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I R
Use This Formula* b = 1.25m Do = D + 2m = m (N + 2) DR = D 2.5m Db = D cos f pb = m p cos f pm Tstd = 2 m (N1 + N2 ) C = 2 1Ro 1Rb + 2Ro 2Rb C sin f mp = m p cos f B = 2(DC )tan f B = DT BLA = B cos f B (arc minutes) Ba = 6880 D 2 Nc = sin 2 f

Table 1-5 (Cont.)

To Obtain Dedendum Outside Diameter Root Diameter Base Circle Diameter Base Pitch Tooth Thickness at Standard Pitch Diameter Center Distance Contact Ratio Backlash (linear) Backlash (linear) Backlash (linear) Along Line-of-action Backlash, Angular Min. No. of Teeth for No Undercutting

Spur Gear Design Formulas

From Known Module Module and Pitch Diameter or Number of Teeth Pitch Diameter and Module Pitch Diameter and Pressure Angle Module and Pressure Angle Module Module and Number of Teeth Outside Radii, Base Circle Radii, Center Distance, Pressure Angle Change in Center Distance Change in Tooth Thickness Linear Backlash Along Pitch Circle Linear Backlash Pressure Angle

T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T-17

*All linear dimensions in millimeters Symbols per Table 1-4

SECTION 2

INTRODUCTION TO GEAR TECHNOLOGY

This section presents a technical coverage of gear fundamentals. It is intended as a broad coverage written in a manner that is easy to follow and to understand by anyone interested in knowing how gear systems function. Since gearing involves specialty components, it is expected that not all designers and engineers possess or have been exposed to every aspect of this subject. However, for proper use of gear components and design of gear systems it is essential to have a minimum understanding of gear basics and a reference source for details. For those to whom this is their rst encounter with gear components, it is suggested this technical treatise be read in the order presented so as to obtain a logical development of the subject. Subsequently, and for those already familiar with gears, this material can be used selectively in random access as a design reference. 2.1 Basic Geometry Of Spur Gears The fundamentals of gearing are illustrated through the spur gear tooth, both because it is the simplest, and hence most comprehensible, and because it is the form most widely used, particularly for instruments and control systems. The basic geometry and nomenclature of a spur gear mesh is shown in Figure 2-1. The essential features of a gear mesh are: 1. Center distance.

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2. The pitch circle diameters (or pitch diameters). 3. Size of teeth (or module). 4. Number of teeth. 5. Pressure angle of the contacting involutes.

Metric

10

Details of these items along with their interdependence and denitions are covered in subsequent paragraphs.

PINION
Ou

rb
tsi de Dia

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A

Line-of-Action

ra Pitch Circle

Base Circle Pressure angle ()

me

ter

(d a)

Tooth Prole Pitch Circle Whole Depth (h) Working Depth (hw ) Clearance Base Diameter (Db ) Line-ofCenters Dedendum (hf ) Rb Circular Tooth Thickness (s) Chordal Tooth Thickness ( s ) R Center Addendum (ha) Distance (a) Root (Tooth) Fillet Top Land

Ro

(D)

ot

ter

Circular Pitch (p)

Dia

Ra

me

me

ter

Dia

(D f

)
GEAR

Generally: Larger Gear Diameter or Radius Symbols capital letters Smaller Gear Diameter or Radius Symbols lower case letters

