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    The Fundamental Group (To Be Discussed Later)

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    George Turcas
    This document provides an overview and introduction to the topics of topology that will be covered in the lecture series. It defines topology as a generalization of metric spaces and discusses some key concepts like homomorphisms, manifolds, and the fundamental group. Specific topics to be covered later include the classification of surfaces and calculating the fundamental group of topological spaces. The document contrasts the study of topology with metric spaces and notes that topology is useful when natural metrics do not exist for certain spaces.

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    The Fundamental Group (To Be Discussed Later)

    Uploaded by

    George Turcas
    97 views2 pages
    This document provides an overview and introduction to the topics of topology that will be covered in the lecture series. It defines topology as a generalization of metric spaces and discusses some key concepts like homomorphisms, manifolds, and the fundamental group. Specific topics to be covered later include the classification of surfaces and calculating the fundamental group of topological spaces. The document contrasts the study of topology with metric spaces and notes that topology is useful when natural metrics do not exist for certain spaces.

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    Topology Lecture notes

    Original Title

    Topology 1

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    This document provides an overview and introduction to the topics of topology that will be covered in the lecture series. It defines topology as a generalization of metric spaces and discusses some key concepts like homomorphisms, manifolds, and the fundamental group. Specific topics to be covered later include the classification of surfaces and calculating the fundamental group of topological spaces. The document contrasts the study of topology with metric spaces and notes that topology is useful when natural metrics do not exist for certain spaces.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    97 views2 pages

    The Fundamental Group (To Be Discussed Later)

    Uploaded by

    George Turcas
    This document provides an overview and introduction to the topics of topology that will be covered in the lecture series. It defines topology as a generalization of metric spaces and discusses some key concepts like homomorphisms, manifolds, and the fundamental group. Specific topics to be covered later include the classification of surfaces and calculating the fundamental group of topological spaces. The document contrasts the study of topology with metric spaces and notes that topology is useful when natural metrics do not exist for certain spaces.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 2

    George Turcas

    Lecture #1 Notes Summary

    Intro to Topology: Lecture #1 Notes

    October 1, 2013

    What is topology? Examples. Homomeomorphism. Topology versus metric spaces. Manifolds. Lecure notes are available online already and they will be made available in printed version, but later in the term. There will be problem sheets, but they dont count for credit.

    Topics Covered Page The fundamental group (to be discussed later) Classication of surfaces (to be discussed later) Topology vs metric spaces Why study topology instead of metrics? 1 1 1 2

    The fundamental group (to be discussed later)


    To each topological space X we assign a group 1 (X ), by a systematic procedure ( very roughly speaking, 1 (X ) = loops in X ), in such a way that a continuous map f : X Y induces a homomorphism of groups from f : 1 (X ) 1 (Y ) and such that if f is a homeomorphism then f is an isomorphism. The procedure X 1 (X ), f f is an example of a functor.

    Classication of surfaces (to be discussed later)


    Every compact, orientable surface is homeomorphic to one of the following : 2 sphere S 2 , torus, genus 2 surface, genus 3 surface, . . . There are innitely many categories, but they are not that dierent. The classication of 3 dimensional manifolds has been a very important problem in the 20th century. We are going to do the classication of the 2 dimensional manifolds.

    Topology vs metric spaces


    Revision. Given X a space with metric d, then we dene the ball B (x0 , ) = {x X |d(x, x0 ) < }. The set U X is open if x0 U, > 0 such that B (x0 , ) U . Example. In R, any open interval. In any metric space, any ball is itself open. Denition. A topological space is a set X together with a collection T of subsets of X such that i) X T and T ; ii) If U , A is a collection of members of T , then the union U T and also T is closed under
    A

    nite intersections. T is called a topology on X . The members of this collection are called open sets. Example. If (X, d) is a metric space, then the collection of open sets as dened above using balls is a topology. Denition. Let (X1 , T1 ) and (X2 , T2 ) be topological spaces. A map f : X1 X2 is said to be continuous if for every U T2 , we have f 1 (U ) T1 .

    Topology vs metric spaces continued on next page. . .

    Page 1 of 2

    George Turcas

    Intro to Topology: Lecture #1 Notes

    October 1, 2013

    Denition. Let (X1 , d1 ) and (X2 , d2 ) be metric spaces. A map from f : X1 X2 is said to be continuous at a point x0 X1 if > 0, > 0 such that if x B (x0 , ) then f (x) B (f (x0 ), ).

    Why study topology instead of metrics?


    Many spaces do not have natural metrics. For example if we consider the space C k [0, 1], we can nd many dierent metrics on this space. d0 (f, g ) = sup{|f (x) g (x)| : x [0, 1]} d1 (f, g ) = d0 + sup{|f (x) g (x)| : x [0, 1]} and inductively we can dene dk in the same way. But what happens to C [0, 1]. Of course d cant be dened by continuing this process. Since R is not compact, sup{|f (x) g (x)| : x R} can be .

    Page 2 of 2

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