30/1049

Properties and
ratings of current-
carrying
30 conductors

Contents

30.1 Properties for aluminium and copper conductors 30/1051

30.1.1 Important definitions of properties of a metal 30/1051
30.1.2 Physical and mechanical properties 30/1051
30.1.3 Electrical properties 30/1051
30.1.4 Measuring the conductivity 30/1054
30.2 Current-carrying capacity of copper and aluminium conductors 30/1054
Copper sections 30/1055
Aluminium sections 30/1059
Relevant Standards 30/1065
Further Reading 30/1065
 Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1051

30.1 Properties for aluminium and the stress–strain relationship from a straight line
to a parabolic curve (Figure 30.1).
copper conductors • Elastic limit: the maximum stress a test specimen
may be subjected to and which may return to its
In Table 30.1 we provide the general properties of original length when the stress is released.
aluminium and copper conductors. The table also makes – Yield point: a point on the stress–strain curve
a general comparison between the two widely used metals that defines the mechanical strength of a material
for the purpose of carrying current. under different stress conditions at which a sudden
increase in strain occurs without a corresponding
30.1.1 Important definitions of properties of a metal increase in the stress (Figure 30.1).
– Yield strength or tensileproof stress: the
For ease of application of the above table we give below maximum stress that can be applied without
important definitions of the mechanical and electrical permanent deformation of the test specimen.
properties of a metal. For the materials that have an elastic limit (some
materials may not have an elastic region) this
30.1.2 Physical and mechanical properties may be expressed as the value of the stress
on the stress–strain curve corresponding to a
1 Specific heat (This is a physical property) The specific definite amount of permanent set (elongation)
heat of a substance is the heat required to raise the of, say, 0.1% or 0.2% of the test specimen.
temperature of its unit mass by 1∞C.
2 Stresses
This is the force per unit area expressed in kgf/mm2 30.1.3 Electrical properties
and is represented in a number of ways, depending Resistivity of metal of a current-carrying conductor
upon the type of force applied, e.g.
A metal being used for the purpose of current carrying
• Tensile stress: the force that will stretch or lengthen must be checked for its conductivity. This is proportional
the material and act at right angles to the area to its current-carrying capacity. This will ascertain the
subjected to such a force. correctness of size and grade of the metal chosen for a
• Ultimate tensile strength: the maximum stress value particular duty. It is necessary to avoid over-heating
as obtained on a stress–strain curve (Figure 30.1). of the conductor during continuous operation beyond
• Compressive stress: the force that will compress the limits in Table 28.2. The electrical conductivity of a
or shorten the material and act at right angles to metal is reciprocal to its resistivity. The resistivity may
the area subjected to such a force. be expressed in terms of the following units:
• Shearing stress: the force that will shear the
material and act in the plane of the area and at • Volume resistivity or specific resistance: this is the
right angles to the tensile or compressive stress. resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit cross-
• Modulus of elasticity (E): the ratio of the unit sectional area, i.e.
stress to the unit strain within the proportional
limits of a material in tension or compression. W ◊ m 2 or W · m (or m · W · m)
– Proportional limit: the point on the stress–strain m
and 1m ◊ W ◊ cm = 10 2 W ◊ mm
2
curve at which will commence the deviation in
m
• Mass resistivity: this is the resistance of a conductor
of unit length and unit mass; i.e. W · gm/m2
Ultimate tensile which is also equal to the volume resistivity multiplied
strength by the density:
i.e. (W · m) ¥ (gm/m3) = W · gm/m2
Yield point
• Length resistivity: this is the resistance of a conductor
per unit length, i.e. W/m.
* • Conductivity: therefore, the electrical conductivity
with reference to say, volume conductivity, can be
Elastic limit
expressed by
Proportional limit
Stress

m
W ◊ m2
1
or etc.
W◊m
Strain The resistivity and conductivity of standard annealed
* Tensileproof strength = 0.6 to 0.8 of ultimate tensile strength copper and a few recommended aluminium grades being
used widely for electrical applications are given in Table
Figure 30.1 Stress–strain curve 30.1. Their corresponding current-carrying capacities in
Table 30.1 Selected properties (average) of copper and aluminium at 20∞C

Parameters Standard copper Commercial purity aluminium (for electrical use)

(IACS)a

1 2 3
Relevant Standards IEC 60028 ¨––––––––––––––––––––––––––– IEC 60105 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Æ
ISO 209-1,2

Standard grades
(a) As in BS 100% IACS EIEc – Mb HE9c – WPb E – 91Ec
(b) As in BS 2898 (ISO 209-1) – 1350 6063 A 6101A
(c) Equivalent Indal grades – CIS – Mb 50S – WPb D 50S – WPb

Physical properties
(a) Chemical composition

Copper (Cu) % Cu, Si, Fe – Not more than 0.5% 0.1 0.05
Magnesium (Mg) % 0.6–0.9 0.4–0.9
Silicon (Si) % 99.9% pure Mg, Cr, Sn, Zn and Mn ⯝ Nil 0.3–0.6 0.3–0.7
Iron (Fe) % 0.15–0.35 0.4
Cr, Ti, Zn and Mn % 0.6 0.1
Aluminium – 99.5% ¨ææææ Rest is all aluminium æææææÆ

Specific heat gm.cal/∞C 0.092 ¨æææææææææææææ 0.220 ææææææææææææææææÆ

30/1052 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

Density (gm/cm3) 8.89 2.71 2.70 2.71

Melting point (∞C) 1083 ¨æææææææææææææ 660 æææææææææææææææÆ

Mechanical properties

Ultimate tensile strength kgf/mm2 22 to 26 6.5/7.0 15.5/23.5 20.5/25

Ultimate shearing strength kgf/mm2 16 to 19 5.5 16.5 15

Modulus of elasticity E kgf/mm2 12,000 7000 6700 6700

0.2% tensile-proof strength kgf/mm2 60–80% of the – 11/19.5 16.5/22

tensile strength

Electrical properties
Volume resistivity or specific resistance (r)
(a) in m · W · cm. 1.7241 2.873 3.1/3.6 3.133
2
–2 –2 –2 –2
(b) in W ◊ mm 1.7241 ¥ 10 2.873 ¥ 10 3.1 ¥ 10 /3.6 ¥ 10 3.133 ¥ 10–2
m
Parameters Standard copper Commercial purity aluminium (for electrical use)
(IACS)a

