Erica Tran Final USH Study Guide The Great Depression and New Deal Terms: Bonus Army

veterans of WWI; wanted bonus to be paid immediately, not in 1945; try to pass a Bill but fails; built shanty town near the capitol and Hoover orders soldiers to kick them out AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act; Government pays farmers not to grow crops, slaughter livestock, plow under fields CCC Civil Conservation Corps; men 18-25, build roads, parks, plant trees, $30 a month, food, clothes, lodging TVA Tennessee Valley Authority; Renovates and constructs dams, flood control, hydroelectric power to rural areas WPA Works Progress Administration; built airports, roads, public buildings, provided jobs for the arts NRA National Recovery Administration; set prices, establish standards, stop wage cuts, falling prices, layoffs, give workers right to unionize again NIRA National Industrial Recovery Act; Public Works Admin and Civil Workers Admin; created schools and community buildings; provided $ to states to create jobs FERA Federal Emergency Relief Admin; $500 mil direct relief; to states, to meet 3:1 state vs federal gov FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; insured $ and made sure banks had $ Hoovervilles shanty towns built by homeless people SEC Securities and Exchange Commission; a federal agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulation the securities industry, the nations stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets Hawley Smoot Tariff raised US tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels Dust Bowl area in the mid and south western US where soil turned to dust because of over production of land and removal of soil Wagner Act collective bargaining; right to join unions; prohibited unfair labor practices NLRB National Labor Relations Board; conducting elections for labor union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices Concepts: Causes of the Great Depression: -What caused the Failure of the banks? Federal Reserve Board had weak regulations banks allowed to speculate on depositors $, no minimum amount of $ on reserve, $ uninsured, buying on margin was a failure -What caused the stock market crash? Warnings of unstable stock market caused investors to sell; stock prices start to fall, production slows down, prices fall more -What was the situation like for farmers? Overproduction and prices dropped; farmers borrowed from banks and couldnt pay back loans Hoover: -Policies in dealing with the Great Depression opposed any form of federal welfare or direct relief; individuals and charities should help; pretty cautious

FDR: -The First and Second Hundred Days 14 major pieces of New Deal Legislation Pass Congress; greatly expanded government role in national economy; banking reform; glass-steagall act 1933 -Policies in dealing with the Great Depression relief, recovery, reform; hand selected advisors -Wagner Act and its consequences collective bargaining, right to join unions, prohibited unfair labor practices, established national labor relations board -Constitutionality of New Deal Programs NRA was unconstitutional because the government cannot regular within state borders -Arguments for the New Deal, Arguments against the New Deal for: got economy moving, lots of new acts helped create new jobs, reestablished unions, restored confidence in government and national hope, many of the programs still around today; against: discriminated against minorities; didnt really help lower class; wasted too much money on acts that didnt help that much; FDR was not aggressive enough; made private industries worse

WWII Terms/People: Fascism political philosophy that advocates a strong, centralized, nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictator Imperialism the policy of extending a nations authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means Blitzkrieg lightning war; a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick victory Joseph Stalin leader who took control of Soviet Union after Lenin died GI Bill name given to the Servicemens Readjustment Act, a 1944 law that provided financial and educational benefits for WWII veterans Emperor Hirohito emperor of Japan Isolationism opposition to political and economic entanglements with other countries Alliance - pact, coalition or friendship between two or more parties Appeasement yield to the belligerent demands in a conciliatory effort Benito Mussolini leader who established a totalitarian regime in Italy Kamikaze involving in the deliberate crashing of a bomb filled airplane Rosie the Riveter cultural icon of working women Totalitarianism government that maintained complete control over its citizens Nazism German brand of fascism based on extreme nationalism Charles de Gaulle creates government in exile Adolph Hitler Germanys leader during WWII Manhattan Project US program to develop an atomic bomb Democracy government by the people Island hopping strategy used by US in pacific Winston Churchill - prime minister after Chamberlain. He was very aggressive in his foreign policies and vowed to protect Britain Francisco Franco general who rebelled against Spanish republic; became dictator in Spain Atlantic Charter a 1941 declaration of principles in which the United States and Great Britain set forth their goals in opposing the Axis powers; Secret meeting between Roosevelt and hurchill

