VITAMIN– VITAL + AMINE

DEFINITION:
Organic compounds occurring in
small quantities in different natural
foods and are necessary for growth and
maintenance of good health
They are required for proper utilization of
the proximate principles of food like - - -
-------
 VITAMIN B1 THIAMINE
 VITAMIN B2 RIBOFLAVIN
 VITAMIN B3 NIACIN
 VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE
 VITAMIN B12 COBALAMIN
 FOLIC ACID
 BIOTIN
 PANTOTHENIC ACID
 LIPOIC ACID….
THIAMINE (Vitamin B1)
 Also called Aneurin & Antiberi-beri

factor

CHEMISTRY
 Contains pyrimidine & Thiazole rings

linked by methylene bridges

PROPERTIES
 Soluble in water

 Stable in acid medium

 Destroyed in alkaline medium

 When oxidized with with potassium

ferricyanide in alkaline solution it is

converted into thiochrome which has
strong fluorescence in UV light
 Destroyed by cooking
ABSORPTION & STORAGE
 Free thiamine is readily absorbed from

small intestine
 Not stored

 Excess is excreted partly in urine &

remaining is destroyed
 ALEURONE
LAYER OF
CEREALS

MEAT, FISH,
EGGS
RDA
• 1-1.5mg/day

Concetration in blood
• 1 gm / 100ml plasma

Physiological role
• Essential for growth
• Maintenance of the nerves
 Co-enzyme activity:
 Active form: Thiamine Pyrophosphate
(Brain & Liver)

ATP AMP

THIAMINE THIAMINE
PYROPHOSPHATE
THIAMINE
PYROHOSPHOKINASE
 IN OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION

TPP
PYRUVATE
ACETYL-CoA + CO2
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX

NADH+H+ NAD+
TPP
- KETOGLUTARATE
SUCCINYL-Co A + CO2
- KETOGLUTARATE
DEHYDROGENASE
• IN TRANSKETOLATION
RIBOSE-5-P TPP
SEDOHEPTULOSE-7-P
+ +
XYLULOSE-5-P TRANSKETOLASE
GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-P

Transketolase activity of RBC is decreased

• For activity of enzyme tryptophan pyrolase
TP
P
• Tryptophan N-Formyl
Kynurine
Tryptophan pyrrolase

• In catabolism of valine, leucine, isoleucine – 

ketoacid decarboxylase
DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS
BERIBERI- (in singhalese mean
“weakness”)
*Wet Beriberi
*Dry Beriberi
*Infantile Beriberi
WERNICKE’S ENCEPHALOPATHY
WET BERIBERI (cardiovascular
manifestation)
 Edema in legs, face, serous cavities

 Anorexia & dyspepsia

 Tachycardia

 Decreased urine volume

DRY BERIBERI (CNS manifestation)
 Polyneuropathy and peripheral

neuritis
 Pyruvic acid & lactic acid is increased

 Muscles become wasted & weak

 Difficulty to walk
 INFANTILE BERIBERI
 In breastfed infants B/w 2 to 5 th month

Acute form
 Infant cries, restless, passes less urine

 Sleepless

 Dyspnoea, tachycardia die within 24-

48hrs
Chronic form
 GI isturbances- constipation, vomiting
WERNICKE’S ENCEPHALOPATHY/
CEREBRAL BERI-BERI
 Thiamine deficiency in chronic

alcoholics – ophthalmoplegia,
cerebellar ataxia, nystagmus,
psychosis, polyneuritis