Volume conductivity m/W·mm2 58 34.80 32.26/27.8 31.90

Conductivity % IACS* 100 61/60 50/48 55

Temperature coefficient of electrical resistance

per ∞C (applicable over a working range of a20 3.93 ¥ 10–3 4.03 ¥ 10–3/3.96 ¥ 10–3 3.3 ¥ 10–3/3.168 ¥ 10–3 3.63 ¥ 10–3
100–200∞C)
a20 at a particular conductivity
= a20 at 100% conductivity ¥ actual conductivity
of the metal

Coefficient of linear expansion (thermal), (mm/∞C) 1.73 ¥ 10–5 2.3 ¥ 10–5 2.3 ¥ 10–5 2.3 ¥ 10–5
(applicable over a working range of 20–200∞C)
Mass resistivity = volume resistivity ¥ density (m·W·gm/cm2) 15.328 7.786 8.37/9.72 8.49
Notes
1 When using the above metals for the purpose of current carrying, their mechanical suitability must be checked with the data provided above to withstand, without permanent deformation,
the electrodynamic forces that may develop during a short-circuit condition (Section 28.4.2).
2 For important definitions, refer to Section 30.1.1.
3 These values are based on the mean values of a number of tests carried out on specimens of standard copper and aluminium conductors.
a
IACS – International Annealed Copper Standard
b
Suffix M (now F) or WP (now T6) represents the type of tempering.
c
EIE, HE9 and E91E are old designations. They have now been replaced by 1350, 6063 A and 6101 A respectively.
Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1053
30/1054 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

per cent, with respect to a standard reference (say, 100% induction or a smelting furnace, electroplating plant or a
IACS) are also provided in the table. rectifier plant. For main current-carrying components,
however, as required for switching or interrupting devices
30.1.4 Measuring the conductivity (breakers, switches, fuses, contactors and relays) copper
and copper alloys are preferred. The alloys of copper are
For this purpose, a simple conductivity meter based on the compact in size and are a much harder metal, suitable
principle of eddy current may be used for a direct reading for making and breaking contacts frequently and yet
of conductivity. The meter operates on the basis of relative retaining their shape and size over long years of operation.
variance, in the impedance of the test piece compared to Copper is also used for low ratings, up to 100 A or so,
the reference standard piece of aluminium or copper having required for the internal wiring of power and control
a conductivity of 100% or 31.9 m/Wmm2 for aluminium circuits in a switchgear or a controlgear assembly, where
and 58.0 m/Wmm2 for IACS (International Annealed Copper the wires have to bend frequently. Aluminium, being
Standard) in terms of conductivity unit. The test probes, brittle, is unsuitable for such applications. The use of
that sense the impedance of the test piece, induce an eddy copper is also recommended for areas that are humid,
current in the test piece at a fixed frequency. The magnitude saline and chemically aggressive which may corrode
of this current is directly proportional to the conductivity aluminium quickly. As aluminium is highly oxidizing
of the metal. This eddy current develops an electromagnetic and a very susceptible metal to such environments it
field around the test piece and varies the impedance of the may loosen at the joints. Typical locations are mines,
test probe (skin effect). The conductivity is thus determined ships, textile mills and chemical and petrochemical
by measuring the corresponding change in the impedance processing units. But for such applications also, the latest
of the probe. Figure 30.2 shows a simple and portable practice is to instal electrical equipment and switchgears
conductivity meter. in separate rooms, away from the affected areas, thus
making it possible to use aluminium. In the following
tables we have provided data for both copper and
30.2 Current-carrying capacity of aluminium conductors. Copper current ratings are shown
copper and aluminium in Tables 30.2 (a, b and c) for flat bars, tubes and channel
sections respectively. Derating factors as shown in Table
conductors 30.3 may be applied to account for skin effect when
more than one bar is used in parallel. No separate skin
Earlier practice was to use copper in most applications effect factor need be calculated when this factor is applied.
in view of its rigidity and high conductivity. With the Below we give the recommended sizes and ratings:
easier availability of aluminium and being more viable
economically, aluminium is now preferred wherever • Copper wires/cables: refer to Table 13.15 for current
possible. It is employed particularly where the metal has ratings up to 100 A, as recommended for the internal
to simply carry power such as for the transmission and wiring of a power switchgear or a controlgear assembly.
distribution of power at any voltage and as the main • Copper solid conductors: Tables 30.2 a, b and c and
current-carrying conductor in power distribution or control 30.3 for general engineering purposes.
equipment, such as a bus system or a switchgear assembly. • Aluminium solid conductors: Tables 30.4, 30.5, 30.6,
Similarly, it is also used to feed high currents to an 30.7, 30.8 and 30.9 for general engineering purposes.
The following factors must be taken into account while
deciding on the most appropriate and economical sections
of the metal conductors for the required current rating;
For the same thickness, a smaller cross-section will
have a relatively higher heat-dissipating area compared to
HI-SET

% I.A.C.S. 3
4
5 6
7 a larger cross-section. The latter therefore will have a higher
10
50 40
2
1
0
deration compared to a smaller cross-section on account
LOW–SET
5 6
7
of poorer heat dissipation. This can be illustrated as follows.
Consider a 25.4 ¥ 6.35 mm conductor with a cross-
4
3
2
1

sectional area of 25.4 ¥ 6.35 mm2 and a surface area of 2

0

VITY
(25.4 + 6.35) ¥ l (l being the length, in mm) = 63.5l mm2.
SENSITI
6 7
OFF ON 4
5

A conductor with twice the width (i.e. 50.8 ¥ 6.35

3
2
1
0

mm) will have a cross-sectional area of 50.8 ¥ 6.35 mm2,

and a surface area of 2 (50.8 + 6.35) ¥ l = 114.3l mm2.
Thus the larger section having twice the cross-sectional
area in the same thickness will have 114.3/(2 ¥ 63.5) or
only 90% surface area compared to the smaller section
and consequently less heat dissipation in the same ratio
and will require a higher derating.