Concepts: Holocaust: -Who is targeted and Why? Jews, gays, mentally deficient, ill because Hitler wanted to create Master Race -US Response did not help much with the situation Japanese Internment: -Reasoning behind internment US was scared that the Japanese Americans would help Japan in the war efforts and wanted to prevent this -Effect of Internment of Japanese the Japanese were put into internment camps in the middle of nowhere -Executive Order 9066 signed by Roosevelt to create military zones The Development and use of the Atomic Bomb: -Manhattan Project project to design the atomic bomb -J. Robert Oppenheimer leader of Manhattan Project -Reasons for using the bomb save lives, stop war, intimidate other countries -Hiroshima, Nagasaki: Significance and Outcome Hiroshima bombed on 8/6 by Little Boy, Nagasaki bombed on 8/9 by Fat Man, -Debate about using the atomic bomb debates on whether it was the best decision; pro bomb said it saved lives and ended the war; anti bomb said it killed too many citizens

Cold War Terms: United Nations - intended to bring peace to the world, but became a place for both competing nations to try and influence the rest of the world Marshall Plan - US gives aid to any country that needed it Eisenhower Doctrine - a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state Cold War - sustained state of political and military tension between US and Western Europe and Soviet Union Medicaid - extended health insurance to welfare recipients Kent State - students burn ROTC building; Mayor calls in National Guard; Guards fire into crowd Christmas Bombings - December 18-29 1971; US begins bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; dropped 100k bombs; only paused on Christmas Containment - prevent extension of communist rule NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization; April 1949; 12 countries join to create a defensive military alliance Suburbs - small residential community surrounding cities; response to the housing crisis Massive Retaliation New Frontier - Kennedys plan; looked to Roosevelt as an example; stimulate economy; addressed poverty abroad; moon race

Domino Theory - countries on the brink of communism like dominoes waiting to fall one after the other War Powers Act - President has 48 hours to notify Congress if forces are sent to a hostile area; 90 day limit unless Congress approves Great Society Johnsons plan; Education, healthcare, housing, immigration, the environment, consumer protection Iron Curtain - March 1946; policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation Warsaw Pact- a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War GI Bill of Rights - law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans; encouraged veterans to get an education by paying part of their tuition; guaranteed a years worth of unemployment benefits; offered federally guaranteed loans Warren Commission - investigation into the assassination and says Oswald was lone gunman Ho Chi Minh Trail - 1959 China begins supplying Arms to Vietcong using a network of paths along border of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia; paths to also aid in surprise attacks on S Vietnam Berlin Air Lift - June 1948 Stalin shut down all roads into Berlin; 2.1 Million people trapped in W. Berlin without food or fuel; US and Britain brought food and supplies for 337 days Truman Doctrine - $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey CIA - central intelligence agency; used spies to gather information abroad Fair Deal - Nation wide system of health insurance; crops subsidy for farmers; raising minimum wage; extending SS coverage; low income family housing Medicare - hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for those over 65 Vietnamization - gradual withdrawal of US troops in order for the South Vietnamese to take on a more active combat role in the war Beatniks media stereotype of beat movement People: Harry S. Truman - President after WWII; fought for Civil Rights; wins 1948 election; proposed Fair Deal Joseph Mccarthy - most famous anti-Communist activist John F. Kennedy - Democrat elected in 1960; supported Civil Rights Movement; youngest elected president NVA - North Vietnamese Army Ho Chi Minh - emerged in 1924 as leader of Vietminh Ngo Dinh Diem - South Vietnams president; anti communist; doesnt establish stable government Joseph Stalin - leader of Russia after WWII; set up buffer zone in Europe (Iron Grip); wants to force US, UK, and France out of Berlin Nikita Khrushchev - leader of Russia during Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro - Communist leader in Cuba; toppled corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista on new years day 1959; established military rule; Welcomed aid from Soviet Union and China; seized oil refineries and farm land NLF - National Liberation Force; Vietcong Robert McNamara - Secretary of Defense under Johnson Winston Churchill - gives iron curtain speech

