Collection Technique ..........................................................................

Cahier technique no. 195

Current transformers: specification errors and solutions

P. Fonti

"Cahiers Techniques" is a collection of documents intended for engineers and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth information in order to complement that given in product catalogues. Furthermore, these "Cahiers Techniques" are often considered as helpful "tools" for training courses. They provide knowledge on new technical and technological developments in the electrotechnical field and electronics. They also provide better understanding of various phenomena observed in electrical installations, systems and equipments. Each "Cahier Technique" provides an in-depth study of a precise subject in the fields of electrical networks, protection devices, monitoring and control and industrial automation systems. The latest publications can be downloaded from the Schneider Electric internet web site. Code: http://www.schneider-electric.com Section: Experts' place Please contact your Schneider Electric representative if you want either a "Cahier Technique" or the list of available titles. The "Cahiers Techniques" collection is part of the Schneider Electrics "Collection technique".

Foreword The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using information and diagrams contained in this document. Reproduction of all or part of a "Cahier Technique" is authorised with the prior consent of the Scientific and Technical Division. The statement "Extracted from Schneider Electric "Cahier Technique" no. ....." (please specify) is compulsory.

no. 195
Current transformers: specification errors and solutions

Paola FONTI INPG engineer (Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble). Graduated in 1970. Joined Merlin Gerin in 1981 as consultant and head of the Medium Voltage Export engineering and design department. She is currently responsible for the MV project completion and tender support group for Schneider Electric.

ECT 195 first issue, February 2000

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.1

Lexicon

If: maximum through current crossing a protected area. Is: current threshold setting.
kn: nominal accuracy limit factor (ALF) of a CT (associated with its accuracy load). kr: real ALF of a CT associated with its real load.
2 ). Internal losses of the CT at In. Pi: (= Rct In 2 Pn: (= Rn In ). Accuracy power of the CT.
2 Pr: (= Rr In ). Real load consumption of the CT at In.

RL: wiring resistance. Rp: protection relay resistance. ALF: accuracy limit factor. CT: current transformer. Overrating of a CT: selection of a CT whose primary In is greater than the In immediately greater than the load In. Matching, auxiliary or interposing CT: low voltage CTs installed at the secondary of the main CTs for correcting a ratio and/or the current phase shift. SF: security factor.

Rct: CT secondary winding resistance.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.2

Current transformers: specification errors and solutions

After a reminder of current transformers (CTs), the author highlights the errors most often encountered when defining current transformers, an essential and little known link between the electrical network and the protection relays. It explains how to find a way out of difficult situations: CTs that cannot be manufactured, delays, additional costs, malfunctions, etc. This Cahier Technique should be useful for electricians designing installations, for protection specialists, panel builders and all CT manufacturers. It is in the best interest of all to exchange all information required for the safety and optimisation of CTs. This Cahier Technique is an operational addition to Cahier Technique no. 194 Current Transformers: how to specify them.

Contents
1 Specifying current transformers properly 2 Examples of specification errors 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Reminder of CTs 2.1 Optimisation and safety 2.2 When CTs do not seem to be suitable 2.3 The most frequent errors 2.4 And if the CT cannot be manufactured? 3 Equivalence of the various possible definitions of the same CT 3.1 How to move from Pn1-5Pk1 to Pn2-5Pk2 3.2 How to move from Pn1-5Pk1 to Pn2-10Pk2 3.3 What is the Vk of a CT: Pn-XPk 3.4 How to move from class X (Vk, Rct) to a class 5P: Pn-5Pk 4 Conclusion 5 Bibliography p. 4 p. 4 p. 7 p. 8 p. 9 p. 12 p. 15 p. 15 p. 16 p. 16 p. 17 p. 18

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.3

1 Specifying current transformers properly

1.1 Introduction
Traditional current transformers (see Cahier Technique no. 164) and hybrid current transformers (see Cahier Technique no. 170) form an essential link within the protection chain of electrical networks. Their specification, even if it is handled by specialists, often includes errors and is insufficiently optimised. This often leads to technological impossibilities, operating delays, extra costs, incorrect operation of protections and can even jeopardize the safety of installations and people. Proper specification of CTs (see Cahier Technique no. 194) requires sound knowledge of: c the electrical installation diagram, c the electrical data (voltage, nominal current, short-circuit current, etc.), c the associated protections, c the overall network protections (protection plan, the load that they represent for the CTs, as well as wiring and their settings. Often, due to lack of data or even ignorance of how a CT shall be used, a CT manufacturer says these features are not feasible, while a standard CT may be suitable. Although this Cahier Technique emphasises optimisation, it particularly stresses the equivalence between the different definitions of the same current transformer. You should bear in mind that power, class and accuracy limit factor are interdependent values, which have no significance if taken individually. This knowledge is a means of finding a way out of many nearly impossible situations. Before entering the heart of the matter, a few reminders of CT characteristics are given in the following sections.

