Chem 02

Exp #4 Equilibrium: Applying Le Chateliers Principle

Chem 02 Prelaboratory Assignment 1. Read in Brown, LeMay, & Bursten, Sections 15.7 Le Chateliers Principle. 2. Read in Brown, LeMay, & Bursten, Sections 24.2 Ligands with More than One Donor Atom. 3. Review the experimental procedures Part A - Part D. 4. In your laboratory notebook, prepare a table similar to Table 1 (leave a lot of space for data and observations). Complete columns 2, 3, and 4 in the table.

Introduction
Le Chateliers principle states that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed (e.g. changing the temperature, pressure, volume and / or reactant concentrations) the direction of the reaction progression will shift to counteract the disturbance and equilibrium will be reestablished. For example (see Figure 1), when the volume of the reaction chamber containing the NO2 / N2O4 gas mixture is increased, the gas in the chamber changes from pale yellow to brown. This disturbance (a change in volume) causes the equilibrium to proceed in which direction? Figure 1 Equilibrium Mixture

2 NO2 (g) (brown)

N2O4 (g) (colorless)

In this laboratory experiment, the equilibrium of a series of reactions will be disturbed by varying either the concentration of the reactants or the reaction temperature. From the data obtained in this laboratory experiment, the direction of the equilibrium will be determined and analyzed. The data and results from the experiments will be compared to the predictions made before the experiments were performed (see Table 1).

Procedure Part A An Equilibrium Study on the Cobalt (II) Complex (CoCl4 )2- (alc) + 6 H2O (l) [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) +
blue pink 4 Cl- (aq)

The equilibrium of the cobalt (II) complex is water dependent therefore all the test tubes and pipets must be extremely dry for Part A. Record all observations using the Table 1 format. Step A1 Step A2 Into test tubes 1-5, add 0.1 M CoCl2 (10 drops). (Test tube 5 will be used as a color reference.) Into test tubes 1-4, add H2O (1 drop) and mix. Carefully, continue adding H2O (dropwise with mixing) into test tubes 1-4 until there is a color change. (Test tube 4 will be used as a color reference.) Carefully, add conc. HCl (1 drop) into test tube 1 and mix. Continue adding conc. HCl (dropwise with mixing) into test tube 1 until there is a color change. Into test tube 1, add 0.1 M AgNO3 (1 drop) and mix. Continue adding 0.1 M AgNO3 (dropwise with mixing) until there is a color change. Carefully, add absolute ethanol (1 drop) into test tube 2. Continue adding absolute ethanol (dropwise with mixing) until there is a color change. Place test tube 3 into a hot water. Record all observations. Place test tube 3 into a cold water. Record all observations. Carefully, pipet the solutions from test tubes 1-4 into the waste bottle and thoroughly rinse the test tubes three times with deionized H2O.

Step A3 Step A4 Step A5 Step A6 Step A7 Step A8

Part B

An Equilibrium Study on the Solubility of Magnesium Hydroxide, Mg(OH)2.

Mg(OH)2 (s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2 - OH (aq)

Use the cleaned test tubes from Part A and the same data tabulation format described previously. Record all observations using the Table 1 format. Step B1 Step B2 Step B3 Into test tubes 1-6, add 1.0 M MgCl2 (10 drops). Into test tubes 1-6, add 0.5 M NaOH (5 drops) and mix. Into test tube 1, add conc. HCl (1 drop) and mix. If necessary, continue adding conc. HCl (dropwise) until a change is observed. Step B4 Into test tube 2, add 0.5 M EDTA (1 drop) and mix. If necessary, continue adding 0.5 M EDTA (dropwise with mixing) until a change is observed. EDTA is a chelating reagent which readily removes metal ions from solution. Use test tube 3 as a reference and add a quantity of water equal to the quantity of EDTA added to test tube 2. Compare the results. Step B5 Into test tubes 4-6, add phenolphthalein (1 drop). Phenolphthalein is used to indicate if the solution is acidic or basic. If the solution is colorless, H+ (acid) is present. If the solution turns pink, -OH (base) is present. Step B6 Place test tube 4 into a hot water. Record all observations. Step B7 Place test tube 5 into a cold water. Record all observations. Step B8 Use test tube 6 as a color reference. Step B9 Without mixing up test tubes 4 and 5, transfer to opposite baths. Step B10 Carefully, pipet the solutions from test tubes 1-6 into the waste bottle and thoroughly rinse the test tubes three times with deionized H2O.

