6.1 Distance Between Two Points: Form 4 Additional Mathematics Chapter 6 Coordinate Geometry

FORM 4 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 6 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
6.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

The distance between the points (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ) is 2 1 2 + 2 1 2 Type 1: Find the distance between two points using a formula 1. Given two points (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ), show that the distance between and is given by = 2 1
2
Smart Practice 1. Calculate the distance between the points (5, 4) and (0,8).
2. 3.
The distance between the points (, 0) and (0, + 7) is 13 units. Find the possible values of . The straight line 2 + 3 = 21 meets the -axis at the point . Find the coordinates of . Hence, given the point (15, 1), find the distance .
+ 2 1
Hence, given the points (2,5) and (1,1) , find the distance between and . Solution
Self Assess 1. Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points. (a) (4, 2) and (6,2) (b) (7,3) and (13, 9)
2. 3. 4.
Show that the point (6,5) is equidistant from the points (3,1) and (1,5). Given the points 2,0 , 2,2 and (8,5) , find the ratio : . Find the value of if the points (2, ) and (2 + 1, + 3) are equidistant from the origin. Find the possible values of if the distance between two points (2, ) and (1,2) is 5. Find the possible values of if the distance between the two points (4, ) and (2, 4) is 3 5. Given the points , 4 , (2,2) and (3,3) , find the possible values of if the distance of is twice the distance of . The coordinates of the points and are (4,6) and (5,3) respectively. If the point (, ) is equidistant from the points and , show that = 3( + 1). If the distance between the points ( + , + ) and ( + , + ) is ( ) , show that =0.
Using Pythagoras Theorem for triangle , 2 = 2 + 2 = = 2 +

2
5. 6.
2 + 2 1
2 2
2 1
Given (2,5) and (1,1), = 1 2 + 15

2
7.
2.
= 9 + 16 = 5 units Find the distance between the points (2, 2) and (4, 5). Solution Let (2, 2) be (1 , 1 ) and (4, 5) be (2 , 2 ) Distance of = = 2 1 4 2
2 2
8.
9.
+ 2 1
2 2
+ 5 2
= 36 + 9 = 45 = 95
6.2 DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

The midpoint of the points (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ) is 1 + 2 1 + 2 , 2 2 Type 2: Find the midpoint of two given points 1. Given the points 2,5 , (2,3) and (3,1). Find (a) The midpoint, , of the line joining to (b) The distance Solution
(a) (b)
= 3 5 (or 6.71)
OR
Let (4, 5) be (1 , 1 ) and (2, 2) be (2 , 2 ) Distance of = = 2 1 2 4

2
+ 2 1
2
2 2
+ 2 5
= 36 + 9 = 45
= 3 5 (or 6.71)
Midpoint, =
2+ 2 2
2
5+3 2
=, . . (0,4)
2
0+3
+ 41
= 4.243 units
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2.
If (3, 2 ) is the midpoint of the points 4 (4, 7) and , find the coordinates of the point . Solution Let point be (, )
Smart Practice 1. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line , where (3,5) and (1, 7).
2.
Given the points 2,0 , (3,4) and (1,6) . Find the coordinates of the respective midpoint of and . Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line , where (5,2) and (1,0) . Given a point (3,4) , find the distance .
3.
Equating the -coordinates,

4 + = 3 2 4 + = 6 = 2
6.2a POINT THAT INTERNALLY DIVIDES A LINE SEGMENT IN THE RATIO :

7 + 11 = 2 4 4 7 + = 22 28 + 4 = 22 4 = 6 3 = 2
The coordinates of point are 2, 1

3.
1 2
If ( , ) internally divides the line segment in the ratio : = : , then = 1 + 2 1 + 2 , = + +
Given that the points 5,6 , 8,7 , (7,3) and are four vertices of a parallelogram, find the coordinates of point . Solution
Let point be (, ) Midpoint of = Midpoint of

+ 8 + 7 5+7 6+3 , = , 2 2 2 2 + 8 + 7 9 , = 6, 2 2 2
Type 3: Find the coordinates of a point that divides a line according to a given ratio : 1. Given the points (3,5) and (9,2) (a) A point divides the line in the ratio of 1: 2 (i) Show that has the coordinates (5,4) (ii) Hence, find the coordinates of the midpoint of (b) A point (7, ) divides the line in the ratio : 1. Find the value of and of . Solution
(a)

+ 8 =6 2 = 4

+ 7 9 = 2 2 = 2
(b)
(i) Using Ratio Theorem, 1 + 2 1 + 2 , + + 2 3 + 1 9 2 5 + 1 2 = , 1+2 1+2 = (5,4) (ii) = Using Ratio Theorem,
3 + 9 5 + 2 , + 1 + 1
3+5 5+4 2
= (4, 4.5)
The coordinates of point are (4, 2)
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Comparing with (7, ), we obtain 3+9 5+2 = 7 and = +1 +1 Hence, 3 + 9 = 7 + 7 2 = 4 = 2 5+2 Substitute = 2 into = +1 5+2 2 = , . . = 3 2+1 Hence, = 2 and = 3 Smart Practice 1. Given that a point divides , where (0,5) and (4,1), in the ratio 3: 1, find the coordinates of . is a straight line where 0,8 , (1,7) and (, ) . If divides in the ratio 1: 3 , find the value of and of . 3. It is given three collinear points 1,3 , (, 5) and (6,8) . If divides in the ratio 2: , find the value of and of . Self Assess 1. Find the coordinates of the midpoints of each of the following pairs of points.
(a) (b) 2. 2. 9.
Point 2, 6
1 2
internally divides the line segment
joining the points (7, 9) and in the ratio 5: 3. Find the coordinates of point .
10.
The point (1,9) divides the line segment joining the points and (17,18) internally in the ratio 1: 3 . Find the coordinates of point . The coordinates of points and are (7, 3) and (11,3) respectively. If the point (4, ) lies on the straight line , find (a) The ratio : (b) The value of The coordinates of the points and are (3,4) and (, 2) respectively. If point (0,2) lies on the straight line , find (a) The ratio : (b) The value of
11.
12.
6.3 AREAS OF POLYGONS