Corollary
Figure 30.2 Conductivity meter (Courtesy: Technofour) 1 Thinner sections will have a relatively higher surface
 Tables of properties of high conductivity (HC) copper conductors
Table 30.2a Current ratings, moments of inertia and section moduli for strips and bars
(For more sections see CDA Pub.22)
Approx. d.c. rating Approx. a.c. rating Moment of inertia, I Modulus of Section, Z
Busbar size X-Sectional Weight Approx d.c. Still air Free air Still air Free air Edgewise Flat Edgewise Flat Busbar size
area resistance 20∞C
mm mm2 kg/m mW/m A A A A mm4 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm

12.5 ¥ 4.0 50 0.446 344 210 230 210 230 651.0 66.67 104.2 33.34 12.5 ¥ 4.0
25 ¥ 4.0 100 0.893 172 365 410 365 410 5208 133.3 416.6 66.65 25 ¥ 4.0
50 ¥ 4.0 200 1.785 86.2 665 740 660 735 41660 266.7 1666 133.4 50 ¥ 4.0
80 ¥ 4.0 320 2.856 53.8 995 1120 980 1105 170 ¥ 103 426.7 4268 213.4 80 ¥ 4.0
3
100 ¥ 4.0 400 3.571 43.1 1210 1365 1185 1340 333 ¥ 10 533.3 6666 266.7 100 ¥ 4.0
12.5 ¥ 6.3 78.75 0.703 218 275 305 275 305 1025 260.5 164.0 82.70 12.5 ¥ 6.3
25 ¥ 6.0 150 1.339 114 460 515 460 515 7813 450.0 625.0 150.0 25 ¥ 6.0
50 ¥ 6.0 300 2.678 57.4 825 915 815 910 62500 900.0 2500 300.0 50 ¥ 6.0
80 ¥ 6.0 480 4.285 35.9 1230 1370 1220 1355 256 ¥ 103 1440 6400 480.0 80 ¥ 6.0
100 ¥ 6.0 600 5.356 28.7 1490 1680 1480 1670 500 ¥ 103 1800 10000 600.0 100 ¥ 6.0
120 ¥ 6.0 720 6.428 23.9 1750 1970 1700 1915 864 ¥ 103 2160 14400 720.0 120 ¥ 6.0
160 ¥ 6.0 960 8.570 17.9 2250 2535 2130 2400 2.05 ¥ 106 2880 25600 960.0 160 ¥ 6.0
25 ¥ 8.0 200 1.785 86.2 545 610 545 605 10420 1067 833.6 266.7 25 ¥ 8.0
50 ¥ 8.0 400 3.571 43.1 965 1070 950 1055 83300 2133 3333 533.3 50 ¥ 8.0
80 ¥ 8.0 640 5.713 26.9 1435 1595 1420 1580 341 ¥ 103 3413 8533 853.3 80 ¥ 8.0
100 ¥ 8.0 800 7.142 21.5 1735 1955 1595 1800 667 ¥ 103 4267 13330 1067 100 ¥ 8.0
120 ¥ 8.0 960 8.570 17.9 2032 2290 1760 1985 1.15 ¥ 106 5120 19200 1280 120 ¥ 8.0
6
160 ¥ 8.0 1280 11.43 13.4 2610 2935 2230 2510 2.73 ¥ 10 6827 34140 1707 160 ¥ 8.0
200 ¥ 8.0 1600 14.27 10.8 3170 3570 2760 3110 5.33 ¥ 106 8533 53330 2133 200 ¥ 8.0
25 ¥ 10 250 2.232 68.9 625 695 580 645 13020 2083 1042 416.6 25 ¥ 10
50 ¥ 10 500 4.464 34.4 1090 1235 1060 1200 104 ¥ 103 4167 4168 833.4 50 ¥ l0
3
80 ¥ 10 800 7.142 21.5 1615 1840 1525 1735 427 ¥ 10 6667 10670 1333 80 ¥ 10
3
100 ¥ 10 1000 8.928 17.2 1950 2225 1800 2065 833 ¥ 10 8333 16670 1667 100 ¥ 10
120 ¥ 10 1200 10.71 14.3 2285 2610 2100 2395 144 ¥ 103 10000 23980 2000 120 ¥ 10
Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1055

160 ¥ 10 1600 14.28 10.7 2930 3380 2620 3040 341 ¥ 103 13330 42660 2666 160 ¥ 10
Table 30.2a (Contd.)
Approx. d.c. rating Approx. a.c. rating Moment of inertia, I Modulus of Section, Z
Busbar size X-Sectional Weight Approx d.c. Still air Free air Still air Free air Edgewise Flat Edgewise Flat Busbar size
area resistance 20∞C
mm mm2 kg/m mW/m A A A A mm4 mm4 mm3 mm3 mm
200 ¥ 10 2000 17.84 8.62 3550 4150 3140 3630 6.67 ¥ 106 16670 66670 3334 200 ¥ 10
6 3
250 ¥ 10 2500 22.30 6.89 4320 5030 3710 4310 13.0 ¥ 10 20830 104 ¥ 10 4166 250 ¥ 10
25 ¥ 12 300 2.678 57.4 700 710 640 650 15630 3599 1250 599.8 25 ¥ 12
50 ¥ 12 600 5.356 28.7 1210 1330 1160 1275 125 ¥ 103 7199 5000 1199 50 ¥ 12
3
80 ¥ 12 960 8.570 17.9 1785 2000 1670 1870 512 ¥ 10 11519 12800 1919 80 ¥ 12
100 ¥ 12 1200 10.71 14.3 2155 2420 2010 2255 1.00 ¥ 106 14390 20000 2398 100 ¥ 12
120 ¥ 12 1440 12.85 11.9 2520 2880 2310 2640 1.73 ¥ 106 17280 28800 2880 120 ¥ 12
6
160 ¥ 12 1920 17.14 8.97 3225 3650 2860 3235 4.10 ¥ 10 23040 51200 3840 160 ¥ 12
200 ¥ 12 2400 21.43 7.18 3910 4480 3380 3870 8.00 ¥ 106 28790 80000 4798 200 ¥ 12
250 ¥ 12 3000 26.78 5.74 4750 5440 4060 4650 15.6 ¥ 106 35990 125 ¥ 103 5998 250 ¥ 12