Part C An Equilibrium Study on an Aqueous Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate Solution, NaHSO4

HSO4 - (aq) + H2O (l) Thymol blue: orange-yellow H3O+ (aq)

+
red

SO4 2- (aq)

Use the cleaned test tubes from Part B and the same data tabulation format described previously. Record all observations using the Table 1 format. Step C1 Step C2 Step C3 Step C4 Step C5 Step C6 Step C7 Step C8 Into test tubes 1-5, add 0.1 M NaHSO4 (10 drops). Into test tubes 1-5, add thymol blue indicator (1 drop) and mix. Into test tube 2, add 1.0 M Na2SO4 (1 drop) and mix. Continuing adding 1.0 M Na2SO4 (dropwise with mixing) until there is a color change. (Use test tube 1 as a color reference.) Into test tube 3, add NaHSO4 (one crystal) and mix. Continue adding NaHSO4 (crystals with mixing) until there is a color change. Place test tube 4 into a hot water bath (mix occasionally). Record all observations. Place test tube 5 into a cold water bath (mix occasionally). Record all observations. Transfer test tubes 4 and 5 to opposite baths. Carefully, pipet the solutions from test tubes 1-5 into the waste bottle and thoroughly rinse the test tubes three times with deionized H2O.

Part D An Equilibrium Study on the Iron Thiocyanate Complex, Fe(SCN)2+

Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) Fe(SCN)2+ (aq) colorless yellow dark red Use the cleaned test tubes from Part C. Prepare a table similar to Table 1 to tabulate all data.

Step D1 Step D2 Step D3 Step D4 Step D5 Step D6 Step D7

The iron thiocyanate complex [Fe(SCN)2+] is produced when iron (III) ions (Fe3+) are combined with thiocyanate ions (SCN-). Measure 10 drops of the solution containing the iron thiocyanate complex [Fe(SCN)2+] into test tubes 1-5. Test tube 5 will be used as a color reference. Record all observations. Add no more than 10 drops of the 0.2 M Fe(NO3)3 solution into test tube 1. Record all observations. Add no more than 10 drops of the 0.2 M KSCN solution into test tube 2. Record all observations. Add no more than 10 drops of the 0.1 M AgNO3 solution into test tube 3. Record all observations. Add no more than 5 drops of the 0.1 M Na2HPO4 solution into test tube 4. Record all observations. Carefully, pipet the solutions from test tubes 1-5 into the waste bottle and thoroughly rinse the test tubes three times with deionized H2O.

Include in the Lab Report

As part of your lab report, use the data collected in each step to discuss the reaction and equilibrium. Briefly explain how the system was disturbed in each step. Include the net ionic reaction for steps A4, B3, and D5 in your discussion.

Table 1 Predictions, Data, and Analysis from Equilibrium Experiments Step 1 2 3 4 5

Stress Applied to System Disturbance to System Predict what should be observed from this disturbance: a. A color change from X to Y. b. A color change from Y to X. c. Solid precipitates from solution. d. Solid dissolves in solution. e. No change in equilibrium. Predict what this disturbance might cause: a. The equilibrium shifts to the right. b. The equilibrium shifts to the left. c. No change in equilibrium. Data and Observations obtained in the lab.

7
Compare the predictions from columns 3 & 4 with the actual results from columns 5 & 6. Were the predictions similar to the actual results? Briefly explain.

8
K vs. Q

From the data obtained in the lab, how was the equilibrium disturbed? a. The equilibrium shifts to the right. b. The equilibrium shifts to the left. c. No change in equilibrium.

A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A6 A7 A7 B2 B3 B4 B6 B6 B7 B7 C3 C4 C5 C5 C6 C6 D3 D4 D5 D6

H2O added HCl added

AgNO3 added ethanol added

excess H2O Cl- increased Cl- decreased H2O decreased heat added
If endothermic?

K>Q

increase temperature increase temperature decrease temperature decrease temperature NaOH added HCl added
EDTA added

heat added
If exothermic?

heat removed
If endothermic?

heat removed
If exothermic?

-OH increased -OH increased Mg2+decreased heat added

If endothermic?

increase temperature increase temperature decrease temperature decrease temperature Na2SO4 added NaHSO4 added increase temperature increase temperature decrease temperature decrease temperature Fe(NO3)3 added KSCN added AgNO3 added Na2HPO4 added

heat added
If exothermic?

heat removed
If endothermic?

heat removed
If exothermic?

SO42increased HSO4increased heat added

If endothermic?

heat added
If exothermic?

heat removed
If endothermic?

heat removed
If exothermic?

Fe3+ increased SCNincreased SCNdecreased Fe3+ decreased