Chapter -3Crystal Binding

Atom the smallest unit of matter indivisible

Helium atom

electron shells
a) b)

c)

Atomic number = number of Electrons Electrons vary in the amount of energy they possess, and they occur at certain energy levels or electron shells. Electron shells determine how an atom behaves when it encounters other atoms Electrons are placed in shells according to rules:
1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons, and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8 electrons.

Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons C would like to Gain 4 electrons N would like to Gain 3 electrons O would like to Gain 2 electrons

Why are electrons important?

1)

Elements have different electron configurations

different electron configurations mean

different levels of bonding

Electron Dot Structures

Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-shell electrons 1 2

13

14

15

16

17

18

He:

Li

Be

N
P

O
S

: F :Ne :

Na Mg

Al

Si

:Cl :Ar :

valence e-s symbol represents nucleus & core e-s Each side = orbital (s or p) dot = valence e- (8 max) dont pair up until they have to (Hunds rule)

(p x)

Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen Nitrogen has 5 valence e write

(s)

(py)

X
(pz)

symbol

put

first 2 e- on rt side Add remaining e-s CCW

The Octet Rule

Noble gases unreactive Octet Rule: noble gas configuration 8 outer level (stable) noble gas has 8 e-s in outer level
(He

Metals

has 2)

lose e-s to attain a noble gas configuration (NGC). They make + ions (cations) Na 1s22s22p63s1 1 valence e Na1+ 1s22s22p6 (NGC w/ 8 valence es)

Metals have few valence e-s (usually 3 or less); calcium has only 2 valence e-s

Metals few valence e-s Metals lose

Ca

Ca

Form + ions

Scandium
This is named the calcium ion ion.

2+ Ca

(21) e- configuration is: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 lose 2e- (2+), or lose 3e- (3+)

NO DOTS shown for cation

Sc = Sc2+ Sc = Sc3+ Sc Scandium (II) ion Scandium (III) ion

Silver (47) Predicted configuration is:

Silver

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9
Actual

configuration is:

did the best job it could, but it did not achieve true NGC pseudo-noble gas configuration

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10

Ag = Ag1+

(cant lose any more, charges of 3+ or greater are uncommon)

 Nonmetals

gain e-s to attain NGC - ions (anions) S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 = 6 valence e S2- = 1s22s22p63s23p6 = NGC Halide ions - ions from halogens that gain e-s

Nonmetals have many valence e-s (usually 5+) gain e-s

3(called phosphide ion, and should show dots)

Practice problems
All atoms react to achieve NGC Noble gases s2p6 8 valence e-s (stable)

octet

1. Write the name and symbol of the ion formed when

A.

rule

A sulfur atom gains two electrons

Ar

B.

An aluminum atom loses three electrons

Electron dot activity

Practice problems

2. how many electrons are lost or gained in forming each ion?

A.

OBJECTIVES:

Ba2+

B. As3-

C. Cu2+

Explain

the electrical charge of an ionic compound.

Learning Check

Learning Check
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 3) 3 e2) 2 e1) 1 eB. Change in electrons for octet 3) gain 5 2) gain 3 e1) lose 3eeIonic charge of aluminum 2) 51) 3C.

A.

X would be the electron dot formula for 1) Na 2) K 3) Al

B.

would be the electron dot formula 2) N 3) P

1) B

3) 3+

Solution
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 3) 3 eB. Change in electrons for octet 1) lose 3eIonic charge of aluminum 3) 3+

Learning Check
Give the ionic charge for each of the following: A. 12 p+ and 10 e1) 0 2) 2+ 3) 2B. 50p+ and 46 e1) 2+ 2) 4+ and 18e2) 33) 5

3) 4-

C.

C. 15

p+

2) 3+

Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells

1. 2. 3.

Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Metallic bonds

1- IONIC BOND bond formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons

Formation of Ions from Metals

Formation of Sodium Ion

Sodium atom Sodium ion

Ionic compounds result when metals react with nonmetals Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence electrons of their nearest noble gas Positive ions form when the number of electrons are less than the number of protons Group 1 metals ion
1+

Na

Na + 2-8 ( = Ne) 11 p+ 10 e1+

2-8-1 11 p+ 11 e0

Group 2 metals ion 2+ Group 13 metals ion 3+

Formation of Magnesium Ion

Magnesium atom

Magnesium ion

Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations)

Group 1 Group 2 Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Group 3 Al3+ H+ Li+ Na+ K+

Mg 2-8-2 12 p+ 12 e0

2e

Mg2+ 2-8 (=Ne) 12 p+ 10 e2+

Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron

Ionic Bond
octet

Between

1-

:F

+ e

: F:

2-7 9 p+ 9 e0

2-8 (= Ne) 9 p+ 10 e1ionic charge

atoms of metals and nonmetals with very different electronegativity Bond formed by transfer of electrons Produce charged ions all states. Conductors and have high melting point. Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O

1). Ionic bond electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonding

RNave, Georgia State Univ at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/molecule

combining calcium and phosphorus:

Ca

P
All e-s must be accounted for, each atom has NGC (stable)

Ca

Ionic Bonding

Ca2+

Ca2+ Ca

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ca2+ Ca

3-

Ca2+ Ca

P P

3-

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ca2+ Ca2+

P P

3-

Ca Ca2+ Ca2+

P P

3-

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+

= Ca3P2 P P
33

Formula Unit

chemical formula - shows kinds and

numbers of atoms in smallest representative particle of substance. Formula Unit - smallest representative particle in ionic cmpd
Ionic bonds 6:28

- Page 198 Coordination Numbers: Both the sodium and chlorine have 6

NaCl

Maximizes contact btwn opp charges Both the cesium and chlorine have 8

OBJECTIVES:

Describe

CsCl

TiO2

Each titanium has 6, and each oxygen has 3

three properties of ionic compounds.