Dwight D. Eisenhower - Republican; won election of 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson - president after Kennedy assassinated in 1963; pushed for kennedys bills; war on poverty; built great society; President during Vietnam War Vietcong - South Vietnamese communist opposition group William Westmoreland - American commander in South Vietnam Douglas MacArthur - head of troops in Korea Richard Nixon - ran against Kennedy in 1960 and lost; was VP of the time Vietminh - an organization whose goal was to win Vietnams independence from foreign rule ARVN - Army of the Republic of Vietnam; South Vietnamese Army Henry Kissinger - US National Security Advisor; came up with a new plan with Nixon Concepts: Chinese Revolution, who was involved? Who won? Nationalists vs Communists; 1944-1947 US played peace maker while still favoring the Nationalists; Communists win because Nationalists had weak leaders and corruption Korean War, who was involved and what was the outcome? US policy, McArthurs Policy - June 1950 N. Korea troops sweep across the 38th p and mark the start of the war; S. Korea looks to UN for aid; 16 nations and 520k troops; MacArthur launches daring attack on September 15, 1950 and pushed N Korea all the way back to the border of China and N Korea; November 1950 China aids N. Korea and war escalates into Communist China vs America; China pushed S Korean forces back and take Seoul; MacArthur wants to attack China and use nuclear weapons but Truman rejects request; UN and S Korean forces push back N Korea and China back to 38th P; June 23 1951 Soviet Union suggests a cease fire; June 1953 both sides sign armistice Bay of Pigs: what happened? March 1960 Eisenhower gives ok for CIA to train Cuban exiles; April 1961 1300 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs; US strike does not knock out Cuban air forces; Decoy forces never landed; 25,000 Cuban troops backed by Soviet tanks and guns; exiles defeated and taken as prisoners; Kennedy negotiates $53 million ransom for surviving commandos Cuban Missile Crisis: what happened, how close were we, who were the key players? Summer 1962 nuclear missiles sent to Cuba; Kennedy warns that US will not tolerate nukes in Cuba; October 14, 1962 U2 planes take pics of Soviet missile bases in Cuba; Oct 22 Kennedy informs nation of missile sites in Cuba and plans to remove them; warns that a missile attack on US means all out war against Soviet Union; US Navy quarantines Cuba and stands ready to stop any approaching Soviet ships; 100,000 troops wait in Florida for invasion; Soviet ships stop just before reaching naval blockade; Khrushchev offers to remove missiles in exchange for US promise not to invade Cuba and US removal of missiles from Turkey Berlin Crisis - June 1961 Khrushchev threatens to close all air and land access to West Berlin but Kennedy refuses to give to Khrushchevs demands; August 13, 1961 East German troops build a wall separating the two Berlins New Frontier Policy (Kennedy) - stimulate economy; addressed poverty abroad; race to the moon

Great Society Policy (6 major points) - Education, healthcare, housing, immigration, the environment, consumer protection Geneva Accords - divided Vietnam at 17th parallel Tonkin Gulf Resolution - granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam Westmorelands Strategy in Vietnam war of attrition Tet Offensive, Why was it a turning point? Jan 30 1968; surprise attack by Vietcong and N Vietnamese on S Vietnamese cities and bases; attacked 12 military bases and capital city of Saigon; Fighting lasted a month; US morale shaken My Lai, what happened and why is it significant? March 1968; General WL Calley and 30 soldiers storm My Lai; killed 300 people; 25 men and Calley charged; only Calley convicted Nixons Policies in Vietnam - tries to negotiate with Vietcong; slowly withdraws droop; bombs N Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia Pentagon Papers - 7k page document written for McNamara; revealed plans were in place to enter the war even though Johnson said he was not going to send troops; showed no plan to end war; American public upset because they showed government dishonesty

Civil Rights Terms: Boycott voluntary abstinence Sit ins sit ins at lunch counters ERA - proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. Civil Disobedience active refusal to obey laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Black Panthers Oakland; police the police Freedom Riders people who rode on the two bus trips that would test the Supreme Court ban on segregated seating on interstate bus routes NOW National Organization for Women AIM American Indian Movement SDS Students for a Democratic Society SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference; non-violent crusade against injustice; founded by MLK SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; Ella Baker founded; students formed national protest group NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; Charles Hamilton Houston was the chief legal council; Thurgood Marshall challenged segregation UFW United Farm Workers

People: Stokely Carmichael urged SNCC to focus on developing black pride and leadership Malcolm X founded National of Islam; believed that blacks needed to fight MLK leader of Montgomery Improvement Association; headed Montgomery Bus Boycott; founded SCLC in 1957 Cesar Chavez established National Farm Workers Association; orchestrated a national protest of California grapes Jackie Robinson first black Major League baseball player Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique Phyllis Sclafly proposed ERA Harvey Milk first gay person elected to public office in California Concepts: The Warren Court passed Brown vs Board; expanded first amendment Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court strikes down segregation as being unconstitutional; over 500 schools integrated Brown vs. Board of Education II Integration to be implemented with all deliberate speed Little Rock 9 9 black students who volunteered to desegregate Little Rock High School; Governor Orval Faubus orders National Guard to turn away students March on Washington Summer 1963 250k people go to Washington to march from Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial; MLK gave I have a Dream speech Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender; right to enter public accommodations Voting Rights Act 1965 Eliminated Literacy Tests; Federal examiners can enroll voters Civil Rights Act 1968 ended discrimination in housing Martin Luther King v. Malcolm X MLK believed only in peaceful protest, while Malcolm X preached that it was okay to use violence if necessary; Malcolm X believed in racial segregation Notes of Gaining Civil Rights Activity different groups used different methods to gain the civil rights they believed in