Pitc h

Pitch Point

Fig. 2-1 Basic Gear Geometry

T-18

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Metric

2.2 The Law Of Gearing A primary requirement of gears is the constancy of angular velocities or proportionality of position transmission. Precision instruments require positioning delity. High-speed and/ or high-power gear trains also require transmission at constant angular velocities in order to avoid severe dynamic problems. Constant velocity (i.e., constant ratio) motion transmission is dened as "conjugate action" of the gear tooth proles. A geometric relationship can be derived (2, 12)* for the form of the tooth proles to provide conjugate action, which is summarized as the Law of Gearing as follows: "A common normal to the tooth proles at their point of contact must, in all positions of the contacting teeth, pass through a xed point on the line-of-centers called the pitch point." Any two curves or proles engaging each other and satisfying the law of gearing are conjugate curves. 2.3 The Involute Curve There is almost an innite number of curves that can be developed to satisfy the law of gearing, and many different curve forms have been tried in the past. Modern gearing (except for clock gears) is based on involute teeth. This is due to three major advantages of the involute curve: 1. Conjugate action is independent of changes in center distance. 2. The form of the basic rack tooth is straight-sided, and therefore is relatively simple and can be accurately made; as a generating tool it imparts high accuracy to the cut gear tooth. 3. One cutter can generate all gear teeth numbers of the same pitch. The involute curve is most easily understood as the trace of a point at the end of a taut string that unwinds from a cylinder. It is imagined that a point on a string, which is pulled taut in a xed direction, projects its trace onto a plane that rotates with the base circle. See Figure 2-2. The base cylinder, or base circle as referred to in gear literature, fully denes the form of the involute and in a gear it is an inherent parameter, though invisible. The development and action of mating teeth can be visualized by imagining the taut string as being unwound from one base circle and wound on to the other, as shown in Figure 2-3a . Thus, a single point on the string simultaneously traces an involute on each base circle's rotating plane. This pair of involutes is conjugate, since at all points of contact the common normal is the common tangent which passes through a xed point on the line-of-centers. If a second winding/ unwinding taut string is wound around the base circles in the opposite direction, Figure 2-3b , oppositely curved involutes are generated which can accommodate motion reversal. When the involute pairs are properly spaced, the result is the involute gear tooth, Figure 2-3c . Involute Generating Point on Taut String Base Circle Taut String Base Circle Trace Point Involute Curve Unwinding Taut String Base Cylinder (a) Left-Hand (b) Right-Hand (c) Complete Teeth Generated Involutes Involutes by Two Crossed Generating Taut Strings Fig. 2-3 Generation and Action of Gear Teeth

10

T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Fig. 2-2 Generation of an Involute by a Taut String T-19 *Numbers in parentheses refer to references at end of text.

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2.4 Pitch Circles Referring to Figure 2-4, the tangent to the two base circles is the line of contact, or line-of-action in gear vernacular. Where this line crosses the line-of-centers establishes the pitch point, P. This in turn sets the size of the pitch circles, or as commonly called, the pitch diameters. The ratio of the pitch diameters gives the velocity ratio: Velocity ratio of gear 2 to gear 1 is: d1 i = d2 2.5 Pitch And Module Essential to prescribing gear geometry is the size, or spacing of the teeth along the pitch circle. This is termed pitch, and there are two basic forms. Circular pitch A naturally conceived linear measure along the pitch circle of the tooth spacing. Referring to Figure 2-5, it is the linear distance (measured along the pitch circle arc) between corresponding points of adjacent teeth. It is equal to the pitch-circle circumference divided by the number of teeth: pitch circle circumference d p = circular pitch = = (2-2) number of teeth z Module Metric gearing uses the quantity module m in place of the American inch unit, diametral pitch. The module is the length of pitch diameter per tooth. Thus: d m = (2-3) z Relation of pitches: From the geometry that denes the two pitches, it can be shown that module and circular pitch are related by the expression: p = (2-4) m This relationship is simple to remember and permits an easy transformation from one to the other.
Metric

10

(2-1)

d1

Pitch Line of Point (P ) contact Pitch Circles d2

Base Circle, Gear #1

Base Circle, Gear #2 Fig. 2-5 Definition of Circular Pitch

Fig. 2-4 Definition of Pitch Circle and Pitch Point

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Metric

Diametral pitch (Pd )is widely used in England and America to represent the tooth size. The relation between diametral pitch and module is as follows: 25.4 m = (2-5) Pd 2.6 Module Sizes And Standards Module mrepresents the size of involute gear tooth. The unit of module is mm. Module is converted to circular pitch p, by the factor . p = m (2-6)

10

T 1 2 3 4 5 6

Table 2-1 is extracted from JIS B 1701-1973 which denes the tooth prole and dimensions of involute gears. It divides the standard module into three series. Figure 2-6 shows the comparative size of various rack teeth. Table 2-1 Standard Values of Module
Series 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Series 2 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.9 8 10 12 16 20 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 25 32 40 50 Series 3 Series 1

unit: mm
Series 2 3.5 Series 3 3.75

4 5 6 4.5 5.5 7 9 11 14 18 22 28 36 45

6.5

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T-21

0.8 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3

Note: The preferred choices are in the series order beginning with 1.