1.2 Reminder of CTs

According to IEC standards (among others), CTs can be defined by: a - Their ratio, example: 2000/5 A. b - Their power, example: 15 VA. c - Their class, example: v 5P, 10P for a protection winding, v class 0.5, 1, etc. for a metering winding. d - The characteristics linked to their saturation: d-1 Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) for a protection winding, d-2 Safety Factor (SF) for a metering winding. e - Other characteristics: v thermal withstand, example 50 kA - 1 sec., v insulation voltage, v etc. In the reminder of this section, we shall be concerned only with characteristics a, b, c, and d and their consequences (see fig. 1 ).

Protection

2500/1 A

15 VA

5P

20

(a) Metering 500/5 A

(b) 20 VA

(c) cl 0.5

(d-1) FS3

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d-2)

Fig. 1 : main characteristic values of the CT.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.4

A 15 VA-5P20 CT has a guaranteed error of less than 5 % when it is subjected to 20 times its nominal current and delivers into its nominal load (15 VA to In). Each of the characteristics b, c, d is a function of the two others. The same CT can be affected a different power, a different accuracy class and a different ALF. However, a given CT only has one magnetising curve and only one secondary winding resistance (at a given temperature). When these last two elements are known (curve and resistance), we can identify all the necessary correspondences between the various values a, b, and c to be assigned to the CT or rather between the various triplet combinations: (b1, c1, d1) (b2, c2, d2) (bi, ci, di) All the equivalences are deduced from the simple laws of electricity, in particular Ohms law. CT equivalent diagram (see fig. 2 ). c CT ratio: In / In .
1 2

It is the magnetising current Im which generates a metering error. If the CT were perfect, then Im = 0. The CT magnetisation curve represents the magnetising current as a function of voltage Vs developed at the CT secondary. It can be divided into 3 zones (see fig. 3 ): 1 - non-saturated zone, 2 - intermediate zone, 3 - saturated zone. In zone 1, current Im is low and voltage Vs increases almost proportionally to the primary current. Zone 2 is a vague zone between the nonsaturated zone and the saturated zone. There is no real break in the magnetisation curve. It is hard to locate a precise point on the curve corresponding to the saturation voltage. In zone 3, the curve (Vs Im) becomes almost horizontal. The error is considerable on the ratio and the secondary current distorted by the saturation. A certain number of characteristic voltages are highlighted for a CT: they correspond to zone 2 ; knowledge of these voltages is necessary when another definition is given to a particular CT.

c Lm: CT equivalent inductive magnetisation (saturable). c Im: magnetising current. c I1: primary current. c I2: secondary current corresponding to a perfect CT, i.e. I2 =

I1

In

2 1

In

Vs 3 2

c Is: secondary current effectively crossing the CT secondary: I 2 = I s + I m .

I1

I2

Is

Rct

In1 In2

Im

Lm Vs

Rp
1 - Non-satured zone 2 - Intermediate zone 3 - Satured zone

Im

Fig. 2 : a CT equivalent circuit.

Fig. 3 : magnetisation curve (excitation) Vs = f(Im) of a CT.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.5

Characteristic voltages linked to a CT c Knee point voltage defined by the BS 3938 standard: Vk for class X (PX in IEC 60044-1). Vk is determined by the point on the curve Vs (Im) from which a 10% increase in voltage Vs leads to a 50% increase in the magnetising current. c Voltage linked to the accuracy limit of the class 5P CTs: V(5P) = Vs1 . c Voltage linked to the accuracy limit of the class 10P CTs: V(10P) = Vs2 . c Voltage linked to the safety factor Fs V(Fs ) = Vs2 , since the safety factor is linked to an accuracy limit of 10 % just like the class 10P CT. These various voltages Vk < V(5P) < V(10P) are each linked to an induction level. With the materials commonly used for CT manufacturing, for example: c Vk corresponds to 1.4 tesla, c V(5P) = Vs1 corresponds to 1.6 tesla, c V(10P) = Vs2 corresponds to 1.9 tesla, c V(Fs ) = Vs2 corresponds to 1.9 tesla. The following ratios can be deduced:
Vs1 Vk V 1.4 1.4 1.6 ; ; etc. ; k = = = Vs1 1.6 Vs2 1.9 Vs2 1.9

