Warren 2014 MPA

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
PERSPECTIVES ON PROGRESS
LYNDA M WARREN
lm.warren@btopenworld.com
Nothing in this presentation should be taken to represent the views of NRW
CONTENTS
Introduction the problem with MPAs

Historical Overview of MPAs in the UK
Review of Different Types of MPA
Institutional Arrangements
Learning from History
Applying Learning
Conclusion - Thinking Out of the Box
NERC WORKING PART CONCLUSIONS

Lack of scientific data to make an assessment
Legal obstacles
Insufficient evidence of habitats becoming
endangered to justify the creation of
sublittoral National Nature Reserves
JOINT NNC/NERC WORKING PART

RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation 4
In order to establish conservation areas
representative of particular habitats, relatively
large areas should be designated in most cases
5-10 miles long
2-3 miles to sea
About 10 such areas
MARINE NATURE RESERVES
MNRs were not in the Bill as originally drafted

The Interdepartmental Working Group were
unconvinced
Government did not want to rush the issue but
proposed a later consultation exercise
Opposition amendments rejected
Government amendment accepted as last
minute compromise
MARINE NATURE RESERVES
WCA 1981 s 36
MNRs may be designated by Secretary of
State for:
Conserving marine flora and fauna or
geological or physiographical features of
special interest; or
Providing opportunities for study of, and
research into [these]
MNR IMPLEMENTATION
Short list of 7 sites
Lundy and the
Scillies
Loch Sween and
St Abbs
Skomer, Menai
Strait and
Bardsey
PROPOSED MNRs
EUROPEAN MARINE SITES

NATURA 2000
Coherent European ecological network of
special areas of conservation
Composed of sites hosting natural habitats
listed in Annex I and habitats of species listed
in Annex II
To maintain or restore habitats to favourable
conservation status
HABITATS DIRECTIVE ARTICLE 4

For animal species ranging over wide areas sites
shall correspond to places within natural range
which present the physical or biological factors
essential to their life and reproduction
For aquatic species which range over wide areas,

such sites to be proposed only where there is a
clearly identifiable area representing the physical
and biological factors essential to their life and
reproduction
ANNEX I HABITATS AND II SPECIES

Coastal and Halophytic Habitats is 1 of 9 major
habitat types
Open sea and tidal areas sub category
accounts for approx 4% of full list of habitat
types
Marine mammals
MARINE CONSERVATION ZONES

Marine & Coastal Access Act 2009
Purpose of conserving
Marine flora and fauna
Marine habitats or types of marine habitats
Features of geological or geomorphological
interests
MARINE CONSERVATION ZONES

Order must state
Protected feature or features
Conservation objectives for the MCZ
Designating authority may have regard to any

economic or social consequences
Consultation prior to designation
MNRs to be treated as MCZs
NETWORK OF CONSERVATION SITES

Network contributing to conservation of UK
marine environment
Features protected by networked sites
represent range of features present in UK
marine area
MCZs are to be designated in order to
contribute to the network alongside other
MPAs
MCZ ECOLOGICAL NETWORK GUIDANCE

23 broad-scale habitats
Features of conservation importance
Design Principles
Representativity
Replication
Adequacy
Viability
Connectivity
Protection
Best available evidence
ENGLAND AND OFFSHORE MCZs

127 recommended MCZs
including 65 reference
areas, covering 15% of
Defra marine area
31 MCZs consulted on
27 MCZs designated
2 more phases of
designation promised over
next 3 years
REASON FOR LEGISLATION

MNR
Cinderella status of marine conservation
Political cause
Evidence of damage
EMS
EU object of general interest
Evidence of continuing deterioration
MCZ
Failure to protect nationally important sites
OSPAR objectives
SITE SELECTION PROCESS

MNR
Scientific interest
Existing knowledge
EMS
Annex I and II features
Representative proportion
MCZ
Ecological Network Guidance principles
Broad-scale habitat types
FOCI
EVIDENCE BASE
MNR
Scientific interest as presented by nature
conservation body
Proof of threats (e.g. Skomer scallop
dredging)
EMS
Commission appraisal
MCZ
Best available evidence
Peer review of data
ECOSYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

MNR
Not considered at the time
EMS
Natura 2000
MCZ
Network contributing to conservation
Cognisant of international and European obligations
WSSD
Representative networks of MPAs
OSPAR
Ecologically coherent network of well-managed MPAs
BARRIERS TO UNLOCK MCZ PROCESS

Managing UKs Marine Resources
Clearer explanation of what is being protected
and the implications of this
Fair, transparent, future-orientated decisionmaking process allowing ecosystems to punch
above their weight
Ensure low or moderate levels of evidence are
not a barrier to designation
Appropriate regulations to protect
Clear explanation of purpose of ecologically
coherent MPA network
MATTERS OF CONCERN
Is there a clearly understood purpose for

MPAs?
What are we seeking to conserve and why?
Can we achieve ecological coherence?

Is the science too difficult
Is the marine environment too fluid?
Is there sufficient understanding of the need

for protecting marine biodiversity?
Do we get too bogged down with the details?
ICONIC SPECIES HARBOUR PORPOISE
WHATS SO SPECIAL ABOUT THE

HARBOUR PORPOISE?
HOW ABOUT LOVING THIS INSTEAD?
GOVERNMENTS APPROACH TO MNRs
All interested parties to be consulted

No interference with functions of relevant
authorities or those with vested interests
Cooperation and consensus to be the
foundation of MNRs; designation will not
proceed unless all major objections resolved
No point in having overriding powers because
these would not be enforceable
GOVERNMENTS APPROACH TO MPAs
All interested parties to be consulted

No interference with functions of relevant
authorities or those with vested interests
Cooperation and consensus to be the
foundation of MNRs; designation will not
proceed unless all major objections resolved
No point in having overriding powers because
these would not be enforceable
Need must be demonstrated by robust
scientific evidence
CONCLUSIONS
Is it practicable to achieve an ecologically
coherent network?
Is ecological coherence compatible with taking
account of socio-economic considerations?
Could the objectives be achieved without the
need for MPAs?
Would MPAs be more palatable if they were
subsumed into marine spatial plans as a
prescribed activity?

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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

Introduction the problem with MPAs

NERC WORKING PART CONCLUSIONS

JOINT NNC/NERC WORKING PART

MARINE NATURE RESERVES

MNRs were not in the Bill as originally drafted

MARINE NATURE RESERVES

EUROPEAN MARINE SITES

HABITATS DIRECTIVE ARTICLE 4

For aquatic species which range over wide areas,

ANNEX I HABITATS AND II SPECIES

MARINE CONSERVATION ZONES

MARINE CONSERVATION ZONES

Designating authority may have regard to any

NETWORK OF CONSERVATION SITES

MCZ ECOLOGICAL NETWORK GUIDANCE

ENGLAND AND OFFSHORE MCZs

REASON FOR LEGISLATION

SITE SELECTION PROCESS

ECOSYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

BARRIERS TO UNLOCK MCZ PROCESS

Is there a clearly understood purpose for

Can we achieve ecological coherence?

Is there sufficient understanding of the need

ICONIC SPECIES HARBOUR PORPOISE

WHATS SO SPECIAL ABOUT THE

HOW ABOUT LOVING THIS INSTEAD?

GOVERNMENTS APPROACH TO MNRs

All interested parties to be consulted

GOVERNMENTS APPROACH TO MPAs

All interested parties to be consulted

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