GPRS Radio Network

By Subur Hendro Subekti 14 Juni 2010

Background
2G AREA
When a GSM MS generates a data packet, the network forwards it on the first available radio channel. One radio channel can be shared among several MSs. Depending on its capabilities, an MS can use up to eight downlink time slots and eight uplink time slots simultaneously. Data packets from an MS can also use different radio channels through the GSM radio network.

3G AREA
In WCDMA Systems, all MSs in a cell transmit and receive data over the same frequency. The timeslot structure to separate the MSs does not exist; instead, they are distinguished by codes assigned to them. Different data rates are possible depending on the length and structure of these codes. For information on supported packet data transmission rates.

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GSM Cellular Network Structure

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WCDMA Cellular Network Structure

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Both the GSM and WCDMA Systems radio networks have a cellular structure, but they do not share nodes. The GSM radio network includes GSM RBSs and BSCs, while the WCDMA Systems radio network includes WCDMA Systems RBSs and RNCs. The cellular structure for GSM and WCDMA Systems can be similarly illustrated. The main difference is that in GSM the sizes of the cells are static, while in WCDMA Systems they are dynamic. The Service Areas are divided into PLMNs. Each operator providing GPRS services has its own PLMN. Nevertheless, to enable shared networks one SGSN can be shared by several PLMNs. A PLMN is identified by the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and the Mobile Network Code (MNC). An SGSN area, which consists of one or more RAs, is the region served by the same SGSN. It is either a GSM SGSN area, a WCDMA Systems SGSN area, or both (in a SGSN (WG)). An SGSN area does not have to coincide with an MSC/VLR area. An SGSN pool area is the region served by a pool of SGSNs.

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Current Architecture
A RA, either a GSM RA or a WCDMA Systems RA, is an area which is served by a given SGSN. One SGSN can handle several RAs. An MS may move between RAs with the SGSN area without roaming to a new SGSN. The size of an RA can range from a part of a city to an entire province, or even a small country. An RA consists of one or more cells. A cell, either a GSM cell or a WCDMA Systems cell, is the smallest geographical unit in the GPRS service area. It is the basic unit of a mobile cellular network and is covered by one RBS. GSM cells are covered by a GSM RBS and WCDMA Systems cells are covered by a WCDMA Systems RBS. The size of a GSM cell is static, but can vary from cell to cell. When expecting many users per unit area, a geographically small cell is preferable, when expecting few users, a geographically large cell is preferable. A cell change in GSM can be visible to the packetswitched part of the GSM network The size of a WCDMA Systems cell is dynamic and can change depending on load, Therefore, cell planning differs between GSM and WCDMA Systems. A cell change is not visible to the WCDMA System network

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2G GPRS
Air Interface Technology

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GSM GPRS PDCH Allocation (1)

RPP (eric)/PCU
Air Interface (Um)

MS
0
BCCH

BTS
1
SDCCH

Gb
SGSN

2
PDCH

7 TRX-1 TRX-2

Abis

BSC

2 TRX

8
TCH

10 11 12 13 14 15

ALOCATION TIME SLOT ON BTS CAN BEDEDICATED PDCH or ON-DEMAND PDCH DEPEND ON BSC CONFIGURATION

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GSM GPRS PDCH Allocation (2)

RPP (eric)/PCU
Air Interface (Um)

MS
0
BCCH

BTS
1
SDCCH

Gb
SGSN

2
PDCH

7 TRX-1 TRX-2

Abis

BSC
ALOKASI DI BSC SBB : 1 BCCH 1 CBCH 23 SDCCH 44 TCH use 1 TS use 1/8 SDCCH 1 TS = 8 SDCCH/8 (1 CBCH + 23 SDCCH)/8 = 3 TS

8
TCH

9 17

10 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 22 23 TRX-3

16
TCH

24
TCH

25 33

26 27 28 29 30 31 TRX-4 34 35 36 37 38 39 TRX5

32
TCH

DIBAGI DALAM 1 CGRP CGRP=0 6TRX 2 PDCH GPRS DEDICATED MAXIMUM 8 TS USE CS-4

40
TCH

41

42 43 44 45 46 47 TRX-6

GPRS can carry data speeds up to 171,2 kbit/s for 8 timeslots use CS-4

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GPRS Coding Scheme (1)

GPRS Coding Scheme TS 1 2 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 9.05 13.4 15.6 21.4 18.10 26.80 31.20 42.80