Modern Era Terms: Imperial Presidency Executive Branch most powerful branch in government; Presidential power had expanded due to the Great Depression, WWII, and the Cold War Stagflation Inflation and high unemployment cause stagnation; causes Johnsons deficit spending; international trade competition; new workers; dependency on foreign oil OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; raises oil prices in 60s; 1973 US supports Israel in Yum Kippur War and Arab OPEC nations cut off oil supply to US; 1974 OPEC resumes trade with US at 4x the cost SALT I 5 year agreement limited intercontinental ballistics missiles and submarine launched missiles to the 1972 levels SALT II - President Carter and Soviets met in Vienna 1979 to sign it. It did not reduce armaments but it did provide for limits on the number of strategic weapons and nuclear-missile launchers that each side could produce.

Reaganomics - Budget cuts- Cuts in government spending on social programs. Tax cuts- People pay fewer taxes, save more money, banks loan it out to businesses who would increase productivity, creating more supply and driving down prices. Congress lowers income tax by 25% over 3 years. Increase Defense Spending- Budget doubles, strategic defense initiative: defense system to keep US safe from enemy missiles Yuppies member of upper middle or upper class in 20s and 30s Dtente ceasing Cold War tensions New Federalism Distribute a portion of federal power to state and local governments; Nixon Administration WIN Whip Inflation Now; Ford told people to cut back on oil and gas EPA Environment Protection Agency; given power to set and enforce pollution standards, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local government in pollution control New Right - group of people that focuses on controversial social issues such as apposing abortion, blocking the equal rights amendment and evading the court ordered bussing, and also called for a return to school prayer SDI Strategic Defense Initiative; defense system to keep US safe from enemy missiles Glasnost allowed for open criticism of government and moved forward freedom of the press Perestroika less government control of the economy, private enterprise, steps toward democratic government Supply side Economics - if people paid fewer taxes, they would save more money, which could invest the money in resources to improve productivity Sandinistas rebels who toppled Somoza government in 1979; Carter recognizes government and sends them $83 million; Reagan cuts all aid to them claiming they are communist outpost Contras guerilla forces Reagan supported; aided by Reagon CREEP Committee to Reelect the President People: HR Halderman White House Chief of Staff Gerald Ford president after Nixon; urged Americans to put Watergate behind them and faced a troubled economy Richard Nixon supported New Federalism; wanted to limit government role; conservative and unhappy with Warren Court; eases Cold War tensions Jimmy Carter president after Ford; faced energy crisis; failed to give civil rights full attention; give up ownership of Panama Canal; breakdown in relations with Soviet Union; set up Camp David Accords First signed peace agreement with an Arab country; Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt recognized Israels right to exist Ronald Reagan president after Carter in 1980; Republican; didnt like high taxes on the rich; cut taxes and reduced debt; decreased domestic program spending; deregulation for environment and business George Bush - 1988 Bush wins election, Americans want to continue conservative streak, keep everything same as Reagan and no new taxes. 1989 sends marines into Panama to overthrow Noriega, 1990 Persian Gulf War, 1992 election: recession begins in 1990 and lasts until 1992, Bush raised taxes to relieve deficit, weak economy and tax hike cost him the presidency Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring; warned against use of pesticides and danger that human activity posed to environment

