Core Java

- Sharad Ballepu sharadballepu@sharmanj.com www.sharmanj.com

Core Java Agenda

Servlets & JSPs

Introduction Access Modifiers Operators Flow Control Arrays and Strings OOPS Explored Exceptions Garbage Collection Collections Threads Demo
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Introduction What is Java

Programming language Another programming language using which we can develop applets, standalone applications, web applications and enterprise applications. Platform Independent A Java program written and compiled on one machine can be executed on any other machine (irrespective of the operating system) Object Oriented Complies to object oriented programming concepts. Your program is not object oriented unless you code that way Compiled and Interpreted The .java file is compiled to a .class file & the .class file is interpreted to machine code

Introduction Java Virtual Machine

.java file

Java Compiler

.class file

Java Virtual Machine

Mac

Microsoft

UNIX
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Introduction My First Program Version 1

package com.sharadballepu.test; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(Hello World); } } Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java Execute the program: java HelloWorld Output: Hello World
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Introduction My First Program Version 2

package com.sharadballepu.test; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld(); hw.display(); } public void display() { System.out.println(Hello World); } } Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java Execute the program: java HelloWorld Output: Hello World

Introduction My First Program Version 3

package com.sharadballepu.test; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld(); hw.display(args[0]); } public void display(String userName) { System.out.println(Hello + userName); } } Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java Execute the program: java HelloWorld Sharad Output: Hello Sharad

Introduction My First Program Version 4

package com.sharadballepu.test; public class HelloWorld { String userName; public static void main(String[] args) { HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld(); hw.userName = args[0]; } public void display() { System.out.println(Hello + userName); } } Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java Execute the program: java HelloWorld Sharad Output: Hello Sharad

Introduction Java Keywords

abstract

boolean

break

byte

case

catch

char

class

const

continue

default

do

double

else

extends

final

finally

float

for

goto

if

implements

import

instanceof

int

interface

long

native

new

package

private

protected

public

return

short

static

strictfp

super

switch

synchronized

this

throw

throws

transient

try

void

volatile

while

assert

Introduction Stack v/s Heap

x = 10

y = new A()

method2()

method1() C main()

Stack Heap
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Introduction - Object Oriented Concepts

Class

A blueprint that defines the attributes and methods

Object
An instance of a Class

Abstraction
Hide certain details and show only essential details

Encapsulation
Binding data and methods together

Inheritance
Inherit the features of the superclass

Polymorphism
One name having many forms
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Introduction - Data Types

Data type byte short int long float double char boolean

Byt es 1 2 4 8 4 8 2 -

Min Value -27 -215 -231 -263 0 -

Max Value 27 1 215 1 231 1 263 1 216 1 -

Literal Values 123 1234 12345, 086, 0x675 123456 1.0 123.86 a, \n true, false

General rule: Min value = 2(bits 1) Max value = 2(bits-1) 1 (where 1 byte = 8 bits)

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Java Modifiers

Modifier
public private protected default final abstract strictfp transient synchronized native volatile static

Class

Class Variables

Methods

Method Variables

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Modifiers Class

public

Class can be accessed from any other class present in any package

default
Class can be accessed only from within the same package. Classes outside the package in which the class is defined cannot access this class

final

This class cannot be sub-classed, one cannot extend this class

abstract
Class cannot be instantiated, need to sub-classs/extend.

strictfp
Conforms that all methods in the class will conform to IEEE standard rules for floating points

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Modifiers Class Attributes

public

Attribute can be accessed from any other class present in any package Attribute can be accessed from only within the class Attribute can be accessed from all classes in the same package and subclasses. Attribute can be accessed only from within the same package. This value of the attribute cannot be changed, can assign only 1 value The attribute value cannot be serialized Thread always reconciles its own copy of attribute with master. Only one value of the attribute per class
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private protected default final transient volatile static

Modifiers Methods

public

Method can be accessed from any other class present in any package Method can be accessed from only within the class Method can be accessed from all classes in the same package and sub-classes. Method can be accessed only from within the same package. The method cannot be overridden Only provides the method declaration Method conforms to IEEE standard rules for floating points Only one thread can access the method at a time Method is implemented in platform dependent language Cannot access only static members.
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private protected default final abstract strictfp synchronized native static

Operators - Types

Definition: An operator performs a particular operation on the operands it is applied on

Types of operators

Assignment Operators Arithmetic Operators Unary Operators Equality Operators Relational Operators Conditional Operators instaceof Operator Bitwise Operators Shift Operators

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Operators Assignment Operators/Arithmetic Operators

Assignment Operator Operator Description = Assignment

Example int i = 10; int j = i;

Arithmetic Operators Operator + * / % Description Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Remainder Example int i = 8 + 9; byte b = (byte) 5+4; int i = 9 4; int i = 8 * 6; int i = 10 / 2; int i = 10 % 3;
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Operators Unary Operators/Equality Operators

Unary Operators Operator + ++ -! Description Unary plus Unary minus Increment Decrement Logical Not Example int i = +1; int i = -1; int j = i++; int j = i--; boolean j = !true;