2. Covalent bondsTwo atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell Oxygen Atom electrons. Oxygen Atom

COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the sharing of electrons
Between nonmetallic elements of similar electronegativity. Formed by sharing electron pairs Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not conductors at any state Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

Covalent Bonding

A covalent bond forms when two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons the electrons involved are in the highest occupied energy levels (outer shells) of the atoms An atom that shares one or more of its electrons will complete its highest occupied energy level Covalent bonds are strong a lot of energy is needed to break them Substances with covalent bonds often form molecules with low melting and boiling points, such as hydrogen and water

Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics are all covalent bonds

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

The positive nucleus of one atom attracts the negative electrons of the other atom.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

The atoms move closer.

If they get too close, the positive nuclei repel each other.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

There is a balance point where the attraction and the repulsion cancel out.

Atoms will stay at this balance point. They have a stable bond. They are a molecule.

Covalent Bonds
Atoms in a covalent bond dont give away electrons or take them from other atoms. In a covalent bond, atoms share electrons.

Covalent Bonds

Both atoms want one more electron.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

FF
Now both atoms are happy.

They can share these two.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

FF
This atom has eight outer electrons.

FF
So does this one.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

FF
A dot diagram for a molecule is called a Lewis structure

F-F
The pair of shared electrons can be drawn as a line.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Oxygen wants two more electrons.

Theyll share this pair...

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

O O
Oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons.

and this pair.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

O O
Again, both atoms seem like they have eight outer electrons.

O O
Again, both atoms seem like they have eight outer electrons.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

O=O
They have a double bond, which can be drawn as two lines.

Nitrogen wants three more electrons.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

N N
A nitrogen molecule has a triple bond.

Nitrogen wants three more electrons.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

NN
A nitrogen molecule has a triple bond.

H
Hydrogen often forms covalent bonds with other elements.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Hydrogen often forms covalent bonds with other elements.

Hydrogen often forms covalent bonds with other elements.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

H-O-H
Hydrogen often forms covalent bonds with other elements.

Covalent Bonding
SYM spatial ASYM spin ASYM spatial SYM spin

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are shared equally

H2 or Cl2
space-symmetric tend to be closer

POLAR COVALENT BONDS when electrons are shared but shared unequally

H2O

- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

PH3

H-P-H H

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

H2S

H-S-H

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

HCl

H-Cl

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

CCl4

Cl Cl-C-Cl Cl

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

You try some!

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule

SiH4

H H-Si-H H

Hydrogen Chloride

Bonds

After bonding, the chlorine atom is now in contact with eight electrons in its highest energy level causing it to become stable The hydrogen atom is now in contact with two electrons in its highest energy level resulting in the hydrogen also being stable

Atoms may form multiple covalent bonds that is, share not just one pair of electrons but two or more pairs Atoms of different elements will form either one, two, three or four covalent bonds with other atoms there is a quick way to work out how many covalent bonds an element will form The number of covalent bonds is equal to eight minus the group number
Group 4 Example Number of bonds Carbon 84=4 Group 5 Nitrogen 85=3 Group 6 Oxygen 86=2 Group 7 Chlorine 87=1

Models
Element Formula Chemical Structure Ball & Stick Model

Double & Triple Bonds

Molecules can have a double covalent bonds, meaning they have two shared pairs of electrons (shown by a double line) Molecules can also have triple covalent bonds, meaning they have three shared pairs of electrons (shown by a triple line) A molecule of oxygen (O2) consists of two oxygen atoms held together by a double bond
O O

Hydrogen

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

Water

Ammonia

Methane

A molecule of nitrogen (N2) has two nitrogen atoms held together by a triple bond
N N

Elements & Compounds

Elements
Oxygen atoms can each form two covalent bonds Two pairs of Chlorine atoms can electrons are shared each form one in an oxygen molecule (O2) a covalent bond One pair of electrons double bond is shared in a One pair of electrons hydrogen molecule is shared in a chlorine (H2) molecule (Cl2)

Draw dot and cross diagrams for the following:

Hydrogen (H2) Oxygen (O2) Chlorine (Cl2) Water (H2O) Ammonia (NH3) Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Methane (CH4)

Hydrogen atoms can each form one covalent bond

Compounds
Hydrogen atoms can each form one covalent bond, while and nitrogen atoms can each form three covalent bonds Three pairs of electrons are shared in an ammonia molecule (NH3)

Compounds

Hydrogen atoms can each form one covalent bond, while oxygen atoms can each form two covalent bonds Two pairs of electrons are shared in a water molecule (H2O)

Hydrogen atoms and chlorine atoms can each form one covalent bond One pair of electrons is shared in a hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl)

Hydrogen atoms can each form one covalent bond, while carbon atoms can each form four covalent bonds Four pairs of electrons are shared in a methane molecule (CH4)

Quiz

3-METALLIC BOND
bond found in metals; holds metal atoms together very strongly
Formed between atoms of metallic elements Electron cloud around atoms Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very high melting points Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co

Metals Form Alloys

Metals do not combine with metals. They form Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal. Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.

Formula Weights
Formula weight is the sum of the atomic masses. Example- CO2 Mass, C + O + O 12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994 43.999

Practice

Compute the mass of the following compounds round to nearest tenth & state type of bond: NaCl; 23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond C 2H 6; 24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond Na(CO3)2; 23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent

1. Crystalline solids - regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid:

2. Ions strongly bonded

Rigid structure 2. High melting points Coordination number- # of ions of opposite charge surrounding it