 B1 deficiency impaired convertion of

Pyruvate to Acetyl-Co-A – lactic
acidosis
 MANAGEMENT
 50mg IM for 3 days. Thereafter 10mg
TID orally for a month
 First isolated from milk so called
Lactoflavin
 Hepatoflavin, ovoflavin
 1st B-Complex isolated in pure form
 Synthesized by green plants &
microorganisms
 It is a dimethyl
isoalloxazine ring with a
Ribitol (alcohol of ribose
sugar)
 Water soluble, heat
stable, sensitive to light
 It is rapidly destroyed
when the solution is
exposed to bright light
 Absorbed from small
intestine and through
portal vein it reaches all
ABSORPTION & STORAGE
 It is phosphorylated in the intestinal mucosa
 Absorbed from the small intestine into the
portal vein
 Passed to all the tissues via general
circulation
 The major part is excreted in the urine &
small part is metabolized in the body
RDA
 1.5mg/d (Preg +0.2, Lact +0.4)
 Concentration in the blood- 2.5-4mg/dl
Germinating
seeds
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
 Involved in regulatory functions of

some hormones connected with

carbohydrate metabolism
 Free vit B2 present in retina is

converted by light to a compound

which stimulates optic nerve
 Co-ENZYME function

Biological active form

FMN- Flavin Mononuclotide
FAD- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
 In intestine during absorption
FLAVOKINASE
 RIBOFLAVIN
FMN
ATP ADP

FAD Synthase

FMN
FAD
ATP PPi
FMN dependent enzyme
 Amino acid oxidation

 In the respiratory chain the NADH

dehydrogenase contains FMN

L- amino acid oxidase
L-aminoacid oxidase
L Amino acid L-
Imino Acid
FMN FMNH2
FAD dependent enzymes
SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE
SUCCINATE
FUMARATE
FAD FADH2

XANTHINE OXIDASE
XANTHINE
URIC ACID
FAD FADH2

PDH
PYRUVATE
ACETYL-Co A

FAD FADH2
 Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
FATTY ACYL COA αβ
UNSATURATED FATTYACYL COA
FAD FADH

other examples:
Α-keto glutarate dehydrogenase
D- amino acid oxidase
Glycine oxidase
DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS
 LIPS- Redness shiny appearance
 CHEILOSIS- Lesions at the
mucocutaneous junction at the angles
of the mouth leading to painful
fissures
 SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS- scaly,
Greasy desquamation (ears, nose,
nasolabial fold)
 TONGUE- Painful glossitis
 EYE- corneal vascularisation,
inflammation, cloudiness of cornea,
burning of eyes, photophobia,
cataract
 MANAGEMENT
 Therapeutic dose- 5mg TO 10mg TID
for a month
 Side effect: patient complains of
passing green fluroscent urine
 3 related Pyridine derivatives
 Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine

Coenzyme form:
 Pyridoxal phosphate

PYRIDOXAL KINASE
PYRIDOXAL + ATP ADP
+PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE
 Absorption & storage:
 70-80 % of total body Vit B6 is seen in
“muscle phosphorylase”
 It is readily absorbed from small
intestine in the form of pyridoxine
RDA:
Adults : 1-2 mg/d (2.5 mg/d in
preg/lactation)
Dried yeast, Rice polishing, Wheat
germs, cereals, milk, egg,
SOURCES: vegetables,nuts
Functions of PLP
 Acts as coenzyme in amino acid

metabolism
Transamination :
ALANINE + A KETOGLUTARATE

PLP
(transaminase)

PYRUVATE + GLUTAMIC ACID

Decarboxylation :
 Glutamate to GABA

 Histidine to histamine

 5 hydroxytryptophon to 5-OH

tryptophamine (serotonin)
 1.HISTIDINE 1.HISTAMINE

2.TYROSINE 2.TYRAMINE
DECARBOXY
3.TRYPTOPHAN LASE 3.TRYPTAMINE
PLP
4.LYSINE 4.CADAVERINE

5.GLUTAMIC ACID 5.GABA

6.ORNITHINE CO2 6.PUTRESCINE

 Production of Niacin:
Vit B6 is required for the synthesis
of niacin from tryptophan.