Based on Copper Development Association, Pub. 22

Notes
1. The ratings are based on a 50∞C rise over 40∞C ambient temperature in still but unconfined air.
2. AC ratings are for frequencies up to 60 Hz. At 50 Hz ratings may be enhanced by 2.5–5% in large cross-sections (see Section 28.7.2).
30/1056 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

3. AC ratings are based on spacings at which the proximity effect is considered almost negligible (≥ 300 mm Section 28.8).
4. These are the basic maximum ratings, that a current-carrying conductor can carry under ideal operating conditions. The rating is influenced by the service conditions and other design
considerations, as discussed in Section 28.5. Apply suitable derating factors to arrive at the actual current ratings of these conductors under actual operating conditions.
5. Ratings may be improved by approximately 20% if the busbars are painted black with a non-metallic matt finish paint. This is because heat dissipation through a surface depends upon
temperature, type of surface and colour. A rough surface dissipates heat more readily than a smooth surface and a black body more quickly than a normal surface. Also refer to Section
31.4.4 and Table 31.1. Black paint also prevents the metal from oxidation and improves cooling. Oxidation is a thermal insulating film and a hindrance in the natural heat dissipation.
6. The above ratings are for single bars. When multiple bars are used, apply the skin effect factor as per Table 30.3. This factor will account for the restricted heat dissipation and additional
skin effect due to the large number of bars.
 Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1057

r1
r2
Table 30.2b Current ratings, moments of inertia and section moduli for tubes
(For more metric and imperial sections and rods see CDA Pub. 22)

Outside Wall Cross Approx. Moment of Modulus Approx. resistance Approx. d.c. current rating
diameter thickness sectional area weight inertia of section of section per m 20∞C

mm mm mm2 kg/m mm4 mm3 mW Indoor A Outdoor A

22 1.0 65.98 0.587 3645 331.4 263 320 410

22 1.5 96.61 0.859 5102 463.8 179 385 500
22 2.0 125.7 1.12 6346 576.9 138 440 570
22 2.5 154.1 1.37 7399 672.7 112 490 630
22 3.0 179.1 1.59 8282 752.9 97.0 525 680
28 1.5 124.9 1.11 11000 785.5 139 480 620
28 2.0 163.4 1.45 13890 991.8 106.3 550 700
28 2.5 200.3 1.78 16440 1157 86.7 605 780
28 3.0 235.6 2.10 18670 1334 73.7 660 850
35 1.5 157.9 1.40 22190 1268 110 585 750
35 2.0 207.4 1.84 28330 1619 83.7 670 850
35 2.5 255.3 2.27 33900 1937 68.0 740 950
35 3.0 301.6 2.68 38940 2225 57.5 805 1030
54 1.5 247.4 2.20 85300 3160 70.2 855 1090
54 2.0 326.7 2.91 110600 4096 53.1 980 1250
54 2.5 404.5 3.60 134400 4978 42.9 1090 1390
54 3.0 480.7 4.27 156800 5808 36.1 1190 1520
76.1 2.0 465.6 4.14 319800 8404 37.3 1330 1690
76.1 2.5 578.1 5.14 392000 10300 30.0 1480 1880
76.1 3.0 689.0 6.13 461000 12110 25.2 1610 2050
76.1 3.5 798.3 7.10 527200 13850 21.7 1740 2210
108 2.5 828.6 7.37 1.153 ¥ 10 6
21360 20.9 2010 2550
108 3.0 989.6 8.80 1.365 ¥ 106 25280 17.5 2190 2790
108 3.5 1149 10.2 1.570 ¥ 106 29080 15.1 2360 3010
133 3.0 1225 10.9 2.590 ¥ 106 38940 14.1 2630 3350
133 3.5 1424 12.7 2.987 ¥ 106 44920 12.1 2830 3610
159 3.0 1470 13.1 4.474 ¥ 106 56280 11.8 3070 2910
159 3.5 1710 15.2 5.171 ¥ 106 65040 10.1 3310 4420

Based on Copper Development Association, Pub. 22

Notes
1. The ratings are based on a 50∞C rise over 40∞C ambient temperature in still but unconfined air.
2. AC ratings are for frequencies up to 60 Hz. At 50 Hz ratings may be enhanced by 2.5–5% in large cross-sections (see Section 28.7.2).
3. AC ratings are based on spacings at which the proximity effect is considered almost negligible (≥300 mm Section 28.8)
4. These are the basic maximum ratings, that a current-carrying conductor can carry under ideal operating conditions. The rating is
influenced by the service conditions and other design considerations, as discussed in Section 28.5. Apply suitable derating factors to
arrive at the actual current ratings of these conductors under actual operating conditions.
5. Ratings may be improved by approximately 20% if the busbars are painted black with a non-metallic matt finish paint. This is because
heat dissipation through a surface depends upon temperature, type of surface and colour. A rough surface dissipates heat more readily
than a smooth surface and a black body more quickly than a normal surface. Also refer to Section 31.4.4 and Table 31.1. Black paint
also prevents the metal from oxidation and improves cooling. Oxidation is a thermal insulating film and a hindrance in the natural heat
dissipation.
6. The above ratings are for single bars. When multiple bars are used, apply the skin effect factor as per Table 30.3. This factor will account
for the restricted heat dissipation and additional skin effect due to the large number of bars.
 Y Y
f

h X X h1 X X

t f
t
Y Y
Table 30.2c Current ratings, moments of inertia and section moduli for channel sections

