Flow Control by Durga Sir

Flow control
1. Introduction
2. Selection statements
 if-else
 Switch
 Case Summary
 fall-through inside a switch
 default case
3. Iterative Statements
 While loop
 Unreachable statement in while
 Do-while
 Unreachable statement in do while
 For Loop
 Initilizationsection
 Conditional check
 Increment and decrement section
 Unreachable statement in for loop
 For each
 Iterator Vs Iterable(1.5v)
 Difference between Iterable and Iterator
4. Transfer statements
 Break statement
 Continue statement
 Labeled break and continue statements
 Do-while vs continue (The most dangerous combination)
Introduction:
Flow control describes the order in which all the statements will be
executed at run time.
Diagram:
Selection statements:
if-else:
syntax:
The argument to the if statement should be Boolean by mistake if we

are providing any other type we will get "compile time error".
Example 1:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=0;
if(x) {
System.out.println("hello");
} else {
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error:
D:\Java>javac ExampleIf.java
ExampleIf.java:4: incompatible types
found : int
required: boolean
if(x)
Example 2:
int x=10;
if(x=20) {
} else {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
ExampleIf.java:4: incompatible types
found : int
required: boolean
if(x=20)
Example 3:
int x=10;
if(x==20) {
} else {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Hi
Example 4:
boolean b=false;
if(b=true)
}else{
}}}
OUTPUT:
Hello
Example 5:
boolean b=false;
if(b==true) {
} else {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Hi
 Both else part and curly braces are optional. Without curly
braces we can take only one statement under if, but it should not
be declarative statement.
Example 6:
if(true)
}}
OUTPUT:
Hello
Example 7:
if(true);
}}
OUTPUT:
No output
Example 8:
if(true)
int x=10;
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
ExampleIf.java:4: '.class' expected
int x=10;
ExampleIf.java:4: not a statement
int x=10;
Example 9:
if(true){
int x=10;
}}}
OUTPUT:
D:\Java>java ExampleIf
Example 10:
OUTPUT:
Hello
Hi
 Semicolon(;) is a valid java statement which is call empty

statement and it won't produce any output.
Switch:
 If several options are available then it is not recommended to
use if-else we should go for switch statement.Because it improves
readability of the code.
Syntax:
switch(x) {
case 1:
action1
case 2:
action2
default:
default action
 Until 1.4 version the allow types for the switch argument are
byte, short, char, int but from 1.5 version on wards the
corresponding wrapper classes (Byte, Short, Character, Integer)
and "enum" types also allowed.
Diagram:
 Curly braces are mandatory.(except switch case in all remaining

cases curly braces are optional )
 Both case and default are optional.
 Every statement inside switch must be under some case (or)
default. Independent statements are not allowed.
Example 1:
public class ExampleSwitch{
int x=10;
switch(x) {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleSwitch.java
ExampleSwitch.java:5: case, default, or '}' expected
Every case label should be "compile time constant" otherwise we will
get compile time error.
Example 2:
int x=10;
int y=20;
switch(x) {
case 10: System.out.println("10");
case y: System.out.println("20");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
ExampleSwitch.java:9: constant expression required
case y:
If we declare y as final we won't get any compile time error.
Example 3:
int x=10;
final int y=20;
switch(x) {
case y: System.out.println("20");
}}}
OUTPUT:
10
20
 But switch argument and case label can be expressions, but case
label should be constant expression.
Example 4:

int x=10;
switch(x+1){
case 10:
case 10+20:
case 10+20+30:
}}}
OUTPUT:
No output.
Example 5:
byte b=10;
switch(b) {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error

ExampleSwitch.java:10: possible loss of precision
found : int
required: byte
case 1000:
Example:
byte b=10;
switch(b+1) {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Duplicate case labels are not allowed.
Example 6:

int x=10;
switch(x) {
case 'a': System.out.println("100");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
ExampleSwitch.java:10: duplicate case label case 'a':
CASE SUMMARY:
Diagram:
FALL-THROUGH INSIDE THE SWITCH:
 Within the switch statement if any case is matched from that case
onwards all statements will be executed until end of the switch
(or) break. This is call "fall-through" inside the switch.
 The main advantage of fall-through inside a switch is we can
define common action for multiple cases.
Example 7:
public class ExampleSwitch {
int x=0;
switch(x) {
break;
default: System.out.println("default");
}}}
OUTPUT:
x=0 x=1 x=2 x=3
0 1 2 default
1 default
DEFAULT CASE:
 Within the switch we can take the default only once
 If no other case matched then only default case will be executed
 Within the switch we can take the default anywhere, but it is
convension to take default as last case.
Example 8:
int x=0;
switch(x) {
default: System.out.println("default");
break;
}}}
OUTPUT:
X=0 x=1 x=2 x=3
0 1 2 default
2 0
ITERATIVE STATEMENTS:
While loop:
 if we don't know the no of iterations in advance then best loop
is while loop:
Example 1:
while(rs.next())
Example 2:
while(e.hasMoreElements())
----------
----------
----------
Example 3:
while(itr.hasNext())
----------
----------
----------
 The argument to the while statement should be Boolean type. If we

are using any other type we will get compile time error.
Example 1:
public class ExampleWhile{
while(1) {
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:3: incompatible types
found : int
required: boolean
while(1)
 Curly braces are optional and without curly braces we can take
only one statement which should not be declarative statement.
Example 2:
while(true)
}}
OUTPUT:
Hello (infinite times).