CT accuracy is guaranteed better than 5% up to Is = 15 In. From this point on, it is sufficient to refer to the CT equivalent circuit and to Ohms law to obtain the value of V(5P) or Vs1 (see fig. 4 ). The result is simply: Vs1 = (Rct + Rp ) I s , i.e. Vs1 = (Rct + Rp ) 15 In . This relation shows that knowledge of the internal resistance of the CT secondary winding is absolutely necessary to correlate the various possible definitions of the CT. We shall say that a good CT definition must include, whatever the case, the value of Rct. In our case, let us assume that Rct = 0.6 , where Rn =

10 = 0.4 , the calculation yields: 52

Vs1 = 15 x 5 (0.6 + 0.4) = 75 volts.

With the induction values mentioned above for the 10P classes and class X, Vs 2 and Vk can be calculated.

I1

I2

Rct

Is = 15 In

If one of these voltages is known, it is simple to deduce the others. How to calculate the characteristic values from a CT defined in the 5P or 10P class. c Let us take an example: Let us assume a 10 VA-5P15 CT with a ratio of 2000/5. 10 VA-5P15 means that when there is a load equal to its nominal load Rp =
Pn
2 In

In1 In2

Ie

Vs

Rp =

Pn
2 In

Vs1 = (Rct + Rp) Is

Fig. 4 : calculating the characteristic voltage of a CT.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.6

2 Examples of specification errors

2.1 Optimisation and safety

Examination of a protection plan shows that it is designed, for the transformer feeders at switchboard level, to fit CTs of different ratios 50/5 and 1000/5 with the same definition 15 VA-5P20. These CTs are associated to the same overcurrent protection relays with settings of 15 In (of CTs) for 50 A feeders, and 12 In (of CTs) for 1000 A feeders. Same load (0.05 VA), same wiring (1.25 VA) and relay settings not too much different: it seems logical that the two sets of CTs have the same definition. However a quick calculation of the necessary power shows that this is not the case c For the 1000/5 The necessary ALF (see Cahier Technique no. 194) is More serious still, in event of a trip failure of the transformer feeder, the short-circuit current (Ith of the 40 kA /1 s switchboard) will cause an rms current greater than: 172 x 5 A = 860 A to flow at the CT secondary. (Without saturation 40000 A /50 A x 5 A = 4 kA). The relay and the wiring will be destroyed as well as the CT. A 5 VA CT is thus more than enough (kr = 67 > 30). A 2.5 VA CT is also suitable: it is less expensive, takes up less space and, most important, it can be manufactured. c Conclusion The power of low ratio CTs must be calculated as their naturally low Rct induces a risk of dangerous oversizing. Figure 5 sheds some light on the interactions between kr, Pp, Pi.

2 Ir , i.e. k = 24. r

In

Knowing that k r =

k n (Pi + Pn ) , where: Pi + Pp

v an internal resistance Rct = 0.6 , v kn = 20, v CT internal losses at In = Pi

2 Pi = Rct x In = 0.6 x 52 = 15 VA, v a real CT load at In = Pn = 1.3 VA, we obtain: k r = 36.8 > 24 . The CT is thus more than suitable.

kr = real ALF 220.0 200.0 180.0 160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 (Pn) 12 Pp (VA) Pi = 2 VA Pi = 5 VA Pi = 0.5 VA

c For the 50/5 The necessary ALF is 15 In x 2, i.e. kr = 30 . v First of all, such a CT is theoretically not feasible. Its internal resistance would be around 0.02 . But we can show that it is oversized in power. v Furthermore, with Rct = 0.02 , Pi = 0.5 VA; and with kn = 20 and Pp = 1.3 VA we obtain kr = 172 u 30.

Fig. 5 : accuracy limit factor behaviour of three CTs (with different Rct), of 10 VA-5P20 as a function of the real load connected to the secondary Pp.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.7

