfy[krokD;s"kq js[kkfÄïrinkuka foHkDrhuka funsZ'ka oqQ#r&


(d) ;ksx% deZlq dkS'kye~A
([k) thous fu;ra deZ oqQ#A
(x) deZ.kk ,o tudkn;% laflf¼e~ vkfLFkrk%A
(?k) vdeZ.k% deZ T;k;%A
(Ä) deZ.kke~ vukjEHkkr~ iq#"k% uS"dE;± u v'uqrsA

8- iznÙke×tw"kk;k% leqfprinkuka p;ua ÑRok vèkksnÙk'kCnkuka izR;sdinL; =khf.k


lekukFkZdinkfu fy[kUrqA

vukjre~] euh"kk] xk=ke~] nq"deZ] izkK%] dyq"ke~] 'kseq"kh] vfojre~] dksfon%] dk;%] efr%]
ikrde~] nsg%] euh"kh] vJkUre~

(d) fo}ku~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------


([k) 'kjhje~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
(x) cqf¼% ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
(?k) lrre~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
(Ä) nq"Ñre~ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

9- deZ vkfJR; laLÑrHkk"kk;ka i×p okD;kfu fy[kr&

10- ikBs iz;qDrL; NUnl% uke fy[kr&

11- tu% dhn`'kS% xq.kS% dk;± djksfr\ v/ksfyf[kra 'yksdek/`R; fy[kr&


u fg df'pR{k.kefi tkrq fr"BR;deZÑr~A
dk;Zrs áo'k% deZ loZ% izÑfrtSxq.Z kS%AA
deZxkSjoe~ 43

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

v/ksfyf[krkuka lwDrhukeè;;ua ÑRok izLrqrikBsu HkkolkE;e~ vo/Ùk&

(1) xPNu~ fiihydks ;kfr ;kstukuka 'krkU;fiA


vxPNUoSurs;ks¿fi inesoaQ u xPNfrAA

(2) m|esu fg flè;fUr dk;kZf.k u euksjFkS%A


u fg lqIrL; ¯lgL; izfo'kfUr eq[ks e`xk%AA
i×prU=ke~ @ fe=klEizkfIr & 129

(3) deZ.kk tk;rs lo±] deSZo xfrlkèkue~A


rLekr~ loZiz;Rusu] lkèkq deZ lekpjsr~AA
fo".kqiqjk.k & 1@18@32

(4) pjUoS eèkq foUnfr] pju~ LoknqeqnEcje~A


lw;ZL; i'; Jsek.ka] ;ks u rUnz;rs pju~AA
,srjs; czkã.k & 33-3-5

(5) tyfcUnqfuikrsu Øe'k% iw;Zrs ?kV%A


l gsrq% loZfo|kuka /eZL; p /uL; pAA
pk.kD;uhfr & 12@22

(6) nq"djk.;fi dk;kZf.k] flè;fUr izks|esu oSA


f'kykfi ruqrka ;kfr] izikrsuk.kZlks eqgq%AA
cq¼pfjre~ & 26@63

(7) oqQoZUusosg dekZf.k ftthfo"ksPNra lek%A


,oa Rof; ukU;Fksrks¿fLr] u deZ fyI;rs ujsAA
;tqosZn & 40@2 7
44 'kk'orh

vèkksfufeZrrkfydka n`"V~ok leLrinS% lg foxzgku~ esy;r&

2
1
v o 'k% cq
4 5 3
fn~ cq
l oZ d ekZ f.k
/ fn~
6 v d eZ .k% 8 9
10 ;q / yks
uk eZ j 'k
v l o~Q r% Hks d
j iQ r% 11 jh
Kk r% n la
e~ y v p j u~
uk e~ xz
Hkk gs ;k
uk g
r~ rq% =kk
e~ e~
7

12

d eZ l fÄ~ x uk e~
13

lq Ñ r nq "k~ Ñ rs
foxzgk%
(1) cqn~è;k ;qDr% (r`rh;k rRiq#"k%)
(2) u o'k% (u×k~ rRiq#"k% lekl)
(3) cqn~èks% Hksne~ ("k"Bh rRiq#"k% lekl)
(4) lokZf.k dekZf.k (deZ/kj; lekl)
(5) deZf.k jr% (lIreh rRiq#"k lekl)
(6) (v) u deZ.k% (u×k~ rRiq#"k)
(c) u vkjEHkkr~ (u×k~ rRiq#"k)
deZxkSjoe~ 45

(7) deZiQyL; gsrq% ("k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl)


(8) 'kjhjL; ;k=kk ("k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl)
(9) yksdk; laxzge~ (prqFkhZ rRiq#"k lekl)
(10) (v) u lDr% (u×k~ rRiq#"k)
(c) u Kkukuke~ (u×k~ rRiq#"k)
(11) u pju~ (u×k~ rRiq#"k)
(12) deZlq lfÄ~xuke~ (lIreh rRiq#"k)
(13) lqÑre~ n`"Ñre~ p (}U} lekl)
vèkksfyf[krkn'kZokD;kfu lEc¼laLFkkfHk% ;kst;r&

vkn'kZokD;e~ laLFkk
(d) lR;eso t;rs jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
([k) fo|;k¿e`re'uqrs HkkjrloZdkj%
(x) vlrks ek ln~xe; dfri;fo|ky;s"kq
(?k) lk fo|k ;k foeqDr;s osQUnzh;ekè;kfed f'k{kk ifj"kn~
(Ä) ;ksx% deZlq dkS'kye~ jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~
(p) xq#% xq#reks /ke% Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vdkneh] elwjh
(N) rRoa iw"kUuiko`.kq MkdrkjfoHkkx%
(t) vgfuZ'ka lsokegs osQUnzh; fo|ky; laxBu
(>) Je ,o t;rs HkkjrL; loksZPp U;k;ky;%
(×k) ;rks /eZLrrks t;% Jeea=kky;%

Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk egkHkkjrL; Hkh"eioZf.k fo|rsA v=k lIr'kr'yksdk% v"Vkn'kkè;k;s"kq mifuc¼k%
lfUrA ;q¼HkwekS fo"kknxzLrktqZuk; fu"dkedeZ.k% mins'ka iz;PNrk Hkxork JhÑ".ksu v=k
Kku&HkfDr&deZ.kka leUo;% izLrqr%A
46 'kk'orh

iwoZofrZuks vusosQ euhf"k.k% thous mnkÙkxq.kkuka fodklkFk± xhrk'kkL=ks.k izsj.kka izkIroUr%A rs"kq
fo}Rlq yksdekU;fryd%] egf"kZ vjfoUn%] egkRekxkU/h] fouksckHkkos bR;kn;% izeq[kk% lfUrA ,rS%
fo}f‰% xhrk'kkL=kL; LoHkkokfHkO;fDrLo:Ikk% O;k[;k% fofyf[krk%A xhrk'kkL=kL; Kku&HkfDr&deZ;ksxku~
Lothous vorkj;Ur% mUurkn'kkZu~ mnkÙkthouewY;ku~ ,rs euhf"k.k% pfjrkFkZ;fUr LeA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk;k% osQpu vU;s¿fi 'yksdk m¼j.kh;k%A r|Fkk&
vukfJR; deZiQya dk;± deZ djksfr% ;%A
l laU;klh p ;ksxh p u fujfXuuZ pkfØ;% AA6-1
lq[knq%[ks les ÑRok ykHkkykHkkS t;kt;kSA
rrks ;q¼k; ;qT;Lo uSoa ikieokIL;fl AA2-38
;n`PNkykHklUrq"Vks }U}krhrks foeRlj%
le% fl¼kofl¼kS p ÑRokfi u fucè;rs AA4-22
loZHkwrLFkekRekua loZHkwrkfu pkRefu
bZ{krs ;ksx;qDrkRek loZ=k len'kZu% AA6-29
vusoSQ% dfofHk% xhrk;k% egÙoa izfrikfnre~A rUegÙoa ;=k&r=k vè;srO;e~A mnkgj.kkFkZe~&
eyfueksZpua iqalka tyLukua fnus fnusA
lÑnõhrkEHkfl Lukua lalkjeyuk'kue~AA
v/ksfyf[krkuka inkukek';ks¿Uos"VO;%&
yksdlaxzge~] uS"dE;Ze~] izÑfrt%] lUU;lue~
i×pe% ikB%

'kqduklksins'k%

egkdfo ck.kHk^ laLÑr osQ lokZf/d izfrHkk'kkyh x|dkj gSaA bUgksaus dkU;oqQCt (dUukSt) osQ
jktk g"kZoèkZu osQ thou ij ^g"kZpfjr* fy[kk gSA g"kZo¼Zu dk jkT;dky 606 bZ- ls 648 bZ-
rd jgkA vr% ck.kHk^ dk Hkh ;gh le; gksuk pkfg;sA budh nks jpuk,¡ lqizfl¼ gSaμ g"kZpfjr
vkSj dknEcjhA

g"kZpfjr ck.kHk^ dh izFke x| o`Qfr gSA Lo;a ck.kHk^ us bls vk[;kf;dk dgk gSA
dknEcjh laLo`Qr lkfgR; dk loksZRo`Q"V x| dkO; gSA ;g ^dFkk* Js.kh dk dkO; gSA
pUnzkihM&dknEcjh rFkk iq.Mjhd&egk Üosrk osQ iz.k; dk fp=k.k djus okyh dFkk ^dknEcjh*
osQ nks Hkkx gSaA bldk dFkkud tfVy gksrs gq, Hkh euksje gSA blesa dFkk dk izkjEHk jktk 'kwnzd
osQ o.kZu ls gksrk gSA 'kwnzd osQ ;gk¡ pk.MkydU;k oS'kEik;u uked 'kqd dks ysdj igq¡prh gSA
'kqd lHkk esa vkRe&o`ÙkkUr lqukrk gSA bl xzUFk esa rhu&rhu tUeksa dh ?kVuk,¡ xqfEiQr gSAa

izLrqr ikB ^dknEcjh* osQ 'kqduklksins'k uked x|ka'k ls fy;k x;k gSA bl va'k dk
uk;d jktoqQekj pUnzkihM gS] tks lRo] 'kkS;Z vkSj vktZo Hkkoksa ls ;qDr gSA 'kqdukl ,d
vuqHkoh eU=kh gSa tks jktoqQekj pUnzkihM dks jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ iwoZ okRlY;Hkko ls mins'k nsrs gSaA
os mls ;qokoLFkk esa lqyHk :i] ;kSou] izHkqrk ,oa ,s'o;Z ls m‰wr nks"kksa osQ fo"k; esa lko/ku
dj nsuk mfpr le>rs gSaA bls ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k dj jgs leLr ;qodksa dks iznÙk ^nh{kkUr
Hkk"k.k* dgk tk ldrk gSA
48 'kk'orh

,oa lefrØkeRlq fnols"kq jktk pUnzkihML; ;kSojkT;kfHk"ksda fpdh"kZq%


izrhgkjkuqidj.k& lEHkkjlaxgz kFkZekfnns'kA leqifLFkr;kSojkT;kfHk"ksda p ra dnkfpn~
n'kZukFkZekxrek:<fou;efi fouhrrjfePNu~ drq± 'kqdukl% lfoLrjeqokpμ

¶rkr! pUnzkihM! fofnrosfnrO;L;k/hrloZ'kkL=kL; rs ukYieI;qins"VO;efLrA


osQoya p fulxZr ,okfrxgua reks ;kSouizHkoe~A vifj.kkeksi'keks nkjQ.kks y{ehen%A
vizcksèkk ?kksjk p jkT;lq[klfÂikrfunzk Hkofr] bR;r% foLrjs.kkfHk/h;lsA
xHksZ ÜojRoefHkuo;kSouRoe~] vizfre:iRoeekuq"k'kfDrRo×psfr egrh;a
[kYouFkZ& ijEijkA ;kSoukjEHks p izk;% 'kkL=ktyiz{kkyu&fueZykfi dkyq";eqi;kfr
cqf¼%A uk'k;fr p iq#"keR;klÄõks fo"k;s"kqA
'kqduklksins'k% 49

Hkokn`'kk ,o HkofUr HkktukU;qins'kkuke~A vixreys fg eufl fo'kfUr


lq[ksuksins'kxq.kk%A gjfr vfrefyuefi nks"ktkra xq:ins'k% xq:ins'k'p uke
vf[kyeyiz{kkyu{kee~ vtya Lukue~A fo'ks"ks.k rq jkKke~A fojyk fg rs"kkeqins"Vkj%A
jktopueuqxPNfr tuks Hk;kr~A mifn';ekuefi rs u Ük`.ofUrA vo/hj;Ur%
[ksn;fUr fgrksins'knkf;uks xq:u~A
vkyksd;rq rkor~ dY;k.kkfHkfuos'kh y{eheso izFkee~A u ásofa oèkeifjfprfeg
txfr fdf×pnfLr ;Fks;euk;kZA yC/kfi [kyq nq%[ksu ifjikY;rsA ifjikfyrkfi
iziyk;rsA u ifjp;a j{kfrA ukfHktueh{krsA u :iekyksd;rsA u dqyØeeuqorZrAs
u 'khya i';frA u oSnXè;a x.k;frA u Jqrekd.kZ;frA u /eZeuqjQè;rsA u
R;kxekfnz;rsA u fo'ks"kKrka fopkj;frA ukpkja iky;frA u lR;eocqè;rsA i';r
,o u';frA ljLorhifjx`ghra ukfyÄõfr tue~A xq.koUra u Li`'kfrA lqtua u
i';frA 'kwja d.Vdfeo ifjgjfrA nkrkja nq%LoIufeo u LejfrA fouhra uksiliZfrA
r`".kka lao/Z;frA yf?kekuekikn;frA ,oafoèk;kfi pku;k dFkefi nSoo'ksu
ifjx`ghrk% foDyok% HkofUr jktku%] lokZfou;kfèk"Bkurka p xPNfUrA
vijs rq LokFkZfu"iknuijS% nks"kkufi xq.ki{keè;kjksi;f•% izrkj.koqQ'kySèkwÙZ kS%Z
izrk;Zek.kk foÙkeneÙkfpÙkk loZtuksigkL;rkeqi;kfUrA u eku;fUr ekU;ku~]
tjkoSDyO;izyfirfefr i';fUr o`¼ksins'ke~A oqQI;fUr fgrokfnusA loZFkk
refHkuUnfUr] ra lao/Z;fUr] rL; opua Ük`.ofUr] ra cgq eU;Urs ;ks¿gfuZ'ke~
vuojra foxrkU;dÙkZO;% LrkSfr] ;ks ok ekgkRE;eq‰ko;frA
rnfroqQfVyps"VknkjQ.ks jkT;rU=ks] vfLeu~ egkeksgdkfjf.k p ;kSous oqQekj!
rFkk iz;rsFkk% ;Fkk uksigL;ls tuS%] u fuU|ls lk/qfHk%] u fèkfDØ;ls xqjQfHk%]
uksikyH;ls lqâf‰%] u o×P;ls /wr%ZS ] u foMEC;ls y{E;k] ukf{kI;ls fo"k;S%]
ukifß;ls lq[ksuA
bneso p iqu% iqujfHk/h;ls&fo}kalefi lpsrlefi] egklÙoefi]
vfHktkrefi] /hjefi] iz;RuoUrefi iq#"ka nqfoZuhrk [kyhdjksfr y{ehfjR;srk&
onfHk/k;ksi'k'kkeA
50 'kk'orh

pUnzkihMLrkfHkjQins'kokfXHk% iz{kkfyr bo] mUehfyr bo] LoPNho`Qr bo]


ifo=kho`Qr bo] m‰kflr bo] izhrân;ks LoHkouektxkeA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
fpdh"kqZ% μ djus dh bPNkokyk] drZqfePNq%] Ñ $ lu~ $ m $ izFkek
foHkfDr ,dopuA
fou; μ fof'k"V u; (uhfr)
izrhgkjku~ μ }kjikyksa dks
midj.klEHkkjlaxzgkFkZe~ μ vko';d lkexzh&lewg osQ laxzg osQ fy,] mifØ;Urs ,fHk%
bfr midj.kkfu] midj.kkuke~ lEHkkj% ¾ midj.klEHkkj% ("k"Bh
rRiq#"k) midj.klEHkkjL; laxzgkFkZe~A mi $ Ñ $ Y;qV~ ¾
midj.ke~] lEHkkj% ¾ le~ $ Hk` $ ?k×k~A
fulxZr% μ LokHkkfod :i lsA
vifj.kkeksi'ke% μ o`n~èkkoLFkk esa Hkh u 'kkUr gksus okykA ifj.kkes mi'ke%
ifj.kkeksi'ke%A u ifj.kkeksi'ke% vifj.kkeksi'ke% (u×k~ rRiq#"k)A
fofnrosfnrO;L; μ fofnre~ osfnrO;e~ ;su vlkS fofnrosfnrO;% rL; (cgqozhfg)]
fon~ $ ÙkQ ¾ fofnre~] fon~ $ rO;r~ ¾ osfnrO;e~A
xHksZ'ojRoe~ μ tUe ls izkIr izHkqRoA xHkZr% ,o bZ'oj% ¾ xHksZ'oj% rL;
Hkko% xHksZ'ojRoe~A
Hkokn`'kk μ vki tSls gh] Hkor~ $ n`'k~ $ f‡i~] izFkek foHkfDrA
vixreys μ nks"kjfgr gksus ij] vixr% ey% ;Lekr~ rr~ vixreye~ rfLeu~
vixreys (i×peh rRiq#"k)
mins"Vkj% μ mins'k nsus okys] mi $ fn'k~ $ r`p~ izFkek foHkfDr cgqopuA
vo/hj;Ur% μ frjLÑr djrs gq,] vo $ /hj $ f.kp~ $ 'kr` izFkek foHkfDr
cgqopuA
dY;k.kkfHkfuos'kh μ eÄõy osQ vfHkyk"kh] dY;k.ks vfHkfuos"Vqa 'khya ;L; l
cgqczhfgA
'kqduklksins'k% 51

ifjikY;rs μ j[kh tk ldrh gS] ifj $ iky $ deZf.k ;o~Q yV~ ydkj
izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
iziyk;rss μ Hkkx tkrh gSA
oSnXè;e~ μ ikf.MR; dks] fonX/L; Hkkoks oSnXè;e~] fonX/ $ ";×k~A
vuq#è;rs μ vuqjks/ djrh gS] vuq $ #/~ $ yV~] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
vocqè;rs μ tku tkrh gSA
uksiliZfr μ lehi ugha tkrh] ik'osZ u xPNfrA
laoèkZ;fr μ c<+krh gSA
yf?kekuekikn;fr μ fuEurk iznku djrh gS] yf?kekue~ ¾ y?kksHkkZo% yf?kek (y?kq
$ befup~) re~ vkikn;fr ¾ vk $ in~ $ f.kp~ $ yV~
izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
foDyok% μ foày&fodyA
vè;kjksi;f‰% μ vkjksfir djus okysA
izrkj.koqQ'kyS% μ Bxus esa oqQ'ky&fuiq.k] izrkj.kklq oqQ'kyk% izrkj.koqQ'kyk% rS%]
lIreh rRiq#"kA
izrk;Zek.kk% μ Bxs x;s] iz $ r` $ deZf.k ;o~Q $ 'kkup~ $ izFkek foHkfDr
,dopuA
tjkoSDyO;izyfire~ μ o`n~/koLFkk dh fodyrk ls fujFkZd opu osQ :i esa] tjl%
oSDyO;a ¾ tjkoSDyO;e~ ("k"Bh rRiq#"k) rsu izyfire~A
iz;rsFkk% μ iz;Ru dfj;sA iz $ ;r~ $ fyÄ~] eè;e iq#"k ,dopuA
vfHktkre~ μ oqQyhu dks] vfHk $ tu $ ÙkQ] f}rh;k foHkfDr ,dopuA
iz'kLratkra ;L; l vfHktkr% re~ vfHktkre~] cgqozhfg leklA
vfHk/h;ls μ dgk tk jgk gS vfHk $ /k $ ;o~Q $ yV~] eè;e iq#"k
,dopuA
[kyhdjksfr μ nq"V cuk nsrh gSA u [kye~ v[kya] v[kya [kya djksfr bfr]
[ky $ fPo $ Ñ $ yV~] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
mi'k'kke μ pqi gks x;s] mi $ 'ke~ $ fyV~] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
iz{kkfyr bo μ iw.kZr;k /ks;s gq,A iz $ {kky $ ÙkQ] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
52 'kk'orh

vgfuZ'ke~ μ fnu&jkrA
mn~Hkko;fr μ izdV djrk gSA mn~ $ Hkw $ f.kp~ $ yV~] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA
uksikyH;ls μ mykguk u fn;s tkvksA
uksigL;ls tuS% μ yksxksa osQ }kjk migkl osQ ik=k u cuks] mi $ gl~ $ ;o~Q $
yV~] eè;e iq#"k ,dopu] ;gk¡ ^migL;ls* fØ;k esa deZf.k
;o~Q izR;; gqvk gSA vr% ^tuk%* dÙkkZ osQ vuqÙkQ gksus ls
vuqÙkQ dÙkkZ ^dr`d Z eZ.kksLr`rh;k* ls r`rh;k foHkfDr gks x;h gSA