1.
(2, 3) and
3 7 2 2
If is formed by the points (1 , 1 ), (2 , 2 ) and (3 , 3 ), then the area of is given by
(3, 2 5 ) and (6 3, 5 + 4) is a point that lies on the straight line such that = . If the coordinates of the points and are (2,2) and (4, 2) respectively, find the coordinates of point . If , is the midpoint of the line segment joining 2 2 the points (3, 1), find the coordinates of point . The coordinates of points , and are 3,5 , (1,1) and (, 5) respectively. Find the possible values of if the distance between the midpoint of and is 3 2. Given that the points 6,3 , 8,6 , (4,5) and are the four vertices of a parallelogram , find the coordinates of point . Given that the points 0,1 , 1, , (6, 1) and (, 6) are the four vertices of a rhombus , find the value of and of . Given that is a straight line, find the coordinates of point if (a) : = 2: 3, (1,3) and (4,18) (b) : = 2: 1, (4, 1) and (5,2) Find the coordinates of point given that , and are three points on a straight line such that (a) 2 = , 11,1 , (2,7) (b) 4 = 3 , 4, 8 , (10,6)
7 3
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
If the coordinates of vertices are arranged in the anticlockwise order, then the answer of the area is positive. If the coordinates of vertices are arranged in the clockwise order, then the answer of the area is negative. To overcome the problem of the answer sign, the modulus notation can be used. Please refer to the example below: Example Calculate the area of with the vertices 1,3 , (5,1) and (6,7) Discussion Case 1: The vertices are in the anticlockwise order Area of 1 1 6 1 5 = 7 3 2 3 1 1 = [1 + 35 + 18 15 + 6 + 7 ] 2 1 = (54 28) 2 = 13 2 *Notice that the answer of the area is positive if the vertices are arranged in the anticlockwise order
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Case 2: The vertices are in clockwise order Area of 1 1 6 1 5 = 3 1 2 3 7 1 = [7 + 6 + 15 18 + 35 + 1 ] 2 1 = (28 54) 2 = 13 2 *Notice that the answer of the area is negative if the vertices are arranged in the clockwise order Case 3: The modulus notation is used to overcome the problem of the answer sign Area of 1 1 6 1 5 = 3 1 2 3 7 1 = 7 + 6 + 15 (18 + 35 + 1) 2 1 = 28 54 2 = 13 2 If a quadrilateral is formed by the points (1 , 1 ) , (2 , 2 ) , (3 , 3 ) and (4 , 4 ) , then the area of the quadrilateral is given by 2 + 5 0 = 8, . . = 4 Hence, (4,0) : = 0 [3] Substitute = 0 into equation [1], 8 2 0 + 5 = 8, . . = 5 8 Hence, 0,
5
5.
Important Note 1. When using the formula to find the area of a triangle, we have to take note of the following: (1 , 1 ) is repeated at the end Area of = 1 [ 2 )] 2. If the area of = 0, then the points , and are collinear Type 4: Find the area of a triangle based on the area of specific geometrical shapes 1. (a) The straight line 2 + 5 = 8 meets the -axis at and the -axis at . Calculate the area of triangle , where is the origin. (b) 3,4 , 9,4 , and are the vertices of a rhombus . The diagonals and meet at a point (6,1). Find the coordinates of . Hence, find (i) The lengths of and (ii) The area of triangle (iii) The area of the rhombus Solution (a) 2 + 5 = 8 1 -axis : = 0 2 Substitute = 0 into equation [1],
Area of triangle = 2 1 8 = 4 2 5 16 = 2 5 (b) Midpoint of diagonal = 3 + 4 + , = (6,1) 2 2 3+ 4+ Hence, = 6 and =1 2 2 3 + = 12 and 4 + = 2 = 9 and = 2 (9, 2) (a) = 39 2+ 4+2 2 = 72 = 8.485 = 9 6 2 + 4 1 2 = 18 = 4.243 1 (b) Area of triangle = 2 1 = 72 18 2 = 18 2 (c) Area of rhombus = 2 = 36 2 Smart Practice 1. The straight line 2 = 10 meets the -axis at a point and the -axis at a point . Show that the coordinates of and are (10,0) and (0, 5) respectively. Hence, calculate the area of the triangle , where is the origin (0,0)
2.
The straight line 3 + 4 = 36 meets the coordinate axes at the points and . Find (a) The coordinates of and of (b) The area of where is the origin 3,6 , 3,1 , (1, 2) and are the vertices of a rhombus. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the diagonal . Hence, find (a) The area of triangle (b) The area of the rhombus
3.
Type 5: Find the area of a triangle using a formula (a) 3,2 , 1, , (5,0) are the vertices of the triangle . If the area of the triangle is 5 2 , find the possible values of .
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By finding the area of triangle , show that the points 1,3 , (5, 1) and (6, 2) are collinear. Solution Area of triangle = 5 2 1 3 1 5 3 Hence, =5 2 2 0 2 1 3 + 1 0 + 5 2 [ 1 2 + 5 2 + 3 0 ] =5 8 2 = 10 Hence, 8 2 = 10 or 8 2 = 10 From 8 2 = 10, we have 2 = 2, i.e. = 1 From 8 2 = 10, we have 2 = 18, i.e. 9 = 1 9 (b) Area of triangle 1 1 5 6 1 = 2 3 1 2 3 1 = 1 10 + 18 (15 6 2) 2 =0 Since the area of triangle is zero, therefore , and are collinear points. Smart Practice 1. (a) Find the area of triangle , where its vertices have the coordinates 2,5 , (0,6) and (1,3) (b) Show that the points 5,3 , (2,0) and (1, 1) are collinear.
(a) 2. (b)
Smart Practice 1. The vertices of a quadrilateral are 2,4 , 5,0 , (1, 3) and (2, 1). Find the area of the quadrilateral .
2.
Given the vertices 1,6 , 3,6 , (0,4) and (2, 5). Find the area of the quadrilateral .
Self Assess 1. Based on the areas of specific geometrical shapes, find (a) The area of whose vertices are 2,3 , (9,4) and (5,1) (b) The area of whose vertices are 4,1 , (1,2) and (3,5) 2. (a) Find the area of the triangle with the vertices 1,2 , (5,3) and (2, 2) (b) Find the area of the quadrilateral with the vertices 1, 3 , 4, 2 , (3,4) and (3, 1) 3. By considering the area of , show that the points 1,4 , (2, 2) and (5, 8) are collinear.
4.
Find the value of if the points (2,4) , (1, ) and (4,4 ) are collinear. 2,2 , , 2 , (2, ) and (3,4) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Find (a) The value of and of (b) The area of The diagram shows with the vertices 9, 5 , (2,1) and (5, 7).
3.
It is given that three points 3,0 , (, 2) and (5,4). IF the area of triangle is 3 square units, find the possible values of . Show that the straight line 3 + 2 = 24 intersects the coordinate axes at the points (8,0) and (0,12). Hence, find the area of the triangle , where has the coordinates (1,3)
5.
6.
Type 6: Find the area of a quadrilateral using a formula is a quadrilateral where its vertices are 0,7 , 3,1 , 4, 1 and (2,2). Find the area of the quadrilateral . Solution Area of quadrilateral 1 0 3 4 2 0 = 2 7 1 1 2 7 1 = 0 1 + 3 1 + 4 2 + 2 7 [ 3 7 2 + 4 1 + 2 1 + 0 2 ] 1 19 [23] 2 1 = 4 2 1 = 4 2 = 2 2 =
7.
Calculate (i) The area of (ii) The distance of (b) Hence, find the perpendicular distance from AC The coordinates of points , and are 1,2 , (7,8) and (, 10) respectively. Find the values of if the area of is 24 2 .
(a)
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6.4 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