Equality Operators Operator == != Description Equality Non equality Example If (i==1) If (i != 4)

Operators Relational Operators/Conditional Operators

Relational Operators Operator > < >= <= Description Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Example if ( x > 4) if ( x < 4) if ( x >= 4) if ( x <= 4)

Conditional Operators Operator && || Description Conditional and Conditional or Example If (a == 4 && b == 5) If (a == 4 || b == 5)

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Operators instanceof Operator/Bitwise Operators/shift operators

instanceof Operator Operator instanceof Description Instamce of Example If (john instance of person)

Bitwise Operators Operator & | ^ ~ Description Bitwise and Bitwise or Bitwise ex-or Reverse Example 001 & 111 = 1 001 | 110 = 111 001 ^ 110 = 111 ~011 = -10

Shift Operators Operator >> << >>> Description Right shift Left Shift Unsigned Right shift Example 4 >> 1 = 100 >> 1 = 010 = 2 4 << 1 = 100 << 1 = 1000 = 8 4 >>> 1 = 100 >>> 1 = 010 = 2
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Flow Control if-else if-else

if-else
Example

Syntax

if (<condition-1>) { // logic for true condition-1 goes here } else if (<condition-2>) { // logic for true condition-2 goes here } else { // if no condition is met, control comes here }

int a = 10; if (a < 10 ) { System.out.println( Less than 10); } else if (a > 10) { System.out.pritln( Greater than 10); } else { System.out.println( Equal to 10); } Result: Equal to 10s

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Flow Control switch

switch
Example

Syntax

switch (<value>) { case <a>: // stmt-1 break; case <b>: //stmt-2 break; default: //stmt-3

int a = 10; switch (a) { case 1: System.out.println( 1); break; case 10: System.out.println( 10); break; default: System.out.println( None); Result: 10
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Flow Control do-while / while

do-while
Syntax Example

do { // stmt-1 } while (<condition>);

int i = 0; do { System.out.println(In do); i++; } while ( i < 10); Result: Prints In do 11 times

while
Syntax Example

while (<condition>) { //stmt }

int i = 0; while ( i < 10 ) { System.out.println( In while); i++; } Result: In while 10 times

Flow Control for loop

for
Syntax Example

for ( initialize; condition; expression) { // stmt }

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println( In for); } Result: Prints In do 10 times

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Arrays and Strings Arrays Declaration/Construction/Initialization

Array Declaration int myArray[]; int[] myArray; double[][] doubleArray; Array Construction int[] myArray = new int[5]; int[][] twoDimArray = new int[5][4] Array Initialization int[] myArray = new int[5]; for (int I = 0; I < 5; i++) { myArray[i] = i++; } int[5] myArray = {1,2,3,4,5};
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7 8

5 1

2 3

Arrays and Strings Arrays Representation

Heap

myArray int[ ] myArray = {1,2,3,4,5}

Arrays and Strings Strings

Creating String Objects

abc

Most frequently used String methods

String Constant Pool

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Constructors

Creates instances for Classes Same name as Class name Can have any access modifier First statement should be a call to this() or super()
public class Employee { public int empid; public String name; public Employee(int empid) { this.empid = empid; } public Employee(String name, int empid) { this.name = name; this.empid = empid; } }

Employee emp = new Employee()

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OOPS Explored - Abstraction

Abstraction
Hide certain details and show only essential details public abstract class Shape { String color; public abstract double getArea(); } public interface Shape { String static final String color = BLACK; public abstract double getArea(); }

Abstract class v/s interface

OOPS Explored - Encapsulation

I want to share my wedding gift only with my friends

I can share my puppy video with everyone

My YouTube videos My YouTube videos

My Cute My Cute puppy cat

My Wedding My Hawaii Gift trip

OOPS Explored - Encapsulation

Encapsulation
Binding data and methods together public class Employee { private String empName; private int salary; public String getSalary(String role) { if(Manager.equals(role)) { return salary; } } public String setSalary(String role, int newSal) { if (Admin.equals(role)) { salary = newSal; } } }

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OOPS Explored - Inheritance

Inheritance
Inherit the features of the superclass public class Car //superclass { public int maxSpeed; public String color; public int getSafeSpeed() { return maxSpeed/2.5; } } public class Nissan extends Car { public boolean inteligentKey; } //subclass

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OOPS Explored - Polymorphism

Polymorphism
One name, many forms public abstract class Shape { public abstract int getArea(); } public class Square extends Shape { public int getArea(int s) { return s*s; } public int getArea() { retrun getArea(1); } } Public class Rectangle extends Shape { public int getArea(int length, int breadth) { return length * breadth; } public int getArea() { return getArea(1,1); } }

Runtime v/s Compile time Polymorphism

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OOPS Explored Polymorphism - Example

public class Shape { public void display() { System.out.println(In Shape); } } public class Square extends Shape { public void display() { System.out.println(In Square); } }

Shape s1 = new Shape(); s1.display(); Square s2 = new Square (); s2.display(); Shape s3 = new Square (); s3.display(); Square s4 = new Shape (); s4.display();

s4 square S3 s2 s1
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shape

Exceptions Exception Hierarchy

Throwable

Error

Exception

Checked Exception

Unchecked Exception

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Exceptions Handling exceptions

What do you do when an Exception occurs? Handle the exception using try/catch/finally Throw the Exception back to the calling method.