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrsu mÙkja nh;rke~&
(d) y{ehen% dhn`'k%\
([k) pUnzkihMa d% mifn'kfr\
(x) vuFkZijEijk;k% ¯d dkj.ke~\
(?k) dhn`'ks eufl mins'kxq.kk% izfo'kfUr\
(Ä) yC/kfi nq%[ksu dk ifjikY;rs\
(p) osQ"kke~ mins"Vkj% fojyk% lfUr\
(N) y{E;k ifjx`ghrk% jktku% dhn`'kk% HkofUr\
(t) o`n~/ksins'ka rs jktku% fdfefr i';fUr\

2- fo'ks"k.kkfu fo'ks";S% lg ;kst;r&


fo'ks"k.ke~ fo'ks";e~
(d) lefrØkeRlq rs
([k) v/hr'kkL=kL; fo}kale~
(x) nk#.kks fnols"kq
(?k) xgua re% nks"ktkre~
(Ä) vfrefyue~ y{ehen%
(p) lpsrle~ ;kSouizHkoe~
'kqduklksins'k% 53

3- v/ksfyf[krinkfu Lojfpr&laLÑr&okD;s"kq iz;qÄ~èoe~&


laxzgkFkZe~] leqifLFkre~] fou;e~] ifj.ke;fr] Ük`.ofUr] Li`'kfrA

4- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka lfU/&foPNsna oqQ#r&


(d) ,okfrxgue~ -------------- $ --------------
([k) xHksZ'ojRoe~ -------------- $ --------------
(x) xq:ins'k% -------------- $ --------------
(?k) ásoe~ -------------- $ --------------
(Ä) ukfHktue~ -------------- $ --------------
(p) uksiliZfr -------------- $ --------------

5- izÑfr&izR;;foHkkx% fØ;rke~&
'kCn% izÑfr% izR;;%
(d) fpdh"kqZ% -------------- --------------
([k) mins"VO;e~ -------------- --------------
(x) bZ{krs -------------- --------------
(?k) cqè;rs -------------- --------------
(Ä) fuU|ls -------------- --------------
(p) mi'k'kke -------------- --------------

6- leklfoxzga oqQ#r&
(d) vekuq"k'kfDrRoe~ & ------------------------------
([k) vR;klÄõ% & ------------------------------
(x) vuk;kZ & ------------------------------
(?k) LokFkZfu"iknuijS% & ------------------------------
(Ä) vgfuZ'ke~ & ------------------------------
(p) o`n~/ksins'ke~ & ------------------------------
54 'kk'orh

7- fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) y{eh% ---------------- u j{kfrA
([k) ---------------- nq%LoIufeo u LejfrA
(x) ljLorhifjx`ghra ---------------- A
(?k) mifn';ekuefi ---------------- u Ük`.ofUrA
(Ä) vo/hj;Ur% ---------------- fgrksins'knkf;uks xq:u~A
(p) rFkk iz;rsFkk% ---------------- uksigL;ls tuS%A
(N) pUnzkihM% izhrân;ks ---------------- vktxkeA

8- lizlÄaõ fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&


(d) xHksZ'ojRofHkuo;kSouRoeizfre:iRoeekuq"k'kfDrRo×psfr egrh;a [kYouFkZijEijkA
([k) gjfr vfrefyuefi nks"ktkra xq:ins'k%A
(x) fo}kalefi lpsrlefi] egklÙoefi] vfHktkrefi] /hjefi] iz;RuoUrefi iq#"ka nqfoZuhrk
[kyhdjksfr y{ehfjfrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
^mi* milxZiow d Z kr~ vfrltZukFkZdkr~ ^fn'k~* /krks% ^?k×k~* izR;;s mins'k'kCn% fu"i|rsA leqfprdk;s"Z kq
fe=ka] cU/qa] vkfJrtua] fo|kfFkZua ok lUekxsZ izorZf;rqa osQufpr~ fgrfpUrosQu lqân~ojs.k Kkfuuk ok
nh;eku% ijke'kZ% ekxZfunsZ'k% fgropua ok ^mins'k* bfr mP;rsA laLÑrokÄ~e;s yksdizcks/dkfu
lnkpkjizfrikndkfu p lw=kkf.k ukuk&xzUFks"kq] dkO;s"kq lqHkkf"krs"kq p leqiyH;UrsA rkfu mins'klw=kkf.k
ckydku~] ;qodku~] izkS<ku~] o`n~/ku~ fofoèks"kq {ks=ks"kq dk;kZf.k oqQoZr% p vfèkÑR; lkekU;su izdkjs.k
iz.khrkfu lfUrA
v=k mn~/`rs Hkkxs 'kqduklksins'kk[;s jktoqQekja pUnzkihMa izfr 'kqduklL; mins'k% lax`ghr%A
rFkkfg&,s'o;±] ;kSoua] lkSUn;±] 'kfDr'psfr izR;soQa vuFkZdkj.kfefr eÙok pUnzkihMe~ mins"Vqa izØkUr%
'kqdukl%A ;|fi pUnzkihM% fouhr% x`ghrfo|'p rFkkfi ,s'o;kZfnfHk% vL; eu% [kyhÑra u
Hkosr~ bfr f/;k 'kqdukl% pUnzkihMe~ mifn'kfrA vr% mins'kks¿;a u osQoya pUnzkihMa izfr vfirq
rUekè;esu losZ"kka tukuka Ñrs¿fiA
'kqduklksins'k% 55

i×prU=ks¿fi ;=k&r=k bZn`'k ,o ân;Äõe% mins'k% izkI;rsA ;kSoukfndkj.kS% lEHkkO;ekueuFk±


i×prU=ke~ ,oeqfYy[kfr&
;kSoua /ulEifÙk% izHkqRoefoosfdrkA
,oSQdeI;uFkkZ; fdeq ;=k prq"V;e~AA

egkHkkjrL; m|ksxioZ.k% Hkkxs fonqjuhrkS vfi ,oefHkfgrefLr&


v"VkS xq.kk% iq#"ka nhi;fUr
izKk p dkSY;a p ne% Jqra pA
ijkØe'pkcgqHkkf"krk p
nkua ;Fkk'kfDr ÑrKrk pAA
u Øksf/uks¿FkksZ u u`'kalfe=ka
ozwQjL; u L=kh lqf[kuks u fo|kA
u dkfeuks ßhjylL; u Jh%
lo± rq u L;knuofLFkrL;AA

vU;=kkfi fgrksins'k&uhfr'krdknkS p ,oeqifn"Ve~ vfLrA r=k&r=kkfi ;ksX;rk foLrjkFkZeo';a iBuh;e~A


1- ck.kHk^L; jhfr% ik×pkyh jhfrfjfr dF;rsA rL;k% y{k.ke~ ^^'kCnkFkZ;ks% leks xqEiQ%
ik×pkyhjhfrfj";rs**A
2- ck.kHk^L; x|s ;k y;kRedrk orZrs] ikBiqjLlja rL;k% lUèkkua dk;Ze~A
ck.kfo"k;dlwDr;% iz'kLr;'p
1- ck.kksfPN"Va txRloZe~A
2- osQoyks¿fi LiqQju~ ck.k% djksfr foenku~ dohu~A
¯d iqu% Dy`IrlU/ku% iqfyUnÑrlfÂf/%AA (/uiky&fryde×tjh)
3- lqcU/qckZ.kHk^ Üp dfojkt bfr=k;%A
oØksfÙkQekxZfuiq.kk ÜprqFkksZ fo|rs u okAA (eÄ~[kd&Jhd.Bpfjr)
4- Üys"ks osQpu 'kCnxqEiQfo"k;s osQfpnzls pkijs¿&
yÄïkjs dfrfpRlnFkZfo"k;s pkU;s dFkko.kZusA
vk% loZ=k xHkhj/hjdforkfoUè;kVoh pkrqjh&
l×pkjh dfooqQfEHkoqQEHkfHknqjka ck.kLrq i×pkuu%AA (pUnznso&'kkÄZõ/jin~/fr)
56 'kk'orh

5- 'kCnkFkZ;ks% leks xqEiQ% ik×pkyhjhfrfj";rsA


'khykHk^kfjdkokfp ck.kksfÙkQ"kq p lk ;fnAA (jkt'ks[kj&tYg.k&lwfDreqDrkoyh)
6- #fpjLojo.kZink jlHkkorh txUeuks gjfrA
lk ¯d r#.kh\ ufg ufg ok.kh ck.kL; e/qj'khyL;AA (/eZnkl&fonX/eq[ke.Mu)
7- ck.k% dohukfeg pØorhZ pdkfLr ;L;ksTToyo.kZ'kksHke~A
,dkri=ka Hkqfo iq.;Hkwfeoa'kkJ;a g"kZpfj=kesoAA (lksM<~ y)
8- âfn yXusu ck.ksu ;UeUnks¿fi inØe%A
HkosRdfooqQjÄkõ .kka pkiya r=k dkj.ke~AA (f=kykspu&'kkÄZ/
õ jin~/fr%)
9- ;L;k'pkSjf'poqQjfudj% d.kZiwjks e;wjks
Hkklks gkl% dfooqQyxq#% dkfynklks foykl%A
g"kksZ g"kksZ ân;olfr% i×pck.kLrq ck.k%
osQ"kka uS"kk dFk; dforkdkfeuh dkSrqdk;AA (t;nso% izlUujk?ko%)
"k"B% ikB%

lwfÙkQlqèkk
laLÑr lkfgR; esa lwfDr;ksa dk le`¼ Hk.Mkj gSA lwfDr dk vFkZ gS lqUnj opu] lqèkk dk vFkZ
gS ve`r] lwfDrlqèkk dk vFkZ gS lqUnj opu :ih ve`rA bl ikB esa if.Mrjkt txÂkFk]
egkdfo ek?k] Hkkjfo] izfl¼ ukVddkj HkoHkwfr rFkk egkdfo HkrZ̀gfj dh lwfDr;k¡ ladfyr gSaA
;s lwfDr;k¡ vkt Hkh gekjs thou osQ fy, cgqewY;] mi;ksxh ,oa iFkizn'kZd gSaA fofHkUu fo"k;ksa
ls lEc¼ lwfDr;k¡ fuf'pr :i ls Nk=kksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh fl¼ gksaxhA
izLrqr ikB osQ izFke] f}rh; ,oa r`rh; 'yksd osQ jpf;rk if.Mrjkt txÂkFk] prqFkZ
'yksd osQ egkdfo ek?k] iape 'yksd osQ HkoHkwfr] "k"B 'yksd osQ egkdfo Hkkjfo ,oa lIre]
v"Ve] uoe] n'ke] ,dkn'k o }kn'k 'yksdksa osQ jpf;rk HkrZ̀gfj gSaA

vfLr ;|fi loZ=k uhja uhjt&jkftre~A


jers u ejkyL; ekula ekula fouk AA1AA
uhj{khjfoososQ galkyL;a Roeso ruq"ks psr~A
fo'ofLeÂ/qukU;% oqQyozra ikyf;";fr d% AA2AA
rkor~ dksfdy fojlku~ ;ki; fnolku~ oukUrjs fuolu~A
;kofUeynfyeky% dks¿fi jlky% leqYylfr AA3AA
ukyEcrs nSf"Vdrka u fu"khnfr ikSjQ"ksA
'kCnkFkkSZ lRdfofjo };a fo}kuis{krs AA4AA
u fdf×pnfi oqQokZ.k% lkS[;SnqZ%[kkU;iksgfrA
rÙkL; fdefi nzO;a ;ks fg ;L; fiz;ks tu%AA5AA
58 'kk'orh

lglk fon/hr u fØ;kefoosd% ijekinka ine~A


o`.krs fg foe`';dkfj.ka xq.kyqC/k% Lo;eso lEin%AA6AA

Lok;ÙkesdkUrxq.ka fo/k=kk fofufeZra NknueKrk;k%A


fo'ks"kr% loZfonka lekts foHkw"k.ka ekSueif.Mrkuke~ AA7AA

foifn /S;ZeFkkH;qn;s {kek lnfl okDiVqrk ;qf/ foØe%A


;'kfl pkfHk#fpO;Zlua JqrkS izoQ` frfl¼fena fg egkReuke~AA8AA

ikikfÂokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;]


xqáa fuxwgfr xq.kku~ izdVhdjksfrA
vkin~xra p u tgkfr nnkfr dkys]
lfUe=ky{k.kfena izonfUr lUr% AA9AA

eufl opfl dk;s iq.;ih;w"kiw.kkZ&


fL=kHkqoueqidkjJsf.kfHk% izh.k;Ur%A
ijxq.kijek.kwu~ ioZrho`QR; fuR;a]
futâfn fodlUr% lfUr lUr% fd;Ur% AA10AA

osQ;wjkf.k u Hkw"k;fUr iqjQ"ka gkjk u pUnzkTs Toyk%]


u Lukua u foysiua u oqQlqea ukyaoQ` rk ew/t Z k%A
ok.;sdk leyÄïjksfr iqjQ"ka ;k laLo`Qrk /k;Zr]s
{kh;Urs [kyq Hkw"k.kkfu lrra okXHkw"k.ka Hkw"k.ke~ AA 11AA
lwfÙkQlqèkk 59

;koRLoLFkfena dysojx`ga ;koPp nwjs tjk]


;koPpsfUnz;'kfDrjizfrgrk ;koR{k;ks uk;q"k%A
vkReJs;fl rkonso fonq"kk dk;Z% iz;Ruks egku~]
izkís hIrs Hkous p owQi[kuua izR;q|e% dhn`'k% AA12AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
uhjtjkftre~ dey'kksfHkre~ deyksa ls lq'kksfHkr
ejkyL; galL; gal dk
ekule~ eu% ekuljksoja p eu ,oa ekuljksoj
ruq"ks (ru~ $ vkReus- foLrkj;fl foLr`r dj jgs gks
yV~] eè;e iq#"k ,dopu)
fojlku~ jljfgrku~ jljfgr ('kq"d)
;ki; O;rhra oqQ# O;rhr djks
fuolu~ (fu $ ol~ $ 'kr`) okla oqQoZu~ fuokl djrs gq,
jlky% vkezikni% vke dk o`{k
nSf"Vdrka HkkX;Roa HkkX;Ro dks
fu"khnfr voyEcrs vkJ; ysrk gSA
oqQokZ.k% (Ñ $ 'kkup~) oqQoZu~ djrs gq,
lkS[;S% lq[kiwoZoSQ% lq[kksa osQ }kjk
viksgfr nwjhdjksfr nwj djrk gS
fon/hr oqQohZr djks
(fo milxZ $ Mq/k×k~ (/k) fof/fyÄ~] izFke iq#"k ,dopu)
o`.krs oj.ka oqQoZfUr oj.k djrh gSa
foe`';dkfj.ke~ fofpUR;dkfj.ke~ fopkj dj dk;Z djus okys
dks
60 'kk'orh

Lok;Ùke~ futk/hua Lo;a osQ v/hu


fo/k=kk czã.kk czãk osQ }kjk
Nknue~ vkoj.ke~ vkoj.k
loZfonke~ loZKkuke~ loZKksa osQ
vH;qn;s mUurkS mUufr esa
(vfHk $ mn;s] ;.k~ lfU/)
lnfl lHkk;ke~ lHkk esa
(lnl~ 'kCn uiqa- lIreh foHkfDr ,dopu)
okDiVqrk okfp iVqrk ok.kh esa oqQ'kyrk
;qf/ ;q¼s ;q¼ esa
fuxwgfr vkPNkn;fr fNikrk gS
tgkfr R;tfr NksM+ nsrk gS
opfl okfp ok.kh esa
(opl~ lIreh foHkfDr ,dopu)
izh.k;Ur% izlUua oqQoZUr% izlUu djrs gq,
ijxq.kijek.kwu~ vU;s"kke~ vfrlw{eku~ xq.kku~ nwljksa osQ vfr lw{e xq.kksa dks
ioZrhÑR; fo'kkyrka uhRok c<+k p<+k dj
âfn (âr~ 'kCn lIreh ân;s ân; esa
foHkfDr ,dopu)
fodlUr% fodkla oqQoZUr% f[kyrs gq,
osQ;wjkf.k fof'k"VkHkw"k.kkfu cktwcU/] HkqtcU/
ewèkZtk% osQ'kk% flj osQ cky
{kh;Urs fou';Urs u"V gks tkrs gSa
dysojx`ga 'kjhjL; x`ga 'kjhj
("k"Bh rRiq-lekl)
tjk o`¼Roa cq<+kik
izksíhIrs izTTofyrs tyus ij
m|e% ifjJe esgur
lwfÙkQlqèkk 61

vH;kl%

1- laLÑrHkk"k;k iz'uksÙkjkf.k fy[kr&


(d) loZ=k dhn`'ka uhje~ vfLr\
([k) ejkyL; ekula oaQ fouk u jersA
(x) fo}ku~ de~ vis{krs\
(?k) lRdfo% dkS }kS vis{krs\
(Ä) ;% ;L; fiz;% l% rL; Ñrs ¯d Hkofr\
(p) lglk ¯d u fon/hr\
(N) fo/k=kk ¯d fofufeZre~\
(t) vif.Mrkuka foHkw"k.ka fde~\
(>) egkReuka izÑfrfl¼a ¯d Hkofr\
(×k) ikikr~ d% fuokj;fr\
(V) lUr% dku~ ioZrhoqQoZfUr\
(B) dhn`'ka Hkw"k.ka u {kh;rs\
(M) owQi[kuua dnk u mfpre~\

2- vèkksfyf[kri|ka'kkuka lizlÄaõ fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k fo/s;k&


(d) o`.krs fg foe`';dkfj.ka xq.kyqCèkk% Lo;eso lEin%A
([k) {kh;Urs [kyq Hkw"k.kkfu lrra okXHkw"k.ka Hkw"k.ke~A
(x) izksíhIrs Hkous p owQi[kuua izR;q|e% dhn`'k%A

3- fjDrLFkkuiwfrZ% dj.kh;k&
(d) lRdfofjo fo}ku~ 'kCnkFkkSZ --------------- vis{krsA
([k) lUr% --------------- izonfUrA
62 'kk'orh

4- fuEufyf[kr'yksd;ks% vUo;a fy[kr&


;Fkk& ;|fi uhjt&jkftra uhja loZ=k vfLrA (ija) ejkyL; ekula ekula fouk u jersA
(d) uhj{khjfoososQ --------------- A
([k) foifn èkS;ZeFkkH;qn;s --------------- A

5- fuEufyf[kr'kCnkuke~ vFk± fyf[kRok okD;iz;ksxa oqQ#r&


uhjte~] jlky%] ikS#"k%] foe`';dkfj.k%] tjkA

6- fuEufyf[kr'kCnkuka lkFkZoaQ esyua fØ;rke~&


(d) ejkyL; (i) vkJ;rs
([k) voyEcrs (ii) czã.kk
(x) v/quk (iii) fo'knhÑR;
(?k) fo/k=kk (iv) galL;
(Ä) ioZrhÑR; (v) lkEizre~
(p) uhjta (vi) vkez%
(N) jlky% (vii) foHkwr;%
(t) lEin% (viii) deye~
(>) ;'kfl (ix) dhÙkkSZ

7- vèkksfyf[kr'kCnkuka ikBkr~ foykseinafpRok fy[kr&


(d) ew[kZ% ---------------
([k) vfiz;% ---------------
(x) iq.;kr~ ---------------
(?k) ;kSoue~ ---------------
(Ä) mis{krs ---------------

8- lfU/foPNsn% fØ;rke~&
(d) ukyEcrs & u $ ---------------
([k) fo'ofLeUuèkqukU;% & fo'ofLeu~ $ --------------- $ vU;%
lwfÙkQlqèkk 63

(x) dks¿fi & d% $ ---------------


(?k) pkfHk#fpO;Zlua & p $ --------------- $ O;lue~
(Ä) pUnzksTToyk% & --------------- $ ---------------

9- (v) vèkksfyf[kr'kCnkuka leklfoxzg% dk;Z%&


;Fkk&uhjt&jkftre~ & uhjtS% jkftre~A
(d) vfyeky%
([k) okDiVqrk
(x) pUnzksTToyk%
(?k) vizfrgrk
(Ä) okXHkw"k.ke~

