NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2) NOVEMBER 2012

This question paper consists of 14 pages and 4 data sheets.

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Physical Sciences/P2

2 NSC

DBE/November 2012

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. Write your centre number and examination number in the appropriate spaces on the ANSWER BOOK. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. This question paper consists of TWO sections: SECTION A (25) SECTION B (125) 4. 5. 6. You may use a non-programmable calculator. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. Data sheets and a periodic table are attached for your use. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

2. 3.

7. 8. 9.

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SECTION A QUESTION 1: ONE-WORD ITEMS Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number (1.11.5) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The homologous series to which propan-2-one belongs The IUPAC name of the alkene with two carbon atoms The minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur The general name used for a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction The chemical name of brine (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) [5]

QUESTION 2: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (AD) next to the question number (2.12.10) in the ANSWER BOOK. 2.1 Consider the organic compound represented below. H H C H H H C C H C H

H C H H

The compound is ... A B C D 2.2 saturated and branched. unsaturated and branched. saturated and straight-chained. unsaturated and straight-chained. (2)

A structural isomer of butane is ... A B C D propane. 2-methylbutane. 2-methylpropane. 2,2-dimethylpropane.

(2)

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2.3

The alcohols form a homologous series. This means that alcohols have ... A B C D similar chemical properties. similar physical properties. the same molecular formula. the same structural formula. (2)

2.4

The energy distribution diagrams for particles in a fixed mass of gas at two different temperatures, T 1 and T 2 , are shown below.
Number of particles

T1 T2

Kinetic energy

Which ONE of the following is the correct interpretation of the diagrams as the temperature of the gas changes from T 1 to T 2 ? Activation energy (E A) A B C D 2.5 Remains the same Decreases Decreases Remains the same Number of effective collisions Increases Decreases Increases Decreases (2)

The expression for the equilibrium constant (K C ) of a hypothetical reaction is given as follows: [D]2 [C] KC = [ A ]3 Which ONE of the following equations for a reaction at equilibrium matches the above expression? A B C D 3A(s) C(g) + 2D(g) 3A() C(aq) + 2D(aq) 3A(aq) + B(s) C(g) + D 2 (g) 3A(aq) + B(s) C(aq) + 2D(aq)
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(2)

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2.6

The reaction represented by the balanced equation below reaches equilibrium in a closed container. 2NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g)
H < 0

Which ONE of the following changes will INCREASE the yield of N 2 O 4 (g)? A B C D 2.7 Add a catalyst. Remove NO 2 gas from the container. Increase the temperature of the system. Decrease the temperature of the system. (2)

In a redox reaction, an oxidising agent is ... A B C D reduced because it loses electrons. reduced because it gains electrons. oxidised because it loses electrons. oxidised because it gains electrons. (2)

2.8

In a galvanic (voltaic) cell, electrons move from the ... A B C D anode to the cathode through the salt bridge. cathode to the anode through the salt bridge. anode to the cathode in the external circuit. cathode to the anode in the external circuit. (2)

2.9

During the extraction of aluminium from aluminium oxide, cryolite is added to ... A B C D increase the yield of aluminium. decrease the yield of aluminium. increase the melting point of aluminium oxide. decrease the melting point of aluminium oxide. (2)

2.10

Which ONE of the following is a primary nutrient needed by plants? A B C D N C Mg Na (2) [20] TOTAL SECTION A: 25

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SECTION B INSTRUCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. Start EACH question on a NEW page. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between QUESTION 3.1 and QUESTION 3.2. Show the formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds. A CH CH2 CH2 CH3 B CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHCH 3 | OH

CH3 C CH2 C CH3 H E H C H C H 3.1 Write down the letter(s) that represent(s) each of the following: (A compound may be used more than once.) 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2 An alkyne Two compounds that are structural isomers A compound containing a carboxyl group An aldehyde An alcohol (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) H C O C H F CH3 CH2 O O C CH2 CH3 CH2 D Pentanoic acid

H H C HH

Write down the: 3.2.1 3.2.2 IUPAC name of compound C Structural formula of compound D (2) (2)