2.2 When CTs do not seem to be suitable

This paragraph traces the difficulties encountered further to the manufacturing of CTs for a 33 kV public distribution switchboard consisting of 8 line feeders, without taking into account final needs. The entire problem came up on site a short while before energisation, when the CTs were already installed in the MV panels (see fig. 6 ). c The needs formulated when the contract was awarded. The aim was to have a double primary 300-600 and three 1 A secondary windings: v a 5 VA-5P20, to supply a Sepam 2000 protection unit, v a 15 VA classe 0.5, for remote metering, v a class X, for distance protection. c The equipment delivered. As it was impossible to manufacture three windings in the same functional CT with these characteristics, additional CTs were required. They were dedicated to class X and installed downstream of the double secondary CT. c The error observed on site. CTs operating with distance protection must be installed as close as possible to the circuitbreaker to ensure the greatest possible protected zone. However the class X CTs were not close enough. c What should we do? The proposal was thus made to replace all the CTs, i.e. 2 CTs by phase, 6 CTs by feeder, i.e. a total of 48 CTs for 8 feeders! Disassembly, manufacture of new CTs and reassembly led to additional delays and costs c Was there another solution? v An initial possibility was to consider use of additional CTs (class X) to supply the Sepam 2000. The supplier confirmed this possibility: the CT dedicated to distance protection (class X) corresponds to 10 VA-5P20 on ratio 300 and to 20 VA-5P20 on ratio 600/1. It was thus possible to associate the additional CTs with the Sepam 2000. What a relief! already 24 CTs less to replace.

Functional CTs

300-600/1 A 5 VA-5P20 300-600/1 A 15 VA-0.5

Sepam Metering

Distance protection Metering

Additional CT

300-600/1 A class X

Distance protection

Sepam

Delivered arrangement

Chosen solution

Fig. 6 : a 33 kV switchboard CT arrangement: the unsatisfactory diagram and the new solution proposed.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.8

v The second possibility concerned the CTs with two windings: could the 5VA-5P20 windings be suitable for the distance protections? The fact is that, voluntarily, all the CTs were identical and corresponded to the worst possible case, while the lines were of different lengths (from 2 km to 38 km). The short lines had a cross-section of 50 mm2, the others 150 mm2. To come back to the real needs of distance protections, it was observed that for 6 feeders, class 5 VA-5P20 corresponded to a suitable class X whatever CT primary was chosen (300

or 600). For the two other feeders, the resulting class X was satisfactory only on the 600/1 ratio! A solution that the customer accepted for the two 150 mm2 feeders. c We can draw the following conclusion from this contract, which reveals all the consequences of unsatisfactory CT manufacture: the idea of replacing all components is often the first considered, but with the help of specialists it is possible to avoid pointlessly wasting time and money.

2.3 The most frequent errors

These errors normally lead to oversizing of the CTs which increases costs and can be dangerous. Many CT definition errors stem from ignorance of their operation and from the unknown or incomplete characteristics of the network component to be protected and of the associated protections. The better informed the CT manufacturer, the fewer errors and the more the CT will be optimised. Protections and conventional CTs For these protections which do not require class X defined CTs, the most frequent errors are: c Using two CTs or one CT with two secondaries for two protective relays the manufacturers of which recommend different ALF or different accuracy classes. As the CT manufacturers can translate 10P to 5P (according to the corresponding induction levels), and can move from one ALF to another by adjusting power, they can find a CT matching the needs of both relays. c Taking into account the wiring resistance although the protection manufacturer has already integrated it into the needs formulated for the CT. Let us take an example of two relays whose technical data indicate for 1 A CTs: CT1 for relay 1: 5 VA-10P15 (assuming 2 RL < 1.5 ), CT2 for relay 2: 10 VA-5P15 (assuming 2 RL < 2 ). A single CT may be suitable for both relays: in theory a 10 VA-5P15. You need to: v Avoid adding up the powers (5 + 10 VA) required for each relay. In point of fact, for the CT2, relay 1 only represents a load (just like wiring) and vice versa. v Check, in this case for the CT2, that: 2 RL + Rp1 i 2 ; and if CT1 was selected, that: 2 RL + Rp2 i 1.5 . If this was not verified, the relay supplier can suggest that x VA be added per additional ohm. Adding the specified power for several protections linked to an application results in CTs that are often impossible to manufacture or that jeopardise safety during short-circuits. Use of multifunction numerical relays avoids such errors. You only need to size the CT for the most restrictive protection (see Cahier Technique no. 194). c Changing the required characteristics without verifying the consequences. v A CT manufacturer cannot make a low ratio CT and suggests increasing this ratio; let us take an example: - Requested: 30/1 CT - 2.5 VA-5P20, - CT manufacturers proposal: 60/1, - With motor In = 16 A and minimum thermal protection setting: 40 % of CT In, i.e. 60 x 0.4 = 24 A. The protection setting at 16 A (normal thermal protection setting at motor In), is then impossible. The solution is to increase the rating and lower the ALF requirement: 40/1 - 2.5 VA-5P10. This CT, feasible, allows the required setting (40 x 0.4 = 16 A). v A buyer accepts a thermal withstand of 0.1 s proposed by the CT manufacturer instead of 1 s. What is likely to happen is that, on a short-circuit, if the real fault duration exceeds 0.1 s, thermal and probably electrodynamic withstand will be insufficient and may result in CT destruction. c Due to lack of information on real requirements. Let us take the following case, relatively educational: a CT with two primaries and three secondaries (200-1000/1-1-1) is requested with: - the first secondary: 1 A, class X (given Vk ), - the second secondary: 1 A-15 VA class 0.5 for metering, - the third secondary: 1 A-10 VA-5P20.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.9

