Vitamins Dr. Luzon Water Soluble

VITAMINS Dr.
Luzon Water soluble B group and Vitamin C Not stored extensively (except cobalamine) Required regularly in the diet Excess excreted in the urine Vitamin B1 THIAMINE Thiamine diphosphotransferase (ATP dependent) Thiamine pyrophosphate co factor for 4 key enzymes o Pyruvate dehydrogenase o Alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle) o Branched chain amino acid alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase o Transketolase (pentose phosphate pathway) Deficiency: o Accumulation of pyruvate and lactate o Dec acetyl coa and ATP formation and thus dec acetylcholine and CNS activity o Dec activity of PPP results in low levels of NADPH necessary for fatty acid synthesis dec in synthesis of myelin peripheral neuropathy Sources: o All plants and animal tissues o Unrefined cereal grains and meat Diseases: o Beri beri o Wernickes encephalopathy (alcoholism) Vitamin B2 RIBOFLAVIN Active forms: FMN and FAD Functions: o Co enzymes for a number of oxidases and dehydrogenases o For electron transport chain or act as antioxidants Diseases: o Angular stomatitis inflammation at sides of the mouth o Cheilosis fissures of corners of mouth o Cataracts o Glossitis - inflamed tongue Sources: o Yeast, liver, kidney Vitamin B3 NIACIN Active forms: NAD+ and NADP+ Functions: o Required for repair of UV light damaged DNA in areas of exposed skin o Used for the treatment of certain hyperlipidemias inhibits lipolysis dec VLDL and LDL o Key components of metabolic pathways affecting CHO, lipid and amino acid metabolism Diseases: o Pellagra Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia o Can lead to death
Tryptophan (60 mg) NAD Sources: o Maise as staple food o Sorghum dependence inhibits Malignant carcinoid syndrome tryptophan diverted to serotonin Hartnup disease impaired tryptophan absorption
Vitamin B5 PANTOTHENIC ACID Active forms: coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein Functions: o Involved in the transfer of acyl groups e.g acetyl coa, succinyl coa, fatty acyl coa o Component of fatty acids synthase: acyl carrier protein Sources: o Grain cereals, legumes, animal tissues Deficiency: o Burning foot syndrome o Depigmentation of fur in rats Vitamin B6 PYRIDOXINE Forms: o Pyridoxine o Pyridoxal o Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal kinase - catalyze phosphorylation by ATP Functions: o Pyridoxal phosphate as co enzyme for many enzymes o Amino acid metabolism aminotransferases and serine dehydratase o Heme synthesis ALA synthase o Glycogen phosphorylase o Conversion of tryptophan to niacin Deficiency: o Hypochromic, microcytic anemia o Secondary pellagra o Convulsions and depression Sources: o Liver, avocado, banana, meat, vegetables, egg yolk BIOTIN
Functions: o An activated carrier of CO2 o Coenzyme for: Pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis Acetyl coa carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis Propionyl coa carboxylase in beta oxidation of ood numbered fatty acids Branched chain amino acid metabolism Deficiency: o Very rare: dermatitis o Eating lots of raw egg whites (avidin) inhibits biotin absorption
Vitamin B12 COBALAMIN Corrin ring with a cobalt ion at its center Source: liver Forms:
o Methylcobalamin o Adenosylcobalamin o Hydroxocobalamin Cyanocobalamin commercially available Requires intrinsic factor Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia FOLIC ACID Functions: o Synthesis of amino acids like glycine and methionine Purines, AMP and GMP Thymidine Deficiency: o Megaloblastic anemia o Spina bifida Sources: o Yeast, liver, leafy vegetables Vitamin C ASCORBIC ACID Gulonolactone oxidase Functions: o Co enzyme in hydroxylation reactions: Proline and lysine hydroxylases in collagen synthesis Dopamine beta hydroxylase in adrenaline and noradrenaline synthesis o Powerful reducing agent: o Anti oxidant and free radical scavenger Inactivates free oxygen radicals which damage lipid membranes, proteins and DNA Protects other anti oxidant vitamins A and E o Deficiencies: scurvy Fat soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K Normal fat absorption required Transported in lipoproteins or attached to specific binding proteins Stored in the liver Toxic in excess A and D
Deficiency Excess Impaired adaptation and night Toxic syndrome blindness hypervitaminoses A Inc epithelial keratinisation of the Teratogenic cornea xerophthalmia Progresses to keratomalacia and cataracts VITAMIN D Steroid prohormone Sources: o Plants: ergosterol o Animals: 7 dehydrocholesterol Calcitriol inhibit renal 1 hydroxylase Stimulate to form 24 hydroxylase 24,25 (OH)2 Increased activity: o Low calcium diets o PTH o Low phosphorous diets o Hypocalcemia o Hypophosphatemia Inhibited by inc level of calcitriol Deficiency: o Low plasma ca2 and impaired bone mineralization o Children: rickets o Adults: osteomalacia Toxicity: o Most toxic of all! o Hypercalcemia and ca deposition in organs Sources: o Fish liver oil o Egg yolk o Mostly from skin VITAMIN E Alpha tocopherol Functions: o Anti oxidants e.g PUFA (first line of defense) o Protect against the development of heart disease by preventing LDL oxidation Deficiency: o Premature infants: haemolytic anemia Sources: o Wheat, sunflower seed, corn, soya bean oil VITAMIN K Forms: o
VITAMIN A Forms: o Retinol o Retina (retinaldehyde) o Retinoic acid Source: beta carotene Functions: o Vision in poor light (retinal) o Prevent synthesis of high mol wt keratin o Synthesis of mucopolyssacharides important in mucus o Synthesis of transferring Diseases: o Night blindedness o Horny keratinisation of eye, tissues of the skin, eye, lungs, GIT and GUT o Inc susceptibility to infection o Anemia
Plants: Phylloquinone Phytonadione Mephyton o Synthesized by intestinal bacteria Menaquinone o Synthetic Menadione Deficiency: o Obstructive jaundice o Severe fat malabsorption o Long term antibiotic therapy o Elderly prone to poor liver function and fat malabsorption
Functions: o Co enzyme for the carboxylation of glutamate residues of blood clotting factors 2,7,9.10 o Carboxylation activates clotting factors and thus clotting cascade o Anti coagulants warfarin and dicoumarol inhibit vitamin K Deficiency: o Long term antibiotic therapy dec bacteria and inc vitamin K poor blood clotting and bleeding disorders o Hemorrhagic dse of the newborn o

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