ONE CHANNEL TWO CHANNELS

Height Width of Thickness Area Approx. Moment of inertia Modulus of section Approx. d.c. Approx a.c. rating
h flange f t A weight c x–x y–y x–x y–y resistance at 20∞C Test a Calculated b
mm mm mm mm2 kg/m ¥ 105 mm4 ¥ 105 mm4 ¥ 105 mm3 ¥ 105 mm3 mW/m A A
76.2 33.3 4.91 542 4.82 5.06 0.543 0.133 0.0226 31.8 2200 3000
76.2 33.3 5.49 690 6.15 6.30 0.673 0.165 0.0286 24.9 2500 3400
76.2 33.3 7.21 884 7.86 7.78 0.822 0.204 0.0358 19.5 2800 3800
102 44.5 5.08 890 7.92 14.5 1.60 0.286 0.0497 19.4 3200 4400
102 44.5 6.10 1050 9.35 16.9 1.86 0.333 0.0583 16.4 3500 4800
102 44.5 8.59 1430 12.7 22.3 2.42 0.439 0.0780 12.0 4000 5550
127 55.6 6.60 1450 12.9 36.4 4.05 0.573 0.102 11.9 4500 6150
127 55.6 8.61 1850 16.4 45.4 5.02 0.796 0.127 9.35 5000 6850
152 68.3 7.01 1850 16.8 68.9 7.30 0.901 0.147 9.15 5600 7700
30/1058 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

152 68.3 9.75 2550 22.7 90.9 10.7 1.19 0.220 6.76 6300 8600
152 68.3 12.5 3180 28.3 111 12.9 1.45 0.270 5.41 6700 9200
178 81.0 8.26 2610 23.2 129 15.9 1.46 0.272 6.59 7000 9650
178 81.0 13.2 4010 35.7 191 23.7 2.18 0.417 4.29 7900 10850
203 81.0 11.9 4280 38.0 272 34.3 2.68 0.513 4.04 8900 12300
228 105 12.7 5140 45.7 413 51.7 3.61 0.688 3.35 10000 13750
89.9 63.5 ¥ 63.5 4.76 542 4.81 3.62 0.957 0.0806 0.0533 31.8 2750 3000
108 76.2 ¥ 76.2 4.76 671 5.95 6.41 1.71 0.119 0.0583 35.7 3300 3600
108 76.2 ¥ 76.2 6.35 910 8.08 8.08 1.92 0.150 0.0637 18.9 3650 4100
126 88.9 ¥ 88.9 6.35 1070 9.52 13.3 3.33 0.211 0.0957 16.1 4200 4500
144 102 ¥ 102 6.35 1230 10.9 17.5 5.00 0.243 0.128 14.1 4800 5200
162 114 ¥ 114 6.35 1390 12.3 29.1 7.33 0.359 0.167 12.4 5400 5850
162 114 ¥ 114 7.94 1650 14.7 35.5 9.20 0.439 0.208 10.4 6000 6550
180 127 ¥ 127 7.94 1850 16.4 49.2 12.4 0.549 0.251 9.32 6750 7400
216 152 ¥ 152 7.94 2260 20.1 86.5 21.6 0.803 0.370 7.61 8000 8700

Based on Copper Development Association, Pub. 22

a
30∞C rise over 40∞C ambient
b
50∞C rise over 40∞C ambient. For approximate values for ambients below or above 40∞C increase or decrease rating by 0.25% per ∞C respectively.
c
Weights based on copper density of 8.89 g/cm3
Notes
As in Table 30.2a
 Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1059

Table 30.3 Multiplying factors for copper sections 3 Skin effect – the same theory is usually true for the
skin effect. The thinner the surface, the smaller will
No. of bars Multiplying factor be the nucleus resulting in a higher concentration
of current at the surface and better utilization of
1 1.0 metal.
2 1.8
3 2.5 We can derive the same inference from Tables 30.2(a, b
4 3.2 and c), 30.4 and 30.5, specifying current ratings for
5 3.9
6 4.4 different cross-sections. The current-carrying capacity
8 5.5 varies with the cross-section not in a linear but in an
inconsistent manner depending upon the cross-section
Source: Copper Development Association, Pub. 22. and the number of conductors used in parallel. It is not
Note possible to define accurately the current rating of a
The space between the bars is considered to be equal to the thickness
of the bars. conductor through a mathematical expression. This can
be established only by laboratory tests.
area to dissipate heat compared to thicker sections. Mechanical and electrical data for important rectangular,
The thinner the section, the better will be metal circular and channel sections are also provided in Tables
utilization and vice versa. 30.2a, b and c for copper and Tables 30.7, 30.8 and 30.9
2 More bars in parallel will reduce the heat dissipation for aluminium conductors respectively for reference. For
further and will require yet higher deratings. more details one may contact the manufacturer.

Table 30.4 Current ratings for rectangular aluminium sections, grade E91-E (6101 A)

Size 1 bar 1 bar 2 bars 2 bars 3 bars 3 bars 4 bars 4 bars

mm D.C. 50 Hz D.C. 50 Hz D.C. 50 Hz D.C. 50 Hz
A.C. A.C. A.C. A.C.

Approximate ratings (A)