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3.3

Compound F is prepared in the laboratory. 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 How can one quickly establish whether compound F is indeed being formed? Write down the IUPAC name of the alcohol needed to prepare compound F. Write down the IUPAC name of compound F. (1) (2) (2) [15]

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.) During a practical investigation the boiling points of the first six straight-chain ALKANES were determined and the results were recorded in the table below. ALKANE Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane 4.1 Write down the: 4.1.1 4.1.2 Most important use of the alkanes in the above table General formula of the alkanes (1) (1) MOLECULAR FORMULA CH 4 C2H6 C3H8 C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12 C 6 H 14 BOILING POINT (C) 164 89 42 0,5 36 69

Refer to the table to answer QUESTION 4.2 and QUESTION 4.3 below. 4.2 For this investigation, write down the following: 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 Dependent variable Independent variable Conclusion that can be drawn from the above results (1) (1) (2) (1) (3)

Write down the NAME of an alkane that is a liquid at 25 C. Alkanes burn readily in oxygen. Write down a balanced equation, using molecular formulae, for the combustion of propane in excess oxygen. Will the boiling points of the structural isomers of hexane be HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO that of hexane? Refer to MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, INTERMOLECULAR FORCES and ENERGY NEEDED to explain the answer.

(4) [14]

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QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.) The flow diagram below shows how three organic compounds can be prepared from 2-bromo-3-methylbutane. Compound A Reaction 1 Compound B Reaction 2 2-bromo-3-methylbutane Reaction 3

An alkene 5.1 Write down the: 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 Homologous series to which 2-bromo-3-methylbutane belongs Structural formula of 2-bromo-3-methylbutane (1) (2)

Reaction 2 takes place in the presence of a dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Write down the: 5.2.1 5.2.2 Name of the type of reaction which takes place Structural formula of compound B (1) (2)

5.3

Reaction 1 takes place in the presence of concentrated sodium hydroxide. Write down: 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 Another reaction condition needed for this reaction The name of the type of reaction which takes place The structural formula of compound A, the major product formed (1) (1) (2)

5.4

Reaction 3 takes place when compound B is heated in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. Write down the IUPAC name of the major product formed.

(2) [12]

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QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.) Calcium carbonate chips are added to an excess dilute hydrochloric acid solution in a flask placed on a balance as illustrated below. The cotton wool plug in the mouth of the flask prevents spillage of reactants and products, but simultaneously allows the formed gas to escape. The balanced equation for the reaction that takes place is: CaCO 3 (s) + 2HC(aq) CaC 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O()
Cotton wool plug

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Gas bubbles Calcium carbonate chips

Balance

6.1

Write down the NAME of the gas that escapes through the cotton wool plug while the reaction takes place.

(1)

The loss in mass of the flask and its contents is recorded in intervals of 2 minutes. The results obtained are shown in the graph below. Graph of loss in mass versus time
4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0

Loss in mass (g)

10 Time (minutes)

15

20

6.2

From the graph, write down the following: 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 The coordinates of the point that represents results that were measured incorrectly How long (in minutes) the reaction lasts How long (in minutes) it takes 75% (three quarters) of the reaction to occur
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(1) (1) (1)

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6.3

The experiment is now repeated using hydrochloric acid of a higher concentration. It is found that the rate of the reaction INCREASES. Use the collision theory to explain this observation. How would a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid affect the following: (Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.) 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 Loss in mass per unit time Total loss in mass Time for the reaction to reach completion

(2)

6.4

(1) (1) (1)

6.5

Apart from concentration and temperature changes, write down TWO other changes that can be made to increase the rate of this reaction. Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate used when the reaction is completed. Assume that all the gas that was formed, escaped from the flask.

