TOPIC 9 Electrochemistry

Chapter 19
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19.1 Redox reactions 4.5 Redox Titrations 19.2 Galvanic Cells 19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 19.4 Spontaneity of Redox Reaction 19.5.The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf 19.7 Corrosion 19.8 Electrolysis
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Electrochemical processes are oxidation-reduction reactions in which: the energy released by a spontaneous reaction is converted to electricity or electrical energy is used to cause a nonspontaneous reaction to occur
0 0 2+ 2-

2Mg (s) + O2 (g)

2MgO (s)

2Mg O2 + 4e-

2Mg2+ + 4e- Oxidation half-reaction (lose e-) 2O2-

Reduction half-reaction (gain e-)

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Oxidation number
The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred.

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero.

Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0

2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion.

Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2

3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually 2. In H2O2 and O22- it is 1.
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4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these cases, its oxidation number is 1.

5. Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 and fluorine is always 1.
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion.

HCO3
Identify the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in HCO3 ?

O = 2

H = +1

3x(2) + 1 + ? = 1 C = +4
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Balancing Redox Equations

The oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by Cr2O72- in acid solution? 1. Write the unbalanced equation for the reaction ion ionic form. Fe2+ + Cr2O72Fe3+ + Cr3+

2. Separate the equation into two half-reactions.

+2 +3

Oxidation:
+6

Fe2+
Cr2O72-

Fe3+
+3

Reduction:

Cr3+

3. Balance the atoms other than O and H in each half-reaction.

Cr2O72-

2Cr3+
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Balancing Redox Equations

4. For reactions in acid, add H2O to balance O atoms and H+ to balance H atoms. Cr2O7214H+ + Cr2O722Cr3+ + 7H2O 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

5. Add electrons to one side of each half-reaction to balance the charges on the half-reaction. Fe2+ 6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O72Fe3+ + 1e2Cr3+ + 7H2O

6. If necessary, equalize the number of electrons in the two halfreactions by multiplying the half-reactions by appropriate coefficients. 6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 6e6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O722Cr3+ + 7H2O
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Balancing Redox Equations

7. Add the two half-reactions together and balance the final equation by inspection. The number of electrons on both sides must cancel. Oxidation: 6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 6e2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Reduction: 6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O7214H+ + Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+

6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

8. Verify that the number of atoms and the charges are balanced .
14x1 2 + 6 x 2 = 24 = 6 x 3 + 2 x 3 9. For reactions in basic solutions, add OH- to both sides of the equation for every H+ that appears in the final equation.
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Titrations can be used in the analysis of

Redox reactions
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

16.42 mL of 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed to oxidize 25.00 mL of an acidic FeSO4 solution. What is the molarity of the iron solution? WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION! 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
M rxn V

volume red

red

moles red

coef.

moles oxid

oxid

M oxid

16.42 mL = 0.01642 L 0.1327 mol KMnO4 1L

25.00 mL = 0.02500 L 5 mol Fe2+ 1 mol KMnO4 1 0.02500 L Fe2+

0.01642 L x

= 0.4358 M
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Galvanic Cells
anode oxidation cathode reduction

spontaneous redox reaction

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Galvanic Cells
The difference in electrical potential between the anode and cathode is called:

cell voltage electromotive force (emf)

cell potential Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq)

[Cu2+] = 1 M and [Zn2+] = 1 M

Cell Diagram phase boundary

Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1 M) || Cu2+ (1 M) | Cu (s) anode salt bridge cathode
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Standard Reduction Potentials

Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1 M) || H+ (1 M) | H2 (1 atm) | Pt (s) Anode (oxidation): Zn (s) Zn2+ (1 M) + 2eH2 (1 atm)

Cathode (reduction): 2e- + 2H+ (1 M)

Zn (s) + 2H+ (1 M)

Zn2+ + H2 (1 atm)
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Standard Reduction Potentials

Standard reduction potential (E0) is the voltage associated with a reduction reaction at an electrode when all solutes are 1 M and all gases are at 1 atm.

Reduction Reaction
2e- + 2H+ (1 M) E0 = 0 V H2 (1 atm)

Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)

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Standard Reduction Potentials

0 = 0.76 V Ecell

0 ) Standard emf (Ecell 0 0 = E0 Ecell cathode - Eanode

Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1 M) || H+ (1 M) | H2 (1 atm) | Pt (s)

0 = E 0+ - E 0 2+ Ecell H /H2 Zn /Zn 0 2+ 0.76 V = 0 - EZn /Zn 0 2+ EZn /Zn = -0.76 V

Zn2+ (1 M) + 2e-

Zn

E0 = -0.76 V

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Standard Reduction Potentials

0 = 0.34 V Ecell 0 0 = E0 Ecell cathode - Eanode 0 = E 0 2+ 0 Ecell Cu /Cu EH +/H 2 0 2+ 0.34 = ECu /Cu - 0 0 2+ ECu /Cu = 0.34 V