6.4a AXES INTERCEPTS AND GRADIENTS
1.
2.
The -intercept is the -coordinate of the intersection point of a straight line and the -axis, i.e. the value of when = 0 The -intercept is the -coordinate of the intersection point of a straight line and the -axis, i.e. the value of when = 0 Example
Substitute = 0 into equation [1], 5 + 4 0 40 = 0, i.e. 5 = 40 Hence, = 8 the -intercept of the straight line is = 8 : = 0 3 Substitute = 0 into equation [1], 5 0 + 4 40 = 0 4 = 40
The gradient of a straight line that passes through the points (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ) is denoted by . The formula to find the gradient is 2 1 = 2 1 4. If the -intercept and the -intercept of a straight line are given, the gradient of the straight line is = Important Note The properties of the gradient of a straight line are: The straight line that slopes upwards has a positive gradient
3.
The straight line that slopes downwards has a negative gradient
The gradient of a straight line that is parallel to the -axis is zero The gradient of a straight line that is parallel to the -axis is undefined Type 7: Determine the -intercept and -intercept of a line Find the -intercept and the -intercept of the straight line 5 + 4 40 = 0 Hence, calculate the area of the triangle bounded by the straight line with the coordinate axes. Solution 5 + 4 40 = 0 1 : = 0 [2]
Hence, = 10 the -intercept of the straight line is = 10 Area of the triangle bounded by the straight line with the coordinate axes = Area of triangle 1 = 8 10 2 = 40 2 Smart Practice 1. Find the -interceot and the -intercept of the straight line 2 + 7 = 28. Hence, calculate the area of the triangle bounded by the straight line with the coordinate axes. 2. Find the -interceot and the -intercept of the straight line 3 + 4 + 32 = 0 . Hence, find the angle made by the straight line with the -axis. 3. Find the -interceot and the -intercept of the straight line 2 + 3 + 6 = 0 . Hence, calculate the area of the triangle enclosed by the straight line with the coordinate axes. Type 8: Find the gradient of a straight line that passes through two points Given the points 2,5 , (3, 1) and (2,4) . Find the gradient of the straight line (a) (b) Solution
(a) (b)
Gradient of =
5 1 2 3
= 6 =
1 4
Gradient of =
54
2 2
Smart Practice 1. Find the gradient of the straight line that joins the points (2,5) and (3,1).
2.
Given the points (3,4) and (2, 2) . Find the gradients of the straight lines and , where is the origin
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3.
The straight line that joins the points (3,0) and (, ) has a gradient of 5. Find the value of .
i.e. +
5
11 5 1 5
Type 9: Find the gradient of a straight line using the intercept and the -intercept (a) The -intercept and the -intercept of a straight line are 4 and 7 respectively. Find the gradient of the straight line. (b) Find the gradient of a straight line that passes through the points (2,0) and (0,6) Solution
(a) (b)
Alternative Method:
Equation of the straight line is = + Substitute the coordinates of (4,3), 1 3 = 4 + 5 11 Hence, =
5
Gradient of the straight line =
7 4
the equation of the straight line is given by 1 11 = +

5 5
-intercept of the straight line = 2 -intercept of the straight line = 6 6 Gradient of the straight line = = 3
2
(c)
Gradient of the straight line, = = + (3),