Example 3:
while(true);
}}
OUTPUT:
No output.
Example 4:
while(true)
int x=10;
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
ExampleWhile.java:4: '.class' expected
int x=10;
ExampleWhile.java:4: not a statement
int x=10;
Example 5:

while(true) {
int x=10;
}}}
OUTPUT:
No output.
Unreachable statement in while:
Example 6:
while(true) {
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
ExampleWhile.java:7: unreachable statement
Example 7:
while(false) {
}}
OUTPUT:
Example 8:
int a=10,b=20;
while(a<b) {
}}
OUTPUT:
Example 9:

final int a=10,b=20;
while(a<b) {
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
Example 10:
final int a=10;
while(a<20) {
}}
OUTPUT:

Note:
 Every final variable will be replaced with the corresponding

value by compiler.
 If any operation involves only constants then compiler is
responsible to perform that operation.
 If any operation involves at least one variable compiler won't
perform that operation. At runtime jvm is responsible to perform
that operation.
Example 11:
int a=10;
while(a<20) {
}}
OUTPUT:

Do-while:
 If we want to execute loop body at least once then we should go
for do-while.
Syntax:
 Curly braces are optional.

 Without curly braces we can take only one statement between do
and while and it should not be declarative statement.
Example 1:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
do
while(true);
}}
Output:

Example 2:
do;
while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile successful.
Example 3:
do
int x=10;
while(true);
}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleDoWhile.java
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: '.class' expected
int x=10;
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: not a statement
int x=10;
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: ')' expected

int x=10;
Example 4:
do{
int x=10;
}while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile successful.
Example 5:
do
while(true)
while(true);
}}
Output:
Rearrange the above Example:
public class ExampleDoWhile {

do
while(true)
while(true);
}}
Output:
Example 6:
do
while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: while expected
while(true);
ExampleDoWhile.java:5: illegal start of expression
Unreachable statement in do while:
Example 7:

do {
while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
ExampleDoWhile.java:8: unreachable statement
Example 8:
do {
while(false);
}}
Output:
Hello
Hi
Example 9:
int a=10,b=20;
do {
while(a<b);
}}
Output:
Example 10:
int a=10,b=20;
do
while(a>b);
}}
Output:
Hello
Hi
Example 11:
do
while(a<b);
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
ExampleDoWhile.java:9: unreachable statement
Example 12:

do
while(a>b);
}}
Output:
D:\Java>java ExampleDoWhile
Hello
Hi
For Loop:
 This is the most commonly used loop and best suitable if we know
the no of iterations in advance.
Syntax:
only one statement which should not be declarative statement.
Initilization section:
 This section will be executed only once. Here usually we can
declare loop variables and we will perform initialization.
 We can declare multiple variables but should be of the same type
and we can't declare different type of variables.
Example:
Int i=0,j=0; valid
Int i=0,Boolean b=true; invalid
Int i=0,int j=0; invalid
 In initialization section we can take any valid java statement

including "s.o.p" also.
Example 1:
public class ExampleFor{

int i=0;
for(System.out.println("hello u r sleeping");i<3;i++){
System.out.println("no boss, u only sleeping");
}}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
D:\Java>java ExampleFor
Hello u r sleeping
No boss, u only sleeping
Conditional check:
 We can take any java expression but should be of the type

Boolean.
 Conditional expression is optional and if we are not taking any
expression compiler will place true.
Increment and decrement section:
 Here we can take any java statement including s.o.p also.

Example:
int i=0;
for(System.out.println("hello");i<3;System.out.println("hi")){
i++;
}}}
Output:
Hello
Hi
Hi
Hi
 All 3 parts of for loop are independent of each other and all
optional.
Example:
for(;;){
}}}
Output:

exactly one statement and it should not be declarative statement.
Unreachable statement in for loop:
Example 1:
public class ExampleFor {
for(int i=0;true;i++){
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
ExampleFor.java:6: unreachable statement
Example 2:
for(int i=0;false;i++){
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
for(int i=0;false;i++){
Example 3:
for(int i=0;;i++){
Example 4:
int a=10,b=20;
for(int i=0;a<b;i++){
}}
Output:
Example 5:
for(int i=0;a<b;i++){
}}
Output:
For each: (Enhanced for loop)

 For each Introduced in 1.5version.
 Best suitable to retrieve the elements of arrays and collections.
Example 1:
Write code to print the elements of single dimensional array by normal

for loop and enhanced for loop.
Example:
Output:
10
20
30
40
50
Example 2:
Write code to print the elements of 2 dimensional arrays by using

normal for loop and enhanced for loop.
Example 3:
Write equivalent code by For Each loop for the following for loop.
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
}}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor1.java
D:\Java>java ExampleFor1
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
 We can't write equivalent for each loop.