(vk) vèkksfyf[kr&foxzginkuka leLrinkfu jp;r&


;Fkk&oqQyL; ozra --------------- oqQyozre~
(d) ouL; vUrjs ---------------
([k) xq.kkuka yqC/k% ---------------
(x) izÑR;k fl¼e~ ---------------
(?k) midkjL; Jsf.kfHk% ---------------
(Ä) vkReu% Js;fl ---------------

10- vèkksfyf[kr'kCns"kq izÑfrizR;;kuka foHkkx% dj.kh;e~&


;Fkk&jkftre~ & jkt~ $ Dr
(d) nSf"Vdrka & --------------- $ ry~
([k) oqQokZ.k% & --------------- $ 'kkup~
(x) iVqrk & iVq $ ---------------
(?k) fl¼e~ & --------------- $ Dr
(Ä) foe`'; & fo $ e`'k~ $ ---------------
64 'kk'orh

11- vèkksfyf[kr'yksosQ"kq NUnks fufnZ';rke~&


;Fkk&vfLr ;|fi --------------- AAvuq"Vqi~ NUn%A
(d) rkor~ dksfdy --------------- leqYylfrAA
([k) Lok;ÙkesdkUr --------------- ekSueif.Mrkuke~AA
(x) foifn /S;ZeFkk --------------- egkReuke~AA
(?k) ikikfUUkokj;fr --------------- izonfUr lUr%AA
(Ä) osQ;wjkf.k u --------------- Hkw"k.ke~AA

12- vèkksfyf[kriafDr"kq dks¿yÄkï j%\ fy[;rke~&


(d) 'kCnkFkkSZ lRdfofjo };a fo}kuis{krsA
([k) okXHkw"k.ka Hkw"k.ke~A
(x) futâfn fodlUr% lfUr lUr% fd;Ur%A
(?k) jers u ejkyL; ekula ekula foukA
(Ä) ;kofUeynfyeky% dks¿fi jlky% leqYylfrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(v) lekukFkZd'yksdk%
1- gal% 'osrks cd% 'osr% dks Hksnks cdgal;ks%A
uhj{khjfoososQ rq galks galks cdks cd%AA
2- egktuL; lalxZ% dL; uksUufrdkjd%A
iÁi=kfLFkra okfj /Ùks eqDrkiQyfJ;e~AA
3- vkRekFksZ thoyksosQ¿fLeu~ dks u thofr ekuo%A
ija ijksidkjkFk± ;ks thofr l thofrAA
4- vK% lq[kekjkè;% lq[krjekjkè;rs fo'ks"kK%A
KkuyonqfoZnX/a czãk¿fi ra uja u j×t;frAA
5- ;koRLoLFkks á;a nsgks ;koUe`R;q'p nwjr%A
rkonkRefgra oqQ;kZr~ izk.kkUrs ¯d dfj";frAA
lwfÙkQlqèkk 65

(c) NUnlka y{k.kksnkgj.kkfu&


1- 'kknZwyfoØhfMre~&
y{k.ke~&^^lw;kZ'oSeZltkLrrk% lxqjo% 'kknwZyfoØhfMre~**A
mnkgj.ke~
(i) osQ;wjkf.k u Hkw"k;fUr-----A (ii) ;koRLoLFkfena dysojx`ge~-----A
2- vuq"Vqi~ NUn% &
y{k.ke~&^^'yksosQ "k"Ba xq#Ks;a loZ=k y?kq i×pee~A
f}%prq"ikn;ksßZLoa lIrea nh?kZeU;;ks%AA**
mnkgj.ke~
vfLr ;|fi loZ=k uhja uhjtef.Mre~-----A
3- olUrfrydk&
y{k.ke~&^^mDrk olUrfrydk rHktk txkS x%A**
mnkgj.ke~
ikikfUuokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;A
4- mitkfr%&bUnzotzk misUnzotzk bfr o`Ùk;ks% la;ksxsu mitkfr% o`Ùka HkofrA
y{k.ke~&^^L;kfnUnzotzk ;fn rkS txkS x%A
misUnzotzk trtkLrrks xkSAA**
mnkgj.ke~
Lok;ÙkesdkUrxq.ka
5- ekfyuh&
y{k.ke~&^^uue;;;qrs;a ekfyuh HkksfxyksoSQ%A**
mnkgj.ke~
eufl opfl dk;s iq.;ih;w"kiw.kkZ---A
6- vk;kZ
y{k.ke~&^^;L;k% izFkes ikns }kn'kek=kkLrFkk r`rh;s¿fiA
v"Vkn'k f}rh;s prqFkZosQ i×pn'k lk¿¿;kZAA**
66 'kk'orh

mnkgj.ke~
(i) uhj{khj foososQ ----A
(ii) rkor~ dksfdy ----A

vk;kZPNUnfl fof'k"V% y;% xs;rk p HkofrA


rnuqlkjs.k vk;kZ;k% xkuL; vH;kl% dk;Z%A

(l) vèkksfyf[krkuke~ fgUnhHkk"kk;k% vkHkk.kdkuka lekukFkZdk% laLÑr iaDr;% vUos"VO;k%&


1- vkx yxus ij oqQvk¡ [kksnuk
2- lcls Hkyh pqi
3- nw/ dk nw/ ikuh dk ikuh
lIre% ikB%

foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~
¶flagklu}kf=kaf'kdk¸ cÙkhl euksj×td dFkkvksa dk laxgz gSA blds osQoy x|e;] osQoy i|e;]
x|μi|e;] ;s rhu ikB ik;s tkrs gSaA laxzg esa fLFkr izR;sd dFkk /kjk uxjh osQ jktk Hkkst
dks lquk;h x;h gSA vr% bl xzUFk dk le; jktk Hkkst (1018μ1063) osQ vuUrj gh ekuk
tkrk gSA
,d Vhys dh [kqnkbZ djus ij jktk Hkkst dks ,d flagklu feykA og flagklu jktk
foozQekfnR; dk FkkA 'kqHk eqgwrZ esa jktk Hkkst ml flagklu ij cSBuk pkgrk gS rks flagklu esa
cuh 32 iqÙkfydkvksa esa ls izR;sd iqÙkfydk jktk foozQekfnR; osQ xq.kksa rFkk ijkozQe dh ,dμ,d
dFkk lqukdj jktk dks flagklu ij cSBus ls iqu%iqu% jksdrh gSA izR;sd iqÙkfydk us jktk ls
;gh iz'u fd;k fd ^D;k rqeesa foozQe tSlk xq.k gS\ ;fn gS rks bl flagklu ij cSB ldrs
gks vU;Fkk ughaA*
izLrqr ikB mi;ZqÙkQ ^flagklu}kf=kaf'kdk* ls gh mn~/`r gSA blesa crk;k x;k gS fd fdl
izdkj jktk foozQe dks ;g lalkj vlkj izrhr gksrk gSA vius vkSnk;Zo'k os lEiw.kZ jktdks"k dks
nku djuk pkgrs gSaA blosQ fy, mUgksaus ^loZLonf{k.k;K* dk vuq"Bku fd;kA ml ;K esa lc
oqQN ifjR;kx dj fn;kA ;gk¡ rd fd leqnz dh vksj ls iznku fd;s x;s vf}rh; pkj jRu Hkh
czkã.k dks iznku dj fn;sA bl izdkj ls foozQe us vR;f/d mnkjrk dk ifjp; fn;kA

iqujfi jktk flagklus leqios"Vqa xPNfrA rrks¿U;k iqÙkfydk leonr~ ¶Hkks


jktu~] ,rfRlagklus rsuSo vè;kflrO;a ;L; foozQerqY;e~ vkSnk;ZefLrA¸
HkkstsuksÙkQe~ ¶ Hkks iqÙkfyds] dFk; rL;kSnk;Ze~A¸ lk onfr] ¶jktu~ ;LRofFkZuka
iwj;fr] rL;sfIlra nso% lEikn;frA** ;PpksÙkQe~μ
mRlkglEiUuenh?kZlw=ka] fozQ;kfof/Ka O;lus"olÙkQe~ A
'kwja o`QrKa n`<fuÜp;a p] y{eh% Lo;a ok×Nfr oklgsrks% AA
68 'kk'orh

,oa ldyxq.kfuokl% l foozQeks jktk ,dnk LoeuL;fpUr;r~μ


^vgks vlkjks¿;a lalkj%] dnk dL; fda Hkfo";rhfr u Kk;rsA ;PpksikftZrkuka
foÙka rnfi nkuHkksxfS oZuk liQya u HkofrA rFkk pksDre~μ
mikftZrkuka foÙkkuka R;kx ,o fg j{k.ke~ A
rVkdksnjlaLFkkuka ijhokg bokEHklke~ AA
vfi p
nkrO;a HkksDrO;a /ufo"k;s l@;ks u dÙkZO;%A
i';sg e/qdjh.kka lf@reFk± gjUR;U;s AA
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~ 69

bR;soa fopk;Z loZLonf{k.ka ;Ka dÙkqeZ iq ØkUroku~A rr% f'kfYifHkjrho euksgjks


e.Mi% dkfjr%A lokZfi ;Klkexzh leârkA nsoeqfuxUèkoZ;{kfl¼kn;'p lekgwrk%A
rfLeUuoljs leqnkz àkukFk± df Üpn~ckz ã.k% leqnrz hjs izfs "kr%A lks¿fi leqnrz hja xRok
xU/iq"ikfn"kksM'kksipkja foèkk;kczohr~ ¶Hkks% leqn!z foØekdksZ jktk ;Ka djksfrA
rsu izfs "krks¿ga Rokekàkrqa lekxr%A** bfr tyeè;s iq"ik×tfya nÙok {k.ka fLFkr%A
dks¿fi rL; izR;qÙkja u nnkSA rr mTtf;uha ;koRizR;kxPNfr rkoísnhI;eku'kjhj%
leqnkz s czkã.k:ih lu~ rekxR;konr~ ¶Hkks czkã.k] foØes.kkLekukàkrqa izfs "krLRoa]
rfgZ rsu ;kLekoaQ lEHkkouk Ñrk lk izkIrSoA ,rnso lqânks y{k.ka ;Rle;s
nkuekukfn fØ;rsA** mDra pμ
nnkfr izfrx`Êkfr xqáek[;kfr i`PNfr A
HkqÄD~ rs Hkkst;rs pSo "kM~fo/a izhfry{k.ke~ AA
nwjfLFkrkuka eS=kh u';fr lehiLFkkuka o/Zrs bfr u okP;e~A
fxjkS dykih xxus i;ksnks y{kkUrjs¿oZQÜp tys p iÁe~A
bUnqf}Zy{ks oqQeqnL; cU/q;ksZ ;L; fe=ka u fg rL; nwje~AA
rLeS jkKs O;;kFk± jRuprq"V;a nkL;kfeA ,rs"kka egkRE;e~&,oaQ jRua ;}Lrq
Le;Zrs rínkfrA f}rh;jRusu Hkkstukfndee`rrqY;eqRi|rsA r`rh;jRukPprqjXcya HkofrA
prqFkkZnRz ukfíO;kHkj.kkfu tk;UrsA rnsrkfu jRukfu x`ghRok jkKks gLrs iz;PNsfrA
rrks czkã.kLrkfu jRukfu x`ghRok mTtf;uha ;konkxrLrko|KlekfIrtkZrkA
jktkoHk`FkLukua ÑRok lokZufFkZtuku~ ifjiw.kZeuksjFkkudjksrA~ czkã.kks jktkua n`"V~ok
jRukU;iZf;Rok izR;soQa rs"kka xq.kdFkuedFk;r~A rrks jktkonr~] ¶Hkks czkã.k! Hkoku~
;Knf{k.kkdkya O;frØE; lekxr%A e;k loks¿Z fi czkã.klewgks nf{k.k;k rksf"kr%A
rfgZ Roesr"s kka jRukuka eè;s ;ÙkqH;a jksprs rn~xg` k.ksfrA czkã.ksuksDre~] ^x`ga xRok
x`fg.kha] iq=ka] Luq"kka p i`"V~ok losHZ ;ks ;nzkp
s rs rn~xgz h";kehfrA* jkKksDra ^rFkk
oqQ#A* czkã.kks¿fi Lox`gekxR; lo± o`ÙkkUra rs"kkexz¿s dFk;r~A iq=ks.kksDra ^;nzRua
prqjXcya nnkfr rn~xgz h";ke%A ;r% lq[ksu jkT;a dÙkqeZ fgZ";ke%A* fi=kksDra ^cqf¼erk
70 'kk'orh

jkT;a u izkFkZuh;e~A* iqu% firk onfr ^;Lek¼ua yHkrs rn~ x`gk.kA /usu loZefi
yH;rsA* Hkk;Z;ksDra ^;nzRua "kM~jlku~ lwrs rn~xá
` rke~A los"Z kka izkf.kukeUusuoS izk.kèkkj.ka
HkofrA* Luq"k;ksDra ^;nzRua jRukHkj.kkfnoaQ lwrs rn~ xzkáe~A*
,oa prq.kk± ijLija fooknks yXu%A rrks czkã.kks jktlehiekxR; prq.kk±
fookno`ÙkkUredFk;r~A jktkfi rPNªqRok rLeS czkã.kk; pRok;Zfi jRukfu nnkSA
bfr dFkka dFkf;Rok iqÙkfydk jktkueonr~] ^Hkks jktu~] RoÕ;sofa oèk& lgtekSnk;±
fo|rs psnfLeu~ flagklus leqifo'kA* rPNªqRok jktk rw".kheklhr~A

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
iqÙkfydk & iqryh
leqios"Vqe~ & le~ $ mi $ fo'k~ /krq $ rqequ~ izR;; cSBus osQ fy,A
rsuSo & rsu $ ,o] mlh osQ }kjkA
vè;kflrO;e~ & vf/ $ vkl~ /krq $ rO;r~ izR;;] cSBuk pkfg,A
;LRofFkZuke~ & (;% rq vfFkZuke~)] tks ;kpdksa dhA
bZfIlre~ & bZIl~ /krq $ Dr izR;; bfPNrA
f'kfYiu~ & dkjhxjA
;PpksDre~ & ;r~ $ p $ mDre~] ,slk dgk x;k gSA
lekgwrk% & lE;o~Q vkgwrk%] vkefU=kr fd;s x;sA
rVkdksnjlaLFkkuke~ & rVkdL; mnjs laLFkkuke~ (vofLFkrkuke~) rkykc dh xgjkbZ
esa fLFkr
ijhokg & ifj $ og~ /krq $ ?k×k~ izR;;] fudkl
e/qdjh.kke~ & e/qefD[k;ksa dk
loZLonf{k.ke~ & loZLoa nf{k.kk ;fLeu~ rr~A ;K dk uke
xqáek[;kfr & xqáe~ (xksiuh;e~) vk[;kfrA xksiuh; dks dgrk gS
dykih & dykie~ vfLr vL;] eksj
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~ 71

y{kkUrjs¿oZQ'p & yk[kksa ;kstu] ehy dh nwjh


iÁe~ & dey
bUnqf}Zy{ks & bUnq% f}y{ks] pUnzek ls 2 yk[k ;kstu nwj (vR;fèkd nwjh
ls vk'k;)
prqjÄõcye~ & ?kqM+lokj] jFklokj gkFkhlokj] iSny lSfud] budks feykdj
pkj vÄõksa okyh lsuk
O;frØE; & fo $ vfr $ Øe~ /krq $ Y;i~ izR;; chrus ij
Luq"kke~ & iq=ko/w dks

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjr&
(d) foØeL;kSnk;Ze~ ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lÄfï yr%\
([k) mikftZrkuka foÙkkuka j{k.ka dFka Hkofr\
(x) /ufo"k;s dhn`'k% O;ogkj% dÙkZO;%\
(?k) tyeè;s iq"ik×t¯y nRok {k.ka d% fLFkr%\
(Ä) leqnz% jkKs fdeFk± jRuprq"V;a nÙkoku~\
(p) f}rh;jRusu fde~ mRi|rs\
(N) izhfry{k.ke~ dfrfo/a Hkofr\

2- fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) mikftZrkuka foÙkkuka ------------------- fg j{k.ke~A
([k) nkrO;a HkksDrO;a /ufo"k;s ------------------- u dÙkZO;%A
(x) rr% f'kfYifHkjrho ------------------- e.Mi% dkfjr%A
(?k) Hkks leqn!z ------------------- ;Ka djksfrA
(Ä) rLeS jkKs O;;kFk± ------------------- nkL;kfeA
(p) ;nzRua prqjÄõcya ------------------- rn~ xzgh";ke%A
(N) losZ"kka izkf.kukeusuSo ------------------- HkofrA
72 'kk'orh

3- vèkksfyf[krkuka inkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&


foÙkkuke~] f'kfYifHk%] fxjkS] ,rs"kke~] nkrO;e~ jksprsA

4- izÑfrizR;;foHkkx% fØ;rke~&
miØkUroku~] fo/k;] xRok] x`ghRok] fLFkr%] O;frØE;] nkrO;e~A

5- lfUèkfoPNsna oqQ#r&
rsuoS ] ;PpksDre~] rL;sfIlre~] pSo] ;Pp] rnfi] lokZfi] lks¿fi] izkIrSo] psnfLeu~] rPNªqRok]
RoÕ;soe~

6- lizlÄõa fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&


(d) mikftZrkuka foÙkkuka R;kx ,o fg j{k.ke~A
rVkdksnjlaLFkkuka ijhokg bokEHklke~AA
([k) nnkfr izfrx`Êkfr xqáek[;kfr i`PNfrA
HkqÄ~Drs Hkkst;rs pSo "kM~fo/a izhfry{k.ke~AA

7- vèkksfyf[krkuka leLrinkuka foxzga oqQ#r&


foØerqY;e~] fØ;kfof/Ke~] ldyxq.kfuokl%] ;Klkexzh] leqnrz hje~] tyeè;s] iq"ik×tfye~]
nsnhI;eku'kjhj%] ;;kFkZe~] ;KlekfIr%] xq.kdFkue~] czkã.klewg%] izk.k/kj.ke~] jktlehie~A

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
vèkksfyf[krkuka lwDrhukeè;;ua ÑRok izLrqrikBsu HkkolkE;e~ vo/ÙkA
1- fe=ke~&
(i) fe=ka izhfrjlk;ua u;u;ksjkuUnua psrl%
ik=ka ;Rlq[knq%[k;ks% lg HkosfUe=ks.k rn~nqyZHke~A
;s pkU;s lqân% le`f¼le;s nzO;kfHkyk"kkoqQykLrs
loZ=k feyfUr rÙofud"kxzkok rq rs"kka foir~AA
foozQeL;kSnk;Ze~ 73

(ii) u ekrfj u nkjs"kq u lksn;sZ u pkRetsA


fo'oklLrkn`'k% iqalka ;kn`Ä~ fe=ks LoHkkotsAA dforke`rowQi&88

(iii) u rfUe=ka ;L; dksikf}Hksfr ;}kfe=ka 'kfÄïrsuksip;Ze~A


;fLefUe=ks firjhok'olhr r}S fe=ak lÄõrkuhrjkf.kAA uhfrdYir#&9-141

(iv) osQuke`rfena l`"Va fe=kfeR;{kj};e~A


vkinka p ifj=kk.ka 'kksdlUrkiHks"kte~AA i×prU=ke~&2-60
2- vkSnk;Ze~&
v;a fut% ijks osfr x.kuk y?kqpsrlke~A
mnkjpfjrkuka fg olq/So oqQVqEcde~AA i×prU=ke~&5-305
3- nkue~&
(i) /ukfu thfora pSo ijkFksZ izkK mRl`tsr~A
lfUueÙks oja R;kxks fouk'ks fu;rs lfrAA

(ii) ijksidkjk; iQyfUr o`{kk% ijksidkjk; ogfUr u|%A


ijksidkjk; nqgfUr xko%] ijksidkjkFkZfena 'kjhje~AA foØeksZo'kh;e~&66

(iii) v"Vknk'kiqjk.ks"kq O;klL; opu};e~A


ijksidkj% iq.;k; ikik; ijihMue~AA

(iv) Jks=ka JqrsuSo u oqQ.Mysu] nkusu ikf.kuZrq dÄï.ksuA


foHkkfr dk;% d#.kkijk.kka ijksidkjs.k u pUnusuAA uhfr'krde~&1-72

(v) iÁkdja fnudjks fodphdjksfr


pUnzks fodkl;fr oSQjopØokye~A
ukH;fFkZrks ty/jks¿fi tya nnkfr
lUr% Lo;a ijfgrs"kq ÑrkfHk;ksxk%AA
uhfr'krde~&1-74
v"Ve% ikB%