2 1
3 6
1 2
Equation of the straight line is given by

1 2
Smart Practice 1. The -intercept and -intercept of a straight line are 2 and 4 respectively. Find the gradient of the straight line.
2. 3.
i.e. = 3
Alternative Method:
Equation of the straight line is given by +
6 3
=1
A straight line passes through the points (6,0) and (0,8). Find the gradient of the straight line .
Given the -intercept of a straight line is 5. If the gradient of the straight line is 2, find the -intercept of the straight line. Type 10: Find the equation of a straight line given (a) Gradient and one point (b) Two points (c) -intercept and -intercept (a) A straight line has a gradient 3. Find the equation of the straight line if it passes through the point (i) (0,4) (ii) (2,4) (b) Find the equation of a straight line that passes through the points (4,3) and (1,2) (c) The -intercept and -intercept of a straight line are 6 and 3 respectively. Find the gradient of the straight line and hence, or otherwise, determine the equation of the straight line, expressing your answer in gradient form. Solution (a) (i) From = 3 and = 4 , we obtain equation of the straight line is = 3 + 4 (ii) Equation of the straight line is given by = 3 + Substitute the coordinates (2,4), 4 = 3 2 + = 10 equation of the straight line is = 3 + 10
(b)
Multiply by 6, we obtain 2 = 6 2 = 6 = 3
2 1
Smart Practice 1. A straight line with a gradient of 4, passes through a point (3,1). Find the equation of the straight line.
2. 3.
Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the points (2,6) and (4,5).
The -intercept and -intercept of a straight line are 3 and 2 respectively. Find the gradient from of the equation of the straight line. Type 11: Find the gradient and the intercepts of a straight line given the equation A straight line has the equation 3 5 = 45. Find (a) the gradient (b) the -intercept and the -intercept, of the straight line Solution (a) 3 5 = 45 5 = 3 45 Hence, = 9
5 3 3 5
Gradient of the straight line =

(b)
Gradient of , =
3 2 4 1
1 5
Using the formula 1 = ( 1 ) , equation of the straight line is 1 3 = ( 4) 5
-intercept of the straight line = 9 Substitute = 0 into the equation 3 5 = 45 3 5 0 = 45 = 15 -intercept of the straight line = 15
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Smart Practice 1. A straight line has the equation 2 3 + 42 = 0 . Find (a) The gradient of the straight line (b) The -intercept and the -intercept of the straight line
2.
Type 12: Change the equation of a straight line to the general form Express each equation of the following straight line in the general form (a) = 5 8 (b) + =1
5 2
The gradient form of the equation of a straight line is given by = 4 + 6. Find (a) The -intercept (b) The -intercept, of the straight line The equation of a straight line is given by + = 1.
5 7
3.
Write down the -intercept and the -intercept of the straight line (b) Find the gradient of the straight line
(a)
Solution (a) = 5 8 5 8 = 0 Alternative answer 5 + + 8 = 0 (b) Multiply + = 1 with 10, 5 2 2 + 5 = 10 2 + 5 10 = 0 Smart Practice 1. Given the equation of a straight line in gradient form is = 2 + 9 , express the equation of the straight line in its general form.
2.
6.4b EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE

1.
Case 1: The gradient, , and the coordinates of a point, (1 , 1 ) are given The equation of the straight line is 1 = ( 1 ) Case 2: The coordinates of two points (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ) are given The equation of the straight line is 1 2 1 = 1 2 1 Case 3: The -intercept, , -intercept, is given The equation of the straight line is

Given the intercept form of the equation of a straight line is + = 1 , express the equation in the 3 2 general form. Express each equation of the following straight lines in the general form. (a) = 3 + 7 (b) + =1
2 4
3.
6.4c INTERSECTION POINTS

The intersection point of two straight lines can be found by solving the equations of the two straight lines simultaneously Type 13: Find the point of intersection of two lines Find the coordinates of the points of intersection between the line , where (2,0) and (0,4) and the straight line + 2 + 4 = 0 Solution Given (2,0) and (0,4) Hence, the equation of is given by + =1 2 4 Multiplying with 4, we have 2 + = 4 [1] From + 2 + 4 = 0, we have = 2 4 Substitute = 2 4 into equation [1], 2 2 4 + = 4 3 = 12 12 = = 4 3 Hence, = 2 4 4 = 4 Point of intersection has the coordinates (4, 4)
+ =1
2.
= = The equation of a straight line can be expressed in three forms: Equation in the gradient form = + = = Equation in the intercept form

+ = 1
= = Equation in the general form + + = 0
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Smart Practice 1. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection between the straight lines + 3 7 = 0 and 2 7 = 0 2. The straight lines = 2 5 and 3 + 2 4 = 0 meet at a point . Find the coordinates of .
3. 10.
The equations of the sides , and of are 3 = + 7, = 5 + 13 and 7 = 3 5 respectively. Find the coordinates of the vertices , and . The coordinates of points and are (4,2) and (5, 4) respectively. A straight line ST with the equation 2 = 7 + 10 intersects the straight line at point . A straight line with the gradient of 2 is drawn such that it passes through the point . Find the equation of the straight line .
11.
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection between the straight lines = 3 6 and
2
+ = 1.
3
Self Assess 1. Find the gradient of each of the following pairs of points. (a) (2, 6) and (3,4) (b) (3 2 + , ) and ( , 2 )
2.
6.5 PARALLEL LINES AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