Pt (s) | H2 (1 atm) | H+ (1 M) || Cu2+ (1 M) | Cu (s) Anode (oxidation): H2 (1 atm) 2H+ (1 M) + 2eCu (s)
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Cathode (reduction): 2e- + Cu2+ (1 M) H2 (1 atm) + Cu2+ (1 M)

Cu (s) + 2H+ (1 M)

E0 is for the reaction as written The more positive E0 the greater the tendency for the substance to be reduced The half-cell reactions are reversible The sign of E0 changes when the reaction is reversed Changing the stoichiometric coefficients of a half-cell reaction does not change the value of E0 17

What is the standard emf of an electrochemical cell made of a Cd electrode in a 1.0 M Cd(NO3)2 solution and a Cr electrode in a 1.0 M Cr(NO3)3 solution? Cd2+ (aq) + 2eCd (s) E0 = -0.40 V
Cd is the stronger oxidizer Cd will oxidize Cr

Cr3+ (aq) + 3eAnode (oxidation):

Cr (s)

E0 = -0.74 V Cr (s)

Cr3+ (1 M) + 3e- x 2
Cd (s) x3

Cathode (reduction): 2e- + Cd2+ (1 M)

2Cr (s) + 3Cd2+ (1 M)

3Cd (s) + 2Cr3+ (1 M)

0 0 = E0 Ecell cathode - Eanode 0 = -0.40 (-0.74) Ecell

0 = 0.34 V Ecell

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What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 250C? Fe2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s) Fe (s) + 2Ag+ (aq)
0 Ecell =

0.0257 V ln K n
2Ag 2e+ Fe2+ 2Ag+ + 2eFe n=2

Oxidation: Reduction:

0 0 E0 = EFe 2+/Fe EAg + /Ag

E0 = -0.44 (0.80)
E0 = -1.24 V

K=e

0 Ecell xn 0.0257 V

=e

-1.24 V x 2 0.0257 V

K = 1.23 x 10-42
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The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf

Consider a redox reaction of type
aA + bB cC + dD

[C] [D]

ln Q =

[A] [B]
E = E0 RT ln Q nF

Nernst equation

At 298 K E = E0 0.0257 V ln Q n E = E0 0.0592 V log Q n

Will the following reaction occur spontaneously at 250C if [Fe2+] = 0.60 M and [Cd2+] = 0.010 M? Fe2+ (aq) + Cd (s) Fe (s) + Cd2+ (aq)
Oxidation: Reduction: 2e+ Cd Fe2+ Cd2+ + 2e2Fe

n=2

0 0 E0 = EFe 2+/Fe ECd2+/Cd

E0 = -0.44 (-0.40)

E0 = -0.04 V

0.0257 V ln Q n 0.010 0.0257 V ln E = -0.04 V 2 0.60 E = E0 -

E = 0.013
E>0 Spontaneous
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Concentration Cell
Since electrode potential depends on ion concentrations, it is possible to construct a cell from two half cell composed of the same material but differing in ion concentrations. Such a cell is called a concentration cell.

Consider a situation in which zinc electrodes are put into two aqueous solution of zinc sulfate at 0.10 M and 1.0 M. According to Le Chateliers principle, the tendency for the reduction

Zn2+ (aq) + 2e

Zn (s)

Increases with increasing concentration of Zn2+

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Therefore, reduction should occur in the more concentrated compartment and dilution should take place in the dilute side The cell diagram is Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1 M) || Zn2+ (1 M) | Zn (s)

The emf of the cell is

E = E - 0.0257 V ln [Zn2+ ]dil
2 [Zn2+ ]conc

Where the subscript dil and conc refer to the 0.10 M and 1.0 M concentrations, respectively.
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Concentration Cells
Galvanic cell from two half-cells composed of the same material but differing in ion concentrations.

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Corrosion
Corrosion is the term usually applied to the deterioration of metals by an electrochemical process.

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Cathodic Protection of an Iron Storage Tank

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Electrolysis is the process in which electrical energy is used to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur. Electrolysis of molten NaCl

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Electrolysis of Water

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Electrolysis and Mass Changes

charge (C) = current (A) x time (s) 1 mol e- = 96,500 C

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How much Ca will be produced in an electrolytic cell of molten CaCl2 if a current of 0.452 A is passed through the cell for 1.5 hours?
Anode: 2Cl- (l) Cl2 (g) + 2e-

Cathode:

Ca2+ (l) + 2eCa2+ (l) + 2Cl- (l)

Ca (s)
Ca (s) + Cl2 (g)

2 mole e- = 1 mole Ca
C s 1 mol e- 1 mol Ca mol Ca = 0.452 x 1.5 hr x 3600 x x s hr 96,500 C 2 mol e-

= 0.0126 mol Ca = 0.50 g Ca

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