RIGHT TO INFORMATION

Introduction:
Right to Information or RTI as it is commonly known as, is a part of fundamental rights
under Article 19(1) of the Constitution. Article 19 (1) says that every citizen has freedom of
speech and expression. As early as in 1976, the Supreme Court said in the case of Raj
Narain vs State of UP, that people cannot speak or express themselves unless they know.
Therefore, right to information is embedded in Article 19. In the same case, Supreme Court
further said that India is a democracy. People are the masters. Therefore, the masters have a
right to know how the governments, meant to serve them, are functioning. Further, every
citizen pays taxes. Even a beggar on the street pays tax (in the form of sales tax, excise
duty etc) when he buys a piece of soap from the market. The citizens therefore, have a right
to know how their money was being spent. These three principles were laid down by the
Supreme Court while saying that RTI is a part of our fundamental rights. In fact an act, the
Right to Information Act was also passed in the year 2005 to facilitate it.

RTI Act, 2005

The Central Right to Information Act came into force on the 12th October, 2005. However,
before that 9 state Governments had passed state Acts. These were J & K, Delhi, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Assam & Goa

Need for RTI Act

We need a machinery or a process through which we can exercise this fundamental right.
Right to Information Act 2005, which became effective on 13th October 2005, provides
that machinery. Usually a question arises as to “if RTI is a fundamental right, then why do
we need an Act to give us this right?”
This is because if we went to any Government Department and told the officer therethat
“RTI is my fundamental right, and that I am the master of this country. Therefore, please
show me all your files”, he would not do that. In all probability, he would throw us out of
his room. Therefore, Right to Information Act does not give us any new right. It simply

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lays down the process on how to apply for information, where to apply, how much fees etc.

Rights available under RTI Act 2005

Lets now have a look at the rights available under this Act
Right to Information Act 2005 empowers every citizen to
 Ask any questions from the Government or seek any information
 Take copies of any government documents
 Inspect any government documents.
 Inspect any Government work
 Take samples of materials of any Government work.

Scope of the RTI Act:

The Central RTI Act extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
All bodies, which are constituted under the Constitution or under any law or under any
Government notification or all bodies, including NGOs, which are owned, controlled or
substantially financed by the Government are covered.

Private bodies under the RTI Act:

All private bodies, which are owned, controlled or substantially financed by the
Government are directly covered. Others are indirectly covered. That is, if a government
department can access information from any private body under any other Act, the same
can be accessed by the citizen under the RTI Act through that government department.

How to use Right to Information

The full RTI Act in Hindi and English is available on the website of Department of
Personnel and Training www.persmin.nic.in. One or more existing officers in every
Government Department have been designated as Public Information Officers (PIO). These
PIOs act like nodal officers. You have to file your applications with them. They are
responsible for collecting information sought by you from various wings of that
Department and providing that information to you. In addition, several officers have been

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appointed as Assistant Public Information Officers (APIOs). Their job is only to accept
applications from the public and forward it to the right PIO.

Submission of application
One can do that with the PIO or with APIO. In the case of all Central Government
Departments, 629 post offices have been designated as APIOs. This means that you can go
to any of these post offices and submit your fee and application at the RTI counter in these
post offices. They will issue you a receipt and acknowledgement and it is the responsibility
of that post office to deliver it to the right PIO. The list of these post offices is given at
http://www.indiapost.gov.in/rtimanual16a.html.
In case there are problems locating the respective PIO/APIO, then one can address the
RTI application to the PIO C/o Head of Department and send it to the concerned public
authority with the requisite application fee. The Head of Department will then have to
forward the application to the concerned PIO.
And if the PIO or the concerned Department does not accept application then one can send
it by post and also make a formal complaint to the respective Information Commission
under section 18of the Act. The Information Commissioner has the power to impose a
penalty of Rs 25000 on the concerned officer who refused to accept your application. The
amount fined is deposited in the government treasury. However, under sec 19, the applicant
can seek compensation.
If one does not receive information or is dissatisfied with the information received, then
one can file an appeal with the first appellate authority under section 19 (1) of the right to
Information Act. Every public authority must designate a First Appellate Authority. This
officer designated is the officer senior in rank to your PIO. You can file your first appeal
within 30 days of receipt of information or within 60 days of filing RTI application (if no
information received).
If one does not receive information even after the first appeal then the matter can be taken
forward to the second appeal stage. A second appeal is the last option under the RTI Act to
get the information requested. One can file second appeal with the Information
Commission. For appeals against Central Government Departments, you have Central
Information Commission (CIC). For every state Government, there is a State Information

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Commission. One can file the second appeal within 90 days of disposal of first appeal or
within 90 days of the date, by when first appeal was to be decided.

