Wind Farm Control

ECPE Seminar Renewable Energies.
Kassel 9 - 10 February 2006

WIND FARM CONTROL
Experince from a 160 MW wind farm
Poul Srensen, Ris National Laboratory
Jesper R. Kristoffersen, Elsam Engineering
Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Overview
Wind power development in Denmark
Danish grid codes control requirements
The first large offshore wind farm operational
experience
Simulation of wind farm control with power system
support
Wind energy development in Denmark
Horns Rev
Nysted
Wind power instaled in DK:
West almost 2400 MW
East 743 MW
Transmission backbone and interconnections
550 MW DC
Kilde: www.nordel.org
1000 MW DC
600 MW DC
1200 MW AC
800 MW AC
1700 MW AC
1300 MW AC
Wind turbine / wind farm grid connection requirements
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1999 2001 2004
The first (distribution system power quality) requirements were
mainly concerned the local voltage quality
New (TSO) grid codes with requirement to power system control
and stability
Grid code requirements power control
Power
Time
Absolute power limitation
Power
Time
Balance control
Power
Time
Ramp rate limitation
Power
Time
Delta control
The above shown power control options are all implemented in the Horns Rev wind farm
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time [s]
P
o
w
e
r

[
p
u
.
]
P
ref,wf
Delta control
Power
P
avail
f
s
f
s+
f
d
f
d+
P
del
P
avail
P
del
P
del
Frequency
Secondary control
Delta control provides TSO
and owner with constant
power reserve
Primary control
Reserve can be utilised in
automatic frequency control
(droop and dead band)
Horns Rev wind farm

Horns Rev
Rdsand
Denmark
Horns Rev wind farm:
- Owned by Elsam
- First large offshore wind farm in the world, 15-20 km from coast
- 80 wind turbines (Vestas V80 2MW doubly-fed), total installed power 160MW
- Annual energy production 600.000 MWh = 2% of Danish electricity consumption
Wind Farm Main Controller
With the WFMC the wind farm acts as a power plant.
The wind farm is able to participate in both primary (frequency) and
secondary (balance/power) control
Developed by Elsam Engineering A/S
VestasOnline
Operational Experiences
Power fluctuations
18/1-2005 - 5 min mean
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
Time [HH:MM]
P
o
w
e
r

[
M
W
]
Horns Rev
Onshore
Power fluctuations
13/3-2005 - 5 min mean
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Time [HH:MM]
P
o
w
e
r

[
M
W
]
Horns Rev
Onshore turbines
Shutdown because of high wind speed
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
02:30:00 02:35:00 02:40:00 02:45:00 02:50:00 02:55:00 03:00:00
T
u
r
b
i
n
e

p
o
w
e
r

[
k
W
]
-50
0
50
100
150
200
T
o
t
a
l

p
o
w
e
r

[
M
W
]
WFMC power
reservation for
frequency control
Control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00
Time [hh:mm]
P
o
w
e
r

[
M
W
]
Possible power
Setpoint
Actual power
Control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
Time [hh:mm]
P
o
w
e
r

[
M
W
]
Setpoint
Possible power
Actual power
Control
Control
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
04:00 04:30 05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00
Time [HH:MM]
P
o
w
e
r

[
M
W
]
Horns Rev production
Error
Order from Eltra
Wind turbine control
Doubly-fed induction
generators: rotor current
control
Pitch control on wind
turbine blades
Power / speed control
strategy simple and
robust maximum power
point tracking
Simulation model wind turbine power control
Wind turbine controller
Power
control
meas
Speed
control
pitch
gen
ref
P
max
~
~
ref
P
+
+
PCC
Simulation model - wind farm power control
Wind farm controller Operator
Power
reference
setting
P
balance
P
Ramp rate settings

Dispatch
control
Power
control
wf
ref
P
wf
meas
P
meas
Speed
control
pitch
gen
ref
P
ref
Speed
optimum
~
~
meas
u
inst
avail
P
+
ref
P
PCC
Simulation model - wind farm power control
Wind farm controller Operator
Power
reference
setting
P
balance
P
Ramp rate settings

Dispatch
control
Power
control
wf
ref
P
wf
meas
P
meas
Speed
control
pitch
gen
ref
P
ref
Speed
optimum
~
~
meas
u
inst
avail
P
+
ref
P
Droop settings
Deadband settings
wf
ref
P
0
meas
f
wf
ref
P
PCC
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
21.00
18.00
15.00
12.00
9.00
6.00
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.10
1.80
1.50
1.20
0.90
0.60
0.30
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
1700.00
1600.00
1500.00
1400.00
1300.00
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
20.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
-0.00
-4.00
D
Ig
S
IL
E
N
T
Wind - WT1
Wind - WT2
Wind - WT3
Measured power - WT1
Generator speed - WT1
Pitch angle - WT1
Pitch angle - WT2
Pitch angle - WT3
[
M
W
]
[
m
/
s
]
[
r
p
m
]
[
d
e
g
]
[sec]
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
21.00
18.00
15.00
12.00
9.00
6.00
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.10
1.80
1.50
1.20
0.90
0.60
0.30
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
1700.00
1600.00
1500.00
1400.00
1300.00
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
20.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
-0.00
-4.00
D
Ig
S
IL
E
N
T
Wind - WT1
Wind - WT2
Wind - WT3
Pitch angle - WT1
Pitch angle - WT2
Pitch angle - WT3
[
M
W
]
[
m
/
s
]
[
r
p
m
]
[
d
e
g
]
[sec]
DFIG power control wind turbines
Wind farm power control
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.40
2.00
1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
D
Ig
S
IL
E
N
T
Dispatch reference power - WT1
Available power - WT1
Wind farm available power Wind farm PCC measured power
[
M
W
]
[
M
W
]
[
M
W
]
[
M
W
]
[sec]
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
350.0 280.0 210.0 140.0 70.00 0.00 [s]
2.40
2.00
1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
D
Ig
S
IL
E
N
T
Wind farm available power Wind farm PCC measured power
[
M
W
]
[
M
W
]
[
M
W
]
[
M
W
]
[sec]
Conclusions
Operational experience (Elsam)
The controller includes a number of control possibilities to enable Elsam to use
the wind farm as a wind power plant in a similar way as Elsam uses the
conventional power stations to keep the power equilibrium as agreed on the
Nordic electric power market.
The controller makes the wind farm able to participate in primary/frequency
control in the same way as conventional power stations
The advanced control functions in the WFMC are almost indispensable for
maintaining balance in the grid, irrespective of whether this is done by a large
producer responsible for balancing his own production or by the responsible
system operator for other producers
Simulation models (Ris / Aalborg University)
Models for wind turbine and wind farm controls are developed in power system
simulation tool DIgSILENT.
The models can be used to stydy the dynamic interaction of wind farms with
power plant characteristics with a complex power system.

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ECPE Seminar Renewable Energies.

Kassel 9 - 10 February 2006

Ramp rate settings

Ramp rate settings

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