The supplier can propose a CT with three magnetic cores and secondary tappings to meet the 200 A or 1000 A need at the primary. However, such a CT is hard to manufacture because to obtain 15 VA-class 0.5 and 10 VA-5P20 on 200/1 ratios, you need 5 x 15 VA-class 0.5 and 5 x 10 VA-5P20 on 1000/1 ratios! Moreover, the supplier must comply with class X for both ratios! In point of fact, class X concerns only the 1000/1 ratio (for busbar differential protection). The 200/1 ratios concern metering and the traditional protections (see fig. 7 ). The CT to be manufactured is then easier, less bulky, cheaper and definitely feasible. This example shows that the lack of information shared between those involved is a source of errors and of non-optimisation. A consultation that does not begin properly may result in a CT that cannot be manufactured. c Taking into account the relay impedance Rh for calculation of real load (see fig. 8 ) in the CT calculation for overcurrent or in the calculation for CTs in class X. A word of warning: Rh is only considered when calculating CTs for zero sequence current lh (see Cahier Technique no. 194). For high impedance differential protections, in the calculation of Vk given by: 2 If (Rct + 2 RL + Ra), where Ra = other loads, Rh must not intervene. This is the load of one phase (we assume that no current flows through the neutral).

Rct

Rwiring

RO/C relay

Rct

Rwiring

RO/C relay

Rct

Rwiring

RO/C relay

Rh

Fig. 8 : internal and load impedances of a CT.

Vk is indeed calculated for relay stability conditions, i.e. no phase or earth fault, in the protected zone, no incorrect unbalance, therefore, in the differential connection I = 0 and the voltage of that connection = 0. Differential protections and class X For these applications, the most usual errors are: c Asking the CT manufacturer to supply CTs with the greatest Vk that he can build using a standard mould. This occurs when the differential protection relay (make, type) is not defined. There are three consequences: v overcost, v possibility of high overvoltages and overcurrents at the CT secondary which can lead to destruction of the circuit and the relay, v with no requirements for the CT Rct, it is not certain that the Vk expression corresponding to the relay used, will be complied with. To illustrate this case, let us take the example of a high impedance busbar differential protection. The CT supplied is a 2000/5 where Vk = 400 V and Rct = 2.5 . For the relay used, the expression to be satisfied is: Vk u 200 Rct + 20, i.e. 520 V. The Vk = 400 V is not sufficient! More serious still, the requirement of too high a Vk may lead to the manufacturing of a nonstandard CT (see the first two consequences above) requiring a specially designed stabilising resistance and an overvoltage limitor as well as the use of a deeper panel! c Error on the through current This error is very common. Let us take the example of a high impedance differential protection where the switchboard Isc is taken into

a - The CT manufacturer's understanding

200/1 1000/1 Cl. X

200/1 1000/1 15 VA Cl. 0.5

200/1 1000/1 10 VA-5P20

b - The real need

1000/1 Cl. X

200/1 15 VA Cl. 0.5

200/1 10 VA-5P20

Fig. 7 : example of poor understanding between the customer and the CT manufacturer.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.10

account instead of the maximum through current. The aim is to protect a motor, the CTs have a ratio of 100/1. v Result obtained with the through current (7 I n of CT): Vk u 14 (Rct + 2 RL). v Result obtained with switchboard Isc (Isc = 40 kA): Vk u 800 (Rct + 2 RL) It is not necessary to go into too much detail to understand the importance of choosing the right parameter! The table in figure 9 gives the through current values to be taken into account when the through current is the CT calculation base (see Cahier Technique no. 194). c With line differential protections, taking into account the pilot wires in the calculation of Rwiring.

In point of fact, RL is given by the wiring linking the CTs to the relay located on the same side (end) of the line (see fig. 10 ). You must not take into account the length of the pilot wires which run from one end to the other of the protected line. Reminders With respect to high impedance differential protections: c For the calculation of min. Vk, take account of the through current (see fig. 9). c Calculation of the stabilising resistance Rst is a function of min. Vk and of the relay setting current. c Calculation of peak voltage (Vp) is based on the internal Isc of the protected zone and on the real Vk of the CT.

