Name………………………………………………….Adm.

No……………

Index No........…………./…….. Class…………………

Candidate’s Signature…………………………… Date…………………….

SUKELLEMO JOINT EXAM

(The Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education)

233/1
CHEMISTRY
Paper 1
(Theory)
DECEMBER 2022
Time 2 Hours
Instructions to Candidates
1. Write your name, admission number, class and index number in the spaces provided
above.
2. Sign and write the date of the examination in the spaces provided
3. Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
4. All working must be clearly shown.
5. Non-programmable silent electronic calculators and KNEC mathematical tables may be used. This
paper consists of 12 printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that
all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing.

For Examiner’s Use only

Questions Maximum score Candidates score

1 – 28 80

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1.Explain how a burette is suited to its function of accurate measurement of volume of liquids

(1 mark)
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2. A mixture of two liquids A and B with densities of 2.34g/cm3 and 1.30g/cm3

respectively is to be separated .

(i) Describe how to efficiently obtain liquid B from the mixture . (2 marks)
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(ii) Name the type of mixture consisting of liquids A and B (1 mark)

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3. Nitrogen (I)oxide gas can be prepared in the laboratory using a mixture of ammonium
chloride solution and sodium nitrate solution.

(a) The reaction occurs in two steps. State the two steps in the correct order. (2 marks)

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(b) State one use of nitrogen (I) oxide (1 mark)

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4.(a) Draw structural formulae of two positional isomers with molecular formula C4H8.

(2 marks)

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 (b) Study the equation below and answer the questions that follow.

C4H8 + Cl2 C4H8Cl2

(i) State the condition under which this reaction occurs. (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Give the general name of this type of reaction. (1 mark)

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5.The diagram below shows the energy changes that occur when sodium chloride dissolves in
water. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

∆H2

∆H1
Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Energy

∆H3
NaCl (s)

Reaction path

a) What do ∆H1, ∆H2 and ∆H3 represent? (1½ mark)

∆H1 ……………………………………………………………………………………..
∆H2 ……………………………………………………………………………………..
∆H3 ……………………………………………………………………………………..

b)Given that the lattice energy of NaCl (s) is -776 kJmol-1 and hydration energies of Na+(g) and
Cl are -407 kJmol-1 and -364 kJmol-1 respectively. Calculate the heat of solution (∆Hsol) of 1
-
(g)
mole NaCl (s). (1½ mark)

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6. The standard electrode potentials of a metal H and Iron are given below.

Fe2+(aq) + 2e Fe(s) -0.44V

H2+(aq) + 2e H(s) -0.91V

Is the reaction below possible ? Show your working (2 marks)

Fe(s) + H2+(aq) H(s) + Fe2+(aq)

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7. (a)Why is the percentage of carbon (IV) oxide in the atmosphere fairly constant? (1 mark)

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(b) Calculate the volume of carbon(IV)oxide in 9,000 m3 of air contained in a room. (2 marks)

8. State two applications of using impurities to lower the melting point of substances. (2 marks)

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9. a) Determine the percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate fertilizer (N=14.0,

H=1.0,0=16.0 ) (2 marks)

b) Give one negative effect of continuous use of nitrogenous fertilizers (1 mark)

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10. Study the table below and use it to answer the questions that follow. (The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements).

Element S P Q R T
Atomic 5 20 3 18 5
number
Atomic mass 10 40 7 40 11

(a) Select two letters that represent a pair of isotopes ? (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Give the number of neutrons in an atom of element T . (1 mark)

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11. Dry ammonia gas was passed over heated copper(II) oxide.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction. (1 mark)

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(b)Give the property of ammonia gas illustrated in the reaction above (1 mark
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Write the formula of a gas that can be used in place of ammonia gas in the reaction
above (1 mark )
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12. Study the equation below and answer the questions that follow:
CH2OOC(CH2)16CH3 CH2OH

CHOOC(CH2)16CH3 + 3 NaOH CHOH + 3 CH3(CH2)16COONa

CH2OOC(CH2)16CH3 CH2OH

X Y Z

a) What type of reaction is this? (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) What class of organic compounds does X belong? (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) Explain the role of sodium chloride in the manufacture of soap. (1 mark)

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13. The set up below was used to prepare dry hydrogen gas. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
Dilute sulphuric acid
Cardboard

Zinc granules

Liquid Z

(i) Identify one mistake in the set-up above. (1 mark)

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(ii) What is the role of Liquid Z? (1 mark)
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(iii) Using an equation give one chemical property of hydrogen gas (1 mark)
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14. Study the following equilibrium equation.