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M1 M1.5 M2 M2.5

Metric

10

M3

M4

M5

M6

M10 14 15 A
T-22 Fig. 2-6 Comparative Size of Various Rack Teeth

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Metric

Circular pitch, p, is also used to represent tooth size when a special desired spacing is wanted, such as to get an integral feed in a mechanism. In this case, a circular pitch is chosen that is an integer or a special fractional value. This is often the choice in designing position control systems. Another particular usage is the drive of printing plates to provide a given feed. Most involute gear teeth have the standard whole depth and a standard pressure angle = 20. Figure 2-7 shows the tooth prole of a whole depth standard rack tooth and mating gear. It has an addendum of ha = 1m and dedendum hf 1.25m. If tooth depth is shorter than whole depth it is called a stub tooth; and if deeper than whole depth it is a high depth tooth. The most widely used stub tooth has an addendum ha = 0.8m and dedendum hf = 1m. Stub teeth have more strength than a whole depth gear, but contact ratio is reduced. On the other hand, a high depth tooth can increase contact ratio, but weakens the tooth. In the standard involute gear, pitch p times the number of teeth becomes the length of pitch circle: d = mz Pitch diameter (d ) is then: (2-7) d = mz

10

T 1 2 3 4 5

pn

p 2

6
hf ha db d Module Pressure Angle Addendum Dedendum Whole Depth Working Depth Top Clearance Circular Pitch Pitch Perpendicular to Tooth Pitch Diameter Base Diameter m = 20 ha = m hf 1.25 m h 2.25 m hw = 2.00 m c = 0.25 m p = m pn = p cos d = mz db = d cos h

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T-23

Fig. 2-7

The Tooth Profile and Dimension of Standard Rack

Metric Module and Inch Gear Preferences: Because there is no direct equivalence between the pitches in metric and inch systems, it is not possible to make direct substitutions. Further, there are preferred modules in the metric system. As an aid in using metric gears, Table 2-2 presents nearest equivalents for both systems, with the preferred sizes in bold type.

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Metric

T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A
T-24
Diametral Pitch, P 203.2000 200 180 169.333 150 127.000 125 120 101.600 96 92.3636 84.6667 80 78.1538 72.5714 72 67.733 64 63.500 50.800 50 48 44 42.333 40 36.2857 36 33.8667 32 31.7500 30 28.2222 28 25.4000 24 22 20.3200 20 18 16.9333 16 15 14.5143 14 13 12.7000 12 11.2889 11 10.1600 10