Applications BB differential protection Motor differential protection Generator differential protection

Through Imax Switchboard real Isc

Excess through Imax Switchboard Ith

Comments Take real Isc if no increase possible. Else take Ith If you know neither the starting I nor the motor In, take 7 x In (CT) X = generator subtransient reactance as a %. If unknown, we assume X % u 15 i.e. 100/15 = 6.67 (7 is taken by excess) Pa = upstream shortcircuit power and Pt = power limited by transformer Zsc % = transformer short-circuit impedance Switchboard Ith by default

Motor starting I

7 In (motor) otherwise 7 x In (CT) 7 In (generator) otherwise 7 x In (CT)

Generator Isc contribution only, i.e. In (100 / X)

Restricted earth fault differential protection

Isc seen at the CT primary for a fault at the transformer secondary, i.e. Isc = Psc /Ue Psc = (Pt .Pa) / (Pt + Pa) Isc at 80 % of line

If Pa unknown, we take Psc = Pt Pt = Pn (100 / Zsc)

Line differential protection

Switchboard Ith by default

Fig. 9 : determining the through current properly.

RL

Pilot wires (several kilometers)

RL

Fig. 10 : RL is given by the wiring between the CT and the relays located on the same side of the line.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.11

2.4 And if the CT cannot be manufactured?

When a CT manufacturer says that he is unable to manufacture the requested CT, nine times out of ten this is because the CT has been incorrectly specified. To eliminate all the cumulated safety margins taken by all the people involved, the CT must be redefined on the basis of real needs: c real currents in the installation, c types of protection, required power, c discrimination study and protection plan (settings). This approach must be adopted whenever the specification leads to a non standard CT. Costs, lead times and safety are the factors at stake. Let us take an example: We have calculated the class X of a 1000/5 CT for a generator differential protection, assuming that X = 15 %. Not knowing the exact characteristics of the generator, we have assumed that the generator In equals the CT In .
100 In of the CT 15 i.e. Vk u 2 x 6.7 x 5 (Rct + 2 RL)

If the CT is declared impossible to manufacture, a solution, i.e. a compromise, must be found between all those involved. There is always a way out, which can be found with the help of specialists. As an example, here are a few leads: c play on the equivalences between CTs (see next section), c reduce the safety coefficient (for instance 2 to 1.5 for an overcurrent protection), c change the secondary from 5 to 1 A (see fig. 11 ), c increase wiring cross-section, c overrate the CTs (primary In), c move the relay with respect to the CT, c use matching CTs with low consumption, c and so on. The overrating of a CT can solve a manufacturing problem Let us take two examples: c A 100/1 CT with a load of 2.5 VA requires an ALF of 25 for an overcurrent protection. The standard CTs proposed are 2.5 VA-5P20. If a CT with a ratio of 150/1 - 2.5 VA-5P20 is proposed, the ALF need will be reduced in the CT primary ratio, i.e. necessary ALF = 25 x (100/150) = 16.7. An ALF of 20 is thus sufficient! c If the class X requested for a CT is proportional to a through current or a primary Isc, these values are multiplied by the CT ratio; thus, the required knee point voltage will be less for an overrated CT, unless its increasing resistance Rct starts to neutralise the ratio benefit. In all cases, it will be possible to create a higher knee point voltage than with a CT of lower ratio, as it is proportional to the number of secondary turns. Globally, the chance of obtaining workable characteristics will be greater. The same reasoning can be made for a 1 A secondary CT compared with a 5 A CT. However, the factor gain of 5 obtained on the formula by the CT ratio is often completely erased, if not reversed, by a far greater increase of secondary winding resistance.

This results in: I f =

We have rounded off 6.7 as 7. We assumed: 2 RL = 300 m of 2.5 mm2, i.e. 2.4 hence: Vk u 70 Rct + 168. Since this CT requires two other windings, this value could not be achieved using the standard mould. The solution was found by using 4 mm2 connections and by requesting the generator characteristics. Then: 2 RL = 1.5 Generator In = 830 A. X = 25 %, hence: Vk u 2 x

830 x 100 5 x (Rct +1.5) 25 1000

Vk = 33.2 Rct + 50 The difference is marked and shows the importance of obtaining the right information and of knowing the safety margins.