Tryptophan

Kynurenine
Kyneurina
se PLP
3-OH anthranillic acid

NIACIN
Glycogenolysis by phosphorylase
phosphorylase
PLP
 Glu 6 phosphate
Glucose

HEME SYNTHESIS:
ALA-
synthase,
GLYCINE + SUCCINYL CO-A
PLP δ-AMINO
LEUVILINIC ACID
 In metabolism of sulphur containing
amino acids:
methionine -- - homocysteine + serine
cysthionine
synthase
PLP cystathionine
cystathionase
cysteine +
homoserine
 Neurological manifestation:
Serotonin, GABA, nor-epinephrine are
not produced
Convulsion, peripheral
neuritis,demyelination
 Dermatological manifestation :

Affects tryptophan metabolism niacin

def, leading to pellagra
Hematological manifestation:
Microcytic hypochromic anemia due to
inhibition of heme biosynthesis

Toxicity of VitB6:
>100mg/d may lead to toxicity
Imbalance , muscle weakness, and
nerve damage
EFFECT OF DRUGS
 INH – Inhibits Pyridoxal kinase reduces

formation of PLP
 Penicillamine acts as B6 antagonist

 Ethanol Acetaldehyde
which inactivates PLP
So B6 deficiency is common in alcoholics
 Women consuming Oral contraceptive

pills
---------------------------- X
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 Water soluble
 Easily destroyed by heat, alkali and
storage
 The structure closely resembles that of
carbohydrates, C6H8O6
 L-ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic
acid are the active forms
 Due to the absence
of the enzyme L-
Gulonolactone
oxidase, in
human beings, vit
c is an essential
component of diet
 In primates it is
obtained from
glucuronic acid
pathway
RDA: 75mg/day
preg/ lactation:
100mg/dl)
Biochemical Function:
1)Hydroxylation of proline and
lysine:
Post –translational hydroxylation of
proline and lysine residues
Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
are essential for the formation of cross-
links in collagen which gives tensile
strength to fibres
 3 functions:

1.oxidation-
reduction
reaction

2.Antioxidant
function

3.Enhances the
antioxidant
property of vit E
2) In tyrosine metabolism:
3)In tryptophan metabolism:
Ascorbic acid is necessary for the
hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-
hydroxytryptophan, required for formation of
serotonin
O2 H 2O
Tryptophan
Tryptophan hydroxylase 5-OH
tryptophan
H4-biopterin H2biopterin
4)In Iron, 5)Hb and 6)folic acid
metabolism
 It enhances the absorption of iron from

intestine, by reducing ferric to ferrous

form.
Fe3+  Fe2+

In Hb metabolism:
Met-Hb  Hb
6)In folic acid :

Folic acid

NADPH+ H+
FOLATE
NADP+
REDUCTA
SE
7,8-dihydrofolic acid

Vit NADPH+ H+
C
NADP+

5,6,7,8-
tetrahydrofolic acid
7) STEROID SYNTHESIS:
8) Phagocytosis
9) Anti-oxidant
10)Reduces the risk of cataract formation
INFANTILE SCURVY: BARLOW’s disease
 Between 6-12 months of age (ie during

the period of weaning

 supplement with the food containing vit C

Hemorrhagic tendency:
 No hydroxylationcollagen defective

capillaries become fragiletend to bleed

 PETECHIAE

ECCHYMOSES

HEMATOMA

INTERNAL
HEMMORHAGE:

HEMORRHAGE IN
CONJUNCTIVA,RET
INA

EPISTAXIS

HEMATURIA

MELENA
Bones: scorbutic bone
 Osteoblast fail to form the intracellular

substances called the “Osteoid”

 Weak and brittle Scorbutic
rosary
 Painful joints, bending of legs

 Easy fractures
Oral cavity:
 Gums become painful, spongy, swollen

 Pulp separated from dentine

 Premature loss of teeth

 Delayed wound healing

ANEMIA:
Causes are:
 Blood loss due to hemorrhage

 Decreased iron absorption

 Decreased tetrahydrofolic acid

 Accumulation of met-Hb

Leading to:

MICROCYTIC
HYPOCHROMIC
ANEMIA
 Treatment : 500 mg/d of supplement
 To be supplemented in cases of burns,
injuries, ulcers, surgery to  promote
wound healing

 Toxicity : >2000 mg , symptoms are

due to iron overload..
 THANK
YOU