Table 2-2 Metric/American Gear Equivalents

Module, m 0.125 0.12700 0.14111 0.15 0.16933 0.2 0.20320 0.21167 0.25 0.26458 0.275 0.3 0.31750 0.325 0.35 0.35278 0.375 0.39688 0.4 0.5 0.50800 0.52917 0.57727 0.6 0.63500 0.7 0.70556 0.75 0.79375 0.8 0.84667 0.9 0.90714 1 1.0583 1.1545 1.25 1.2700 1.4111 1.5 1.5875 1.6933 1.75 1.8143 1.9538 2 2.1167 2.25 2.3091 2.50 2.5400 Circular Pitch in 0.0155 0.0157 0.0175 0.0186 0.0209 0.0247 0.0251 0.0262 0.0309 0.0327 0.0340 0.0371 0.0393 0.0402 0.0433 0.0436 0.0464 0.0491 0.0495 0.0618 0.0628 0.0655 0.0714 0.0742 0.0785 0.0866 0.0873 0.0928 0.0982 0.0989 0.1047 0.1113 0.1122 0.1237 0.1309 0.1428 0.1546 0.1571 0.1745 0.1855 0.1963 0.2094 0.2164 0.2244 0.2417 0.2474 0.2618 0.2783 0.2856 0.3092 0.3142 mm 0.393 0.399 0.443 0.471 0.532 0.628 0.638 0.665 0.785 0.831 0.864 0.942 0.997 1.021 1.100 1.108 1.178 1.247 1.257 1.571 1.596 1.662 1.814 1.885 1.995 2.199 2.217 2.356 2.494 2.513 2.660 2.827 2.850 3.142 3.325 3.627 3.927 3.990 4.433 4.712 4.987 5.320 5.498 5.700 6.138 6.283 6.650 7.069 7.254 7.854 7.980 Circular Tooth Thickness in 0.0077 0.0079 0.0087 0.0093 0.0105 0.0124 0.0126 0.0131 0.0155 0.0164 0.0170 0.0186 0.0196 0.0201 0.0216 0.0218 0.0232 0.0245 0.0247 0.0309 0.0314 0.0327 0.0357 0.0371 0.0393 0.0433 0.0436 0.0464 0.0491 0.0495 0.0524 0.0557 0.0561 0.0618 0.0654 0.0714 0.0773 0.0785 0.0873 0.0928 0.0982 0.1047 0.1082 0.1122 0.1208 0.1237 0.1309 0.1391 0.1428 0.1546 0.1571 mm 0.196 0.199 0.222 0.236 0.266 0.314 0.319 0.332 0.393 0.416 0.432 0.471 0.499 0.511 0.550 0.554 0.589 0.623 0.628 0.785 0.798 0.831 0.907 0.942 0.997 1.100 1.108 1.178 1.247 1.257 1.330 1.414 1.425 1.571 1.662 1.813 1.963 1.995 2.217 2.356 2.494 2.660 2.749 2.850 3.069 3.142 3.325 3.534 3.627 3.927 3.990 Addendum in 0.0049 0.0050 0.0056 0.0059 0.0067 0.0079 0.0080 0.0083 0.0098 0.0104 0.0108 0.0118 0.0125 0.0128 0.0138 0.0139 0.0148 0.0156 0.0157 0.0197 0.0200 0.0208 0.0227 0.0236 0.0250 0.0276 0.0278 0.0295 0.0313 0.0315 0.0333 0.0354 0.0357 0.0394 0.0417 0.0455 0.0492 0.0500 0.0556 0.0591 0.0625 0.0667 0.0689 0.0714 0.0769 0.0787 0.0833 0.0886 0.0909 0.0984 0.1000 mm 0.125 0.127 0.141 0.150 0.169 0.200 0.203 0.212 0.250 0.265 0.275 0.300 0.318 0.325 0.350 0.353 0.375 0.397 0.400 0.500 0.508 0.529 0.577 0.600 0.635 0.700 0.706 0.750 0.794 0.800 0.847 0.900 0.907 1.000 1.058 1.155 1.250 1.270 1.411 1.500 1.588 1.693 1.750 1.814 1.954 2.000 2.117 2.250 2.309 2.500 2.540

10

NOTE: Bold face diametral pitches and modules designate preferred values.
Continued on the next page