Length (m) Wiring losses (VA) for: In = 1 A In = 5 A

5 0.04 1

10 0.08 2

20 0.16 4

50 0.4 10

100 0.8 20

200 1.6 40

400 3.2 80

Fig. 11 : losses in wiring for a 2.5 mm2 cross-section (8 /km at 20 C). With 1 A, losses are 25 times less.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.12

Indeed, the space required for the number of turns x 5 results in reduction in wiring crosssection, thus naturally increasing its linear resistance. The new resistance can thus be amply multiplied by 10 with respect to the 5 A CT. c If you are tempted to impose a CT overrating, you must check the repercussions of the change in ratio. For example: v If the CT supplies a pilot wire differential protection, you must ensure that the corresponding CT at the other end of the line has also the same ratio change. v In the case of a restricted earth protection, you must ensure that: - the CT installed on the neutral point is also modified, - the earth fault detection is not compromised by the overrating. v For all protection types, you must check that setting of the protection is still possible. Optimisation of the differential protection CTs Let us take the example of a transformer differential protection (see fig. 12 ). c Calculating the through current. The transformer impedance limits the through

Isc = 31.5 kA (Psc 600 MVA)

300/5

RL1

11 kV Distance 500 m 5 MVA Zsc = 8 % Rr 3.3 kV 1000/5 RL2 87T

RL3

5 x 100 = 62.5 MVA) . 8 v Short-circuit power becomes:

current to: (Psct =

600 x 62.5 = 56.6 MVA . 600 + 62.5 v The through current at the secondary is: - 11 kV side: Psc =

Fig. 12 : transformer differential protection.

I f1 =

56.6 x 106 5 x = 49.5 A , 300 11 3 x 103

- 3.3 kV side:

I f2 =

56.6 x 106 5 x = 49.5 A , 1000 3.3 3 x 103

c Formulas to be applied for Vk (standard protection): v Calculating the matching CTs with a ratio of: Vka mini = 5 5/ 3

Rsr + 3 RL3 + Rp 3 v Calculating main CTs - 11 kV side: 300/5

4 I f1

)]
5 5 3

Vk p1 min = 4If1 (Rct + RL1 + Rsp) + Vka mini - 3.3 kV side: 1000/5

Vk p2 min = 4 I f2 (Rct + RL2 + Rr )

c Optimisation approach. Let us examine the case of the 300/5 CT placed in the 11 kV switchboard. v First hypothesis 5 The matching CT is the one proposed as 5/ 3 standard by the relay manufacturer. It is located with the relay on the 3.3 kV side. Wiring is 2.5 mm2 throughout. RL1 = 4 RL2 = 0.08 RL3 = 0.024 Rsr = 0.25 , secondary winding resistance of the matching CT, Rsp = 0.15 , primary winding resistance of the matching CT, Rp = 0.02 , relay resistance. We find: - Vka mini = 43.7 V (standard Vka= 58 V), - Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 847

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.13

v Second hypothesis The same as the first, except that RL1 wiring is in 10 mm2, hence RL1 = 1 The result is: - Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 243 v Third hypothesis The matching CT is on the 11 kV side as well as the relay: RL1 = 0.08 - Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 61 v Fourth hypothesis Same as the third hypothesis, except for the matching CT which is not standard, but which is imposed on the CT manufacturer where: Rs i 0.1 , Rp i 0.1 , which results in: - Vka mini = 26.5 V - Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 41

We observe that by modifying the wiring cross-section, the position and the characteristics of the matching CT, the gain on the minimum needed Vk of the 300/5 CT is around 800 V. The same approach adopted for the 1000/5 CT, placed on the 3.3 kV side, yields results that are fairly similar concerning Vk. However, in view of the fact that a 1000/5 CT is easier to manufacture than a 300/5 CT, it is more advantageous to place the relay and the matching CT on the 11 kV side. If a 1 A CT is used, the same hypotheses as above enable a move from: - Vkp1 = 39.6 Rct + 249 to Vkp1 = 39.6 Rct + 17 The 1 A CTs may be easier to manufacture than the 5 A CTs, but all depends on the relative weight of the Rct and the wiring in the Vk expression.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.14

3 Equivalence of the various possible definitions of the same CT

In many cases, you need to know how to juggle with the various CT characteristics; ratio, power, class, ALF. The reason for this is not only in order to get out of a tricky position, but also to be able to use standard CTs that are available, less costly and tested.

This section thus aims to show how CT characteristics can be manipulated. First, however, it should be pointed out that the only CT constants are its magnetising curve and resistance and, naturally, its ratio.