2A2(g) + B2(g) 2A2B(g) H = -198kJ/mol
(a) Suggest two ways of increasing the yield of A2B. (1 mark)
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(b) Draw the energy level diagram for the backward reaction. (2 marks)

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15 .A solution contains 5.3g of X2CO3 in 500 cm3 of solution. 25.0 cm3 of this solution required
20.0 cm3 of 0.25M hydrochloric acid for complete neutralization.
The equation for the reaction is;
X2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2XCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
a) Calculate the concentration of X2CO3 solution in grams/dm3. (1 mark)

b) Find the molarity of X2CO3 solution. (1 mark)

c) Find the relative formula mass of X2CO3 hence calculate the relative atomic mass of X.
(C = 12, O = 16) (2 marks)

16. (a) State Graham’s law of diffusion. (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(b) 100cm3 of Carbon (IV) Oxide diffuses through a porous plate in 30 seconds. Calculate
the
time taken by 75cm3 of Nitrogen (IV) Oxide to diffuse through the same plate under similar
conditions. (C = 12, 0 = 16, N = 14) (2 marks)

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17. A student fetched water from a river in a limestone area. He used it for washing and realized
that it did not lather easily. On boiling,the water lathered easily .When he added washing soda,it
again lathered easily
(i) Name two compounds that are most likely to be present in the water (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………….…………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Given that the structure of soap is C17H35COONa.
Explain by means of ionic equation how the above compounds prevent lathering. (1
mark)
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…...…………….
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18. A student burnt magnesium ribbon in a gas jar full of sulphur (IV) oxide gas.
(i) State two observations made in the gas jar. (2 mark)
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(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1 mark)
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19. A radioactive isotope M decays by emitting two alpha and a beta particle to form 206
Y.
83

a) What was the atomic number of M (1 mark)

b) After 224 days 1/16 of mass of M remained. Determine the half-life of M. (2 marks)

c) State one use of radioactivity in agriculture. (1 mark)

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20. (i) With the aid of a well labeled diagram, show that the almost colourless region of a non
luminous flame consist of unburnt gases (1½ marks)

(ii) Highlight the steps followed when lighting a Bunsen burner. (1½ marks)

21. The diagram below shows an experiment involving chlorine water.

Sunlight

Chlorine water

a) Chlorine water is a mixture of two acids. Explain using a chemical equation. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b) State and explain the observation that was made after 24 hours. (2 marks)
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c) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in (b) above. (1 mark)
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22. Study the flow chart below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

Sodium HCl (aq) AgNO3 (aq)

Solution T Solid P
carbonate

Ca(OH)2 (aq) Excess

Gas S Solution L
Solid Q

a)Identify substances L, P, Q and S. (2 marks)

L …………………………………………………………..
P ………………………………………………………….
Q…………………………………………………………….
S……………………………………………………………..
b)Write an ionic equation for the reaction between T and silver nitrate solution. (1 mark)
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23. a) Define solubility. (1mark)

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b) In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid W in water at 400c, the following results
were obtained.

Mass of empty evaporating dish = 36.2g

Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution = 52.4g.
Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid W = 40.4g

Use this data to calculate the solubility of W at 400C . (2 marks)

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24. In terms of structure and bonding, explain why propane (RMM=44 ) is a gas at room
temperature while ethanol (RMM=46) is a liquid at room temperature (2 marks)
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25. Explain why hard water flowing in lead pipes may be safer for drinking than soft water
flowing in the same pipes. (2 marks)
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26. Air was passed through reagents as shown below.

Calcium hydroxide solution Hot Copper Excess hot Magnesium

Air
C

A
B

i)State and explain the observations made when air is passed over hot copper. (2
marks)
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Write the equation for the reaction taking place in chamber B (1
mark)
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27. When sugar crystals were reacted with concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid, a black solid A was
formed which when dried, burnt in excess air to form a colourless gas B only while when
concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid is reacted with liquid C at a temperature of 170oC, a colourless gas
D is formed which turns yellow bromine water to colourless and also turns colour of substance E
from purple to colourless.

(i) Identify substances : (2 marks)

  Gas B …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

  Liquid C ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

  Gas D ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

  (ii) Which property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid is being demonstrated by formation of the
black solid (1 mark)

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

28. Sodium is extracted from its ore by the electrolysis process.

a) Name the chief ore from which sodium is extracted from. (1 mark

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) An ore is suspected to contain mainly sodium. Describe a method that can be used to
confirm the presence of sodium in the ore. (2 marks

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