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Metric

Table 2-2 (Cont.) Metric/American Gear Equivalents

Diametral Pitch, P 9.2364 9 8.4667 8 7.8154 7.2571 7 6.7733 6.3500 6 5.6444 5.3474 5.0800 5 4.6182 4.2333 4 3.9077 3.6286 3.5000 3.1750 3.1416 3 2.8222 2.5400 2.5000 2.3091 2.1167 2 1.8143 1.5875 1.5000 1.4111 1.2700 1.1545 1.0583 1.0160 1 0.9407 0.9071 0.8467 0.7938 0.7697 0.7500 0.7056 0.6513 0.6350 0.6048 0.5644 0.5080 0.5000 Module, m 2.75 2.8222 3 3.1750 3.25 3.5 3.6286 3.75 4 4.2333 4.5 4.75 5 5.0800 5.5000 6 6.3500 6.5000 7 7.2571 8 8.0851 8.4667 9 10 10.160 11 12 12.700 14 16 16.933 18 20 22 24 25 25.400 27 28 30 32 33 33.867 36 39 40 42 45 50 50.800 Circular Pitch in 0.3401 0.3491 0.3711 0.3927 0.4020 0.4329 0.4488 0.4638 0.4947 0.5236 0.5566 0.5875 0.6184 0.6283 0.6803 0.7421 0.7854 0.8040 0.8658 0.8976 0.9895 1.0000 1.0472 1.1132 1.2368 1.2566 1.3605 1.4842 1.5708 1.7316 1.9790 2.0944 2.2263 2.4737 2.7211 2.9684 3.0921 3.1416 3.3395 3.4632 3.7105 3.9579 4.0816 4.1888 4.4527 4.8237 4.9474 5.1948 5.5658 6.1842 6.2832 mm 8.639 8.866 9.425 9.975 10.210 10.996 11.400 11.781 12.566 13.299 14.137 14.923 15.708 15.959 17.279 18.850 19.949 20.420 21.991 22.799 25.133 25.400 26.599 28.274 31.416 31.919 34.558 37.699 39.898 43.982 50.265 53.198 56.549 62.832 69.115 75.398 78.540 79.796 84.823 87.965 94.248 100.531 103.673 106.395 113.097 122.522 125.664 131.947 141.372 157.080 159.593 Circular Tooth Thickness in 0.1701 0.1745 0.1855 0.1963 0.2010 0.2164 0.2244 0.2319 0.2474 0.2618 0.2783 0.2938 0.3092 0.3142 0.3401 0.3711 0.3927 0.4020 0.4329 0.4488 0.4947 0.5000 0.5236 0.5566 0.6184 0.6283 0.6803 0.7421 0.7854 0.8658 0.9895 1.0472 1.1132 1.2368 1.3605 1.4842 1.5461 1.5708 1.6697 1.7316 1.8553 1.9790 2.0408 2.0944 2.2263 2.4119 2.4737 2.5974 2.7829 3.0921 3.1416 mm 4.320 4.433 4.712 4.987 5.105 5.498 5.700 5.890 6.283 6.650 7.069 7.461 7.854 7.980 8.639 9.425 9.975 10.210 10.996 11.399 12.566 12.700 13.299 14.137 15.708 15.959 17.279 18.850 19.949 21.991 25.133 26.599 28.274 31.416 34.558 37.699 39.270 39.898 42.412 43.982 47.124 50.265 51.836 53.198 56.549 61.261 62.832 65.973 70.686 78.540 79.796 Addendum in 0.1083 0.1111 0.1181 0.1250 0.1280 0.1378 0.1429 0.1476 0.1575 0.1667 0.1772 0.1870 0.1969 0.2000 0.2165 0.2362 0.2500 0.2559 0.2756 0.2857 0.3150 0.3183 0.3333 0.3543 0.3937 0.4000 0.4331 0.4724 0.5000 0.5512 0.6299 0.6667 0.7087 0.7874 0.8661 0.9449 0.9843 1.0000 1.0630 1.1024 1.1811 1.2598 1.2992 1.3333 1.4173 1.5354 1.5748 1.6535 1.7717 1.9685 2.0000 mm 2.750 2.822 3.000 3.175 3.250 3.500 3.629 3.750 4.000 4.233 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.080 5.500 6.000 6.350 6.500 7.000 7.257 8.000 8.085 8.467 9.000 10.000 10.160 11.000 12.000 12.700 14.000 16.000 16.933 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000 25.000 25.400 27.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 33.000 33.867 36.000 39.000 40.000 42.000 45.000 50.000 50.800

10

T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

NOTE: Bold face diametral pitches and modules designate preferred values.

T-25

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2.7 Gear Types And Axial Arrangements In accordance with the orientation of axes, there are three categories of gears: 1. Parallel Axes Gears 2. Intersecting Axes Gears 3. Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gears Spur and helical gears are the parallel axes gears. Bevel gears are the intersecting axes gears. Screw or crossed helical, worm and hypoid gears handle the third category. Table 2-3 lists the gear types per axes orientation. Also, included in Table 2-3 is the theoretical efciency range of the various gear types. These gures do not include bearing and lubricant losses. Also, they assume ideal mounting in regard to axis orientation and center distance. Inclusion of these realistic considerations will downgrade the efciency numbers. Table 2-3 Types of Gears and Their Categories Categories of Gears Types of Gears Spur Gear Spur Rack Internal Gear Helical Gear Helical Rack Double Helical Gear Straight Bevel Gear Spiral Bevel Gear Zerol Gear Worm Gear Screw Gear Hypoid Gear Efficiency (%)
Metric

10

Parallel Axes Gears

98 ... 99.5

Intersecting Axes Gears

98 ... 99 30 ... 90 70 ... 95 96 ... 98

7 8 9

Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gears

2.7.1 Parallel Axes Gears

10 11 12 13 14 15 A

1. Spur Gear This is a cylindrical shaped gear in which the teeth are parallel to the axis. It has the largest applications and, also, it is the easiest to manufacture. Fig. 2-8 Spur Gear