3.1 How to move from Pn1-5Pk1 to Pn2-5Pk2

Vs1 and Rct are fixed.

c if Pn2 is imposed, we shall obtain:

k2 = (Pi + Pn1 ) (Pi + Pn2 ) k1 or k 2 =
2 (Rct In + Pn1 ) 2 (Rct In + Pn2 )

Pn Pn Vs1 = Rct + 21 k1 In = Rct + 22 k 2 In In In Pn = Rct + 2i k i In In

2 Knowing that Pi = Rct In (internal ohmic losses of the CT), we obtain: (Pi + Pn1 ) k1 = (Pi + Pn2 ) k 2 = (Pi + Pn3 ) k 3 .

k1

c if k2 is imposed, we shall obtain:

Pn2 =

k k1 Pn1 + 1 - 1 Pi k2 k2
k k1 2 Pn1 + 1 - 1 Rct In k2 k2

or else:
Pn2 =

Sometimes, some people ignore Pi: this is a serious error as Pi can be roughly of the same value, if not higher, than Pn.

3.2 How to move from Pn1-5Pk1 to Pn2-10Pk2

We have: c if k2 is imposed, we shall have:
Pn2 = 1.9 k1 1.6 k 2 1.9 k 1 - 1 R I2 Pn1 + ct n 1.6 k 2

Pn Vs1 = Rct + 21 k1 In In Pn Vs2 = Rct + 22 k 2 In In

But:
Vs1 = 1.6 Vs2 1.9

If you wish to move from a 10P to a 5P definition, the above expressions apply: just reverse the induction ratio.

c if Pn2 is imposed:
k2 =
2 1.9 (Rct In + Pn1 ) 2 1.6 (Rct In + Pn ) 2

k1 or

k2 =

1.9 (Pi + Pn1 ) 1.6 (Pi + Pn )

2

k1

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.15

3.3 What is the Vk of a CT: Pn-XPk

How to move from Pn-5Pk to Vk We have seen that: Pn Vs1 = Rct + 21 k In In and Vk = 1.4 1.6 Vs1 How to move from Pn-10Pk to Vk We also have:

Vk =
hence

1.4 Vs 1.9 2

hence Vk =

1.4 Pn Rct + 2 k In 1.6 In

Vk =

1.4 Pn Rct + 2 k In 1.9 In

3.4 How to move from a class X (Vk, Rct) to a class 5P: Pn-5Pk
c Assuming that k is imposed, we shall obtain: c Assuming that Pn is imposed, in this case:
k = Vk In 1.6 2 1.4 Pn + Rct In

Pn =

1.6 Vk In 2 - Rct In 1.4 k

If the result is negative, this means that the necessary ALF cannot be obtained with this CT as its internal losses are too great.

Note: In this section, the induction levels: 1.4 - 1.6 - 1.9 are given as examples since they vary from one manufacturer to another.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.16

4 Conclusion

This Cahier Technique completes Cahier Technique no. 194 in its aim to increase awareness of all those involved in the process from design of an electrical network to implementation of protections, of the time wasted and the financial losses resulting from incorrect specification of CTs. In particular, it gives some examples of errors not to make and leads for solutions when the original specification is not satisfactory or when you apparently come up against a dead end. It stresses that although communication with the CT manufacturer and particularly knowledge of induction levels enables a solution to be found by playing with equivalences, it is by identifying the exact needs at all stages in the process, that the optimised solution can be found. We hope that you will find this document useful.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.17

Bibliography

Standards c IEC 60185: Current transformers Characteristics. c IEC 60044-1: Instrument transformers - Part 1: Current transformers (replaces the IEC 185). c IEC 60044-8: Instrument transformers - Part 8: Electronic current transformers. c NF C 42-502: Measuring instruments. Current transformers. Characteristics. c BS 3938 (replace by BS 7626): Specification for current transformers. Schneider Electrics Cahiers Techniques c Protection des machines et des rseaux industriels HT. P. ROCCIA, Cahier Technique no. 113. c Current transformer for HV protection. M. ORLHAC, Cahier Technique no. 164. c Protection of industrial and tertiary MV networks. A. SASTRE, Cahier Technique no. 174. c Directional protection equipment. P. BERTRAND, Cahier Technique no. 181. c Dynamic stability of industrial electrical networks. B. DE METZ NOBLAT and G. JEANJEAN, Cahier Technique no. 185. c Current transformers: How to specify them. P. FONTI, Cahier Technique no. 194. Various works c Guide de lingnierie lectrique ELECTRA - 07.86 c Protection des rseaux lectriques Ch. PREVE - Ed. Hermes - 06.98

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 195 / p.18

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