25.4 ¥ 6.35 355 355 710 705 980 970 1120 1100
38.1 ¥ 6.35 520 520 1030 1020 1380 1350 1585 1535
50.8 ¥ 6.35 670 670 1315 1290 1765 1705 2050 1940
63.5 ¥ 6.35 820 810 1550 1510 2100 2000 2430 2260
76.2 ¥ 6.35 970 960 1805 1740 2440 2310 2860 2620
101.6 ¥ 6.35 1260 1235 2260 2140 3060 2800 3640 3200
127.0 ¥ 6.35 1545 1505 2700 2510 3660 3240 4410 3700
152.4 ¥ 6.35 1840 1780 3130 2860 4290 3680 5250 4240
50.8 ¥ 9.53 840 830 1560 1500 2090 1970 2460 2260
76.2 ¥ 9.53 1210 1180 2180 2050 2940 2660 3510 3030
101.6 ¥ 9.53 1550 1495 2710 2480 3660 3150 4400 3560
127.0 ¥ 9.53 1940 1860 3290 2930 4450 3660 5400 4200
152.4 ¥ 9.53 2260 2120 3770 3340 5140 4080 6300 4680
203.2 ¥ 9.53 2940 2750 4800 4150 6500 4900 8060 5740
76.2 ¥ 12.7 1405 1355 2450 2240 3290 2830 4000 3240
101.6 ¥ 12.7 1830 1740 3100 2720 4170 3360 5100 3900
127.0 ¥ 12.7 2230 2080 3720 3120 5040 3900 6170 4550
152.4 ¥ 12.7 2620 2420 4300 3500 5850 4400 7200 5100
203.2 ¥ 12.7 3380 3060 5450 4450 7420 5300 9110 6150
254.0 ¥ 12.7 4080 3640 6500 5000 8860 6000 10900 6850
Source: Indalco
Notes
1 The ratings are indicative and based on a 50∞C rise over 35∞C ambient temperature in still but unconfined air.
2 For a multiple-bar arrangement, the space between the bars is considered to be equal to the thickness of the bar.
3 A.C. ratings are based on spacings, at which the proximity effect is considered almost negligible (≥ 300 mm, Section 28.8).
4 These are the basic maximum ratings that a current-carrying conductor can carry under ideal operating conditions. They are influenced
by the service conditions and other design considerations, as discussed in Section 28.5. Apply suitable derating factors to arrive at the
actual current ratings of these conductors under actual operating conditions.
5 Ratings may be improved approximately by 20% if the busbars are painted black with a non-metallic matt finish paint. This is because the
heat dissipation through a surface depends upon its temperature, type of surface and colour. A rough surface dissipates heat more readily
than a smooth surface and a black body more quickly than a normal surface. See also Section 31.4.4 and Table 31.1. Black paint also
prevents the metal from oxidation and improves cooling. Oxidation is a thermal insulating film and a hindrance in the natural heat dissipation.
6 Other grades as in BS EN 755-3 (ISO 209–1,2), for electrical purposes, and as produced by the leading manufacturers, are provided in Table
30.6.
7 To obtain the current rating for any other grade of busbar, multiply the above figures by the appropriate factor defined in Table 30.6.
30/1060 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

Table 30.5 Current ratings for rectangular aluminium sections, Grade EIE-M (1350)

Conductor Cross-sectional 1 bar 2 bars 3 bars 4 bars 5 bars 6 bars

size area
(mm) (mm2) Approximate ratings (A)

2.5 ¥ 12 30 118 210 285 360 425 480

16 40 151 275 395 490 580 655
20 50 183 320 450 575 675 770
25 62.5 223 390 540 685 800 910
30 75 263 480 660 840 990 1115
40 100 342 610 860 1080 1260 1425
4 ¥ 12 48 156 290 420 536 620 700
16 64 198 340 470 600 710 815
20 80 238 410 570 720 850 955
25 100 290 530 755 950 1110 1250
30 120 339 600 845 1060 1245 1400
40 160 434 750 1050 1320 1550 1750
50 200 532 905 1260 1575 1825 2035
6 ¥ 12 72 200 350 480 610 720 825
16 96 252 450 640 805 960 1075
20 120 301 550 790 1000 1170 1320
25 150 364 640 900 1120 1315 1485
30 180 424 730 1025 1290 1520 1720
40 240 545 935 1310 1630 1900 2130
50 300 660 1130 1580 1950 2255 2505
60 360 782 1350 1870 2200 2630 2885
80 480 995 1700 2310 2745 3070 3330
100 600 1215 2090 2770 3190 3490 3745
120 720 1415 2415 3180 3640 3985 4270
160 960 1830 3100 4050 4600 5025 5340
10 ¥ 40 400 720 1230 1710 2110 2425 2670
50 500 870 1500 2060 2505 2850 3100
60 600 1015 1750 2350 2795 3120 3380
80 800 1250 2215 2940 3355 3675 3950
100 1000 1565 2650 3465 3940 4315 4635
120 1200 1810 3050 4010 4560 4980 5290
160 1600 2310 3940 5170 5870 6300 6620
200 2000 2795 4750 6160 – – –
250 2500 3365 5720 – – – –
16 ¥ 100 1600 1950 3260 4250 4890 5340 5660
120 1920 2255 3850 5030 5700 6130 6450
160 2560 2840 4830 6260 – – –
200 3200 3395 5780 – – – –
250 4000 4095 6500 – – – –

Source: The Aluminium Federation

Notes
1 Current ratings for E-91E (6101 A) bars are about 3% lower than EIE-M (1350); refer to Table 30.6.
2 The ratings are indicative and based on a 50∞C rise over 35∞C ambient temperature in still but unconfined air.
3 For a multiple-bar arrangement the space between the bars is considered to be equal to the thickness of the bar.
4 AC ratings are based on spacings at which the proximity effect is considered almost negligible (≥ 300 mm, Section 28.8).
5 These are the basic maximum ratings that a current-carrying conductor can carry under ideal operating conditions. They are influenced
by the service conditions and other design considerations, as discussed in Section 28.5. Apply suitable derating factors to arrive at the
actual current ratings of these conductors under actual operating conditions.
6 Ratings may be improved approximately by 20% if the busbars are painted black with a non-metallic matt finish paint. This is because,
the heat dissipation through a surface depends upon its temperature, type of surface and colour. A rough surface dissipates heat more
readily than a smooth surface and a black body more quickly than a normal body. See also Section 31.4.4 and Table 31.1. Black paint
also prevents the metal from oxidation and improves cooling. Oxidation is a thermal insulating film and a hindrance in the natural heat
dissipation.
7 Other grades as in BS EN 755–3 (ISO 209–1, 2), for electrical purposes, and as produced by the leading manufacturers, are provided
in Table 30.6.
8 To obtain the current rating for any other grade of busbar, multiply the above figures by the appropriate factor defined in Table 30.6.
 Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1061

Table 30.6 Grades of aluminium alloys for electrical purposes

Grades as the old Grades as in BS EN 755-3 Equivalent grades of Indian Multiplying factor to ratings
designation (ISO 209-1) Aluminium (Indal) alloys of Table 30.4