3 27.15 40.20 46.80 64.20

4 36.20 53.60 62.40 85.60

5 45.25 67.00 78.00

6 54.30 80.40 93.60

7 63.35 93.80

8 72.40 107.20

109.20 124.80

107.00 128.40 149.80 171.20

kecepatan dalam Kbps

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GPRS Coding Scheme (2)

180 kbps 160 kbps 140 kbps 120 kbps 100 kbps 80 kbps 60 kbps 40 kbps 20 kbps 0 kbps 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 8 TS

CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4

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2G EDGE
Air Interface Technology

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What is EDGE
EDGE atau Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution merupakan evolusi GSM EDGE sering di sebut EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS) atau IMTSC (IMT Single Carrier) Generasi EDGE di sebut juga 2.75G Kecepatan EDGE tiga kali lebih besar dari GPRS Tujuan pengembangan EDGE : peningkatan kecepatan transmisi data peningkatan kapasitas
GPRS 171,2 Kbps EDGE 384 Kbps (473,6 Kbps)

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GPRS vs EDGE GPRS

Kecepatan 115 Kbps (teori 171,2 Kbps) Teknik modulasi GMSK (Gausian Minimum Shift Keying) Dikenal 4 teknik pengkodean CS1 CS4 Tidak dapat melakukan resegmentasi paket data

EDGE
Kecepatan 384 Kbps (teori 473,6 Kbps) Teknik modulasi 8PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Dikenal 9 teknik pengkodean MCS1 MCS9 Dapat melakukan resegmentasi Paket data karena ada header (Penyesuaian Paket)

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EDGE Modulation
8PSK sebuah symbol dikodekan dengan 3 bit (GMSK 1 bit) Tingkat symbol GMSK sama dengan 8PSK yaitu 270 ksymbol/s, sehingga tingkat modulasi 8PSK menjadi 3 kali lebih besar GMSK yaitu 810 kb/s Jarak antar symbol di 8PSK lebih pendek dari GMSK, karena 8PSK ada 8 symbol sedangkan GMSK hanya 2 symbol Makin pendek jarak antar symbol mengakibatkan tingkat sinyal antar satu symbol dengan symbol lainnya sukar dibedakan, sehingga kemungkinan terjadinya kesalahan lebih besar Perbedaan jarak antar symbol sangat berpengaruh pada saat kondisi sinyal radio yang buruk, sehingga butuh extra bit untuk koreksi kesalahan CS1 CS4 menggunakan modulasi GMSK.

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EDGE Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)

Modulation and Coding Scheme Speed (kbit/s/slot) Modulation

MCS1 MCS2
GPRS
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 9.05 13.40 15.60 21.40 GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK

8.80 11.2 14.8 17.6 22.4 29.6 44.8 54.4 59.2

GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK

MCS3 MCS4 MCS5 MCS6 MCS7 MCS8 MCS9

EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236,8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots)
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EDGE 2G GPRS PDCH Allocation

Air Interface (Um)

4 x 6 For EDG E 4 kb ps = 256 kbps

RPP (eric)/PCU
Gb
SGSN

MS
0
BCCH

BTS
1
SDCCH

2
PDCH

7 TRX-1 TRX-2

Abis

BSC support EGPRS

ALOKASI DI BSC SBB : 1 BCCH 1 CBCH 23 SDCCH 44 TCH use 1 TS use 1/8 SDCCH 1 TS = 8 SDCCH/8 (1 CBCH + 23 SDCCH)/8 = 3 TS

8
TCH

9 17

10 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 22 23 TRX-3

16
TCH

24
TCH

25 33

26 27 28 29 30 31 TRX-4 34 35 36 37 38 39 TRX5

32
TCH

40
TCH

41

42 43 44 45 46 47 TRX-6

DIBAGI DALAM 2 CGRP CGRP=0 1 TRX (BCCH) CGRP=1 5 TRX NON BCCH 4 PDCH EGPRS MENEMPATI DI CGRP=0 PDCH GPRS DITEMPATKAN DI CGRP=1

EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236,8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots use MCS-9

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3G WCDMA
Air Interface Technology

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WCDMA Radio Access Mode (1)

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WCDMA Radio Access Mode (2)

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Current Architecture

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Radio Network Functionality (1)

POWER CONTROL
The power control regulates the transmit power of the terminal and base station, which results in less interference and allows more users on the same carrier. Transmit power regulation thus provides more capacity in the network. WCDMA has a fast power control that updates power levels 1500 times every second Power control also gives rise to a phenomenon called cell breathing. When the number of subscribers in the cell is low (low load), good quality can be achieved even at a long distance from the base station On the other hand, when the number of users in the cell is high, the large number of subscribers generates a high interference level and subscribers have to get closer to the base station to achieve good quality

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Radio Network Functionality (2)

Soft and softer handover
With soft handover functionality the handset can communicate simultaneously with two or more cells in two or more base stations. This flexibility in keeping the connection open to more than one base station results in fewer lost calls, which is very important to the operator. The difference between soft and softer handover is that during soft handover, the handset is connected to multiple cells at different base stations, while during softer handover, the handset is connected to multiple cells at the same base station.