(2)

6.6

(5) [16]

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.) A hypothetical reaction is represented by the balanced equation below. A(g) + 2B(g) 2C(g) Initially 3 moles of A(g) and 6 moles of B(g) are mixed in a 5 dm3 sealed container. When the reaction reaches equilibrium at 25 C, it is found that 4 moles of B(g) is present. 7.1 7.2 7.3 Define the term chemical equilibrium. Show by calculation that the equilibrium concentration of C(g) is 0,4 moldm-3. How will an increase in pressure, by decreasing the volume of the container, influence the amount of C(g) in the container at 25 C? Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Explain the answer. The initial number of moles of B(g) is now increased while the initial number of moles of A(g) remains constant at 25 C. Calculate the number of moles of B(g) that must be ADDED to the original amount (6 mol) so that the concentration of C(g) is 0,8 moldm-3 at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant (K C ) for this reaction at 25 C is 0,625. (2) (3)

(3)

7.4

(9) [17]

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QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) 8.1 A strip of aluminium is placed in a beaker containing a blue solution of a copper(II) salt. After a while the solution becomes colourless.

Thermometer Cu2+(aq) A 8.1.1 How would the reading on the thermometer change as the reaction proceeds? Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. Refer to the reducing ability of aluminium to explain why the solution becomes colourless. Write down the balanced net IONIC equation for the reaction that takes place.

(2)

8.1.2

(2)

8.1.3

(3)

8.2

The electrochemical cell shown below functions at standard conditions. V A

Cu

salt bridge

Cu2+(aq) 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3

A3+(aq) (1) (3) (4)

Which electrode (Cu or A) is the anode? Write down the cell notation for this cell. Calculate the emf of this cell.

The salt bridge is now removed. 8.2.4 What will the reading on the voltmeter be? Give a reason for your answer.

(2) [17]

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QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.) The simplified diagram below shows an electrolytic cell used at an electroplating company to coat iron spoons with silver. DC power source

Electrode Y

Electrolyte X

Iron spoons

9.1 9.2

Write down the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. Direct current (DC) is used in this process. Give a reason why alternating current (AC) is NOT used. Which type of reaction (OXIDATION or REDUCTION) takes place at the spoons? Write down the: 9.4.1 9.4.2 Equation for the half-reaction that takes place at electrode Y NAME or FORMULA of electrolyte X

(1)

(1)

9.3

(1)

9.4

(2) (1)

9.5

Give a reason why the concentration of electrolyte X remains constant during electroplating. Apart from the income generated, write down ONE major reason why the company electroplates the spoons. Write down the TWO major expenses for the company during the process.

(2)

9.6

(1) (2) [11]

9.7

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QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.) The following half-reactions take place when a non-rechargeable alkaline cell is in use: Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) ZnO(s) + H 2 O() + 2e- .......(1) MnO 2 (s) + 2H 2 O() + 2e- Mn(OH) 2 (s) + 2OH-(aq) ....(2) 10.1 10.2 Write down the general name used for non-rechargeable cells. Which ONE of the above equations (1 or 2) represents the half-reaction that takes place at the cathode? Give a reason for your answer. Give a reason why the cell 'dies' after delivering current for a while. The emf of the alkaline cell is 1,5 V. The maximum electrical work that can be done by this cell is 3 x 104 J. Calculate the: 10.4.1 10.4.2 Cell capacity of this cell in Ah Maximum 20 hours constant current that this cell can deliver for (3) [11] (4) (1)

(2) (1)

10.3 10.4

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QUESTION 11 (Start on a new page.) 11.1 The flow diagram below represents processes used in the fertiliser industry. Air Process X Nitrogen Hydrogen Process Y Process Z

Ammonia

Acid R Ammonium sulphate Write down: 11.1.1 11.1.2 11.1.3 11.1.4 The name of industrial process X A balanced equation for process Y The name of industrial process Z A balanced equation for the preparation of ammonium sulphate using acid R The name of the QUESTION 11.1.4. type of reaction taking place in (1) (3) (1)

(3) (1)

11.1.5

11.2

Ammonium nitrate is one of the most common compounds used as fertiliser. 11.2.1 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the acid needed to prepare ammonium nitrate from ammonia. Write down TWO properties of ammonium nitrate that make it suitable for use as a fertiliser.