Format of the application

For Central Government Departments, there is no form. One can apply on a plain sheet of
paper like an ordinary application. However, many states and some ministries and
departments have prescribed formats.

Fee structure
For Central Government Departments, the fee is Rs 10. However, different states have
prescribed different fee. For getting information, one has to pay Rs 2 per page of
information provided for Central Government Departments.Similarly; there is a fee for
inspection of documents. There is no fee for first hour of inspection, but after that, you
have to pay Rs. 5 for every subsequent hour or fraction thereof. This is according to Central
Rules. One can deposit fee in cash or through a DD or bankers cheque or postal order
drawn in favor of that public authority. In some states, court fee stamps affixed on the
application would be treated as the fee. The application can then be deposited either by post
or by hand. Some state governments have prescribed some head of account. One has to
deposit fee in that account. For that, one can either go to any branch of SBI and despoist
cash in that account or attach deposit receipt with the RTI application. Or can send a postal
order or a DD drawn in favour of that account alongwith RTI application.

Time limit to receiving information

If you file your application with the PIO, you must receive information within 30 days.
In case you have filed your application with Assistant PIO then information has to be made
available within 35 days.
In case the matter to which the information pertains affects the life and liberty of an
individual, information has to be made available in 48 hours.
And you are not even required to give any reasons for seek or additional information other
than your contact details (i.e., Name, Address, and Phone No.). Sec 6(2) clearly says that

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no information other than contact details of the applicant shall be asked.

Can the PIO refuse to accept RTI application

The PIO can not refuse to accept the application for information under any circumstances.
Even if the information does not pertain to his/her department/jurisdiction, she/he has to
accept it. If the application does not pertain to that PIO, he would have to transfer it to the
right PIO within 5 days under sec 6(2).
That is why RTI works when no other law has worked

Can the PIO refuse to give information

A PIO can refuse information on 11 subjects that are listed in section 8 of the RTI Act
which says:
1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, there shall be no obligation to give any
citizen,--
(a) information, disclosure of which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity
of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State, relation with
foreign State or lead to incitement of an offence;

(b) information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or
tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court;

(c) information, the disclosure of which would cause a breach of privilege of Parliament or
the State Legislature;

(d) information including commercial confidence, trade secrets or intellectual property, the
disclosure of which would harm the competitive position of a third party, unless the
competent authority is satisfied that larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such
information;

(e) information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship, unless the competent
authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such

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information;

(f) information received in confidence from foreign government;

(g) information, the disclosure of which would endanger the life or physical safety of any
person or identify the source of information or assistance given in confidence for law
enforcement or security purposes;

(h) information which would impede the process of investigation or apprehension or

prosecution of offenders;

(i) cabinet papers including records of deliberations of the Council of Ministers, Secretaries
and other officers:
Provided that the decisions of Council of Ministers, the reasons thereof, and the material on
the basis of which the decisions were taken shall be made public after the decision has been
taken, and the matter is complete, or over:
Provided further that those matters which come under the exemptions specified in this
section shall not be disclosed;

(j) information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has not
relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion
of the privacy of the individual unless the Central Public Information Officer or the State
Public Information Officer or the appellate authority, as the case may be, is satisfied that
the larger public interest justifies the disclosure of such information:
Provided that the information, which cannot be denied to the Parliament or a State
Legislature shall not be denied to any person.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in the Official Secrets Act, 1923(19 of 1923) nor any of the
exemptions permissible in accordance with sub-section (1), a public authority may allow
access to information, if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected
interests.
(3) Subject to the provisions of clauses (a), (c) and (i) of sub-section (1), any information

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relating to any occurrence, event or matter which has taken place, occurred or happened
twenty years before the date on which any request is made under section 6 shall be
provided to any person making a request under that section:
Provided that where any question arises as to the date from which the said period of twenty
years has to be computed, the decision of the Central Government shall be final, subject to
the usual appeals provided for in this Act

Hence, only in the above mentioned circumstances can the PIO refuse to part away with the
information

Partial Disclosure
Under Section 10 of the RTI Act, access may be provided to that part of the record which
does not contain information which is exempt from disclosure under this Act. That means
that one can seek partial disclosure in circumstances where complete disclosure cant be
done.