Hkw&foHkkxk%
izLrqr ikB eqxylezkV~ 'kkgtgk¡ osQ fo}ku iq=k nkjkf'kdksg }kjk fojfpr xzUFk ^leqnzlÄeõ %* ls
ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA nkjkf'kdksg laLÑr rFkk vjch Hkk"kk osQ rRdkyhu fo}kuksa esa vxzx.;
FksA ^leqnlz Äõe%* xzUFk esa ^i`fFkoh fu:i.k* osQ vUrxZr mUgksaus ioZrksa] }hiksa] leqnzksa vkfn dk
fof'k"V 'kSyh esa o.kZu fd;k gSA mlh o.kZu osQ va'k ;gk¡ ^^Hkw&foHkkxk%** 'kh"kZd osQ vUrxZr
izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA
nkjkf'kdksg eqxylezkV~ 'kkgtgk¡ osQ lcls cM+s iq=k FksA mudk thoudky 1615 bZñ ls
1659 bZñ rd gSA 'kkgtgk¡ mudks jktin nsuk pkgrs Fks ij mÙkjkf/dkj osQ la?k"kZ esa muosQ HkkbZ
vkSjaxtsc us fueZerk ls mudh gR;k dj nhA nkjkf'kdksg us vius le; osQ Js"B laLÑr
if.Mrksa] Kkfu;ksa vkSj lwiQh lUrksa dh lRlaxfr esa osnkUr vkSj bLyke osQ n'kZu dk xgu
vè;;u fd;k vkSj mUgksaus iQkjlh vkSj laLÑr esa bu nksuksa n'kZuksa dh leku fopkj/kjk dks
ysdj foiqy lkfgR; fy[kkA iQkjlh esa muosQ xzUFk gSa&lkjhurqy~ vkSfy;k] ldhurqy~ vkSfy;k]
glukrqy~ vkjiQhu (lwiQh lUrksa dh thofu;k¡)] rjhdrqy~ gdhdr] fjlky & ,&gduqek] vkyes
uklwr] vkyes eyowQr (lwiQh n'kZu osQ izfriknd xzUFk)] fljZ&,&vdcj (mifu"knksa dk vuqokn)
muosQ iQkjlh xzUFk gSaA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk vkSj ;ksxokfl"B osQ Hkh iQkjlh Hkk"kk esa mUgksaus vuqokn
fd;sA ^eTe&my~&cgjSu~* iQkjlh esa mudh vej Ñfr gS] ftlesa mUgksaus bLyke vkSj osnkUr dh
vo/kj.kkvksa esa ewyHkwr lekurk,¡ cryk;h gSaA blh xzUFk dks nkjkf'kdksg us ^leqnzlÄõe%* uke
ls laLÑr esa fy[kkA

vFk i`fFkohfu:i.ke~&i`fFkO;k% lIrHksnk%A rs p Hksnk% lIriqVkU;qP;UrsA rkfu p


iqVkfu&vry&fory&lqry&rykry&jlkry&ikrkyk[;kfuA vLeUers¿fi lIrHksnk%A
;Fkk¿Le}sns Jw;rs ijes'ojks ;Fkk lIrxxukfu r}r~ i`fFkO;k% lIrfoHkkxku~ o`Qroku~A
vFk i`fFkO;k% foHkkxfu:i.ka ;=k yksdkfLr"BfUrA rL;k% nk'kZfuoSQ% lIrèkk
foHkkx% o`QrLrku~ foHkkxku~ lIr vvfDye bfr onfUrA ikSjkf.kdkLrq lIr }hikfu
Hkw&foHkkxk% 75

onfUrA ,rku~ [k.Mku~ iyk.MqRoXonqi;Zèkks Hkkosu u Kk;Urs] ^fdUrq* fu%Js.kh


lksikuoTtkufUrA lIr ioZrku~ lIr oqQykpyku~ onfUr] rs"kka ioZrkuka ukekU;srkfu
izFke% lqejs QeZè;s] f}rh;ks fgeoku~] r`rh;ks gseowQV%] prqFkksZ fu"k/% ,rs lqejs ks#Ùkjr%A
ekY;oku~ iwoZL;ka] xUèkeknu% if'pek;ka oSQykl'p e;kZnkioZrsH;ks¿frfjDr%A
;Fkk¿Le}sns Jw;rs& ¶vLekfHk% ioZrk% 'kado% o`Qrk%A ,rs"kka lIr}hikuka
izR;sdekos"Vu:ik% lIrleqnkz %A yo.kks tEcq}hiL;kojd%A b{kqjl% Iy{k}hiL;
nfèkleqn%z ØkS×Pk}hiL;] {khjleqn%z 'kkd}hiL;] Loknqtyleqn%z iq"dj}hiL;kojd%
bfrA leqnkz % lIr vLe}sn¿s fi izdVk% HkofUrA o`{kk% ys[kuh Hkos;%q leqnkz ¿s fi
elh Hkosr]~ ija Hkxo}kD;kfu lekIrkfu u HkofUrA izfr}hia izfrioZra izfrleqnza
ukuktkr;ks¿uUrk tUrofLr"BfUrA ;k i`fFkoh ;s ioZrk% ;s leqnkz lokZH;% i`fFkohH;%
losHZ ;% ioZrHs ;% losHZ ;% leqnHsz ;% mifj fr"BfUr rku~ ^LoxZ* bfr onfUrA ;k
i`fFkoh ;s ioZrk% ;s leqnzk% lokZH;% i`fFkohH;% losZH;% ioZrsH;% losZH;%
leqnzsH;ks¿èkks Hkkxs fr"BfUr l ^ujd* bfr onfUrA fuf'pra fdy fln~/S%
LoxZujdkfnoaQ lo± czãk.Mk fdf×pˆfgjLrhfrA rs lIrxxukfJrk% lIr xzgk%
Lox± ifjrks es[kykor~ ifjHkzeUrhfr onfUr_ u LoxZL;ksifjA vFk LoxZL; ;fn
eu vkdk'ka tkufUr vLenh;kLre'kZ bfr onfUrA LoxZHkw¯e oqQ'khZfr onfUrA¸

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
iqVkfu & Hksnk%] Hksn ;k iqV
vvfDye & vowQyhu ([k.M vFkok VqdM+k)
iyk.MqRoo~Q & I;kt dk fNydk
oqQykpyk% & oqQyioZr vFkok lkr ioZrksa dh ekyk
fu%Js.kh & fulsuh vFkok lh<+h
lksiku & fulsuh esa ,d leku nwjh ij yxus okys NksV&s 2 dk"B&[k.M
'kÄïo% & dhysa
76 'kk'orh

vkos"Vu:ik & vkoj.k djus okys


b{kqjl% & xUus dk jl] lqjk vFko efnjk
vkojd% & <dus okyk
elh & L;kgh
es[kykor~ & es[kyk vFkok Ük`Ä~[kyk osQ leku
^v'kZ* & vkdk'k vFkok xxu] LoxZ osQ Åij dh Nr (iQkjlh 'kCn)
^oqQ'khZ* & ijes'oj dk ¯lgklu vFkok LoxZHkwfe] ^oqQ'khZ* dks vkBok¡
vkleku Hkh dgk x;k gSA (iQkjlh 'kCn)

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrsu mÙkja nh;rke~&
(d) i`fFkO;k% dfr Hksnk%\
([k) i`fFkO;k% lIriqVkuka ukekfu dkfu lfUr\
(x) ioZrk% dfr lfUr\
(?k) leqnzk% dfr lfUr\
(Ä) nf/leqnz% dL; }hiL;kojd%\
(p) ^v'kZ* bfr ina dLeS iz;qDre~\
(N) ^oqQ'khZ* bfr ina dfLeUuFksZ iz;qDre~\
(t) ^vLe}sn* bfr 'kCn% nkjkf'kdksgsu dL; xzUFkL; Ñrs iz;qDr%\

2- fgUnhHkk"k;k vk'k;a fy[kr&


,rku~ [k.Mku~ iyk.MqRoXonqi;Z/ksHkkosu u Kk;Urs] fdUrq fu%Js.kh&lksikuoTtkufUrA
lIrioZrku~ lIroqQykpyku~ onfUr] rs"kka ioZrkuka ukekU;srkfu&izFke% lqe#s eZè;s] f}rh;ks fgeoku~]
r`rh;ks gseowQV%] prqFkksZ fu"kèk% ,rs lqesjks#Ùkjr%A

3- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka LolaLÑrokD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&


iqVkfu] Ñroku~] vkos"Vu:ik] losZH;%] czãk.Mkr~] ifjHkzefUrA
Hkw&foHkkxk% 77

4- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka lfU/foPNsna oqQ#r&


iqVkU;qP;Urs] vLeUers] iyk.MqRoXonqi;Z/ksHkkosu] lksikuoTtkufUr] lqesjks#Ùkjr%] leqnzks¿fi]
fdf×pˆfgjLrhfr] vLenh;kLre'kZ
5- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka i;kZ;okfpinkfu fy[kr&
i`fFkoh] ioZr%] leqnz%] xxue~] LoxZ%
6- fjDrLFkkukuke~ iwfrZ% fo/s;k&
(d) ikSjkf.kdkLrq ---------------- }hikfu onfUr
([k) lIr ---------------- lIroqQykpyku~ onfUr
(x) ---------------- tEcq}hiL;kojd%
(?k) LoxZHkw¯e ---------------- onfUr

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) laLÑrokÄ~e;s Hkwxksy&[kxksyfo"k;oaQ Kkua izkpq;sZ.k miyH;rsA
;Fkk&lw;Zfl¼kUrkfn'kkL=ks"kq&
Hkxou~! fdEizek.kk Hkw% fdekdkjk fdekJ;kA
¯dfoHkkxk dFka pk=k lIrikrkyHkwe;%AA
vgksjk=kO;oLFkka p fon/kfr dFka jfo%A
dFka i;sZfr olq/ka Hkqoukfu foHkko;u~AA
dFka i;sZfr olq/ka Hkqoukfu foHkko;u~A
Hkwes#i;qZi;ZwèokZ% fdeqRls/k% fdeUrjk%AA
([k) ^oqQykpyk%* lIrioZrkuka ekyk vfLrA laLÑrokÄ~e;s ,rs lIr ioZrk%
egsUnzks ey;% lá% 'kqfDreku~ ½{kioZr%A
foUè;'p ikfj;k=k'p lIrSrs oqQyioZrk%AA
(x) vfLeu~ ikBs of.kZrkuka HkkSxksfydrF;kuka rqyuk vk/qfudHkwxksy&foKkusu izekf.krrF;S%
lg dj.kh;kA
(?k) lIr/k bfr ina vuql`R; v/ksfyf[krS% la[;kokfpfHk% 'kCnS% inkfu fuekZrO;kfu
,de~] f}] f=k] prqj~] i×p] --------
uoe% ikB%

dk;± ok lk/;s;e~] nsga ok


ikr;s;e~
iz L rq r ikB vfEcdknÙkO;kl }kjk jfpr ^f'kojktfot;* uked ,s f rgkfld
miU;kl osQ izFke fojke osQ prqFkZ fu%'okl ls ladfyr gSA
blosQ jpf;rk vfEcdknÙkO;kl cgqeq[kh izfrHkk osQ èkuh FksA
bUgksaus laLÑr o fgUnh esa 'krkf/d xz U Fkksa dh jpuk dhA
budh Ñfr;ksa esa vfHkO;Dr vn~Hkqr dYiuk'kfDr ,oa ik=kksa
osQ pfj=k esa iznf'kZr mPp vkn'kks± us fo}Ttuksa dks viuh
vksj vkÑ"V fd;kA
izLrqr ikB esa ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd tks ohj] fo'oklik=k]
deZ B o n`<ladYi okys gksrs gS a ] mUgsa ekuoh; ,oa iz k Ñfrd
fdlh Hkh iz d kj dh ck/k;sa vius ladfYir y{; dks iz k Ir djus
ls ugha jksd ldrha] ladfYir dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa pkgs
muosQ iz k .k Hkh D;ksa u pys tk;asA
f'kokth dk fo'oklik=k ,oa deZB nwr (xqIrpj) vius fufnZ"V
dk;ks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ¯lgnqxZ ls i=k ysdj rksj.knqxZ
tkrk gSA jkLrs esa vusd iz d kj dh Hkh"k.k iz k Ñfrd ckèkkvksa
osQ ckn Hkh og rfud Hkh fopfyr ugha gksrk gS rFkk vius
ladfYir y{; dh vksj c<+rk gh tkrk gS A og dgrk gS & ^dk;± ok
lk/;s;e~] nsga ok ikr;s;e~*&vFkkZr~&^dk;Z fl¼ d:¡xk ;k
nsg R;kx dj nw¡xk*A ;gh Hkko izLrqr x|ka'k esa of.kZr gSA
eklks¿;ek"kk<%] vfLr p lk;a le;%] vLra ftxfe"kqHkZxoku~ HkkLdj% flUnwj&
nz o &Lukrkukfeo ojQ.k&fnxoyfEcukejQ.k&okfjokgkukeH;Urja iz f o"V%A
dk;± ok lk/;s;e~] nsga ok ikr;s;e~ 79

dyfoÄ ï k 'pkVoS Q j& jQrS % ifjiw . kZ s " kq uhMs " kq


iz f rfuorZ U rs A oukfu iz f r{k.kef/dkfèkdka
';kerka dy;fUrA vFkkdLekr~ ifjrks es ? kekyk
ioZ r Js . kho iz k nq j Hkw r ~ ] {k.ka lw { efoLrkjk]
ijr% iz d fVr&f'k[kfj f'k[kj&foMEcuk] vFk
n f ' k Z r & n h ? k Z &
'kq . Mef.Mr&fnxUr&nUrkoy&Hk;kudkdkjk rr%
ikjLifjd&la ' ys " k&fofgr& egkUèkdkjk p leLra
xxurya i;Z P Nnhr~ A
vfLeu~ le;s ,d% "kks M 'ko"kZ & ns ' kh;ks
xkS j ks ;q o k g;s u ioZ r Js . khjQi;q Z i fj xPNfr
LeA ,"k lq ? kfVrn` < 'kjhj%
';ke&';keS x q Z P N&xq P NS % oq Q f×pr&oq Q f×prS %
dp&dykiS % deuh;&diks y ikfy% nw j kxeuk;klo'ks u
lw { e&ekS f Drd&iVys u s o Los n fcUnq & oz t s u
lekPNkfnr&yykV&diksy&uklkxzksÙkjks"B%
iz l Â&onukEHkks t & iz n f'kZ r &n` < fl¼kUr&
egksRlkg%] jktrlw=k&f'kYio`Qr&cgqy&pkdpD;&oØ&
gfjrks " .kh"k&'kks f Hkr%] gfjrs u S o p
d×pq o s Q u&O;w < xw < pjrk&dk;Z % ] dks ¿ fi f'koohjL;
fo'oklik=ka fla g nq x kZ r ~ rL;S o i=keknk;
rks j .knq x ± iz ; kfrA
80 'kk'orh

rkondLeknq f RFkrks egku~ >×>kokr%] ,d%


lk;a l e;iz ; q D r% LoHkko& o` Ù kks ¿ Uèkdkj%] l p
f}xq f .krks es ? kekykfHk%A >×>kokrks ¼ w r S %
js . kq f Hk% 'kh.kZ i =kS % oq Q lq e ijkxS %
'kq " diq " iS ' p iq u js " k }S x q . ;a iz k Ir%A bg
ioZ r &Js . khr% ioZ r Js . kh%] oukn~ oukfu]
f'k[kjkfPN[kjkf.k iz i krkr~ iz i krku~ ] vf/
R;dkrks ¿ f/R;dk%] miR;dkr miR;dk%] u dks ¿ fi
ljyks ekxZ % ] ukuq n ~ H ks f nuh Hkw f e%] iUFkk%
vfi p ukoyks D ;rs A {k.ks & {k.ks g;L;
[kq j kf'pDd.k&ik"kk.k&[k.Ms " kq iz L [kyfUrA
ins ins nks / w ; ekuk% o` { k'kk[kk%
lEeq [ kek?ufUr] ija n` < lÄ ï Y iks ¿ ;a lknh
(v'okjks g h) u Lodk;kZ n ~ fojefrA ifjr%
l&gMgMk'kCna nks / w ; ekukuka ijLlgÏ&o` { kk.kka ]
okrk?kkr&la t kr& ik"kk.k&ikrkuka iz i krkuke~ ]
egkU/rels u xz L ;ekukukfeo lÙokuka ØUnuL; p
Hk;kuos Q u Lous u doyho` Q rfeo xxurye~ A ija
¶ns g a ok ikr;s ; a dk;± ok lkèk;s ; e~ ¸ bfr
o` Q riz f rKks ¿ lkS f'koohjpjks futdk;kZ Â
fojefrA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
ftxfe"kq% & tkus os Q bPNq d _ xe~ $ lu~ $ m_ bPNkFkZ d
^lu~* izR;;A
dk;± ok lk/;s;e~] nsga ok ikr;s;e~ 81

flUnwjnzoLukrkuke~ & flUnwj osQ ?kksy ls Luku fd;s gq,A


Lukrkuke~ & ".kk ('kkSps) $ Dr izR;;A "k"Bh foHkfDr
cgqopuA
o#.kfno~Q & if'pefn'kk_ o#.kL; fno~Q_ o#.knso dks
if'pe fn'kk dk vf/ifr ekuk tkrk gSA
o#.kfnxoyfEcuke~ & o#.kfn'k% voyEcua 'khya ;s"kka rsA
rs"kke~A vo $ yEc~ $ bu~ izR;;A
v#.kokfjokgkuke~ & ykfyek;qDr cknyksa osQ_ v#.kk'p rs
okfjokgk'pA rs"kke~A okfj ogfUr bfr
okfjokgk% ¾ es?kk%
dyfoÄïk% & i{kh (xkSjS;k)
pkVoSQj% & if{k'kkodksa osQ }kjkA pVdL; viR;a
pkVoSQj%A pVdk $ ,jp~ izR;;A xkSjS;k
dk cPpk
izfr{k.ke~ & iy&iyA {k.ka {k.ke~ ¾ iz f r{k.ke~A vO;;A
uhMs"kq & ?kksalyksa esaA uiqaldfyÄõ] lIreh
cgqopuA
';kerke~ & dkysiu dksA ';keL; Hkko% ¾ ';kerkA
HkkokFkZ esa ^ry~* izR;;A ';ke $ ry~
dy;fUr & izkIr djrs gSaA dy (xrkS lÄ~[;kus p) $
f.kp~] yV~ ydkj iz F ke iq#"k] cgqopuA
pqjkfnx.k
vFk & vuUrje~A vO;;A
nf'kZrnh?kZ'kq.Mef.Mr & yEch&yEch lw¡Mksa ls
lq'kksfHkr fnXxtksa osQ leku
fnxUrnUrkoyHk;kudkdkjk Hk;kud vkdkj okyh (es?kekyk)
nh?kZ'pklkS 'kq.M'p ¾ nh?kZ'kq.M%A nf'kZr'pkrks
nh?kZ'kq.M'pA nf'kZrnh?kZ'kq.M%A nf'kZrnh?kZ'kq.Msu ef.Mr%A
82 'kk'orh

fn'kke~ vUrk% fnxUrk%A 'kksHkukS


nUrkS vL; bfr nUrkoy%A fnxUrk ,o
nUrkoyk% fnxUrnUrkoyk%A
nh?kZ'kq.Mef.Mrk'p rs
f n x U r n U r k o y k ' p A
nf'kZrnh?kZ'kq.Mef.MrfnxUrnUrkoyk%A
Hk;ukd'p vlkS vkdkj'p Hk;kudkdkj%A
nf'kZrnh?kZ'kq.Mef.MrfnxUr&
nUrkoyk bo Hk;kudkdkj% ;L;k lk
(es?kekyk)
izdfVrf'k[kfjf'k[kjfoMEcuk & ioZr f'k[kjksa dk
vuqdj.k djus okyh (es?kekyk)
f'k[kfj.kka f'k[kjkf.k f'k[kfjf'k[kjkf.kA f'k[kfjf'k[kjk.kka
foMEcua ¾ f'k[kfjf'k[kjfoMEcue~ A iz d fVra &
f'k[kfjf'k[kjfoMEcua ;;k lk (es?kekyk)
es?kekyk leLra xxurya & es?kekyk us leLr xxu e.My dks vkPNkfnr dj
ifjr% i;ZPNnhr~ fy;kA ^ifjr%* vO;; osQ iz;ksx ls ^xxurya* vkSj
^leLra* inksa esa f}rh;k foHkfDr gqbZ gS & ^vfHkr%
ifjr%le;kfud"kkgkizfr;ksxs¿fi* bl vuq'kklu lsA
ifjr% & pkjksa vksj
izknqjHkwr~ & izdV gqbZA izknql~ $ Hkw $ yqÄ~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k
,dopu
ikjLifjdla'ys"ks.k & (cknyksa osQ)ijLij fey tkus ls
i;ZPNnhr~ & <d fy;k gSA (O;kIr gks xbZ)A ifj $ vPNnhr~A
Nn (laoj.ks) yqÄ~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k ,dopu
"kksM'ko"kZns'kh;% & yxHkx lksyg o"kZ dkA ^yxHkx* bl vFkZ esa ^dYi*
^ns';* ;k ^ns'kh;j~* izR;; yxrs gSaA ;gk¡ ^ns'kh;j~*
izR;; yxk gSA "kksM'ko"kZ $ ns'kh;j~
oqQf×proqQf×prS% & ?kq?¡ kjkysA oqQ×p~ (xfr&dkSfVY;kyihHkkos"kq) $ Dr izR;;A
dk;± ok lk/;s;e~] nsga ok ikr;s;e~ 83

dpdykiS% & osQ'k lewgksa osQ }kjkA dpkuka


dykik% rS %
deuh;diksyikfy% & lqUnj xkyksa okykA deuh;s
diksyikyh ;L; l% de~ (dkUrkS ) $
vuh;j~ iz R ;;A
g;su & ?kksM+s ls
LosnfcUnqoztsu & ilhus dh cw¡nksa lsA LosnfcUnwuka
oz t % rsu
lekPNkfnryykV& & ftldk yykV] diksy] ukfldk dk
vxzHkkx rFkk
diksyuklkxzksÙkjks"B% Åijh vksBa (ilhus dh cwn¡ ksa ls) O;kIr gSA yykV'p
diksy'p uklkxz'p mÙkjks"B'p ¾ yykVdiksy&
uklkxzksÙkjks"Be~ (lekl esa ,dopu gksuk fo'ks"k gS)
lekPNkfnra yykVdiksyuklkxzkÙs kjks"Ba ;L; l% cgqohz fg
leklA
izlUuonukEHkkstsu & izlUueq[kdey ls
izlUuonukEHkkstiznf'kZr& & izlUu eq[k dey ls n`< fl¼kUr osQ egksRlkg dks
n`<fl¼kUregksRlkg% izdV djus okyk
jktrlw=kf'kYiÑrcgqy& & pk¡nh osQ rkj dh d<kbZ (f'kYi) osQ dkj.k vR;fèkd
pkdpD;oØgfjrks".kh"k'kksfHkr% pedus okyh rFkk Vs<+h c¡/h gqbZ gjh ixM+h ls
lq'kksfHkrA jktrlw=kL; f'kYisu Ñra cgqya pkdpD;a
;L; rFkkHkwra oØa gfjra p ;r~ m".kh"ka] rsu 'kksfHkr%
cgqozhfg leklA
vknk; & ysdjA vk $ nk $ Y;i~ izR;;
iz;kfr & tkrk gSA iz $ ;k (izki.ks) $ yV~ ydkj] izFke
iq#"k ,dopu
>a>kokrks¼wrS% & vk¡/h ls mBhA >a>kokrsu m¼wr%S A mr~ $ /w (dEius)
Dr izR;;
js.kqfHk% & /wyksa ls
84 'kk'orh