6.5a PARALLEL LINES
1.
3. 4.
The -intercept and the -intercept of the straight line are 4 and 2 respectively. Calculate the gradient of the straight line (b) The -intercept of the straight line is 6 and its gradient is 3. Find the -intercept of the straight line . Find the values of if the points 0, , ( + 1, 2) and ( 5, 4) are collinear.
(a)
If two straight lines are parallel, they have the same gradient.
5.
Find the equation of the straight line that has (a) A gradient of 2 and passes through the point (6,2) 3 (b) A gradient of and passes through the point 4 (7,3) Find the equation of the straight line that passes through each of the following pairs of points. (a) (3, 1) and (4,0) (b) (3,3) and (3, 5) Find the equation (in the intercept form) of the straight line that passes through each of the following pairs of points. (a) (4,0) and (0, 5) (b) (6,0) and (0, 8) 1 3 (c) ( , 0) and (0, )
2 4
6.
7.
8.
Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the points (1,3) and (5,12) in (a) The gradient form (b) The general form (c) The intercept form Find the gradient and the -intercept of each of the following straight lines. (a) 3 6 + 2 = 0 (b) + =1
5 4
If the straight line = 1 + 1 is parallel to the straight line = 2 + 2 , then 1 = 2 Type 14: Determine whether two straight lines are parallel when gradients of both lines are known and vice versa The three straight lines 1 , 2 and 3 are defined by 1 : = 3 + 11 2 : + = 1 2 3 : 6 2 = 15 (a) Show that the two lines 1 and 3 are parallel (b) Given that 1 and 2 are parallel, find the value of , and hence, express the equation of 2 in the gradient form Solution (a) Gradient of 1 , = 3 From 6 2 = 15 , we obtain 2 = 6 15 , i.e. 1 = 3 7 2 Gradient of 3 , = 3 Since 1 = 3 , therefore the lines 1 and 3 are parallel 2 (b) Gradient of 2 , 2 = = Given that 1 and 2 are parallel, i.e. 1 = 2 , we obtain
3= 2 = 3 + =1 2 2 3 2

2.
9.
The straight line has a gradient of 3 and passes through the point (2,8). The straight line passes through the points (6, 2) and (2,6) . Find the intersection point of the straight lines and .
Multiply by 2,
2 + = 2 3 + = 2 2 3
the gradient form of equation of 2 is = 3 + 2
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Smart Practice 1. Show that the two straight lines 3 + 2 10 = 0 and 4 = 7 6 are parallel lines.
2.
6.5b PERPENDICULAR LINES

If two straight lines with gradients 1 and 2 respectively are perpendicular to each other, then = . 2. If the straight line = 1 + 1 is perpendicular to the straight line = 2 + 2 , then = . Important Note If the first straight line has the gradient and the second straight line is perpendicular to the first straight line, then 1 the second straight line has the gradient , i.e. negative reciporal of the first gradient. Type 16: Determine whether two straight lines are perpendicular when gradients of both lines are known and vice versa The three straight lines 1 , 2 and 3 are defined by 1 : + 2 = 5, where is a positive constant, 2 : +
8
1.
3.
Given that the two straight lines + 2 5 = 0 and + = 6 are parallel lines, (a) Find in terms of (b) Express the equation of the straight line + = 6 in the intercept form. The -intercept and -intercept of a straight line 1 are 4 and 2 respectively. Another straight line 2 has the equation 2 + 3 = 0 . Show that 1 and 2 are parallel lines.
Type 15: Find the equation of a straight line that passes through a fixed point and parallel to a given line Given three points, 2,5 , (3,1) and (1,4). Find the equation of the straight line that passes through and is parallel to the line . Solution Gradient of the line =
5 1 2 3
= 1, 3 : 2 4 = 7
= 4
Gradient of the line that passes through = Gradient of = 4 Hence, equation of the line that passes through and is parallel to is given by = 4 + Substituting the coordinates of (1,4), 4 = 4 1 + , i.e. = 0 = 4 Alternative Method: Hence, equation of the line that passes through and is parallel to is given by 4 = 4( + 1) 4 = 4 4 = 4 Smart Practice 1. Find the equation of a straight line that passes through the point (0,7) and is parallel to the straight line 3 = 8
2.
Given that the straight lines 1 and 2 are perpendicular to each other, show that = 4 (b) Hence, show that the straight line 1 is perpendicular to the straight line 3 . Solution (a) From + 2 = 5, we obtain 2 = + 5, 5 i.e. = +
(a)
2 2
Gradient of 1 , 1 = From +
8
= 1,
Gradient of 2 , 2 = = 8 8 Since the straight lines 1 and 2 are perpendicular to each other, we have 1 2 = 1 Hence, = 1 2 8 i.e. 2 = 16 = 16 = 4 Since > 0, we have = 4 4 (b) 1 = = 2 2 From 2 4 = 7, we have 4 = 2 7 1 7 Hence, =
2 2
Given three points, 3,5 , (1,2) and (4,7) , find the equation of the straight line that passes through and is parallel to the line . Three sides , and of a triangle has the equation 2 + 5 = 3, 3 = 7 and 4 = 5 respectively. Find the coordinates of and hence find the equation of the straight line that passes through and is parallel to .
3.
Gradient of 3 , 3 = 2 1 1 3 = 2 = 1 2 Since 1 3 = 1, therefore 1 is perpendicular to 3 Smart Practice 1. Show that the straight lines 3 + 4 = 8 and 4 = 3 5 are perpendicular to each other.
2.
Given the straight lines = + 6 and = 2 + 3 are perpendicular to each other, find the numerical value of .
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3.
The straight line 2 + 3 2 = 0 is perpendicular to the straight line 2 + 7 = 0. Find the value of , and hence, determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of these two straight lines.
Type 17: Determine the equation of a straight line that passes through a fixed point and perpendicular to a given line 3, 1 , (2,4) and (2,1) are the vertices of a triangle of the altitude of the triangle that joins to the side Solution Gradient of =
4 1 2 2
3 4
Gradient of altitude from to Gradient of = 1 Gradient of altitude from to = 1

4 3 1
3 4
The coordinates of The area of triangle , where is the origin Solution (a) Gradient of = 1 1 Hence, gradient of = 1 : = + 2 [1] (b) Substitute = into equation [1], 1 = + 2 2 = + 2 2 2 + 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 2 + 1
(b) (c)
Hence, = =
gradient of altitude from to =

4 = + 3
4 3
2 2 2 3 , 2 + 1 2 + 1
2 3 2 +1
(c)
Equation of the altitude from to is given by