Usefulness of RTI
There have been many good laws in this country which haven’t really been effective. But
this law is already working. This is because For the first time in the history of independent
India, there is a law which casts a direct accountability on the officer for non-performance.
If concerned officer does not provide information in time, a penalty of Rs 250 per day of
delay can be imposed by the Information Commissioner. If the information provided is
false, a penalty of a maximum of Rs 25000 can be imposed. A penalty can also be imposed
for providing incomplete or for rejecting your application for malafide reasons. This fine is
deducted from the officer’s personal salary. Often a lot of things start falling in place just
by asking for information. For instance, you would get your passport or a ration card just
by your asking for the status of your application. In many cases, roads got repaired as soon
as the money spent on its repairs in the last few repairs was asked. So, seeking information
and questioning the government is an important step, which in itself is complete in many
cases. Seeking information like this and exposing wrongdoings does improve the future.
One such outstanding example of use of RTI is when a faceless woman, Triveni, filed an

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RTI application and followed it up. A resident of a slum colony, in East Delhi, she holds an
Antyodaya card issued by the government for the poorest of the poor, by which she is
entitled to food grains like wheat and rice at subsidised rates of two rupees and five rupees
per kilogram respectively. However, Triveni used to buy wheat for Rs.5 per kg and rice for
Rs.10 per kg. When she came to know of the actual rates from Parivartan in February 2003
she was shocked and with our guidance, she filed an RTI application. What she asked for
was details of rations issued to her as per records and also copies of cash memos purported
to have been issued to her. Cash memos are receipts, which a shopkeeper is supposed to
issue for every transaction and take signature of the customer.
The reply stated that Triveni had been issued 25 kgs of wheat at Rs.2 per kg and 10kgs of
Rice at Rs.3 per kg every month, in the last three months, when in actuality she had not
received even a grain during that period. The cash memos showed thumb impressions in
her name although she is literate and always signs. Shocked, she decided to confront the
shopkeeper but having heard of the procurement of this information, the shopkeeper came
to her house and pleaded to mend ways. Since then she has been getting the right amount of
ration at the right price, thus proving that the tool of RTI places enormous power in the
hands of the common people. Otherwise, no one would have listened to a poor woman like
Triveni. This is a fine example of how the right to know redefines relationships between the
people and the government in real terms.

Any amount of resources required to implement RTI Act would be well spent. Most
countries like the US have realized it and are already spending huge resources to make their
governments transparent. All the cost spent on RTI gets more than recovered the same year
by the amounts of money that the Government saves due to reduction in corruption and
malpractices. For instance, there is strong evidence to show how leakages in drought relief
program in Rajasthan and Public Distribution System in Delhi substantially reduced due to
extensive use of RTI.

Though question may arise as to won’t Government get flooded with RTI applications and
won’t it jam government machinery? However, these fears are hypothetical. There are more
than 65 countries in the world, which have RTI laws. There are nine states in India, who

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had RTI laws, before this law was passed by the Parliament. None of these Governments
were flooded with applications. Such fear emanates from an assumption that the people do
not have anything to do and are totally free. Filing an RTI application and pursuing it takes
time, energies and resources. Unless a person really wants any information, he/she does not
file it.
Considering some statistics. In Delhi, 14000 applications have been filed in 120
departments in more than 60 months. This means less than 2 applications per Department
per month. Can we say that Delhi Government got flooded with RTI applications? In sharp
contrast, US Government received 3.2 million applications under their RTI Act during
2003-04. This is despite the fact that unlike India, most of the Government information is
already available on the net and there should be much less need for the people to file
applications. But US Government is not contemplating scrapping the RTI Ac. On the
contrary they are setting aside more and more resources to implement it. During the same
year, they spent $ 32 million to implement it.

Conclusion
RTI is very essential for democracy. It is a part of our fundamental right. For people to
participate in governance, the pre-requisite is that they first know what is going on. It can
be used as an instrument to facilitate smooth functioning of the nation and create the
much coveted transparency in the system. Not only this it will lead to a better
understanding of affairs amongst people and will help in thwarting off ignorance.