}Sxq.;e~ & nqxquk gks x;kA f}xq.kL; Hkko%A


f}xq.k $ ";×k~
vuqn~Hksfnuh & leryA u $ mn~HksfnuhA u $ mn~ $
fHkn~ $ bu~ $ Ähi~ iz R ;;
izikrkr~ izikrk & >jus osQ ckn >jus
vf/R;dkrks¿f/R;dk% & vf/R;dk (ioZ r osQ Åij dh Å¡ph
Hkwfe) osQ ckn vf/R;dk;sa
miR;dkr miR;dk% & ioZ r os Q ikl dh uhph Hkw f eA miR;dk
osQ ckn miR;dk;sa
nks/w;ekuk% & vR;f/d fgyus okysA iqu% iqu% vR;f/oaQ dEiekuk%A
/w×k~ $ ;Ä~ $ 'kkup~ izR;;
vk?kkr% & vfHk?kkrA pksVA vk $ gu~ $ Dr izR;;
egkU/relsu & vR;Ur vU/dkj lsA vdkjkUr uiqald 'kCn gSA
vUèk;fr bfr vU/e~A vU/a p rr~ re'pA vU/
rele~A egPp rr~ vU/rela p egkU/rele~A rsu
doyhÑre~ & xzflr gksrk gqvkA vdoya doya lEi|ekua Ñra
doyhÑre~A doy $ fPo $ Ñre~ izR;;
vk?ufUr & vk $ gu~A yV~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k] cgqopu
lknh & ?kqM+lokj
fpDd.kik"kk.k[k.Ms"kq & fpdus iRFkj [k.Mksa ij
lk/;s;e~ & fl¼ d:¡xkA lk/~ (lafl¼kS) $ f.kp~ izR;; $
fyÄ~ ydkjA mÙke iq#"k ,dopu
ikr;s;e~ & u"V dj nw¡xkA ir~ (xrkS) $ f.kp~ izR;;A fyÄ~
ydkj mÙke iq#"k ,dopu

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrsu mÙkja nh;rke~&
(d) lk;a le;s Hkxoku~ HkkLdj% oqQ=k ftxfe"kq% Hkofr\
([k) vLrkpyxeudkys HkkLdjL; o.kZ% dhn`'k% Hkofr\
dk;± ok lk/;s;e~] nsga ok ikr;s;e~ 85

(x) uhMs"kq osQ izfrfuorZUrs\


(?k) f'koohjL; fo'oklik=ka ¯d LFkkua iz;kfr Le\
(Ä) izfr{k.kef/dkf/dka ';kerka dkfu dy;fUr\
(p) f'koohjfo'oklik=kL; m".kh"ke~ dhn`'keklhr~\
(N) es?kekyk dFka 'kksHkrs\

2- lehphuksÙkjlÄ~[;ka dks"BosQ fy[kr&


v- f'kojktfot;L; jpf;rk d% vfLr\ ( )
(d) ck.kHk^%
([k) Jhg"kZ%
(x) vfEcdknÙkO;kl%
(?k) ek?k%
vk- dfro"kZns'kh;ks ;qok g;su ioZrJs.kh#i;qiZ fj xPNfr LeA ( )
(d) prqnZ'ko"kZns'kh;%
([k) }kn'ko"kZns'kh;%
(x) i×pn'ko"kZns'kh;%
(?k) "kksM'ko"kZns'kh;%
b- f'koohjL; fo'oklik=ka fde~ vknk; rksj.knqx± iz;kfr\ ( )
(d) laokne~ vknk;
([k) i=ke~ vknk;
(x) iq"ixqPNe~ vknk;
(?k) v'oe~ vknk;

3- fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;rA
(d) vFkkdLekr~ ifjrks es?kekyk ----------------- izknqjHkwr~A
([k) {k.ks {k.ks ----------------- [kqjkf'pDd.kik"kk.k[k.Ms"kq izL[kyfUrA
(x) ins ins ----------------- o`{k'kk[kk% lEeq[kek?ufUrA
(?k) ÑrizfrKks¿lkS ----------------- futdk;kZÂ fojefrA

4- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuke~ vFkkZu~ fofy[; okD;s"kq iz;q×trA


HkkLdj%] es?kekyk] oukfu] ekxZ%] ohj%] xxurye~] >×>kokr%] ekl%] lk;e~A

5- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka lfUèkfoPNsna ÑRok lfU/funsZ'ka oqQ#rA


n'ke% ikB%

nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%
izLrqr ikB mfM+;k Hkk"kk osQ iz[;kr lkfgR;dkj Jh pUnz'ks[kjnkloekZ }kjk fojfpr ^ik"kk.khdU;k*
dFkklaxzg osQ laLÑr vuqokn ls ladfyr gSA
blosQ vuqoknd MkWñ ukjk;.k nk'k gSaA bl dFkk osQ uk;d Jhuk;kj dk ikyu&iks"k.k ,d
vukFkkJe esa gqvk gSA Jhuk;kj us viuh deZn{krk] nkf{k.; vkSj lsokeukso`fÙk ls lekt esa
vkn'kZ LFkkfir fd;k gSA og izfrekl vius osru dk vk/k ls vf/d Hkkx osQjy esa LFkkfir
vukFkkJe dks Hkstrs gSaA izLrqr dFkk esa Jhuk;kj dk yksddY;k.kdkjh vkn'kZ pfj=k of.kZr gSA

Jhuk;kj% osQUnzloZdkjr% LFkkukUrj.ksu vkxR; vksfM'kkloZdkjL; v/hus izk;%


o"kZ=k;sH;% dk;± djksfrA rFkkI;fLeu~ o"kZ=k;kReosQ dky[k.Ms ,dokjefi LojkT;a
osQjya izfr xeuk; bPNka u izdfVroku~ A l LoYiHkk"kh] vrLrL; eu%dFkk
euksO;Fkk ok cksèkxE;k ukfLrA lUrqfyrks okÙkkZyki%] lk{kkRle;s vkxeue~] rr%
lf×pdklq euksfuos'k%] dk;± lekI; Lox`ga izR;kxeu×p rL; oSf'k"V~;eklhr~A
rL; deZuiS .q ;a n`"V~ok ,o vksfM'kkloZdkjLra LFkkukUrj.ksu LohÑR; [kk|kiwfrZfoHkkxs
lfpoins fu;qDroku~ A xrL; o"kZ=k;L; vkdyukr~ Kk;rs ;n~ foHkkxL; dk;ZuiS .q ;a
n'kxq.kS% of/Zre~A [kk|s vifeJ.ka U;wuhHkwre~A vr miHkksDrÏ.kkefi vfHk;ksxks
ukfLr foHkkxL; foi{ksA efU=k.kka eè;s¿fi rL; lq[;kfr% orZrAs
Jhuk;kjL; nkf;Roxzg.kL; ,deklkH;Urjs cgqfnusH;% LFkfxrkuka fofo/
leL;kukefi lekèkkua tkre~A Lodk;± R;DRok vijL; lgdkjLrL; ije/eZ%A
l% izfrekla izFkefnols LoosruL; v/kZf/oaQ Hkkxa osQjya iz"s k;fr Le df'pr~
lEioZQ%A rsukuqeh;rs rL; jkT;su lg vfLr df'pr~ lEioZQ%A dkfupu
ey;kyeHkk"kk;k% laokni=kkf.k vfrfjP; dnkfi rL; ukEuk fdefi i=kEkkxrfefr
dks¿fi dnkfi u tkukfrA
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj% 87

,dfLeu~ fnus Jhuk;kj% i=kesoQa /`Rok eLrdeoueÕ; iBu~ vklhr~A us=krhjkn~


foxfyrk vJq/kjk vknzhd Z jksfr Le i=kL; v/kZf/oaQ Hkkxe~ A rnkuheso rL;
dk;kZy;fyfid% Jhnkl%izfo'kfrA Jhuk;kj% reqDroku~&v/quk ee xeule;%
leqikxr ,oA ee nkf;RogLrkUrj.ki=kda lTthoqQjQA vge/quk f}=kk.kka fnolkuka
ldkj.kkodk'ka Lohdfj";kfeA iqu% rnuq Lohdfj";kfe nh?kkZodk'ke~ A ;fn
dLeSfpn~ vKkrsu e;k :{kks O;ogkj% iznf'kZr% L;kr~] rnFk± rs eáeqnkjfpÙksu
{keka iznkL;fUr bfr losHZ ;ks fuosn;rqA vuUrja losZ vJqyân;S% lkSiLz Fkkfudha
KkfiroUr%A
rL; xeuL; fnol=k;kRija dk;kZy;s i=kesdekxre~A dkSrgw yo'kkr~ Jhnkl%
rRi=keqn?~ kkfVroku~ A ysf[kdk vklhr~ lqJh esjh ;L;k% ik'osZ l% izfrekleèkkZfèkda
èkua /ukns'ksu is"z k;fr LeA i=ks ,oa fyf[kreklhr~-----
88 'kk'orh

Jhuk;kj!
Hkxoku~ ;h'kqLro eaÄõya foruksrq A ee iworZ ua i=ka Ro;k izkIra L;kr~A ro
lehis bna ee 'ks"ki=ke~A ;rks fg ee thouiznhiks fuokZfirks HkforqfePNfrA
izk;Lrokxeule;s vga u LFkkL;kfeA iwoiZ =ks&vgekJeL; loZfo/ek;O;;kdyua
iszf"krorhA dsoya ;h'kks% lehis xeukRiwo± ro n'kZufePNkfeA izFkea Ro;k
fufeZrks¿ukFkkJeks¿/quk egknzeq .s k ifj.kr%A v/quk=k 'krkf/dk vukFkf'k'koks ykfyrk%
ikfyrk'p HkofUr A ro gLr;ksLro vukFkkJea leI;Z vga lkSiLz FkkfudhfePNkfeA
v| lektLRoÙkks cgq fdefi bPNfrA ;kS dkS oka ro firjkS Hkorka uke] rkS
èkU;oknkgkSZA dnkfpÙkkH;ka Roa foLe`r% L;kr~ Roeo';esrku~ f'k'kwu~ laiks";
mÙkeeuq";ku~ dkjf;";lhfr ee dkeuk orZrAs izHkq% RoÙk bekesok'kka iks"k;frA
;ks tUe nÙkoku~] l thforqef/dkjefi nÙkoku~A Hkxoku~ Roka nh?kZthoua
dkj;rq A bfrAA
ro 'kqHkkdkaf{k.kh
lqJh% esjh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
rFkkI;fLeu~ & rFkkfi $ vfLeu~] rc Hkh blesaA
cks/xE;k & cks/us xE;k] cks/ (Kku) osQ }kjk xE;] tkuus ;ksX;A
euksfuos'k% & eul% fuos'k%] "k- rRiq#"k lekl] nÙkfpÙk gksukA
izR;kxeue~ & izfr $ vkÄ~ $ xe~ $ Y;qV~] okfil ykSVukA
deZuSiq.;e~ & deZlq uSiq.;e~] lIreh rRiq#"k] deks± esa fuiq.krk
LohÑR; & Loh $ Ñ $ Y;i~] Lohdkj djosQ]
vifeJ.ke~ & feykoV
vuqeh;rs & vuq $ ek $ yV~ izFke iq#"k ,dopu] vuqeku
fd;k tkrk gSA
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj% 89

U;wuhHkwre~ & U;wuh $ Hkw $ Dr] de gks x;kA


vfrfjP; & vfrfjDr
foxfyrk & fo $ xy~ $ Dr $ Vki~] fudyh gqbAZ
voueÕ; & vo $ ue~ $ Y;i~] >qdkdj
nkf;RogLrkUrj.ke~ & nwljs dks izHkkj gLrxr djkuk
lTthoqQ# & lTt~ $ fPo $ Ñ $ yksV~ eè;e iq#"k ,dopu]
rS;kj djksA
/ukns'ksu & /uk; vkns'k%] rsu prqFkhZ rRiq#"k] euhvkMZj lsA
fuokZfir% & fuj~ $ okfi (f.kp~) $ Dr%] 'kkUr
vk;O;;kdyue~ & vk; O;; dk fooj.k
lkSizLFkkfudh & fonkbZ
firjkS & ekrk p firk p (}a} lekl) ekrk vkSj firkA

vH;kl%
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkjkf.k fy[kr&
(d) Jhuk;kj% oqQ=k xeuk; bPNka u izdfVroku~\
([k) foHkkxL; foi{ks osQ"kke~ vfHk;ksxks ukfLr\
(x) Jhuk;kj% LoosruL; v/kZf/da Hkkxa oqQ=k izs"k;fr Le\
(?k) Jhuk;kjL; us=krhjkn~ foxfyrk vJq/kjk fde~ vdjksr~\
(Ä) cgqfnusH;% LFkfxrkuka leL;kuka lek/kua dnk tkre~\
(p) Jhuk;kjL; ik'osZ i=ka d;k izsf"kre~\
(N) vkJes osQ ykfyrk% ikfyrk'p HkofUr\
(t) i=kysf[kdk dL; gLr;ks% vukFkkJea leI;Z lkSizLFkkfudhfePNfr\
90 'kk'orh

2- lizlÄaõ fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;ka oqQ#r&


(d) miHkksDrÏ.kkefi vfHk;ksxks ukfLr foHkkxL; foi{ks
([k) losZ vJqyân;S% lkSizLFkkfudha KkfiroUr%
(x) Ro;k fufeZrks¿;a {kqnzks¿ukFkkJeks¿/quk egknzqes.k ifj.kr%A

3- v/% leLrinkuka foxzgk% nÙkk%] rkukfJR; leLrinkfu jp;r leklukekfi fy[kr&


(d) dkyL; [k.M% rfLeu~ ¾ ---------------------------------
([k) deZlq uSiq.;e~ ¾ ---------------------------------
(x) f} p f=k p vu;ks% lekgkj%] rs"kke~ ¾ ---------------------------------
(?k) nh?kZ% vodk'k%] re~ ¾ ---------------------------------
(Ä) /uk; vkns'k%] rsu ¾ ---------------------------------
(p) thouL; iznhi% ¾ ---------------------------------

4- js[kkfÄrï inkfu vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r&


(d) Jhuk;kj% LoYiHkk"kh vklhr~A
([k) o"kZZ=k;L; vkdyukr~ Kk;rs ;r~ foHkkxL; dk;ZuSiq.;a n'kxq.kS% of/Zre~A
(x) rL; jkT;su lg df'pr~ lEioZQ% ukfLrA
(?k) i=kL; vèkkZf/oaQ Hkkxa vJq/kjk vknzhZdjksfr LeA
(Ä) Jhnkl% rRi=keqn~?kkfVroku~A
(p) Hkxoku~ Roka nh?kZthoua dkj;rqA

5- foijhrkFkZdinkfu esy;r&
(d) vkxR; (d) foLe`r%
([k) bPNke~ ([k) xRok
(x) LoYiHkk"kh (x) U;wuhHkwre~
(?k) izkjH; (?k) i{ks
(Ä) vf/dhHkwre~ (Ä) cgqHkk"kh
(p) foi{ks (p) lekI;
(N) Le`r% (N) y?kqthoue~
(t) nh?kZthoue~ (t) vfuPNke~
nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj% 91