 For each loop is the more convenient loop to retrieve the
elements of arrays and collections, but its main limitation is it
is not a general purpose loop.
 By using normal for loop we can print elements either from left
to right or from right to left. But using for-each loop we can
always print array elements only from left to right.
 The target element in for-each loop should be Iterable object.
 An object is set to be iterable iff corresponding class
implements java.lang.Iterable interface.
 Iterable interface introduced in 1.5 version and it's contains
only one method iterator().
Syntax: public Iterator iterator();
 Every array class and Collection interface already implements

Iterable interface.
Difference between Iterable and Iterator:

Iterable Iterator
 It is related to forEach  It is related to Collection.

loop.
 The target element in forEach  We can use Iterator to get
loop should be Iterable objects one by one from the
collection.
 Iterator present in java.lang  Iterator present in java.util
package. package.
 Contains only one method  Contains 3 methods hasNext(),
iterator(). next(), remove().
 Introduced in 1.5 version.  Introduced in 1.2 version.
Transfer statements:
Break statement:
We can use break statement in the following cases.
 Inside switch to stop fall-through.

 Inside loops to break the loop based on some condition.
 Inside label blocks to break block execution based on some
condition.
Inside switch:
 We can use break statement inside switch to stop fall-through.
Example 1:
class Test{
int x=0;
switch(x)
case 0: System.out.println("hello");
break ;
case 1: System.out.println("hi");
Output:
D:\Java>javac Test.java
D:\Java>java Test
Hello
Inside loops:
 We can use break statement inside loops to break the loop based
on some condition.
Example 2:
class Test{
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {

if(i==5)
break;
System.out.println(i);
}}
Output:
Output:
D:\Java>java Test
Inside Labeled block:
 We can use break statement inside label blocks to break block

execution based on some condition.
Example:
class Test{
int x=10;
l1 : {
System.out.println("begin");
if(x==10)
break l1;
System.out.println("end");
Output:
D:\Java>java Test
Begin hello
 These are the only places where we can use break statement. If we
are using anywhere else we will get compile time error.
Example:
class Test{
int x=10;
if(x==10)
break;
Output:
Compile time error.
Test.java:5: break outside switch or loop
break;
Continue statement:
 We can use continue statement to skip current iteration and
continue for the next iteration.
Example:
Output:
D:\Java>java Test
 We can use continue only inside loops if we are using anywhere

else we will get compile time error saying "continue outside of
loop".
Example:
class Test {
int x=10;
if(x==10);
continue;
Output:
Compile time error.

D:\Enum>javac Test.java
Test.java:6: continue outside of loop
continue;
Labeled break and continue statements:
 In the nested loops to break (or) continue a particular loop we

should go for labeled break and continue statements.
Syntax:
Example:
class Test {
l1:
for(int i=0;i<3;i++) {
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) {
if(i==j)
break;
System.out.println(i+"........."+j);
Break:
1.........0
2.........0
2.........1
Break l1:
No output.
Continue:
0.........1
0.........2
1.........0
1.........2
2.........0
2.........1
Continue l1:
1.........0
2.........0
2.........1
Do-while vs continue (The most

dangerous combination):
Output:
6
8
10
 Compiler won't check unreachability in the case of if-else it

will check only in loops.
Example 1:
class Test {
while(true) {
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Enum>javac Test.java
Test.java:8: unreachable statement
Example 2:
class Test {
if(true) {
} else {
}}}
Output:
Hello

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Flow control

The argument to the if statement should be Boolean by mistake if we

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

Compile time error:

ExampleIf.java:4: incompatible types

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

Compile time error

ExampleIf.java:4: incompatible types

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

Compile time error

ExampleIf.java:4: '.class' expected

ExampleIf.java:4: not a statement

public class ExampleIf{

public static void main(String args[]){

 Semicolon(;) is a valid java statement which is call empty

 Curly braces are mandatory.(except switch case in all remaining

public class ExampleSwitch{

public static void main(String args[]){

Compile time error.

ExampleSwitch.java:5: case, default, or '}' expected

public class ExampleSwitch{

public static void main(String args[]){

case 10: System.out.println("10");

Compile time error

ExampleSwitch.java:9: constant expression required

If we declare y as final we won't get any compile time error.

public static void main(String args[]){

final int y=20;

case 10: System.out.println("10");

public class ExampleSwitch{

public class ExampleSwitch{

public static void main(String args[]){

case 10: System.out.println("10");

case 100: System.out.println("100");

case 1000: System.out.println("1000");

Compile time error

ExampleSwitch.java:10: possible loss of precision

public class ExampleSwitch{

public static void main(String args[]){

case 10: System.out.println("10");

case 100: System.out.println("100");

case 1000: System.out.println("1000");

Duplicate case labels are not allowed.

public class ExampleSwitch{

public static void main(String args[]){

case 97: System.out.println("97");