EIE–M 1350 CIS–M 1.03

EIC–M – 2 S–M 1.02
E–91E 6101 A D 50 S–WP 1.00
HE–9–WP 6063 A 50 S–WP 0.94

Notes
1 Aluminium conductors for engineering application are produced in commercial grade quality, having an electrical conductivity varying
from 70% to 94% (approx.) as well as electrical grade quality having a purity in electrical conductivity as 94% and higher, as noted
above, varying slightly from manufacturer to manufacturer. Commercial grade, not below HE–9–WP (6063A), can be used for current
carrying, say, up to 1000 A, although electrical grade is preferred. For higher currents, however, electrical grade only should be
preferred.
2 When the short-circuit forces are likely to be high, say, 1500 kgf or more, per metre run, such as on a main power circuit the electrolytic
grade aluminium of type EIE–M (1350) may not be recommended. It is a soft metal mechanically, as noted in Table 30.1, which will
require busbar supports at very close spacing, defeating the economics of the selection. The grade type E-91E (6101 A), which has a
better mechanical strength, would be a better choice for all types of power applications. The selection of busbars, shape and grade, is
thus governed by mechanical considerations and economics, rather than the purity of the alloy alone.
Table 30.7 Indal CIS - M and D 50 S - WP rectangular busbars equivalent to EIE - M (1350) and E - 91E (6101 A) as in
BS EN 755-3 (ISO 209-1,2) (mechanical and electrical data)

Cross- Weight CISM d.c. D 50 SWP d.c. Reactance Xa Moment of inertia Section modulus Radius of gyration
Size sectional resistance resistance at 305 mm y
area (max.) (max.) spacing at
at 20∞C at 20∞C 50 Hz
x x

y
mm mm2 kg/m mW/m mW/m mW/m (cm4) (cm4) (cm3) (cm3) (cm) (cm)
Ix–x Iy–y Zx–x Zy–y Kx–x Ky–y

25.4 ¥ 6.35 161.29 0.435 178.15 194.35 236.22 0.874 0.012 0.688 0.131 0.734 0.183
38.1 ¥ 6.35 241.30 0.652 118.76 129.56 215.22 2.914 0.033 1.540 0.262 1.102 0.183
50.8 ¥ 6.35 322.58 0.871 89.07 97.18 199.14 6.951 0.125 2.737 0.393 1.468 0.183
63.5 ¥ 6.35 403.23 1.089 71.26 77.82 186.35 13.569 0.125 4.261 0.426 1.836 0.183
76.2 ¥ 6.35 483.87 1.306 59.38 64.80 175.85 23.434 0.166 6.145 0.508 2.202 0.183
101.6 ¥ 6.35 645.16 1.742 44.55 48.59 159.45 55.484 0.208 10.930 0.688 2.936 0.183
127.0 ¥ 6.35 806.45 2.177 35.63 38.88 146.00 108.387 0.291 17.075 0.852 3.670 0.183
152.4 ¥ 6.35 967.74 2.613 29.69 32.38 134.51 187.304 0.333 24.581 1.032 4.404 0.183
50.8 ¥ 9.53 484.12 1.307 59.38 64.80 195.86 10.406 0.374 4.097 0.787 1.466 0.274
76.2 ¥ 9.53 726.19 1.961 39.60 43.18 174.21 35.130 0.541 9.226 1.147 2.202 0.274
101.6 ¥ 9.53 968.25 2.614 29.69 32.38 157.48 83.246 0.749 16.387 1.540 2.936 0.274
127.0 ¥ 9.53 1210.31 3.268 23.75 26.21 144.36 162.580 0.916 25.613 1.917 3.670 0.274
30/1062 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

152.4 ¥ 9.53 1452.37 3.921 19.82 21.59 134.18 280.956 1.082 36.871 2.311 4.404 0.274
203.2 ¥ 9.53 1936.50 5.228 14.83 16.21 117.45 665.970 1.457 65.548 3.064 5.872 0.274
76.2 ¥ 12.70 967.74 2.613 29.69 32.38 170.93 46.826 1.290 12.290 2.048 2.202 0.368
101.6 ¥ 12.70 1290.32 3.848 22.28 24.28 155.84 111.009 1.748 21.844 2.737 2.936 0.368
127.0 ¥ 12.70 1612.90 4.355 17.81 19.42 143.04 216.773 2.164 34.134 3.409 3.670 0.368
152.4 ¥ 12.70 1935.48 5.226 14.83 16.21 132.54 374.608 2.622 49.161 4.097 4.404 0.368
203.2 ¥ 12.70 2580.64 6.968 11.12 12.14 115.81 887.822 3.455 87.376 5.441 5.872 0.368
254.0 ¥ 12.70 3225.80 8.710 8.89 9.71 96.78 1734.436 4.329 136.570 6.817 7.341 0.368

Source: Indalco
Notes
As in Table 30.4
 r1
r2

Table 30.8 Indal D50S WP tubular busbars (mechanical and electrical data and current rating)

Pipe Nominal diameter Wall Area Nominal Moment Section Radius of G.M.D. D.C. Reactance Current rating at 50 Hz
nominal thickness weight of inertia modulus gyration Ds. resistance Xa at 300 mm (Amps)
size IPS Outside Inside (max.) at spacing at
20∞C 50 Hz Indoors Outdoors
in. mm mm mm mm2 kg/m cm4 cm3 cm cm mW/m mW/m

(standard pipe sizes)