Try/catch/finally
public class MyClass { public void exceptionMethod() { try { // exception-block } catch (Exception ex) { // handle exception } finally { //clean-up } } }
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Exceptions Handling exceptions

Try/catch/finally - 2
public class MyClass { public void exceptionMethod() { try { // exception-block } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) { // handle exception } catch (Exception ex) { // handle exception } finally { //clean-up } } }

Using throws
public class MyClass { public void exceptionMethod() throws Exception { // exception-block } }
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Exceptions try-catch-finally flow

Put exception code in try

no

Handle exceptions In catch?

yes

no
Handle exception In the catch block More exceptions To handle? Execute finally?

yes yes
Clean-up code in finally

no

END

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Garbage Collection

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Garbage Collection

What is Garbage Collection?

Can we force Garbage Collection? Runtime gc() System - gc()

Making your objects eligible for Garbage Collection Reassign reference variable Set a null value Islands of isolation

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Garbage Collection

A a = new A(); a.Name = A1; a = A2;

A1 Reassign Reference

A2

A a = new A(); a = null;

Set null

A1

Islands Of Isolation

B A C
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Collections - Introduction

String student1 = a; String student2 = b; String student3 = c; String student4 = d; String student5 = e; String student6 = f;

Difficult to maintain multiple items of same type as different variables Data-manipulation issues Unnecessary code
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Collections Arrays v/s Collections

abc

def

ghi

jkl

Arrays

abc

123

new Person()

def

Collections

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Collections - Overview

LinkedHashSet

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Collections Collection types

Three basic flavors of collections: Lists - Lists of things (classes that implement List) Sets - Unique things (classes that implement Set) Maps - Things with a unique ID (classes that implement Map)

The sub-flavors: Ordered - You can iterate through the collection in a specific order. Sorted - Collection is sorted in the natural order (alphabetical for Strings). Unordered Unsorted

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Collections Lists

ArrayList
Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. Ordered collection. Should be considered when there is more of data retrieval than Often used methods add(), get(), remove(), set(), size()

add/delete.

Vector
Ordered collection To be considered when thread safety is a concern. Often used methods add(), remove(), set(), get(), size()

Linked List
Ordered collection. Faster insertion/deletion and slower retrieval when compared to ArrayList

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Collections Set

HashSet
Not Sorted Not Ordered Should be used if only requirement is uniqueness Often used methods add(), contains(), remove(), size()

LinkedHashSet
Not Sorted Ordered Subclass of HashSet Should be used if the order of elements is important

TreeSet
Sorted Ordered Should be used if you want to store objects in a sorted fashion Often used methods first(), last(), add(), addAll(), subset()
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Collections Map

HashMap
Not Sorted, not ordered Can have one null key and any number of null values Not thread-safe Often used methods get(), put(), containsKey(), keySet()

Hashtable
Not Sorted, not ordered Cannot have null keys or values Thread-safe

LinkedHashMap
Not sorted, but ordered

TreeMap
Sorted, ordered
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Threads - Introduction

What are Threads/ Why Threads? A thread is a light-weight process. Used to provide the ability to perform multiple things at the same time.

method1() thread1.start() main() thread1.run()

Thread Creation There are 2 ways one can create a thread Extending the Thread Class Implementing the Runnable Interface
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Threads - Introduction

EXECUTION

maintenance Process report User validation

TIME

EXECUTION

maintenance Process report User validation Multi-threaded environment

TIME

Threads - Creation

Extending the Thread Class

Implementing the Runnable Interface

public Class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { System.out.println( In Thread); } }

public Class MyThread implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println( In Thread); } }

To Invoke:

To Invoke:

MyThread t1 = new MyThread(); t1.start();

MyThread t1 = new MyThread(); Thread t = new Thread(t1); t.Start();

Threads Thread Life cycle

T1

T2

T1

start

blocked

T1

T2

T1

T2

T1

T2

runnable

running

end

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Threads Important Methods

From the Thread class public void start() public void run() public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException public static void yield() public final void join() public final void setPriority(int newPriority)

Thread.MIN_PRIORITY Thread.NORM_PRIORITY Thread.MAX_PRIORITY

: 1 : 5 : 10

From the Object class

public final void wait() public final void notify() public final void notifyAll()

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Threads Synchronization

t1.start(); 100 140 t2.start();

Account acct = getAccount (123); 100 90 MyThread t1 = new MyThread(acct); MyThread 100 50 t2 = new MyThread(acct);

Account

shared object
public class Account { private int bal; private int acctId; public Account(int acctId) { this.acctId = acctId; } public boolean withdraw(int amt) { if (bal > 0) { // give money // other related activities bal = bal amt; } } }

acct run()

acct run()

T1 stack

T2 stack
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