2. Spur Rack This is a linear shaped gear which can mesh with a spur gear with any number of teeth. The spur rack is a portion of a spur gear with an innite radius. Fig. 2-9 Spur Rack

T-26

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Metric

0
3. Internal Gear

10

T 1 2 3 4

This is a cylindrical shaped gear but with the teeth inside the circular ring. It can mesh with a spur gear. Internal gears are often used in planetary gear systems. Fig. 2-10 Internal Gear and Spur Gear

4. Helical Gear

This is a cylindrical shaped gear with helicoid teeth. Helical gears can bear more load than spur gears, and work more quietly. They are widely used in industry. A disadvantage is the axial thrust force the helix form causes. Fig. 2-11 Helical Gear

5 6 7 8

5. Helical Rack

This is a linear shaped gear which meshes with a helical gear. Again, it can be regarded as a portion of a helical gear with innite radius. Fig. 2-12 Helical Rack

9 10 11 12

6. Double Helical Gear

13 14
Fig. 2-13 Double Helical Gear

This is a gear with both left-hand and right-hand helical teeth. The double helical form balances the inherent thrust forces.

15
T-27

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2.7.2 Intersecting Axes Gears 1. Straight Bevel Gear

Metric

10

This is a gear in which the teeth have tapered conical elements that have the same direction as the pitch cone base line (generatrix). The straight bevel gear is both the simplest to produce and the most widely applied in the bevel gear family. Fig. 2-14 Straight Bevel Gear

2. Spiral Bevel Gear

5 6 7

This is a bevel gear with a helical angle of spiral teeth. It is much more complex to manufacture, but offers a higher strength and lower noise. Fig. 2-15 Spiral Bevel Gear

3. Zerol Gear

8 9 10

Zerol gear is a special case of spiral bevel gear. It is a spiral bevel with zero degree of spiral angle tooth advance. It has the characteristics of both the straight and spiral bevel gears. The forces acting upon the tooth are the same as for a straight bevel gear.

2.7.3 Nonparallel And Nonintersecting Axes Gears

Fig. 2-16 Zerol Gear

11 12 13 14 15 A

1. Worm And Worm Gear

Worm set is the name for a meshed worm and worm gear. The worm resembles a screw thread; and the mating worm gear a helical gear, except that it is made to envelope the worm as seen along the worm's axis. The outstanding feature is that the worm offers a very large gear ratio in a single mesh. However, transmission efciency is very poor due to a great amount of sliding as the worm tooth engages with its mating worm gear tooth and forces rotation by pushing and sliding. With proper choices of materials and lubrication, wear can be contained and noise is reduced. T-28

Fig. 2-17 Worm Gear

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2. Screw Gear (Crossed Helical Gear)

10

T 1 2

Two helical gears of opposite helix angle will mesh if their axes are crossed. As separate gear components, they are merely conventional helical gears. Installation on crossed axes converts them to screw gears. They offer a simple means of gearing skew axes at any angle. Because they have point contact, their load carrying capacity is very limited. 2.7.4 Other Special Gears 1. Face Gear Fig. 2-18 Screw Gear

3 4 5 6

This is a pseudobevel gear that is limited to 90O intersecting axes. The face gear is a circular disc with a ring of teeth cut in its side face; hence the name face gear. Tooth elements are tapered towards its center. The mate is an ordinary spur gear. It offers no advantages over the standard bevel gear, except that it can be fabricated on an ordinary shaper gear generating machine. 2. Double Enveloping Worm Gear

Fig. 2-19 Face Gear

7 8 9 10 11

This worm set uses a special worm shape in that it partially envelops the worm gear as viewed in the direction of the worm gear axis. Its big advantage over the standard worm is much higher load capacity. However, the worm gear is very complicated to design and produce, and sources for manufacture are few. Fig. 2-20 Double Enveloping Worm Gear

3. Hypoid Gear

12 13 14
Fig. 2-21 Hypoid Gear

This is a deviation from a bevel gear that originated as a special development for the automobile industry. This permitted the drive to the rear axle to be nonintersecting, and thus allowed the auto body to be lowered. It looks very much like the spiral bevel gear. However, it is complicated to design and is the most difcult to produce on a bevel gear generator.

15
T-29