1 33.40 26.64 3.38 319 0.861 3.634 0.857 1.068 1.560 98.1 186.7 675 815
11/4 42.16 35.04 3.56 432 1.166 8.104 3.844 1.371 1.991 72.7 171.3 845 1010
11/2 48.26 40.90 3.68 515 1.392 12.899 5.345 1.581 2.291 60.7 162.7 960 1160
2 60.33 52.51 3.91 693 1.871 27.709 9.186 1.999 2.878 45.1 148.3 1245 1440
2 1/ 2 73.03 62.71 5.16 1100 2.970 63.683 17.451 2.406 3.475 28.4 136.2 1720 1950
3 88.90 77.92 5.49 1439 3.884 125.606 28.258 2.957 4.267 21.8 123.7 2130 2350
3 1/ 2 101.60 90.12 5.74 1729 4.667 199.279 39.227 3.396 4.877 17.4 115.2 2510 2750
4 114.30 102.26 6.02 2048 5.529 301.039 52.675 3.835 5.514 15.3 107.6 2800 3050
4 1/ 2 127.00 114.46 6.27 2379 6.423 434.683 68.454 4.275 6.160 13.2 100.1 3160 3420
5 141.30 128.20 6.55 2724 7.490 631.007 89.326 4.770 6.853 11.3 93.8 3550 3810
(extra-heavy pipe sizes)
1 33.40 24.30 4.55 412 1.113 4.395 2.632 1.033 1.521 76.0 188.3 745 925
11/4 42.16 32.46 4.85 568 1.535 10.064 4.774 1.330 1.951 55.1 172.6 975 1170
11/2 48.26 38.10 5.08 689 1.861 16.283 6.748 1.537 2.245 45.4 164.0 1125 1335
2 60.33 49.25 5.54 954 2.575 36.125 11.977 1.947 2.835 32.9 149.3 1465 1680
2 1/ 2 73.03 59.01 7.01 1454 3.926 80.183 21.954 2.347 3.414 21.5 137.1 1955 2230
3 88.90 73.66 7.62 1946 5.254 162.093 36.466 2.885 4.178 16.1 124.7 2470 2700
3 1/ 2 101.60 85.44 8.08 2374 6.410 261.393 51.455 3.320 4.801 13.2 116.1 2850 3160
4 114.30 97.18 8.56 2844 7.678 399.998 69.989 3.752 5.431 11.0 108.3 3260 3590
4 1/ 2 127.00 108.96 9.02 3343 9.027 584.938 92.115 4.183 6.045 9.4 100.7 3700 4040
5 141.30 122.24 9.53 3947 10.656 860.350 121.772 4.671 6.746 8.0 94.5 4190 4550

Source: Indalco
Notes
1 These data are indicative and provided for typical standard sizes from a manufacturer. Busbars larger than the above are generally not manufactured in tubular sections but in sections and
configurations that are convenient by extrusion (Figure 31.15). By welding such sections, one can form any desired size of tubular or any other conductor shape (hexagonal or octagonal).
Such large sections are required for isolated phase bus (IPB) systems, discussed in Chapter 31.
2 Other notes as in Table 30.4.
Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1063
 B
y
f a

bx x C
t b
x Table 30.9 Channel busbar: mechanical and electrical data and current ratings (Grade E – 91E)
y

One channel Two channels

Size Web Flange Inner Fillet Section Weight Moment of Section Radius of Distance D.C. Depth Width React- D.C. A.C.
and width flat radius area inertia modulus gyration to Resis- ance at current current
flange surface neutral tance 305 mm rating rating
thickness axis x (max.) spacing at 50 Hz
at 20∞C at 50 Hz
mm mm mm mm mm mm2 kg/m cm4 cm3 cm mm mW/m mm mm mW/m Amps Amps
b t B C f Ix – x Iy – y Zx – x Zy – y Kx – x Ky – y b a Xa

76.2 6.35 38.10 45.08 7.62 1013 2.735 77.42 12.07 20.48 4.59 2.84 1.12 11.9 33.07 76.2 100.0 114.83 3380 3340
101.6 6.68 41.83 69.20 9.52 1187 3.205 171.07 17.07 33.76 5.74 3.78 1.19 11.7 26.41 101.6 106.4 106.96 4250 4190
127.0 8.00 48.00 92.00 9.50 1695 4.576 375.44 31.63 59.16 9.18 4.70 1.37 13.2 18.41 127.0 127.0 92.52 5540 5440
152.4 8.10 51.66 113.98 11.11 1993 5.381 629.34 42.04 82.59 10.98 5.61 1.45 13.5 15.72 152.4 152.4 80.38 6500 6340
177.8 9.98 58.40 135.62 11.11 2794 7.544 1179.18 74.09 132.74 17.21 6.50 1.63 15.2 11.23 177.8 177.8 70.54 8200 7800
30/1064 Electrical Power Engineering Reference & Applications Handbook

203.2 11.84 65.00 154.12 12.70 3734 10.082 2033.29 120.29 200.09 25.07 7.39 1.78 17.0 8.40 203.2 203.2 62.99 9850 9150
254.0 13.18 92.07 199.06 14.29 5515 14.89 4924.43 400.41 387.72 56.70 9.45 2.64 24.1 5.68 254.0 254.0 48.56 12800 11450

Source: Indalco
Notes
As in Table 30.4.
 Properties and ratings of current-carrying conductors 30/1065

Relevant Standards

IEC Title IS BS ISO

60028/1925 International standard of resistance for copper. – – –

60105/1958 Recommendation for commercial purity aluminium busbar material. – – –
– Copper rods and bars for electrical purposes. 613/2000 – –
– Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, drawn tubes for general 738/1999 – –
engineering purposes.
– Aluminium and aluminium alloys, extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles. 1285/2002 BS EN 755 (8 parts) –
– Specification for copper strip for electrical purposes. 1897/2001 – –
– Copper for electrical purposes. Rods and bars. 4171/1988 BS 1433/1970 –
– Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for 5082/2003 BS EN 755-3/1996 209-1,2/1989
electrical purposes, bars, extruded round tube and sections.
– Specification for high conductivity copper tubes for electrical – BS EN 13600/2000 –
purposes.
– Copper for electrical purposes. High conductivity copper rectangular – BS EN 13601/2002 –
conductors with drawn or rolled edges.

Notes
1 In the table of relevant Standards while the latest editions of the Standards are provided, it is possible that revised editions have become
available or some of them are even withdrawn. With the advances in technology and/or its application, the upgrading of Standards is a
continuous process by different Standards organizations. It is therefore advisable that for more authentic references, one may consult the
relevant organizations for the latest version of a Standard.
2 Some of the BS or IS Standards mentioned against IEC may not be identical.
3 The year noted against each Standard may also refer to the year it was last reaffirmed and not necessarily the year of publication.

Further Reading 4 Copper Development Association, Copper Busbar (available in

FPS and MKS systems), Pub. No. 22, U.K.
5 Dwight, H.B., Electrical Coils and Conductors, McGraw-Hill,
1 Alcoa, Aluminium Bus Conductor Hand Book. New York (1945).
2 British Aluminium Co. Ltd, Aluminium Busbars, Pub. No. L4. 6 Indian Aluminium Co., Indal Aluminium Busbar (Collaborators
3 British Aluminium Co. Ltd, Aluminium for busbars, earthing Alcan, Canada).
and lightning conductors, Pub. No. M4.