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    Protected Areas

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    George Tsang
    Protected areas are areas of land or sea designated for biodiversity conservation. There are 6 categories of protected areas ranging from strictly protected natural reserves to areas allowing sustainable resource use. Over 80% of protected areas have been established since 1962. While protected areas conserve biodiversity, there are gaps in representation of species and ecosystems globally. Systematic conservation planning is needed to prioritize expanding protected area networks to maximize conservation of biodiversity.

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    Protected Areas

    Uploaded by

    George Tsang
    39 views30 pages
    Protected areas are areas of land or sea designated for biodiversity conservation. There are 6 categories of protected areas ranging from strictly protected natural reserves to areas allowing sustainable resource use. Over 80% of protected areas have been established since 1962. While protected areas conserve biodiversity, there are gaps in representation of species and ecosystems globally. Systematic conservation planning is needed to prioritize expanding protected area networks to maximize conservation of biodiversity.

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    conservation biology about protected area

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    Protected areas are areas of land or sea designated for biodiversity conservation. There are 6 categories of protected areas ranging from strictly protected natural reserves to areas allowing sustainable resource use. Over 80% of protected areas have been established since 1962. While protected areas conserve biodiversity, there are gaps in representation of species and ecosystems globally. Systematic conservation planning is needed to prioritize expanding protected area networks to maximize conservation of biodiversity.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views30 pages

    Protected Areas

    Uploaded by

    George Tsang
    Protected areas are areas of land or sea designated for biodiversity conservation. There are 6 categories of protected areas ranging from strictly protected natural reserves to areas allowing sustainable resource use. Over 80% of protected areas have been established since 1962. While protected areas conserve biodiversity, there are gaps in representation of species and ecosystems globally. Systematic conservation planning is needed to prioritize expanding protected area networks to maximize conservation of biodiversity.

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    LIFS 4301 Protected Areas

    Lecture Outline
    Current state of protected areas Types of protected areas Management effectiveness The need for reserve systems Global Gap Analysis Project Planning for reserve systems Systematic conservation planning Case study: protected areas in Hong Kong
    2

    Protected Areas
    Any area of land or sea managed for persistence of biodiversity and natural processes Terrestrial & marine protected areas Other benefits of protected areas?

    Protected Areas
    Over 80% of worlds protected areas established since the First World Parks Congress in 1962

    Types of Protected Areas


    IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature

    Category I
    Strict nature reserves and wilderness areas For scientific research and environmental monitoring No recreation Areas are free of direct human intervention No mechanized forms of transportation and extractive use, and limit access

    Category II
    National parks (ecosystem protection + human enjoyment) No direct exploitation Environmental preservation E.g. Yellowstone National Park, Tubbataha Reef Marine Park of the Phillippines

    Category III
    Natural monuments Conservation for specific natural/ cultural features Limited in size and scope Protect significant biological features

    Category IV
    Habitat/ species management area For conservation purposes only Require management intervention Scientific research and environmental monitoring E.g. the Baiyer River Sanctuary in Papua New Guinea

    Category V
    Protected landscape/ seascape Protect the historical interaction of people and nature E.g. Leshan Giant Buddha in Sichuan, China

    10

    Category VI
    Managed resource protected area For long-term protection of biological diversity and sustainable resources E.g. the Ngorogoro Crater Conservation Area of northern Tanzania

    11

    Biosphere Reserves & World Heritage Sites


    Protected areas of all category levels E.g. the Ngorogoro Crater Conservation Area, the Yellowstone National Park Significance of biosphere reserves

    12

    Ramsar Wetlands
    The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Treaty adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 International cooperation for the conservation of wetland habitats

    13

    Strict Protection vs. Multiple Use


    Role of strictly protected (Category I IV) vs. multiple use areas (Category V VI)

    14

    Management Effectiveness
    IUCN establishes a framework for measuring effectiveness Issue related to design Appropriateness of management Objectives are delivered Design issues Size and shape Buffer zones connectivity
    15

    Natural Areas in Brazil


    The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Brazilian Environment Institute (IBAMA) Among 86 protected areas
    Implemented

    Minimally implemented

    Unimplemented

    16

    The Need for Reserve Systems


    Single protected areas vs. reserve systems Gap analysis: identify gaps or areas of underrepresentation in the existing reserve system, by comparing the distribution of protected areas with the distribution of species, vegetation types, or other types of biodiversity

    17

    Global Gap Analysis Project


    Combine the World Database on Protected Areas 11,633 species of mammals, amphibians, freshwater turtles and tortoises, and globally threatened birds

    18

    Planning Reserve Systems


    Revocations in Tasmania (1939-1984) Reasons:
    Forestry Hydroelectric development Mining interests
    Biodiversity Reserve systems Recreationa l value

    Scenic beauty

    Suitability for alternative land uses

    Availability

    Scoring systems Provide an overall indication of their conservation value


    19

    Planning Reserve Systems


    Goals of reserve systems: Protect particular species (e.g. threatened, flagship species) Preserve biodiversity, focusing on areas of high species richness Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services

    20

    Systematic Conservation Planning


    Political and physical establishment of the reserve system Conserving 15% of each habitat type within a system of complementary protected areas Comprehensiveness: include as many biodiversity features as possible Representativeness: conserve populations of a particular species, or samples of a habitat

    21

    Systematic Conservation Planning


    Adequacy: ensure the persistence and continued evolution of all features Efficiency: achieve the objectives for the least possible cost Flexibility: achieve objectives in a number of ways Risk spreading: separate protected areas by a minimum distance Connectivity: maintain connections between protected areas
    22

    Systematic Conservation Planning


    Irreplaceability: an area is necessary to achieve conservation, or the area is unavailable for conservation with reduced objectives Protected area shape: large areas with low edge-toarea ratios and be well connected Minimizing fragmentation: reduce edge-to-area ratio in reserve systems

    23

    Protected Areas in Hong Kong


    23 Country Parks 4 Special Areas 4 Marine Parks 1 Marine Reserve 3 Restricted Areas 1 Ramsar Site

    24

    Marine Parks Management


    AFCD Country and Marine Parks Authority Management includes planning for proper utilization of existing MPAs, ecology monitoring, environment and activities within MPAs, enforcing ordinance and regulation, education programmes

    25

    Marine Parks Management Plan


    Zoning plan: achieve multiple-function purposes

    Source: AFCD

    26

    Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park

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    Prohibited Activities in MPAs

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    Summary
    Protected areas are effective tools for conserving biodiversity and can also provide other benefits Protected areas range from strictly protected to multiple-use areas with sustainable extraction of natural resources is allowed There are gaps and biases in the representation of biodiversity at global, regional or national scales There is a need to prioritize the allocation of scarce resources to the expansion of existing Pas to maximize biodiversity conservation
    29

    References
    1. Principles of Conservation Biology (3rd Edition)
    Chapter 14: Protected Areas (p. 509 p.551)

    30

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