(1)

11.2.2

(2) [12] 125 150

TOTAL SECTION B: GRAND TOTAL:

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DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE) TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES NAME/NAAM Standard pressure Standaarddruk Molar gas volume at STP Molre gasvolume by STD Standard temperature Standaardtemperatuur Charge on electron Lading op elektron SYMBOL/SIMBOOL p Vm T e VALUE/WAARDE 1,013 x 105 Pa 22,4 dm3mol-1 273 K -1,6 x 10-19 C

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

c=

n V

n=

m M

or/of
m MV Ecell = E cathode E anode / E sel = E katode E anode c=

or/of q = It W = Vq or/of
E cell = E oxidising agent E reducing agent / E sel = E oksideermiddel E reduseermiddel
E cell = E reduction E oxidation / E sel = E reduksie E oksidasie

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TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE 1 (I) 1
2,1

2 (II)

10

11

12

13 (III)

14 (IV)

15 (V)

16 (VI)

17 (VII)

18 (VIII) 2

H
1 3 4
1,5

KEY/SLEUTEL

Atomic number Atoomgetal 29 1,9

He
5
2,0 2,5

1,0

3,0

3,5

Li
7 11

Be
9 12

63,5

B A
27 31 11 13

C
12 14

N
14 15

O
16 16

4,0

Electronegativity Elektronegatiwiteit

Cu

Symbol Simbool

4 10

F C
35,5 35 19 17

Ne
20 18

0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

Na
23 19

Mg
24 20 21
1,3 1,5

Approximate relative atomic mass Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 22

Si
28 32

P
31 33

S
32 34

3,0

Ar
40 36

23
1,6

24
1,5

25
1,8

26
1,8

27
1,8

28
1,9

29
1,6

30
1,6

0,8

1,0

1,8

2,0

2,4

K
39 37

Ca
40 38

Sc
45 39

Ti
48 40

V
51 41

Cr
52 42

Mn
55 43

Fe
56 44

Co
59 45

Ni
59 46

Cu
63,5 47

Zn
65 48

Ga
70 49

Ge
73 50

As
75 51

Se
79 52

2,8

Br
80 53

Kr
84 54

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

Rb
86 55

Sr
88 56

Y
89 57

Zr
91 72

Nb
92 73

Mo
96 74

Tc
75

Ru
101 76

Rh
103 77

Pd
106 78

Ag
108 79

Cd
112 80

In
115 81

Sn
119 82

Sb
122 83

Te
128 84

2,5

I
127 85

Xe
131 86

Cs
133 87

Ba
137 88

La
139 89

Hf
179

Ta
181 58

W
184 59

Re
186 60

Os
190 61

Ir
192 62

Pt
195 63

Au
197 64

Hg
201 65

0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

Pb
207 67

Bi
209 68

Po
69

2,5

At
70

Rn
71

204 66

0,7

0,9

Fr

Ra
226

Ac

Ce
140 90

Pr
141 91

Nd
144 92

Pm
93

Sm
150 94

Eu
152 95

Gd
157 96

Tb
159 97

Dy
163 98

Ho
165 99

Er
167 100

Tm
169 101

Yb
173 102

Lu
175 103

Th
232
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Pa

U
238

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

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TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE Half-reactions/Halfreaksies

E (V)
+ 2,87 + 1,81 +1,77 + 1,51 + 1,36

+e

2F Co
2+

H 2 O 2 + 2H +2e + 8H + 5e
+

2H 2 O Mn
2+ 3+

+ 4H 2 O

C 2 (g) + 2e + 14H + 6e
+ + +

2C

2Cr Mn Pt

+ 7H 2 O + 2H 2 O

+ 1,33 + 1,23 + 1,23 + 1,20 + 1,07

O 2 (g) + 4H + 4e

2H 2 O
2+

MnO 2 + 4H + 2e 2+ Pt + 2e Br 2 () + 2e
NO 3
+

2Br NO(g) + 2H 2 O Hg() Ag NO 2 (g) + H 2 O Fe 2I

Hg

2+

+ 2e
+ +

+ 0,85 + 0,80 + 0,80 + 0,77 + 0,68 + 0,54 + 0,52 + 0,45 + 0,40 + 0,34 + 0,17 + 0,16 + 0,15 + 0,14 0,00 0,06 0,13 0,14 0,27 0,28 0,40 0,41 0,44 0,74 0,76

Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermo

Ag + e
NO 3

+ 2H + e Fe
3+ +

+ e

O 2 (g) + 2H + 2e I 2 + 2e Cu + e
+ +

H2O2

Cu S + 2H 2 O 4OH Cu SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O Cu Sn
+ 2+

SO 2 + 4H + 4e 2H 2 O + O 2 + 4e Cu
2
2+ +

+ 2e

SO 4 + 4H + 2e Cu Sn
2+

+e

4+ +

+ 2e

S + 2H + 2e 2H + 2e Fe Pb Sn Ni Co Cd Fe Cr Zn Cr Mn Mg
3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ +

H 2 S(g) H 2 (g) Fe Pb Sn Ni Co Cd Cr Cr Zn H 2 (g) + 2OH Cr Mn A Mg Na Ca Sr Ba Cs K Li

+ 3e + 2e + 2e + 2e + 2e +e

+ 2e

Cr

3+

2+

+ 2e + 3e + 2e

Fe

3+ 2+

2H 2 O + 2e
2+ 2+ 3+

0,83 0,91 1,18 1,66 2,36 2,71 2,87 2,89 2,90 - 2,92 2,93 3,05

+ 2e + 2e + 3e + 2e
+

2+

Na + e Ca Ba
2+ 2+

+ 2e

Sr + 2e
2+ +

+ 2e
+ +

Cs + e

K + e Li + e

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Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermo

+ 4H + 3e

+ 0,96

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TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4B: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE Half-reactions/Halfreaksies

E (V)
3,05 2,93 2,92 2,90 2,89 2,87 2,71 2,36 1,66 1,18 0,91 0,83 0,74 0,44 0,41 0,40 0,28 0,27 0,14 0,13 0,06 0,00 + 0,14 + 0,15 + 0,16 + 0,17 + 0,34 + 0,40 + 0,45 + 0,52 + 0,54 + 0,68 + 0,77 + 0,80 + 0,80 + 0,85 + 0,96 + 1,07 + 1,20

K + e Cs + e Ba Ca Mg Mn
2+ 2+ +

Li K Cs Ba Sr Ca Na Mg A Mn Cr H 2 (g) + 2OH Zn Cr Fe Cr
2+

+ 2e

Sr + 2e
2+ +

+ 2e + 2e + 2e

Na + e
2+ 3+

+ 3e

2+ 2+

Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermo

Cr

+ 2e + 2e

2H 2 O + 2e Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb Fe
2+ 3+ 2+

+ 3e + 2e +e

Cr

3+

2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ +

+ 2e + 2e + 2e + 2e

Cd Co Ni Sn Pb Fe H 2 (g) H 2 S(g) Sn
2+ +

+ 2e

+ 3e

2H + 2e S + 2H + 2e
+

Sn
2 SO 4

4+

+ 2e

Cu

2+

+ e

Cu

+ 4H + 2e Cu
2+

SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O Cu 4OH Cu 2I

+ 2e

2H 2 O + O 2 + 4e
+

SO 2 + 4H + 4e Cu + e
+ +

S + 2H 2 O

I 2 + 2e Fe
NO 3
3+ + +

O 2 (g) + 2H + 2e +e

H2O2 Fe
2+

+ 2H + e Ag + e Hg
2+ +

NO 2 (g) + H 2 O Ag Hg() NO(g) + 2H 2 O 2Br Pt Mn

+ 2e

NO 3

+ 4H + 3e Br 2 () + 2e Pt
2+ +

+ 2 e

MnO 2 + 4H + 2e O 2 (g) + 4H + 4e
+ +

+ 2H 2 O + 7H 2 O

+ 1,23 + 1,23 + 1,33 + 1,36

2H 2 O 2Cr 2C Mn Co
3+

Cr 2 O 7 + 14H + 6e C 2 (g) + 2e
MnO 4
+

+ 8H + 5e
+

2+

+ 4H 2 O

+ 1,51 +1,77 + 1,81 + 2,87

H 2 O 2 + 2H +2 e Co
3+

2H 2 O
2+

+ e

F 2 (g) + 2e

2F

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Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermo

0,76