6- v/ksfyf[krkuka fo'ks";inkuka fo'ks"k.kinkfu ikBkr~ fpRok fy[kr&


okrkZyki%] o"kZ=k;L;] vJq/kjk] leL;kuke~] O;ogkj%] i=ke~] f'k'ko%A

7- v/ksfyf[krs"kq ins"kq izÑfrizR;;foHkkxa oqQ#r&


lekI;] tkre~] R;DRok] /`Rok] iBu~] laiks";A

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
1- izLrqrdFkk;k% ewyys[kd% JhpUnz'ks[kjnkloekZ vksfM;klkfgR;{ks=ks yCèkizfr"B% dFkkdkjks orZrAs
vL; tUe 1945 res bZ'koh;laoRljs vHkor~A vL; }kn'kdFkkxzUFkk%] ,d% ukV~;lÄ~xzg%
=k;% leh{kk&xzUFkk'p izdkf'krk% lfUrA ik"kk.khdU;k oksek p JhoeZ.k% izfl¼kS dFkklaxzgkS
Lr%A ^nhucU/q% Jhuk;kj%* bfr dFkk ik"kk.khdU;k bfr dFkklaxzgkr~ ladfyrkA
2- HkkjrL; izns'kk%& Hkkjro"ksZ v"Vk¯o'kfr&izns'kk% orZUrsA "kV~ osQUnz'kkflrizns'kk% lfUrA
3- v=kR;k% tuk% fofo/Hkk"kkHkkf"k.k% lfUr%A fgUnhe~ vkÄ~XyHkk"kka p vfrfjP; ey;kye&
rfey&mfM;k&cÄy õ k&xqtjkrh&ejkBh&dksda .kh&dUuM&vlfe;k&i×tkch Hkk"kk% v=kR;k% tuk%
onfUrA
4- i=kys[kua lkfgR;s izfl¼k fo/k orZrsA
izLrqrikBs lekxra i=ke~ voyksD; Lodh;ku~ fopkjku~ laLÑrsu fy[krA
,dkn'k% ikB%

mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~
izLrqr ikB ^mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~* if.Mr â"khosQ'k HkV~Vkpk;Z dh fucU/ iqLrd ^izcU/ e×tjh* ls
laf{kIr djosQ fy;k x;k gSA JhHkV~Vkpk;Z dk le; 1850&1913 bZ- gSA laLo`Qr osQ vk/qfud
x|dkjksa esa budk vU;re LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA fucU/&ys[ku dh n`f"V ls rks ;s vf}rh; gSa gh]
laLo`Qr esa O;aX; 'kSyh dk izknqHkkZo buosQ gh fucU/ksa ls ekuk tk;sxkA ;s vksfj;UVy dkWyst]
ykgkSj esa laLo`Qr osQ izkè;kid FksA bUgksaus ^fo|ksn;* uked laLo`Qr if=kdk dk 44 o"kks± rd
cM+h ;ksX;rk osQ lkFk lEiknu fd;kA budk ^izcU/&e×tjh* uked ys[k&laxzg&xzUFk 1930 esa
izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA bl xzUFk dh Hkk"kk vR;Ur ljy] ljl rFkk izokgiw.kZ gSA budh Hkk"kk esa
egkdfo ck.k dh 'kSyh dh Nki Li"V ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
mn~fHkTt 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& o`{k vkSj ifj"kn~ dk vFkZ gS lHkkA bl 'kCn dk vFkZ gqvk
^o`{kksa dh lHkkA* bl lHkk osQ lHkkifr gSa v ÜoRFk–ihiyA os vius Hkk"k.k esa ekuoksa ij cM+s
gh O;aX;iw.kZ izgkj djrs gSaA
mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~ 93

vFk loZfo/foVfiuke~ eè;Hkkxs fLFkr% lqegku~ v ÜoRFknso% onfr&Hkks Hkks


ouLifroqQyiznhik egkiknik% oqQlqedkseynUrjQp% yrk& oqQyyyuk Üp!
lkofgrk% 'k`.oUrq HkoUr%A v| ekuookrSo Z kLekoaQ lekyksP;fo"k;%A ekuok uke
lokZlq l`f"V/kjklq fuo`Q"Vrek l`f"V%] thol`f"Vizokgs"kq ekuok bo ij&izrkjdk%
LokFkZlk/uijk ek;kfou% diV&O;ogkjoqQ'kyk% fgalkfujrk% thok% u fo|UrsA
HkoUrks fuR;esokj.;pkfj.k% flagO;k?kziez [q kku~ fgalRz oHkkou;k izfl¼ku~ 'okinku~
voyksd;fUrA rrks HkoUr ,o dFk;Urq ;kFkkrF;su fdesrs fgalkfnf=kQ;klq euq";sH;ks
Hk`'ka xfj"Bk%A 'okinkuka fgalkdeZ fdy tBjkuyfuokZ.kek=kiz;kstde~A
iz'kkUrtBjkuys lo`Qnqitkrk;ka LoksnjiwrkSZ ufg rs djryxrkufi gfj.k'k'kdknhu~
mi?ufUrA u ok rFkkfo/&nqcy Z thokuka ?kkrkFkZe~ vVohrks¿Voha ifjHkzefUrA
euq";k.kka fgalko`fÙkLrq fujof/%A i'kqgR;k rq rs"kke~ vkØhMue~A osQoya
foDykUrfpÙkfouksnk; egkj.;e~ mixE; rs ;FksPNa funZ;a p i'kq?kkra oqQoZfUrA
rs"kka i'kqigz kj&O;kikjekyksD; tMkukefi vLekoaQ fonh;Zrs ân;e~A
fujUrje~ vkReksUur;s ps"Vekuk% yksHkk=kQkUr&ân;k% euqtUeku% fdy izfr{k.ka
LokFkZlkèkuk; lokZReuk izorZUrsA u /eZeuq/kofUr] u lR;euqcèufUrA ija r`.kon~
mis{kUrs Lusge~A vfgrfeo ifjR;tfUr vktZoe~A veÄy õ feo mi?ufUr foÜokle~A
u LoYiefi fcH;fr ikikpkjsH;%] u fdf×pnfi yTtUrs eqgjq u`rO;ogkjkr~A ufg
{k.kefi fojefUr ijihMukr~A
u osQoyesrs i'kqH;ks fuo`Q"VkLr`.ksH;ks¿fi fuLlkjk ,oA r`.kkfu [kyq okR;;k
lg Lo'kfDrr% lqfpjefHk;qè; lEeq[klejizorZekuk ohjiqjQ"kk bo 'kfDr{k;s
f{kfrrys fuirfUr] u rq dnkfpr~ dkiqjQ"kk bo LoLFkkue~ vigk; iziyk;UrA
euq";k% iqu% Lopsrlk ,o Hkfo";r~ le;s la?kfV";ek.ka defi foiRikrekdyÕ;
ifjdEiekudysojk% nq%[k&nq%[ksu le;efrokg;fUrA ifjdYi;fUr p i;kZoQq yk
cgqfo/ku~ izfrdkjksik;ku~ ;su euq";thous 'kkfUrlq[ka euksjFkiFkknfr=kQkUresoA
vFk rs rkoÙk`.ksH;ks¿I;lkjk% i'kqH;ks¿fi fuo`Q"Vrjk ÜpA rFkk p r`.kk&
fnl`"VsjuUrja rFkkfo/thofuekZ.ka fo Üofo/krq% dhn`'ka uke cqf¼eÙkkizd"k± izdV;frA
94 'kk'orh

bR;so gsriq ez k.kiqjLlja lqfpja cgqfo/a fo'kna p O;k[;k; lHkkifrj ÜoRFknso


mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~ foltZ;keklA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
mn~fHkTt% & (mn~fHkT; tk;rs bfr mn~fHkTt%) ouLifr
foVih & (foVi $ bu~) o`{k
v'oRFk% & ihiy dk isM+
oqQyyyuk% & oqQyL; yyuk%] oqQy dh fL=k;k¡
lkofgrk & lko/ku
l`f"V/kjklq & l`"Vs% /kjk] "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl l`f"V/kjk] rklq] l`f"V dh ijEijk
esa
fuÑ"Vrek & fuÑ"V $ rei~] vR;f/d uhp
ijizrkjdk% & ijL; izrkjd%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl] nwljs dks ihfM+r djus okys
'okinku~ & taxyh tkuojksa dks
;kFkkrF;su & oLrqr%
Hk`'ke~ & vR;f/d
tBjkuy&fuokZ.ke~ & tBjkuyL; fuokZ.ke~ "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl] isV dh vfXu] Hkw[k dh
'kkfUr
djryxrku~ & djryxrku~] gkFk esa vk;s gq,
mi?ufUr & mi $ gu~ $ yV~ ydkj] izFke iq#"k] cgqopu] ekjrs gSa
?kkrkFkZe~ & ekjus osQ fy,
vVohr% vVohe~ & vVoh $ rl~] ,d taxy ls nwljs taxy dks
fujof/% & vlhe
vkØhMue~ & vk $ dhM~ $ Y;qV~ izR;;] [ksy
mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~ 95

foDykUr% & fo $ Dye~ $ Dr izR;;] Fkdk gqvk


mixE; & mi $ xe~ $ DRok (Y;i~ izR;;)] ikl tkdj
lokZReuk & iwjs eu ls (lHkh izdkj ls)
izorZUrs & iz $ o`r~ $ yV~ ydkj izR;;] izFke iq#"k cgqopu] izo`Ùk gksrs gSa
mis{kUrs & mi $ bZ{k~ $ yV~] ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopu] mis{kk djrs gS
vktZoe~ & ½tksHkkZo% vktZoe~] lh/kiu
fcH;fr & Hkh $ yV~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopu] Mjrs gSa
ikikpkjsH;% & iki'pklkS vkpkj%] ikikpkj% rsH;%] vuqfpr vkpj.k ls
fojefUr & fo $ je~ /krq $ yV~ ydkj $ izFke iq#"k cgqopu] #drs gSa
okR;;k & vk¡/h ls
vfHk;qè; & vfHk $ ;q/~ $ DRok (Y;i~) izR;; la?k"kZ djosQ
dkiq#"kk% & dk;j
iziyk;Ur & iz $ ijk $ v;~ $ yÄ~ ydkj] Hkkxrs gSa] izFke iq#"k] cgqopu
vxzr% & vxz $ rl~] vkxs
la?kfV";ek.ka & le~ $ ?kV~ $ 'kkup~ izR;;] ?kfVr gksus okys
ifjdEieku% & ifj $ dEi~ $ dkup~ izR;;] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopu] dk¡irk
gqvk
vfrokg;fUr & vfr $ og~ $ f.kp~ $ yV~ ydkj] izFkeiq#"k cgqopu fcrkrs gSa
i;kZoqQyk% & ifj $ vkoqQyk%] cspSu
vfrØkUre~ & vfr $ Øe~ $ Dr izR;;] izFke iq#"k ,dopu] ckgj tk pqdk gS
vI;lkjk% & vfi $ vlkjk%] lkjghu
izd"kZe~ & vf/drk
iqjLlje~ & iqj% ljrhfr iqjLlj% re~] vkxs
96 'kk'orh

vH;kl%
1- laLÑr Hkk"k;k mÙkjr&
(d) mn~fHkTtifj"kn~ bfr ikBL; ys[kd% d% vfLr\
([k) mn~fHkTtifj"kn% lHkkifr% d% vklhr~\
(x) v ÜoRFkers ekuok% r`.kor~ de~ mis{kUrs\
(?k) l`f"V/kjklq ekuoks uke dhn`'kh l`f"V%\
(Ä) euq";k.kka ¯glko`fÙk% dhn`'kh\
(p) i'kqgR;k osQ"kke~ vkØhMue~\
(N) 'okinkuka ¯glkdeZ dhn`'ke~\

2- fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
(d) ekuok uke lokZlq l`f"V/kjklq --------------------- l`f"V%A
([k) euq";k.kka --------------------- fujof/%A
(x) ufg rs djryxrkufi --------------------- mi?ufUrA
(?k) ija r`.kon~ mis{kUrs --------------------- A
(Ä) u osQoyesrs i'kqH;ks fuo`Q"VkLr`.ksH;ks¿fi --------------------- ,oA

3- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#r&


ek;kfou%] 'okinku~] fujof/%] foltZ;kekl] fcH;fr] i;kZoQq yk%] yTtUrs] fojefUr] dkiq#"kk%]
izdV;frA

4- lizlÄaõ fgUnhHkk"k;k O;k[;k dk;kZ&


euq";k.kka ¯glko`fÙkLrq fujof/%A i'kqgR;k rq rs"kke~ vkØhMue~A osQoya foDykUrfpÙkfouksnk;
egkj.;e~ mixE; rs ;FksPNa funZ;a p i'kq?kkra oqQoZfUrA rs"kka i'kqigz kj&O;kikjekyksD; tMkukefi
vLekoaQ fonh;Zrs ân;e~A

5- izo`Qfr&izR;;foHkkx% fØ;rke~&
fuo`Q"Vrek] mixE;] izorZekuk] vfrØkUre~] O;k[;k;] dFk;Urq] mi?ufUr] vkØhMue~
mn~fHkTt&ifj"kn~ 97

6- lfU/foPNsna oqQ#r&
ekuok bo] HkoUrks fuR;e~] LoksnjiwfrZe~] fgalko`fÙkLrq] vkReksÂfre~] LoYiefi

7- v/ksfyf[krkuka leLrinkuka foxzga oqQ#r&


egkiknik%] l`f"V/kjklq] djryxrku~] ohjiqjQ"kk%] 'kkfUrlq[ke~

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(1) izpqjksndo`{kks ;ks fuokrks nqyZHkkri%A
vuwiks cgqnks"k'p le% lk/kj.kks er%AA pjdlafgrk

(2) ekuoa iq=kon~ o`{kkLrkj;fUr ij=k pA


iq=koRifjikY;kLrs iq=kkLrs /eZr% Le`rk%AA egkHkkjr vuq'kkluioZ

(3) ,rs"kka loZo`{kk.kka Nsnua uSo dkj;sr~A


pkrqekZls fo'ks"ks.k fouk ;Kkfndkj.ke~AA egkHkkjr vuq'kkluioZ

(4) ,osQukfi lqo`{ks.k iqf"irsu lqxfU/ukA


okflra oS oua lo± lqiq=ks.k oqQya ;FkkAA egkHkkjr vuq'kkluioZ

(5) ^^n'kowQilek okih n'kiq=kleks nzqe%**A


o``{kfo"kf;.;% bZn`'; vU;k lwDr;ks¿fi xos"k.kh;k%AA
}kn'k% ikB%

fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
;g ikB nsof"kZ JhdykukFk 'kkL=kh }kjk lEikfnr ia- Jh HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ fucU/laxzg
^izcU/&ikfjtkr%* ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
ia- HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ firk ia- HkV~V }kjdkukFk t;iqj fuoklh FksA ia- HkV~V
eFkqjkukFk dk tUe t;iqj esa lu~ 1889 bZ- esa gqvk vkSj fu/u Hkh ogha 4 twu] 1964 bZ- dks
gqvkA vkidh iwoZt ijEijk vR;Ur izfrHkk lEi jghA bUgksaus egkjktk laLÑr dkWyst ls
lkfgR;kpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dh vkSj ogha O;k[;krk cu x,A vki t;iqj ls izdkf'kr
^laLo`QrjRukdj* if=kdk osQ lEiknd jgsA HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh iz.khr laLÑr dh jpukvksa esa
^t;iqjoSHkoe~*] ^xksfoUnoSHkoe~*] ^laLo`QrxkFkklIr'krh* vkSj ^lkfgR;oSHkoe~* fo'ks"k mYys[kuh;
gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr pkyhl dFkk,¡ vkSj lkS ls Hkh vf/d fucU/ laLÑr esa fy[ksA budh
^lqjHkkjrh*] ^lqtu&nqtZu&lUnHkZ%* vkSj ^;q¼eq¼re~* uked i| jpuk,¡ Hkh mYys[kuh; gSaA
;gk¡ ladfyr ikB esa Jh HkV~V th us fn[kk;k gS fd tc dHkh fdlh dFku ds lkFk
^fdUrq* yx tkrk gS] rc cgq/k og igys dFku osQ vPNs Hkko dks lekIr dj mls nks"kiw.kZ
vkSj lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, nq%[k iSnk djus okyk] mlosQ mRlkg dk uk'kd vkSj 'k=kq:i
cuk nsrk gSA ,sls volj fojy gksrs gSa tgk¡ ^fdUrq* lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, lq[knk;d fl¼
gksrk gSA
ys[k dh Hkk"kk ljy o lqcks/ gS] vyadkjksa vkSj nh?kZ leklksa vkfn dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k
x;k gSA Hkko lqLi"V vkSj lkekU; thou esa tulk/kj.k }kjk vuqHkwr gSaA

oqQfVysukequk ^fdUrq*&uk fd;Rdkykr~ Dysf'krks¿fLeA ;=k ;=kkga xPNkfe r=k r=kSokL;


'k=kqrk lEeq[kfLFkrk HkofrA vL; ^fdUrks%* dkj.kkr~ dfLeÂfi dk;sZ liQyrk
nq?kZVkfLrA cgwu~ okjku~ n`"VokufLe ;Rdk;± loZFkk lTta lEi|rs] loZid z kjS%
flf¼gZLrxrk Hkofr] ;FkSo liQyrk;k ewfrZ% lEeq[kekxPNUrh foyksD;rs rFkSo
Øwjks¿;a fdUrqeèZ ;s izfo'; lo± fouk'k;frA
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk 99

jkT;rks yC/k;k Hkwejs fHk;ksxks cgks% dkykUU;k;ky;s pyfr LeA vfLeÂfHk;ksxs


izkM~fookdegksn;ks fu.kZ;a Jko;u~ vokspr~ ---^o;a i';keks ;nfHk;ksÙkqQ%
i{kknko';dkfu lokZ . ;s o iz e k.kkU;q i fLFkrkfu lfUrA jkT;rks yC/k;k
HkwesnkZui=keI;qqiLFkkfirefLrA U;k;ky;su ifjKkra ;r~ b;a HkwfejfHk;ksÙkqQjfèk&
dkjHkqÙkQk¿fLr---------A*
vga fuf ÜpUrrk;k ,oaQ 'kkUra fu% Üokleeqpe~A e;k loZFkk fLFkjhÑra ;‰kX;&
y{ehjuqineso es dU/jk;ka fot;ekY;a iznnkrhfrA ija izkM~fookdegksn;% iqujxsz
izkokspr~ --- ^--------- fdUrq jktLo&foHkkxL; iz/ku% fdySdks¿f/dkjh ,rf}jksèks
,oaQ i=ka izfs "krokufLrA ,rnqi;Zfi y{;nkueko';da eU;kegsA* ee loks¿Z I;qRlkg%
iyk;k×pØsA ^fdUrq*&oqQUrks eekUr%dj.ka leUrkr~ ÑUrfr LeA futân;eo"VH;
U;k;a iz'kalu~ x`gekxee~A
n`"Va e;k ;ns"k ^fdUrq%* n;k/ekZfn"ofi vuf/dkjps"Vkrks u fojrks HkofrA
izkr% dkyL;So dFkkfLr--- /eZ O ;oLFkkidegks n ;L; lehis ,dks nhu%
djQ.kØUnuiqj%lja U;osn;r~--- ^egkjkt! uookf"kZdh es dU;kA tkrL; rL;k
fookgL; v| r`rh;ks fnol%A uk|kfi prqFkhZdeZ lEiÂa ;su fookg% iw.kZ%
ifjx.;srA rL;k% ifr% lglk¿fez;rA gk gUr! rL;k vcks/ckfydk;k vxzs ¯d
Hkkfo\ vLrdeZl[a ;ko`¼kS ¯d eeksPpoqQyefi lgk;oaQ Hkfo";fr\ vkKki;Urq
JheUr% ¯d e;k lkEizra dÙkZO;e~A*
if.Mregksn;ks xHkhjreeqn; z k¿okspr~---^vo';fena n;kLFkkue~A orZekudkys
lektL; Hkh"k.kifjfLFkrs% i;kZykspu bnesoksfpra izrh;rs ;r~ ,oafo/LFkys
iqufoZokgL; O;oLFkk nh;sr--- ^fdUrq* o;a eq[ksu dFkesrr~ dFkf;raq 'kDuqe%A
izkphue;kZnkfi rq jf{krO;k L;kr~A*
oqQ=kfpr~ lks¿;a ^fdUrq%* furkUreuqrkia tu;frA vusdo"kkZ.kka ifjJeL;
iQyLo:ia efÂfeZresda uohulaLÑriqLrdeknk; lkfgR;eeZKL; ,dL; ns'kusr%q
lehis¿xPNe~A ^usr*` & egksn;% iqLrdL; xq.kku~ lE;o~Q ijh{; izlÂ% lÂokspr~-
-- ^iqLroaQ okLro ,o v‰qra fufeZrefLrA cgqdkykuUrja laLo`Qrs ,oafoèkk uohurk
n`f"Vxrk¿Hkor~A --- ^fdUrq* eRlEeR;ka rfnna iqLrda Hkoku~ laLÑrs u fofy[;
;fn fgUnhHkk"kk;kefyf[k";r~ rfgZ lE;xHkfo";r~A*
100 'kk'orh