2.
Substitute coordinates of (3, 1), 1 =

4 3
3 + , i.e. = 3
Hence, equation of the altitude from from is

4 = + 3 3
Smart Practice 1. Find the equation of a straight line that passes through the point (0,3) and is perpendicular to the straight line 2 = 12
2.
Given three points 1,5 , (1,4) and (2, 3) , find the equation of the straight line that passes through and is perpendicular to the line . 2,7 , (3,5) and (1,2) are the vertices of the triangle . Find the equation of the altitude of the triangle that passes through the point .
3.
Type 18: Solve problems involving equations of straight lines 1. The diagram shows a straight line = , where > 0, and a point (0,2)
A straight line , which is perpendicular to the line = , meets the line = at a point . Find, in terms of , (a) The equation of the straight line
2 3 2 2 + 1 The sides , and of a triangle have the respective equation of 3 + 7 = 0, 4 + 5 6 = 0 and 5 + 2 16 = 0 (a) Find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle (b) Show that the midpoint of lies on -axis (c) Find the equation of the median of the triangle which passes through the vertex (d) Calculate the area of triangle Solution (a) : 3 + 7 = 0 1 : 4 + 5 6 = 0 [2] : 5 + 2 16 = 0 [3] Substituting = 3 7 into equation [2], 4 3 7 + 5 6 = 0 17 = 34, i.e. = 2 From [1], = 3 2 7 = 1 (1,2) Substitute = 3 7 into equation [3], 5 3y 7 + 2y 16 = 0 17y = 51, i.e. y = 3 From 1 , = 3 3 7 = 2 (2,3) Using the operation of 2 5 3 4 , we obtain 25 8 + 30 64 = 0 17 = 34, i.e. = 2 From equation 2 , 4 + 5 2 6 = 0 4 = 16, i.e. = 4 (4, 2) 1+4 2+ 2 (b) Midpoint of , , 2 2 3 , 0 2 Since the -coordinate of is 0, therefore the =
Area of triangle = 2 2 +1 2
2 2
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midpoint of , i.e. , lies on the -axis 3 0 Gradient of median = 3 = 6
2
2
3.
(c)
Median : = 6 + Substitute the coordinates of (2,3), 3 = 6 2 + , i.e. = 9 the equation of the median is = 6 9 (d) Area of triangle 1 2 1 4 2 = 2 3 4 2 3 1 = 4 + 2 + 12 (3 + 8 4) 2 1 = 17 2 = 8.5 2 Smart Practice 1. A straight line 1 , passes through the point (1,0) and is perpendicular to the straight line 2 + = 5. Another straight line 2 passes through and is parallel to the line 2 + = 5. (a) Find the equation of (i) 1 (ii) 2 (b) Given the straight line 2 + = 5 meets the axis at , find the equation of , expressing your answer in intercept form 2. 3,2 , (7,5) and (4, 1) are the vertices of a triangle . (a) Find (i) The coordinates of the midpoint of (ii) The gradient of (b) Hence, determine the equation of (i) The median of the triangle that passes through the vertex (ii) The altitude of the triangle that passes through 3. Given the points (4,1) and (6,5) . is the midpoint of and a point divides in the ratio 1: 3 (a) Find the coordinates of and of (b) Determine the equation of the perpendicular bisector of (c) Find the equation of the straight line which joins to the point where the perpendicular bisector of meets the -axis Self Assess 1. Determine whether is parallel or perpendicular to (a) 2,19 , 6,9 , 0, 1 , (4,9) (b) 5,4 , 9,5 , 8,2 , (7,6)
2.
Find the equation of the straight line that (a) Passes through the point (6,4) and is parallel to 5 2 6 = 0 (b) Passes through the point (1,3) and is perpendicular to 4 + 3 9 = 0 If the straight line = 1 is perpendicular to the straight line 6 + 8 5 = 0, find the value of .
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Find the equation of the straight line that is parallel to 5 + 2 = 8 and bisects the line segment joining the points (5,3) and (1, 5). Given the points 4,5 , 2, 1 , (4, 5) and (2,9) , find the equation of the straight line that passes through the midpoint of and is perpendicular to the line segment that joins the points and . The coordinates of the points , and are 1,5 , (4,5) and (2,11) respectively. is the midpoint of . Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the point and is perpendicular to . The diagram shows the quadrilateral such that is perpendicular to . Find
(a) (b) 9.
The value of The area of the quadrilateral
The above diagram shows the straight line 2 = + 8 that cuts the -axis at and intersects the straight line = at . If the coordinates of point is ( , 0) and = 90, find the value of .
10.
Determine whether each of the following pairs of straight lines are parallel or perpendicular to each other.
(a) (b)
4 3 + 7 = 0; + = 1 3 + 2 5 = 0; = 1
2 3 8 6
The coordinates of the points and are (2,3) and (4,5) respectively. The point lies on the straight line 2 = + 3 such that = 90 as shown in the given diagram. Find
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(a) (b) 11. 12.
The equation of the straight line The coordinates of point
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the lien segment joining the points (2,3) and (4,7). Given the points 3, 5 , (4,2) and (2,4) , find (a) The equation of the perpendicular bisector of (b) The intersection point of the perpendicular bisector of and the straight line
of the straight line is 5 = 2 + 16. Given that the diagonals of the parallelogram intersects at point (5,8), find (a) The coordinate of point (b) The coordinates of point (c) The equation of the straight line (d) The equation of the straight line (e) The coordinates of point (f) The area of the parallelogram
13.
6.6 EQUATION OF A LOCUS THAT INVOLVES DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