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Radio Network Functionality (3)

Handover to GSM (intersystem handover)
can be triggered by coverage, capacity or service requirements

Interfrequency handover (intrasystem handover)

The need for interfrequency handover occurs in high capacity areas where multiple 5 MHz WCDMA carriers are deployed

Channel type switching

The two most basic ones are common channels and dedicated channels. Channel type switching functionality is used to move subscribers between the common and the dedicated channel, depending on how much information the subscriber needs to transmit. The dedicated channel is used when there is much information to transmit, such as a voice conversation or downloading a web page. It utilizes the radio resources efficiently as it supports both power control and soft handover. The common channel, on the other hand, is less spectrum efficient. One benefit is that the common channel reduces delays as many subscribers can share the same resource. Hence it is the preferred channel for the transfer of very limited information.

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Radio Network Functionality (4)

Admission control
The admission control functionality is used to avoid system overload and to provide the planned coverage. When a new subscriber seeks access to the network, admission control estimates the network load and based on the new expected load, the subscriber is either admitted or blocked out

Congestion control
Even though an efficient admission control is used, overload may still occur, which is mainly caused by subscribers moving from one area to another area. If overload occurs, four different actions can be taken. First, congestion control is activated and reduces the bit rate of non realtime applications, to resolve the overload Second, if the reduced bit rate activity is not sufficient, the congestion control triggers the inter or intrafrequency handover, which moves some subscribers to less loaded frequencies Third, handover of some subscribers to GSM and forth action is to discontinue connections, and thus protect the quality of the remaining connections

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Radio Network Functionality (5)

Synchronization
One of the basic requirements when WCDMA was standardized was to avoid dependence on external systems for accurate synchronization of base stations. This has been achieved by a mechanism, where the handset, when needed, measures the synchronization offset between the cells and reports this to the network. In addition, there is also an option to use an external source, such as GPS, for synchronizing the nodes, i.e. to always provide the best solution both asynchronous and synchronous nodes are supported

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Basic Architecture Concept RNC

The Serving RNC has overall control of the handset that is connected to WCDMA Radio Access Network. It controls the connection on the Iu interface for the handset and it terminates several protocols in the contact between the handset and the WCDMA Radio Access Network The Controlling RNC has the overall control of a particular set of cells, and their associated base stations. When a handset must use resources in a cell not controlled by its Serving RNC, the Serving RNC must ask the Controlling RNC for those resources. This request is made via the Iur interface, which connects the RNCs with each other. In this case, the Controlling RNC is also said to be a Drift RNC for this particular handset. This kind of operation is primarily needed to be able to provide soft handover throughout the network.
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RAB (Radio Access Bearer)

To establish a call connection between the handset and the base station a RAB is needed. Its characteristics are different depending on what kind of service/information to be transported. The RAB carries the subscriber data between the handset and the core network. It is composed of one or more Radio Access Bearers between the handset and the Serving RNC, and one Iu bearer between the Serving RNC and the core network. 3GPP has defined four different quality classes of Radio Access Bearers:

Conversational (used for e.g. voice telephony) low delay, strict ordering Streaming (used for e.g. watching a video clip) moderate delay, strict ordering Interactive (used for e.g. web surfing) moderate delay Background (used for e.g. file transfer) no delay requirement
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RAB (Radio Access Bearer)

Both the Conversational and Streaming RABs require a certain reservation of resources in the network, and are primarily meant for realtime services. They differ mainly in that the Streaming RAB tolerates a higher delay, appropriate for oneway realtime services. The Interactive and Background RABs are so called best effort, i.e. no resources are reserved and the throughput depends on the load in the cell. The only difference is that the Interactive RAB provides a priority mechanism. The RAB is characterized by certain Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, such as bit rate and delay. The core network will select a RAB with appropriate QoS based on the service request from the subscriber, and ask the RNC to provide such a RAB.

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THANK YOU