x`ga izfr fuorZekuks¿ga ^fdUrq* o`Qrk;k vL;k eeZo/ s df'k{kk;k mifj leLrs¿fi
x`gekxsZ d.k± enZ;ÂxPNe~Avusu ^fdUrq*&uk eáa lk f'k{kk nÙkkfLr ;|ga lRiqjQ"k%
L;ka rfgZ iqujfLeu~ ekxsZ infu{ksiL; ukekfi u x`g.~ kh;ke~A
dnkfpr~ dnkfpÙo;a Øwj% ^fdUrq%* eq[kL; doyeI;kfPNufÙkA LoYi&
fnukukeso okrkZfLrA vk;qonZs ekrZ.ML; Jher% LokfeegkHkkxL; vkS"kf/a fu"ksO;
v/quoS kga uhjksxks¿Hkoe~A vfLeÂso le;s fe=kxks"B~;k fueU=k.ka izkIuoe~A Hkkstuxks"B~;ka
leosraq eekihPNk'kDrkS izkcY;L; izokg% iw.kZek=kk;ka izo¼Zeku vklhr~A vga
Lokfeegksn;eizk{ke~---^fdega r=k xUrqa 'kDuksfeA* mÙkjeyH;r--- ^rkn`'kh gkfuLrq
ukfLrA ^fdUrq* xfj"BoLrquks Hkkstus vo/kueR;ko';de~ v/qukfi nkScYZ ;efLrA*
mRlkgL; Tokyk ;k iwo± izp.Mrek vklhr~ v¼Zek=kk;ka rq r=kSo fuokZ.kkHkor~A
vLrq ;su osQukfi izdkjs.k Hkkstuxks"B~;kfo'ks"kkf/os'kus¿fLeu~ lfEefyrLRoHkoesoA
HkkstuihBs vf/dkja oqQoZÂo s kgei';a ;r~ lokZÄiõ .w kkZ ,dk HkksT;O; Û“ukuka izn'kZuh
lEeq[ks orZr bfrA /hjxEHkhjØes.kkga Hkkstudk.ML;kjEHkedjoe~A vga eksndL;Sda
xzklex`Êe~A rL; Loknlw=ks.k lUnkfurks¿ga ;FkSo f}rh; xzklex`Êa rFkSo
^Lokfeegksn;L; ^fdUrq* ee d.BufydkejQ/r~A eq[kL; xzklks eq[k ,ok¿HkzkE;r~
vxzs xUrqa uk'kDuksrA~ ^fdUrks%* Hkh"k.k&foHkhf"kdk izR;sdoLrqfu xfj"Brka lEik|
Hkkstua r=kSo lekIredjksrA~ *
vga ns'klsoka drq± x`gkn~ cfgjHkoe~A e;k fuf Üpreklhr~ ^,rkofUr fnukfu
Loksnjlsok;S fDy"Vks¿Hkoe~A bnkuha fd;Ura dkya ns'klsok;kefi y{;a nnkfeA*
;FkSokga ekxsZ¿xzsljks Hkokfe] rFkSo ee ckY;kè;kidegksn;% lEeq[kks¿Hkor~A
ekLVjegksn;su izLFkkugsrkS i`"Vs lfr lEiw.kZlekpkjfuosnua eek¿¿o';deHkwrA~
vè;kidegksn;% izkokspr~---^rkr] loZfena lE;o~QA fdUrq Lox`gkfHkeq[kefi
fdf×pf}yksduh;a HkosrA~ ;s"kka Hkj.kiks"k.ka HkoR;sok;Ùke~ rku~ fda Hkoku~ fujkèkkjeso
fueqPZ ; LoSja xUrqegsrZ A~ *
iqu% fdeklhr~A v=kSo ijksidkjfopkjk.kke~ bfrJhjHkwrA~ ^fdUrq*& egksn;su
ns'klsok;k% lokZfi fopkjijEijk ijikjs ijkoR;ZrA x`gkfHkeq[ka eq[ka oqQoZu~ rLekr~
LFkkuknso ijkofrZf"kA
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk 101

e;kuqHkwrefLr ;n;a oqQfVy% ^fdUrq%* ukukns'ks"kq ukuk:ikf.k lUèkk;Z xqIra


fopjfrA ;FkSo yksdkuka dk;Zfl¼sjolj% leqifr"Brs rFkSok;a izdVhHkw; yksdkuka
dk;kZf.k ;FkkofLFkreojQ.kf¼A vgesrL; ^fdUrq*&oqQBkjL; dBksjr;k furkUreso
rkUrks¿fLeA vga ok×Nkfe ;nsrL;kØe.kkr~ lqjf{krks Hkos;e~A ija uk;a eka
R;ÙkqQfePNfrA cgoks ekfeZdk ekecks/;u~ ;r~ ^Roe~ ,ra lEeq[kek;kUra n`"V~oo S
dFka fo=kL;fl] oqQr Üp ,ueilkjf;raq iz;rls\ fdesua loZFkk vfgrdkfj.keso
fuf Üprokufl\ usna lE;o~QA i'kq?kkrdL; Nqfjdkfi ik'kifrrL; xycU/ua fNÙok
le;s izk.kj{kka oqQoZrh n`"VkA* vgefi lR;L;SdkUrrks¿iykia u dfj";kfeA ,rL;
dFkuL; lR;rk;k e;kfi ifjp;% dnkfpr~ dnkfpr~ izkIrks¿fLrA
^'kCnS% izrh;rs ;n~ x`gs pkSj% izfo"Vks¿fLr* bfr lHk;euqyiUrh x`fg.kh jk=kkS
ekecks/;r~A vga fut'kkS;± izdk'k;u~ egrk ohjnis.Z k yxqMek=keknk; vU/dkj
,o pkSjfuxzgk; izpfyrks¿Hkoe~A x`fg.kh d.kZlehi vkxR; 'kuSjonr~---
¶vUèkdkjs¿fLeu~ ;kfl Roeo';e~] ^fdUrq* n`';rke~ l 'kL=ka u izgjsrA~ ¸
iqu% fdeklhr~A ee ohjniZL; 'kkS;LZ ; p izTTofyra T;ksfrLr=kSo fuokZ.keHkwrA~
pkSjfuxzg% dhn`'k%] futizk.kifj=kk.keso es vUos"k.kh;eHkor~A yxqMa izf{kI; dks"BosQ
fuyhuks¿Hkoe~A rr ,o p dfEir&d.Bsu phRdkjedjoe~&&^yksdk%! vkxPNr]
pkSj% izfo"Vks¿fLrA*
,osQu vequk ^fdUrq* & uk pkSjL; pisVkH;ks¿oeqP; lkS[;L; lqjf{krs
izdks"BosQ¿ga izofs 'kr%A vusu fdUrquk dfLeÂfi ladVle;s dnkfpr~ fdf×pRdk;±
dkea o`Qra L;kr~ ija Hkw;lk rq vLekn~ Hk;eso HkofrA vL; fg lkoZfnd% LoHkko
,o ;r~ okrkZ dkeeqÙkekLrq v/ek ok ije;a eè;s izfo"; rL;k% dFkk;k
foPNsneo';a dfj";frA vr,o dfLeÂfi le;s dk;Zlk/dRos¿fi yksdk vLekn~
fo=kL;UR;soA oSfj.kka Hkkjkorkjk; dnkfpr~ fgrkèkjk¿fi djokyèkkjk Øwjkdkjk
iz[kjizdkjk ,o izfl¼k yksoQs "kqA foxq.k% dk"kkZi.k%] oqQfRlr Üp iq=k% ladVs
dnkfpnqi;qÙkQks Hkosr~ ijUrq tulekts };ks#i;so Z uklk& Hkzl
w Äkï p
s ks tkrks tfu";rs
pA bneso dkj.ka ;r~ ;L;ka okrkZ;ka ^fdUrq%* mRi|rs rka okrk± yksdk foxq.kka
x.k;fUrA
102 'kk'orh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
vfHk;ksx% & eqdnek] vfHk $ ;qt~ $ ?k×k~] iqfYyÄõ] izFke iq#"k ,dopu
vfHk;ksÙkqQ% & eqíbZ dk] eqdnek pykus okys dk] vfHk $ ;qt~ $ r`A ½dkjkUr
iqfYyÄõ] i×peh ,dopuA
nq?kZVk & vlEHko] nq%[ksu ?kVkf;rqa 'kD;k] nqj~ $ ?kV~ $ vk
oqQUr% & Hkkyk
eqnzk & eq[kko`Qfr
izkcY;L; & izcyrk dk] osxiwoZd] iz $ cy $ ";×k~] uiqald fyÄõ] "k"Bh
,dopu
fuokZ.kk & lekIr gks pqdh] fuj~ $ ok $ Dr] L=khfyÄõ] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu
bfrJh% & lekfIr
ekfeZd% & rÙoK] fo"k;K] eeZ $ Bo~Q] izFkeiq#"k ,dopu
izkM~fookd% & tt] U;k;k/h'k
y{;nkue~ & n`f"Vikr] è;kunsuk] y{;L; nkue~] "k"Bh rRiq#"k
prqFkhZdeZ & fookgksijkUr pkSFks fnu fd;k tkus okyk deZ] prqFksZ vgfu fØ;ek.ka
deZ] eè;ein] yksih lekl
doye~ & xzkl
vo/kue~ & lko/kuh] ijgst] vo $ /k $ Y;qV~ izR;;
foHkhf"kdk & Hk;] Mj] fo $ Hkh $ f"kp~ $ .oqy~ $ Vki~] izR;; "kqdkxe vkSj
bRo
rkUr% & ihfM+r] ijs'kku
ifjx.;sr & fxuk tk,] ifj $ x.k~ (la[;kus) $ fof/fyÄ~
dUèkjk;ke~ & xys esa] xnZu ij (esa)
lkEizre~ & vHkh] orZeku esa] lEizfr ,o lkEizre~
xHkhjree~ & xEHkhjre] xHkhj $ rei~
i;kZykspus & ns[kus ij] lexz n`f"Vikr djus ij] ifj $ vk $ yksp~ $ Y;qV~]
lIreh foHkfDr] ,dopu (n'kZu] vadu)
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk 103

U;osn;r~ & fuosnu fd;k] fu $ vosn;r~] fon~ (Kkus) /krq yÄ~] ydkj
f.ktUr] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu
infu{ksi & dnej[kuk] in;ks% fu{ksi%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k
vuqrkie~ & i'pkÙkki] iNrkok] vuq $ rkie~
foyksD;rs & ns[kk tkrk gS] fo $ ykso~Q (n'kZu] vadu) $ ;o~Q] yV~ ydkj
vkReusin] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu Hkkos iz;ksx%
vo"VH; & jksddj] vo $ LrEHk~ (vojks/) $ Y;i~ izR;;
ifj=kk.ke~ & j{k.k] cpko] ifj $ =kSÄ~ (ikyus) $ Y;qV~] uiaqldfyÄõ izFkeiq#"k
,dopu
vUos"k.kh;e~ & <w¡<us ;ksX;] [kkstus ;ksX;] vuq $ b"k~ $ vuh;j~ izR;;
yxqMe~ & ykBh] n.M
fuyhu% & Nqik gqvk] fu $ yh $ Dr izR;;
pisVkH;% & rkMu ls] FkIiM+ksa ls
oqQfRlr% & fufUnr] xfgZr

vH;kl%

1- laLÑrsu mÙkja nh;rke~&


(d) Hkwfefo"k;osQ vfHk;ksxs ^fdUrq*&uk dk ck/k miLFkkfirk\
([k) okD;eè;s izfo'; lo± dk;± osQu fouk';rs\
(x) ys[kdL; ns'klsok;k% fopkjL; dFke~ bfrJhjHkwr~\
(?k) usr`egksn;% iqLrdiz'kalka oqQoZu~ ^fdUrq* iz;ksxsu oaQ ijke'kZe~ vnnkr~\
(Ä) Hkkstu&xks"BhLFkys dhn`'kh izn'kZuh lek;ksftrk vklhr~\
(p) Hkkstuxks"B~;ka ys[kdL; d.Bufydka d% v#/r~\
(N) /eZO;oLFkkid% fo/ok;k% iqufoZokgeqfpra eU;ekuks¿fi O;oLFkka fdeFk± u nnkS\
(t) x`fg.kh iR;q% d.kZlehis vkxR; 'kuS% fde~ vonr~\
(>) yksdk% fdUrq ;qDrka okrk± osQu dkj.ksu foxq.kka x.k;fUr\
(×k) fdUrks% lkoZfnd% izHkko% d%\
104 'kk'orh

2- mi;qÙkQ'kCnku~ fpRok fjDrLFkkukuka iwfrZ% fo/s;k&


(nq?kZVk] vo/kue~] lUnkfur%] Lokfeegksn;e~] laLÑrs] fookgL;] 'kkUre~] iyk;kaposQz ]
dkykr~] ladVs)
(d) vge~ ------------------- vizk{ka fdega r=k xUrqa 'kDuksfeA
([k) vL; ^fdUrks%* dkj.kkr~ dfLeÂfi dk;sZ liQyrk ------------------- vfLrA
(x) rL; Loknlw=ks.k ------------------- vga ;FkSo f}rh;a xzklex`Êa rFkSo ^fdUrq%* ee
d.BufydkejQèkr~A
(?k) xfj"BoLrquks Hkkstus ------------------- vR;ko';de~A
(Ä) foxq.k% dk"kkZi.k% oqQfRlr'p iq=k% ------------------- dnkfpnqi;qDÙkQks Hkosr~A
(p) jkT;rks yC/k;k HkwesjfHk;ksxks cgks% ------------------- U;k;ky;s pyfr LeA
(N) ee loksZ¿I;qRlkg% ------------------- A
(t) vga fuf'pUrrk;k ,oaQ ------------------- fu%'okleeqpe~A
(>) tkrL; rL;k ------------------- v| r`rh;ks fnol%A
(×k) cgqdkykuUrja ------------------- ,oa fo/ka uohurk n`f"Vxrk¿Hkor~A

3- vèkksfyf[krS% mfprfØ;kinS% fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&


ifjx.;sr] ijkofrZf"k] vkfPNufÙk] eU;kegs] nh;sr] vfyf[k";r~
(d) iz/ku% ,oaQ i=ka izsf"krokufLrA ,rnqi;Zfi y{;nkueko';oaQ -------------------A
([k) x`gkfHkeq[ka eq[ka oqQoZu~ rLekr~ LFkkuknso -------------------A
(x) ;fn fgUnhHkk"kk;ke~ ------------------- rfgZ lE;xHkfo";r~A
(?k) bnesoksfpra izrh;rs ;r~ ,oafo/LFkys iqufoZokgL; O;oLFkk -------------------A
(Ä) dnkfpr~ dnkfpÙo;a Øwj% ^fdUrq%* eq[kL; doyefi -------------------A
(p) uk|kfi prqFkhZdeZ lEiÂa ;su fookg% -------------------A
fdUrks% oqQfVyrk 105

4- lfU/&foPNsna oqQ#r&
(d) r=kSokL; ------------------
([k) lokZ.;so ------------------
(x) efUufeZresde~ ------------------
(?k) fdySdks¿f/dkjh ------------------
(Ä) };ks#i;sZo ------------------

5- izÑfr&izR;;foHkkx% fØ;rke~
(d) fueqPZ ; ------------------
([k) vknk; ------------------
(x) izfo"V% ------------------
(?k) vkxR; ------------------
(Ä) ifjKkre~ ------------------

6- vèkksfyf[krs"kq ins"kq foHk¯ÙkQ opua p n'kZ;r&


(d) dk;sZ ------------------
([k) vfHk;ksÙkqQ% ------------------
(x) ckfydk;k% ------------------
(?k) U;k;ky;su ------------------
(Ä) usrq% ------------------
(p) 'kDrkS ------------------
(N) vkS"kf/e~ ------------------

7- LojfprokD;s"kq vèkksfyf[krinkuka iz;ksxa oqQ#r&


fdUrq] xUrqe~] eáe~] foHkhf"kdk] Hkj.kiks"k.ke~] n`"V~okA
106 'kk'orh

8- foykse'kCnku~ fy[kr&
(d) foxq.k% ------------------
([k) 'kkS;Ze~ ------------------
(x) lqjf{kr% ------------------
(?k) 'k=kqrk ------------------
(Ä) /hj% ------------------
(p) Hk;e~ ------------------

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
1- LodYiu;k okD;iwfr± oqQ#r&
(d) vge~ mPpkè;;ua dÙkqfZ ePNkfe] fdUrq ------------------ A
([k) Nk=kk% d{kk;keqifLFkrk%] fdUrq ------------------ A
(x) l% xUrqfePNfr] fdUrq ------------------ A
(?k) o;a rÙkqfZ PNke%] fdUrq ------------------A
(Ä) rs dk;± dÙkqZfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(p) vokZphuk% tuk vfi izkphuka Hkk"kka ifBrqfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(N) fu/Zuk vfi /ufePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(t) losZ tuk vkthfodkfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(>) ewdks¿fi oÙkqQfePNfr] fdUrq ------------------A
(×k) vè;kidk vè;kiua dÙkqfZ ePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A

2- vèkksfyf[krkuke~ vkHkk.kdkuka lekukFkZdkfu okD;kfu ikBkr~ vUos"VO;kfu&


(d) eq¡g dk dkSj NhuukA
([k) oqQN fnu igys dh ckr gSA
(x) [kksVk flDdk vkSj [kksVk csVk Hkh le; ij dke vkrs gSaA
(?k) ukd&HkkSag fldksM+ukA
ifjf'k"V &1

NUn
NUn
i| fy[krs le; o.kks± dh ,d fuf'pr O;oLFkk j[kuh iM+rh gSA ;g O;oLFkk NUn ;k o`Ùk dgykrh
gSA
o`Ùk osQ Hksn
izk;% izR;sd i| osQ pkj Hkkx gksrs gSa] tks ikn ;k pj.k dgykrs gSaA ftl o`Ùk osQ pkjksa pj.kksa esa
cjkcj o.kZ gksa] os leo`Ùk dgykrs gSaA ftlosQ izFke vkSj r`rh; rFkk f}rh; vkSj prqFkZ pj.k o.kks±
dh n`f"V ls leku gksa] os v/Zleo`Ùk gSaA ftlosQ pkjksa pj.kksa esa o.kks± dh la[;k leku u gkss] os
fo"keo`Ùk dgs tkrs gSaA
xq# y?kq O;oLFkk
NUn dh O;oLFkk o.kks± ij vk/kfjr jgrh gS] eq[;r% Loj o.kZ ijA ;s o.kZ NUn dh n`f"V ls nks
izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& y?kq vkSj xq#A lkekU;r% ßLo Loj y?kq gksrk gS vkSj nh?kZ Loj xq#A fdUrq oqQN
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ßLo Loj y?kq u gksdj xq# ekuk tkrk gSA NUn esa xq#&y?kq O;oLFkk dk fu;e bl
izdkj gS& vuqLokj;qDr] folxZ;qDr] la;qDro.kZ osQ iwoZ dk o.kZ xq# gksrk gSA 'ks"k lHkh o.kZ y?kq gksrs
gSaA NUn osQ fdlh ikn dk vafre o.kZ y?kq gksus ij Hkh vko';drkuqlkj xq# eku fy;k tkrk gSA
lkuqLokj'p nh?kZ'p folxhZ p xq#HkZosr~A
o.kZ% la;ksxiwoZ'p rFkk iknkUrxks¿fi pAA
xq# ,oa y?kq osQ fy, v/ksfyf[kr fpÉ iz;qDr gksrs gSa&
xq# & ¿
y?kq & A
;fr O;oLFkk
NUn esa ftl&ftl LFkku ij fdf×pn~ fojke gksrk gS] mldks ^;fr* dgrs gSaA foPNsn] fojke] fojfr
vkfn blosQ ukekUrj gSaA
;frftZàs"VfoJkeLFkkua dfofHk#P;rsA
lk foPNsnfojkek|S% inSokZP;k futsPN;kAA
108 'kk'orh

x.k O;oLFkk
vkfneè;kolkus"kq Hktlk ;kfUr xkSjoe~A
;jrk yk?koa ;kfUr eukS rq xq#yk?koe~AA
rhu o.kks± dk ,d x.k ekuk tkrk gSA xq#&y?kq osQ Øe ls x.k vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
Hkx.k & ¿AA tx.k & A¿A
lx.k & AA¿ ;x.k & A¿¿
jx.k & ¿A¿ rx.k & ¿¿A
ex.k & ¿¿¿ ux.k & AAA
d- oSfnd NUn
oSfnd eU=kksa esa xs;rk dk lekos'k djus osQ fy, ftu NUnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS muesa xk;=kh] vuq"Vqi~
rFkk f=k"Vqi~ izeq[k gSaA
xk;=kh % ftl NUn osQ rhu pj.k gksa] izR;sd pj.k esa vkB o.kZ gksa og xk;=kh NUn gksrk gSA bldk
ik¡pok¡ o.kZ y?kq rFkk NBk o.kZ xq# gksrk gSA mnkgj.k&
ikodk u% ljLorh oktsfHkokZftuhorhA
;Ka o"Vq f/;k olqAA
(;tqosZn% &40@1)
vuq"Vqi~ % vuq"Vqi~ NUn esa pkj pj.k gksrs gSa] izR;sd pj.k esa vkB o.kZ gksrs gSaA
lÄ~xPNèoa laonèoa la oks eukafl tkurke~A
nsok Hkkxa ;Fkk iwosZ l×tkukuk miklrs AA
f=k"Vqi~ % ftl NUn osQ pkj pj.k gksa vkSj izR;sd pj.k esa X;kjg v{kj gksa og f=k"Vqi~ NUn gksrk
gSA mnkgkj.k&
lekuks eU=k% lfefr% lekuh lekua eu% lg fpÙkes"kke~
lekua eU=kefHkeU=k;s o% lekusu oks gfo"kk tqgksfeAA
(½Xosn% 10@192@3)
[k- ykSfdd NUn
izLrqr iqLrd osQ ikBksa esa vusd ykSfdd NUnksa dks Hkh ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA vr% ladfyr 'yksdksa
osQ NUnksa osQ y{k.k rFkk mnkgj.k izLrqr gS&a
ifjf'k"V 109