The locus of a point ( , ) is the track (or path) of the point while it is moving subject to a certain condition. 2. The locus of a moving point can be represented by an equation. Important Note There are three types of conditions that determine the equation of the locus of a moving point, i.e. locus of a moving point such that Its distance from a fixed point is a constant Its distances from two fixed points are equal The ratio of its distance from two fixed points is a constant Type 19: Find the equation of the locus that satisfies the condition if: (a) The distance of a moving point from a fixed point is constant (b) The ratio of the distances of a moving point from two fixed points is constant 1. Given the points (3,0) and (2, 1) Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves such that (a) Its distance from the point is always 4 units (b) Its distance from is twice its distance from Solution (a) Let (, ) Given = 4 Hence, 3 2 + 0 2 = 4 Squaring both sides of the equation 3 2 + 2 = 42 2 6 + 9 + 2 = 16 The locus of is 2 + 2 6 7 = 0 (b) Given = 2 2 2 + + 1 2 = 2 3 2 + 0 2 Squaring both sides of the equation, 2 2 + + 1 2 = 4[ 3 2 + 2 ] 2 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 4[ 2 6 + 9 + 2 ] The locus of is 3 2 + 3 2 20 2 + 31 = 0
1.
The coordinates of three points , and are 3, 2 , (0,3) and (4, 1) respectively. The fourth point lies on the perpendicular bisector of such that is parallel to as shown in the above diagram. Find the coordinates of the point .
14.
The diagram shows a trapezium such that the straight line is parallel to the straight line . The straight line is perpendicular to the straight line . Find (a) The equation of the straight line (b) The equation of the straight line (c) The equation of the straight line (d) The coordinates of point (e) The area of the trapezium
15.
The given diagram shows a parallelogram and a right-angled triangle . The equation of the straight line is = 6 8 and the equation
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Smart Practice 1. Find the equation of the locus of a point ( , ) which moves such that its distance from the fixed point (5, 3) is always 4 units.
2.
Solution (a) = 2
+ 5
2
+ 2
=2
+ 1
A point moves such that it is equidistance from the fixed point (2,0) and the fixed point (0,5). Find the equation of the locus of . A point (, ) moves such that its distance from a fixed point (1,3) is thrice that of its distance from a fixed point (2, 2). Find the locus of .
Squaring both sides, 2 + 10 + 25 + 2 4 + 4 = 4 2 + 4 + 4 + 2 2 + 1
3.
2 + 2 + 10 4 + 29 = 4 2 + 4 2 + 16 8 + 20
Type 20: Solve problems involving loci 1. A point moves such that its distance from the point (3,4) is always 5 units. Show that the equation of the locus of is 2 + 2 6 8 = 0 Hence, (a) Show that the locus of passes through the origin (b) Find the coordinates of the other points, and , where the locus of intersects the coordinates axes (c) Calculate the area of triangle Solution Let (, ) Given = 5 units 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 Squaring both sides, 3 2 + 4 2 = 25 2 6 + 9 + 2 8 + 16 = 25 Hence, locus at is 2 + 2 6 8 = 0 (a) Substitute = 0, we obtain 2 8 = 0 8 = 0 = 0 8 Hence, the locus passes through the origin (0,0) The locus also passes through the point (0,8) (b) Substitute = 0 in the locus of , 2 6 = 0 6 = 0 Hence, = 0 or = 6 The locus of passes through the point (6,0) Let (6,0). From part (a), we have (0,8) 1 (c) Area of triangle = 6 8 = 24 2
2
Hence, locus of is given by 3 2 + 3 2 + 6 4 9 = 0 (b) = + 5 2 2 2 = + 2 2 + 1 2 Squaring both sides, 2 + 10 + 25 + 2 4 + 4 = 2 + 4 + 4 + ( 2 2 + 1) 10 4 + 29 = 4 2 + 5 Hence, 6 2 + 24 = 0 The locus of is 3 + 12 = 0 (c) (i) Substitute = 3 + 12 in the locus of ,
3 2 + 3 3 + 12
2
+ 6 4 3 + 12 9 = 0
3 2 + 27 2 + 216 + 432 + 6 12 48 9 = 0 30 2 + 210 + 375 = 0 6 2 + 42 + 75 = 0 2 4 = 422 4 6 75 = 36 Since 2 4 < 0 , the quadratic equation has no roots Hence, the loci of and do not intersect Substitute = 0 in the locus of , 3 2 + 6 9 = 0 2 + 2 3 = 0 + 3 1 = 0 Hence, = 3 or 1 The coordinates of the points of intersection are (3,0) and (1,0)
(ii)
2.
A point moves such that its distance from a fixed point (5,2) is twice its distance from another fixed point (2,1) . Another point moves such that its distances from and are equal. Show that the locus of is 3 2 + 3 2 + 6 4 9 = 0 (b) Find the equation of the locus of . (c) Hence, (i) Show that the loci of and do not intersect each other (ii) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the locus of with the -axis
(a)
Smart Practice 1. It is given that three points 2,5 , (4,1) and (0,3) . A point moves such that it is equidistance from and , while another point moves such that it is equidistance from and . (a) Find the locus of and of (b) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the loci in part (a) 2. A point moves such that its distance from a fixed point (2,0) is twice its distance from a fixed point (1,3). Show that the locus of is given by 3 2 + 3 2 4 24 + 36 = 0 Hence, (a) Find the coordinates of the points where the locus of intersects the -axis (b) Show that the locus of does not intersect the axis
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A point moves such that its distance from a fixed point (2,3) is equal to its distance from a fixed point (4, 1) . Another point moves such that its distance from is always 5 units. (a) Show that the loci of and are 2 = 1 and 2 + 2 4 6 12 = 0 (b) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the loci in part (a) Self Assess 1. Find the equation of the locus of a moving point such that its distance from point (3,6) is 5 units
2. 3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Find the equation of the locus of a moving point such that its distances from the points (6,1) and (3,2) are equal. Find the equation of the locus of a moving point such that it is distances from the points (2,0) and (1,2) are in the ratio 2 1. Find the equation of the locus of a moving point such that its distances from the points 3,1 (0, 2) are in the ratio 3 2. The coordinates of points and are (1, 1) and (3,0) respectively. Find the locus of a moving point such that its distance from is twice its distance from . If the points 0,3 , (2, 1) and ( , ) lie on the circumference of the circle with diameter , find the equation of the locus of the moving point If the points 0,4 , (2,0) and ( , ) lie on the circumference of the circle with diameter , find the equation of the locus of the moving point . Given the points (2, 2) and (5,0) , find the equation of the locus of the moving point such that the triangle always has a right angle at . Given the points (2,0) and (5, 7) , find the equation of the locus of the moving point such that is always 90.
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Type 1 Smart Practice
1. 2. 3.