Sandra Day OConnor first female to sit on court; appointed by Reagan Mikhail Gorbachev 1985, new leader of USSR Concepts: Nixon -Southern strategy needed the Southern vote to win election in 1972; appeal to unhappiness about desegregation and liberal Supreme Court -Watergate Scandal June 1972, 5 men break into Democratic National Committee headquarters in DC and planned to photograph strategy and wiretap the phones and offices; It was found later on that Nixon knew about these 5 guys and were deeply involved in covering them up. The House Judiciary Committee charges him of Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress for refusal to obey subpoena. -Foreign policy - belief that foreign policy should be based on a countrys power not ideals or moral principles; tried to cease Cold War tensions Ford -Foreign policy - He pushed ahead Nixons policy of negotiation with China and the Soviet Union. He traveled to Helsinki, Finland to sign a series of agreements that promised greater cooperation between the nations of Eastern and Western Europe. Carter -Domestic Agenda - focused much of his attention on battling the countrys energy and economic crises but was unable to bring the Unites States out of its economic slump. Carter considered the energy crisis the most important issue facing the nation. A large part of the problem, the president viewed, was Americas reliance on imported oil. He urged fellow Americans to cut their consumption of oil and gas. -Human Rights Foreign policy - He believed that the United States needed to commit itself to promoting human rights- such as the freedoms and liberties listed in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights- throughout the world. He also rejected Nixons realpolitik and cut off military aid to Argentina and Brazil, countered that had good relations with the US but had imprisoned and tortured thousands of their own citizens. Carters firm insistence on human rights led to the breakdown of relations with the SU. -Iran Hostage Crisis - The Shah of Iran was resented by many Iranians for his dictatorial tactics. A revolution broke out and Carter supported the shah until the very end. The president allowed him to enter the US for cancer treatment. The militants took Americans for hostage and demanded the shah to return back to Iran. -Three Mile Island -i t was a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania that malfunctioned/ the reactor overheated after its cooling system failed, and fear quickly arose that radiation might escape and spread over the region. Reagan - 3 parts to Reaganomics - Budget cuts- Cuts in government spending on social programs.

Tax cuts- People pay fewer taxes, save more money, banks loan it out to businesses who would increase productivity, creating more supply and driving down prices. Congress lowers income tax by 25% over 3 years. Increase Defense Spending- Budget doubles, strategic defense initiative: defense system to keep US safe from enemy missiles. - Domestic Policy - Cutting back federal regulation on industry, removed price controls on oil, health and safety inspections for nursing homes, airline industry deregulation, savings and loan industry (now allowed to make risky loans -> crash). Hoped deregulation would increase competition and cause lower prices, but actually caused less competition due to consolidation. -Foreign Policy Nicaragua 1977-1979 engulfed in Civil War. Somoza family (picked by U.S.) ruled for 42 years, very corrupt, embezzlement, silenced protestors. Somoza National Guard v. Sandinistas (rebels). Sandinistas topple Somoza government in 1979, Carter recognizes government and sends them $83 mil. 1981, Reagan cuts all aid to Sandinistas, claiming they are a communist outpost. Reagan supports contras (guerilla forces). By 1983 members of the CIA were directing operations without congressional approval (training, arms, supplies). Congress upset and passes Boland Amendment, banned aid to Contras for 2 years (later extended). Panama 1989 Pres. Bush sends 20,000 marines into Panama to overthrow General Manuel Noriega. CIA had given him money but discovered that he was entrenched in drug trafficking. Noriega taken by force to Miami to stand trial on drug charges, sentenced to 40 years in prison. Grenada - Reagan sends 2000 troops to overthrow elected pro-Cuban government (assumed to be pro-communism) and set up an American-friendly government in its place. 18 American soldiers die -Iran Contra Scandal - 1983 an Iran loyalist group takes American hostages in Lebanon (U.S. supports Iraq). U.S. denounces Iran and urges U.S. allies not to sell arms to Iran for war against Iraq. 1986 in secret Reagan approves the sale of arms to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages. Members of Reagans staff sent profits from the illegal gun sales to the controls in Nicaragua. Congressional hearings: Lt. Colonel Oliver North, member of the National Security Council, key player in providing aid to Contras. Argued that he was carrying out presidents wishes and ends justified the means, North found guilty of taking part in coverup. Reagan acts innocent. Collapse of USSR - Soviet Unions economy is struggling. 11/9/1989 fall of Berlin Wall (symbolic end of Soviet Union). Gates between 2 regions opened for the first time in 28 years, early 1990 East Berliners hold first election, 10/3/1990 both East and West are united. December 1991 14 nations declare independence from Soviet Union, 2/1992 Bush and Yeltsin (new Russian president) issue statement declaring end to Cold War. Tiananmen Square - 4/1989; Students hold march that turns into demonstration in Beijing. Li Peng, Chinas Premier, orders military to stop protestors. TV cameras catch students and protestors being attacked and tanks rolling into the square, actions condemned internationally. Bush

-Persian Golf War - 8/2/1990 Iraq invades Kuwait. Operation Desert Storm: UN launches campaign to liberate Kuwait from Iraq. 1/1991 massive air assault (bombing Baghdad) launched followed by land assault in 2/23/1991 from Saudi Arabia. 2/28/1991 Bush announced a ceasefire. Mass surrender: Iraq out of money. U.S. does not invade Iraq, just wants to protect U.S. access to Persian Gulf and oil. Victory parades (people very happy esp. after Vietnam), less than 400 coalition forces died, Iraq suffered 100,000 military deaths. Forces Bush to raise taxes and costs him presidency.