1- vuq"Vqi~ & vkB o.kks± okyk leo`Ùk


vuq"Vqi~ NUn osQ lHkh pkjksa pj.kksa dk ik¡pok¡ o.kZ y?kq] NBk o.kZ xq# rFkk izFke ,oa r`rh;
pj.k dk lkrok¡ o.kZ xq# vkSj f}rh; ,oa prqFkZ pj.k dk lkrok¡ o.kZ y?kq gksrk gSA bls
'yksdNUn Hkh dgrs gSA mnkgj.k&
ifrrS% irekuS'p] ikniLFkS'p ek#r%A
oqQlqeS% i'; lkSfe=ks! ØhMfUuo leUrr%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
2- bUnzotzk & (X;kjg o.kks± okyk leo`Ùk)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa nks rx.k] ,d tx.k vkSj nks xq# o.kZ Øe ls gksa og bUnzotzk
NUn gksrk gSA
L;kfnUnzotzk ;fn rkS txkS x%A
mnkgj.k&
galks ;Fkk jktri×tjLFk%] flagks ;Fkk eUnjdUnjLFk%A
ohjks ;Fkk xfoZroqQ×tjLFk'pUnzks¿fi cHkzkt rFkkEcjLFk%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
3- misUnzotzk & (X;kjg o.kks± dk leo`Ùk)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa Øe'k% ,d tx.k] ,d rx.k] ,d tx.k vkSj nks xq# o.kZ gksa
og misUnzotzk NUn gksrk gSA
misUnzotzk trtkLrrks xkSA mnkgj.k&
Roeso ekrk p firk Roeso
Roeso cU/q'p l[kk RoesoA
Roeso fo|k nzfo.ka Roeso
Roeso lo± ee nso&nsoA
4- mitkfr & (X;kjg o.kks± okyk leo`Ùk)
ftl NUn esa bUnzotzk rFkk misUnzotzk osQ pj.kksa dk feJ.k gksrk gS og mitkfr NUn gksrk gSA
vuUrjksnhfjry{eHkktkS iknkS ;nh;koqitkr;Lrk%A
bRFka fdykU;kLofi fefJrklq onfUr tkfrf"oneso uke AA
bl NUn dk izFke rFkk r`rh; pj.k misUnzotzk NUnkuqlkj rFkk f}rh; ,oa prqFkZ pj.k
bUnzotzkuqlkj gSaA vr% bls mitkfr NUn dgk tk ldrk gSA
110 'kk'orh

mnkgj.k&
vLR;qÙkjL;ka fnf'k nsorkRek] (bUnzotzk)
fgeky;ks uke uxkf/jkt%A (misUnzotzk)
iwokZijkS rks;fu/hoxkg~;]
fLFkr% i`fFkO;k bo ekun.M%AA (oqQekjlEHkoe~)
5- ekfyuh & (iUnzg o.kks± okyk leo`Ùk)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd pj.k esa Øe'k% nks ux.k] ,d ex.k rFkk nks ;x.k gksa og ekfyuh NUn
gksrk gSA blosQ izR;sd pj.k esa vkBosa rFkk rnuUrj lkrosa vFkkZr~ pj.k osQ vfUre o.kZ iUnzgosa
o.kZ osQ ckn ;fr (fojke) gksrh gSA uue;;;qrs;a ekfyuh HkksfxyksoSQ%A
mnkgj.k&
ee fg fir`fHkjL; izLrqrks KkfrHksn&
Lrfng ef; rq nks"kks oÙk`QfHk% ikruh;%A
vFk p ee l iq=k% ik.Mokuka rq i'pkr~
lfr p oqQyfojks/s ukijk/;fUr ckyk%AA (i×pjk=ke~)
6- oa'kL; & (ckjg o.kks± okyk leo`Ùk)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa Øe'k% tx.k] rx.k] tx.k] jx.k gksa og oa'kLFk NUn dgykrk gSA
trkS rq oa'kLFkeqnhfjra tjkSA
HkofUr uezkLrjo% iQyksn~xeS&
uZokEcqfHknwZj foyfEcuks ?kuk%A
vuq¼rk% lRiq#"kk% le`f¼fHk%
LoHkko ,oS"k ijksidkfj.kke~AA
7- 'kknwZyfoØhfMr (mUuhl v{kjksa okyk leo`Ùk)
ftl NUn osQ izR;sd ikn esa Øe'k% ex.k] lx.k] tx.k] lx.k nks rx.k ,oa ,d xq# o.kZ
gks og 'kknwZyfoØhfMr NUn dgykrk gSA blesa ckjgosa v{kj osQ ckn igyh ;fr vkSj mUuhlosa
v{kj osQ ckn nwljh ;fr gksrh gSA (lw;kZ'oS;Zfn ekltkSlrrxk% 'kknwZyfoØhfMre~A)
mnkgj.k &
oRlk;k'p j?kw}gL; p f'k'kkofLeUufHkO;T;rs]
lao`fÙk% izfrfcEcrso fuf[kyk lSokÑfr lk |qfr%A
lk ok.kh fou;% l ,o lgt% iq.;kuqHkkoks¿I;lkS]
gk! gk! nsfo fdeqR;FkSeZe eu% ikfjIyoa /kofrAA
mÙkjjkepfjre~
ifjf'k"V 111

8- olUrfrydk (pkSng v{kjksa okyk leo`Ùk)


ftlosQ izR;sd pj.k esa Øe'k% rx.k] Hkx.k] tx.k] tx.k ,oa nks xq# o.kZ gksa] og NUn
olUrfrydk dgykrk gSA mDrk olUrfrydk rHktktxkSx%
mnkgj.k&
ikikfUuokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;
xqáa fuxwgfr xq.kkUizdVhdjksfrA
vkin~xra p u tgkfr nnkfr dkys
lfUe=ky{k.kfena izonfUr lUr%AA
uhfr'krde~ 73
9- f'k[kfj.kh& (l=kg v{kjkas okyk leo`Ùk)
ftlosQ izR;sd pj.k esa Øe'k% ;x.k] ex.k] ux.k] lx.k] Hkx.k rFkk ,d y?kq vkSj ,d xq#
o.kZ gksa] og f'k[kfj.kh NUn dgykrk gSA NBs vkSj l=kgosa o.kZ osQ i'pkr~ blesa ;fr gksrh gSA
jlS#ZnzSf'NUuk ;eulHkykx% f'k[kfj.khA
mnkgj.k&
efãukesrfLeu~ fou;f'kf'kjks ekSXè;el`.kks
fonX/SfuZxzkáks u iqujfonX/Sjfr'k;%A
euks es laeksgfLFkjefi gjR;s"k cyoku~
v;ks/krqa ;}Rifjy?kqj;LdkUr'kdy%AA
mÙkjjkepfjre~
10- eUnkØkUrk (l=kg v{kjksa okyk leo`Ùk)
ex.k] Hkx.k] ux.k] nks rx.kksa vkSj nks xq#vksa ls eUnkØkUrk NUn gksrk gSA blesa pkSFks v{kj osQ
i'pkr~ igyh ;fr] NBs v{kj osQ i'pkr nwljh ;fr rFkk vkBosa v{kj osQ ckn rhljh ;fr
gksrh gSA
eUnkØkUrkEcqf/ jluxSeksZHkukSrkSx ;qXee~A
mnkgj.k&
i'pkRiqPNa ogfr foiqya rPp /wuksR;tÏe~
nh?kZxzho% l Hkofr] [kqjkLrL; pRokj ,oA
'k"ik.;fr izfdjfr 'kÑr~ fi.Mdkukezek=kku~
¯d O;k[;kuSozZtfr l iqunwZjesásfg ;ke%AA
mÙkjjkepfjre~
ifjf'k"V &2

vyÄïkj

yksd esa ftl izdkj vkHkw"k.k 'kjhj dh 'kksHkk c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa mlh izdkj dkO; esa miekfn
vyadkj mldh pk#rk dh vfHko`f¼ djrs gSaA oLrqr% dkO; osQ 'kksHkk/k;d rRo dks gh vyadkj
dgrs gSaA
'kCnkFkZ;ksjfLFkjk ;s /ekZ% 'kksHkkfr'kf;u%A
jlknhuqioqQoZUrks¿yÄïkjkLrs¿Äõnkfnor~AA
'kCn rFkk vFkZ dks dkO; dk 'kjhj dgk x;k gSA vr% dkO;&'kjhj dk vyadj.k Hkh 'kCn
rFkk vFkZ nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gSA tks vyadkj 'kCnksa osQ }kjk dkO; esa pk#rk dh vfHko`f¼ djrs gSa
os 'kCnkyadkj dgs tkrs gSa tSls vuqizkl] ;ed vkfnA tks vyadkj vFkZ osQ }kjk dkO; dh pk#rk
dh vfHko`f¼ djrs gSa os vFkkZyadkj dgs tkrs gSa] tSls miek] :id vkfnA bu nksuksa izdkj osQ
vyadkjksa dk izLrqr ladyu osQ ikBksa esa iz;ksx gqvk gSA oqQN mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa&
vuqizkl%
o.kZlkE;euqizkl%A (dkO;izdk'k%)
leku o.kks± dh vko`fÙk dks vuqikz l vyadkj dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k &
ogfUr o"kZfUr unfUr HkkfUr è;k;fUr u`R;kfUr lek'olfUrA
u|ks ?kuk eÙkxtk oukUrk% fiz;kfoghuk% f'kf[ku% Iyoaxk%AA
(jkek;.ke~)
bl 'yksd esa vk, gq, ogfUr] o"kZfUr] unfUr] HkkfUr] è;k;fUr] u`R;fUr rFkk lek ÜÒlfUr bu
'kCnksa esa vusd o.kks± dh leku vko`fÙk gS tks 'yksd dh pk#rk dh vfHko`f¼ esa lgk;d gSA vr%
;gk¡ ij vuqizkl vyadkj gSA
;ed%
lR;FksZ i`FkxFkkZ;k% LojO;×tulagrs%A
Øes.k rsuSoko`fÙk;Zeda fofux|rsAA (lkfgR;niZ.ke~)
ifjf'k"V 113

tc o.kZ lewg dh mlh Øe ls iqujko`fÙk dh tk, ¯drq vko`Ùk o.kZ leqnk; ;k rks fHkUukFkZd
gks ;k va'kr% vFkok iw.kZr% fujFkZd gks rks ;ed vyadkj dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k&
vfLr ;|fi loZ=k uhja uhjtjkftre~
jers u ejkyL; ekula ekula foukAA
bl 'yksd esa ekule~ 'kCn dh vko`fÙk gqbZ gS vkSj nksuksa in fHkÂkFkZd gSaA vr% ;gk¡ ij iz;qDr
vaydkj ;ed gS tks 'yksd osQ lkSan;Z dh vfHko`f¼ esa lgk;d gSA
miek%
lk/E;Zeqiek HksnsA (dkO;izdk'k%] 10] 87)
nks oLrqvksa esa] Hksn jgus ij Hkh] tc mudk (lekurk) izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gS rks ogk¡ miek
vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkg.kμ
jfolaØkUrlkSHkkX;Lrq"kkjk#.ke.My%A
fu%ÜoklkU/ bokn'kZ'pUnzek u izdk'krsAA (jkek;.ke~)
;gk¡ ij lw;Z osQ izdk'k ls efyu pUnzek dh miek fu% Üoklksa ls efyu vkn'kZ (niZ.k) ls nh
xbZ gSA ;g miek 'yksd osQ vFkZ dh pk#rk dh o`f¼ esa lgk;d gSA
miek esa pkj rÙo gksrs gSa
1- mies; & ftldh lekurk crkbZ tk,
2- mieku & ftlls lekurk crkbZ tk,
3- lk/kj.k /eZ & mDr nksuksa esa leku xq.k
4- okpd 'kCn & lekurk izdV djus okys 'kCn& bo ;Fkk vkfnA
:id%
rnzwideHksnks ; miekuksies;;ks%A (dkO;izdk'k%] 10]93)
vfr'k; lkn`'; osQ dkj.k tgk¡ mies; dks mieku dk :i ns fn;k tk;s vFkok mies; ij mieku
dk vkjksi dj fn;k tk;s ogk¡ :id vyadkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k&
vuyaÑr'kjhjks¿fi pUnzeq[k vkuUn;fr ee ân;e~A
lkSo.kZ'kdfVdk ikB osQ bl okD; esa iz;qDr pUnzeq[k 'kCn esa :id vyadkj gSA ;gk¡ ij eq[k ij
pUnzek dk vkjksi gksus ls :id vyadkj gSA
114 'kk'orh

mRizs{kk%
^^Hkosr~ lEHkkouksRizs{kk izÑrL; ijkReukAA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~)
ij (mieku) osQ }kjk izÑr (mies;) dh lEHkkouk (mRdV lUnsg) dks mRizs{kk vyadkj
dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k&
ifrrS% irekuS'p ikniLFkS'p ek#r%A
oqQlqeS% i'; lkSfe=ks! ØhMfÂo leUrr%AA (jkek;.ke~)
;gk¡ ij ok;q osQ }kjk iq"iksa osQ lkFk dh tkus okyh ØhMk dh lEHkkouk esa mRizs{kk vyadkj gSA
vFkkZUrjU;kl%
HkosnFkkZUrjU;klks¿uq"kDrkFkkZUrjkfHk/kA
(pUnzkyksd%] 5-66)
eq[; vFkZ dk leFkZu djus okys vFkkZUrj (nwljs okD;kFkZ) dk izfriknu (U;kl) vFkkZUrjU;kl
dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k&
;% LoHkkoks fg ;L;kfLr l fuR;a nqjfrØe%A
'ok ;fn fØ;rs jktk rfRda uk'ukR;qikuge~AA
;gk¡ ij iwokZ¼Z osQ okD;kFkZ dk leFkZu mÙkjk¼Z osQ okD;kFkZ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vr% ;gk¡
vFkkZUrjU;kl vyadkj gSA
vfr'k;ksfDr%
fl¼Ros¿è;olk;L;kfr'k;ksfDrfuZx|rsA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~] 10-46)
vè;olk; osQ fl¼ mies; osQ fy, osQoy mieku dk gh dFku gksus ij vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gksrk
gSA vè;olk; dk rkRi;Z gS& mies; osQ fuxj.k osQ lkFk mieku ls vHksn dk vkjksi vFkkZr~ mies;
rFkk mieku esa vHksn dh LFkkiuk A
ifjf'k"V 115

mnkgj.k&
;wFks¿i;krs gfLrxzg.kks|rsu osQu dyHkks x`ghr%A
;gk¡ ij vtqZu dks gLrh rFkk vfHkeU;q dks dyHk (gkFkh dk cPpk) osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj mies; vtqZu o vfHkeU;q dk fuxj.k dj mUgsa mieku gLrh rFkk dyHk osQ :i
esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vr% ;gk¡ vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gSA
'ys"k%
f'ky"VS% inSjusdkFkkZfHk/kus 'ys"k b";rsA
(lkfgR;niZ.ke~) in ;k in leqnk; }kjk vusd vFkks± dk dFku 'ys"k vyÄkï j dgykrk gSA
mPNyn~ Hkwfj dhyky% 'kq'kqHks okfguhifr%A
;gk¡ ij ^dhyky* rFkk ^okfguhifr* 'kCnksa esa vusd vFkZ gksus osQ dkj.k 'ys"k vyÄïkj gSA
(dhyky ¾ #f/j@ty] okfguhifr ¾ lsukifr@leqnz)A
O;ktLrqfr%
O;ktLrqfreZq[ks fuUnk LrqfrokZ :f<jU;FkkA
(dkO;idk'k) izkjEHk esa fuUnk vFkok Lrqfr izrhr gks ijUrq okLro esa og mlosQ foijhr gks vFkkZr~
nh[kus okyh fuUnk dk Lrqfr esa vFkok Lrqfr dk fuUnk esa i;Zolku gksus ij O;ktLrqfr vyaÄïkj
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
fgRok Rokeqijks/oUè;eulka eè;s u ekSfy% ijks]
yTtkotZueUrjs.k u jekeU;=k lan`';rsA
;LR;kxa ruqrsrjka eq[k'krSjsR;kfJrk;k% fJ;%
izkI; R;kxÑrkoekuuefi RoÕ;so ;L;k% fLFkfr%AA
vFkkZr~ gs jktu~! eq>s rks ;gh Li"V yx jgk gS fd vkidks NksM+ dj u rks vkfJrksa osQ vuqjksèk ls
fjDrân; vkJ;nkrkvksa dk dksbZ nwljk f'kjksef.k gS vkSj u y{eh dks NksM+ dj dgha vU;=k
(L=khtkfr esa) dksbZ fuyZTtrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS D;ksafd vki rks ,sls Bgjs fd ukukfo/ mik;ksa ls
LokfJrk y{eh osQ vuojr ifjR;kx (nku) ls viekfur gksdj Hkh y{eh lnk vkiosQ lkFk gh jguk
pkgrh gSaA
116 'kk'orh

;gk¡ jktk dh vkikrr% fuUnk mlosQ egknku ;k y{eh le`f¼ dh Lrqfr (iz'kalk) esa ifj.kr
gks jgh gSA
vr% O;ktLrqfr vyadkj gSA

vU;ksfDr%
vlekufo'ks"k.kefi ;=k lekusfro`Ùkeqies;e~A
mDrsu xE;rs ijeqiekususfr lk¿U;ksfDr%AA
(dkO;kyÄïkj%)
tgk¡ dfFkr mieku osQ }kjk ,sls mies; dh izrhfr gks tks (mieku osQ) fo'ks"k.kksa osQ vleku gksrk
gqvk Hkh leku bfro`Ùk okyk gks] ogk¡ vU;ksfDr vyadkj gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
rkor~ dksfdy fojlku~ ;ki; fnolku~ oukUrjs fuolu~A
;kofUeynfyeky% dks¿fi jlky% leqYylfrAA
(jlxÄõk/j%)
gs dks;y! ou esa jgrs gq, vius cqjs le; dks rc rd fdlh izdkj fcrk yks tc rd fd
dksbZ ckSj (eatjh) ls ynk gqvk HkkSjksa ls ;qDr vke dk isM+ rqEgsa ugha fey tk,A
;gk¡ dks;y mieku gS vkSj dksbZ lTtu mies; gSA ;|fi dks;y vkSj lTtu osQ fo'ks"k.k
,dleku ugha gSa rFkkfi budk bfro`Ùk ,d leku gSA vr% ;gk¡ ij vU;ksfDr vyadkj gSA

ifjf'k"V &3

vuq'kaflr xzUFk
Ø-la- xzUFkuke ys[kd lEiknd@izdk'kd
1- bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj
2- j?kqoa'kegkdkO;e~ dkfynkl pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku
okjk.klh
3- mÙkjjkepfjre~ HkoHkwfr pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klh
4- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk osnO;kl xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj
5- dknEcjh ck.kHk^ pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klh
6- ¯Lkgklu}k¯=kf'kdk
7- f'kojktfot;% vfEcdknÙkO;kl% lkfgR; Hk.Mkj] esjB
8- laLÑrpfUnzdkif=kdk vIik'kfL=kjkf'k oMsdj%
9- izcU/e×tjh â"khosQ'kHk^kpk;Z%
10- izcU/ikfjtkre~ Hk^eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh
11- Sanskrit Drama in its
origin, Development
and Theory A. B. Keith Oxford Press,
London 24
12- laLÑr ukVd ,- ch- dhFk mn;Hkkuq ¯lg (fgUnh
vuqokn) eksrhyky
cukjlhnkl fnYyh
13- laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl cynso mikè;k; 'kkjnk efUnj okjk.klh]
1973
14- oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr cynso mikè;k; 'kkjnk efUnj okjk.klh]
118 'kk'orh

1973
15- History of Classical M. Krishnamacharya Moti Lal Banarsidas
Sanskrit literature, Delhi
16- laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl okpLifr xSjksyk pkS[kEck fo/kHkou] okjk.klh]
1978
17- laLÑr lkfgR; dk jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku
vfHkuo bfrgkl pkSd] okjk.klh f} la- 2007
18- NUnkse×tjh xaxknkl MkW czãkuUn f=kikBh] pkS[kECkk
lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku okjk.klh
1903
19- O;kdj.k lkSjHke~ jk- 'kS- vuq- vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
20- laLÑr lkfgR; ifjp; jk- 'kS- vuq- vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ }kjk izdkf'kr
21- pUnzkyksd t;nso la- rFkk vuq- lqcks/pUnz
iUr] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl
fnYyh 1925
22- o`ÙkjRukdj Hk^osQnkj] la- vk;sZUnq 'kekZ] laLÑr
vdkneh] mLekfu;k fo'o&
fo|ky;] gSnjkckn
23- leqnzlÄõe nkjkf'kdksg fgUnh vuq- ckcw yky 'kqDy
'kkL=kh Hkkjrh; fo|k
izdk'ku] fnYyh 1995
ogh& fgUnh vuq- txUukFk
IkkBd jkdk izdk'ku]
bykgkckn 2005
24- dFkklfjr~ (if=kdk) lEiknd% dVde~] vksfM'kk
(f}rh;kÄï%) MkW- ukjk;.knk'k

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