1.
= = (, ) =
Self Assess 1. (a) = . (b) = .

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
: = = or 6 = or 7 = or 8 Midpoint of = (, ) Midpoint of = (. , ) Midpoint of = (, ) (, ) Distance = units
2.
3.
Substitute = into the equation = = , . . = Hence, (, ) Substitute = into the equation = , = , . . = Hence, (, ) Area of triangle = (a) (, ) (, ) (b) Area of = (, ) Area of triangle = (b) Area of rhombus =
(a)

1.

1. 2.
2. 3.
3.

1. 2. 3.
(, ) = = = =
(a) (b)
Area of = . (b) Area of = Since the area of = , therefore the points , and are collinear = Substitute = into + = , + = , . . = Hence, (, ) Substitute = into + = , + = = , . . = Hence, (, )
(a)
Area of =
1. 2.
Self Assess
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
(, ) (1, 0) (4, 4) = (, ) = , = (a) (1, 9) (b) (2, 1) (a) (8, 3) (b) (2, 2) (1, 5) (7, 6) (a) : (b) = (a) : (b) =
Area of quadrilateral = Area of quadrilateral =

(a) (b)

Self Assess
1.
2.
(a) (b)
3. 4. 5. 6.
= (a) = , = (b) (i) (ii) 14.1421 (b) 6.93 = or

(a)
7.
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1.
-intercept = 14 -intercept = 4 Area of triangle = 28 -intercept =

2.
3.
-intercept = 8 The angle made by the straight line with the axis = . -intercept = 3 -intercept = 2 Area of triangle = 3
The point of intersection is at (, ) (, ) 3. The point of intersection has the coordinates (, ) Self Assess 1. (a) 2
2. (b) 2. (a) (b)
1.
3. 4.

1. 2.
Gradient of = Gradient of =

5.
18 = (a) = + (b) = + (a) = (b) =

(a) (b) (c) + = () + = () () + =
Gradient of =
3. =
6.

1. 2. 3.
Gradient of the straight line = 2 Gradient of =

7.
(a) (b) (c)
= + + =
+ =
The -intercept = 10
8.


1. 2. 3.
(a) (b)
= The equation of the straight line is = +

= 9. 10.

, ,

1. (a) (b)
11.
Gradient of the straight line = -intercept = 21 -intercept = 14 -intercept = 6 -intercept = -intercept = 5 -intercept = 7 Gradient of the line =

(, ) , , , , (, ) =

1.
2.
(a)
+ = = + i.e. = +

(b) 3. (a)
Gradient of the straight line,

=

= Hence, = + i.e. = +

(b)

1. 2. 3.
+ = = (a) + = (b) + =
Gradient of the straight line, = . Since = , the two straight lines are therefore parallel lines. (a) =
2.
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(b) 3.
+ =

(ii) Equation of is = +
(b)
Gradient of = + = = Hence, =

Equation of is + =

2.
(a)
(i)
(ii) Gradient of =
(b)
(i) The equation of the median is = (ii) Equation of altitude through is
Gradient of =
= +

1. 2. 3.
Since gradient of = Gradient of Therefore, is parallel to

3.
(a)
(b)
(, ) , Equation of the perpendicular bisector of is = +

Equation of the line is = + = + , The equation of the line through is =

(c)
Equation of is = +

1.
+ = = + = + Gradient of the line, = = = +

= +

Gradient of the line, =

= =
2. 3.
Since = , the two straight lines are perpendicular to each other = , = The coordinates of the point of intersection are ,


1. 2.
Equation of the perpendicular line is = +
Equation of the perpendicular line through is = +

Self Assess 1. (a) Parallel (b) Perpendicular 2. (a) Perpendicular (b) Parallel 3. (a) = (b) = + 4. = 6. = + 8. (a) 3 (b) 20 9. 2 10. (a) = + (b) (, ) 11. = + 12. (a) = (b) (, ) 13. (, ) 14. (a) = + (b) = (c) = + (d) (, ) (e) 48 15. (a) (, ) (b) (, ) (c) = + (d) = (e) (, ) (f) 28
1. 2. 3.
5. 7.
= + = +
3.
Equation of the altitude through is = +

Locus of is + + + = The locus of is = The locus of is given by + + + =

1. (a)
(i)
Equation of is =
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1.
The locus of is + = The locus of is = (b) The point of intersection has coordinates ,
(a)

2.
= , where (, )
= + Squaring both sides, + +
= + + + The locus of is + + = (a) The points of intersection have coordinates (, ) and (, ) (b) Substitute = in the locus of , + = = = Since < 0, the locus of does not intersect the -axis 3. (a) = + = + + Squaring both sides, + + ( + ) = + + ( + + ) = + , i.e. = + The locus of is = Given = + = + + + = The locus of is + = (b) The point of intersection have coordinates (, ) and (, ) Self Assess
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
+ + = = + + + + = + + + = + + = + = + = + + + = + + =
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6.1 Distance Between Two Points: Form 4 Additional Mathematics Chapter 6 Coordinate Geometry

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6.1 Distance Between Two Points: Form 4 Additional Mathematics Chapter 6 Coordinate Geometry

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FORM 4 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 6 COORDINATE GEOMETRY