Goodyear Marine Fenders
Goodyear Marine Fenders
Goodyear Marine Fenders
P R O D U C T S
M A R I N E
F E N D E R S
MARINE FENDERS
TECHNICAL DISCUSSIONS
Since the purpose of a Dock Fender system is to absorb the energy of a berthing ship, it is necessary to examine the factors that make up the total energy package. These factors are:
1 2 3 5
Weight of the vessel in displacement tons. Berthing velocity normal to the dock. Angle of approach. Dock design.
Experience has shown that even though all of the above factors can and do vary, it is necessary to arrive at a reasonable estimation of the energy to be absorbed by the fenders. The amount of energy that can be absorbed by the fenders can be determined with acceptable accuracy; however, the energy being absorbed by the dock and the vessel itself as well as that being dissipated by the water can only be approximated. We know, for example, that a dolphin supported by piling will absorb a greater percentage of a given amount of energy than a solidly constructed dock. The fact that the piles are free to deect allows the dolphin to absorb energy. A wharf that is backed by land is not designed to deect and therefore a greater amount of energy must be dissipated by the fenders themselves.
The kinetic energy possessed by a moving vessel can be determined by the following equation: (1) KE = (W/g) VE2 where W = Weight of the vessel in pounds (Displacement tonnage x 2240 lbs.) VE = Velocity in feet per second normal to the dock g = Acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/sec)
It is common to refer to the ship's weight in terms of dead weight tonnage (DWT) or displacement tonnage. Displacement tonnage is the more accurate gure to use in computing kinetic energy because it is the total weight of the ship and its cargo and equipment. If the dead weight tonnage is known, multiply DWT by 1.3 to obtain an accurate approximation of the displacement tonnage.
1. Weight of Vessel
The angle in which a ship approaches a dock not only inuences the eective velocity but also aects which part of the ship makes the initial contact with the pier. Generally, the ship will contact the dock at a point near the bow or the stern. In such cases, the reaction force will impart a rotational movement to the ship and this rotational movement will dissipate a portion of the ship's energy. The proportion of the ship's energy dissipated by rotation can be approximated by the following ratio: 1 1 + (L1/r)2
3. Angle of Approach
Since the kinetic energy possessed by a ship is proportional to the square of the velocity, it is important that the velocity be determined with accuracy. The velocity of a ship approaching a dock is aected by a number of factors:
2. Berthing Velocity
Ed=
L
C.G.
the size of the vessel, the skill of the crew members, the wind and current conditions, and whether the ship is making an unassisted berthing or if it is being assisted by tugs.
The angle of approach has a direct bearing on the determination of kinetic energy because the velocity used in equation (1) is that component of the actual velocity that is at a right angle to the pier. Since the velocity of a ship is usually given in terms of knots, it is necessary to convert that figure into feet per second as follows: Knots x 1.09 = Feet per second.
O L1 = the distance in feet from the point of contact to the ship's center of gravity measured parallel to the pier. r = the rotational radius of the vessel from its center of gravity (expressed in feet). 1 1 + 12
Ed =
= 0,5
Experience has shown that a ship normally contacts the pier at a point of of its length so that the distance from the point of contact to the ship's center of gravity is also L. Therefore, the ratio can be established as:
The velocity of a ship normal to a dock (eective velocity - VE ) is expressed in terms of the actual velocity and the angle of approach. All unassisted vessels will approach the berth at some acute angle, usually 5o to 15o. Large tankers and ore carriers are guided to the docking facility by tugs and their approach angle can be up to 90o. In these cases, the vessel is under control of the tugs and its velocity can be regulated.
The effective velocity of a ship approaching a dock at an angle can be determined by: (2) VE = Actual velocity x the sine of the angle of approach.
Example : A ship approaching a dock at 1 knots and a 10o angle would have an eective velocity of: VE = (1)(1,09)(sinus 10o) = 0,44 ft/sec
In determining the energy to be absorbed by the fenders, it is also necessary to consider the eect of the water. As a ship makes contact with the dock and its movement is suddenly checked, the mass of water moving with the vessel adds to the energy possessed by the ship. Although there are a number of theories relating to the hydraulic eect, they all deal with the length, beam and draft of the ship.
4. Hydraulic Effect
To select the proper size and type of Dock Fender the design of the dock must be considered. If the dock does not have a separate frontal system: the fenders can be mounted directly onto the dock face. Common methods of attaching fenders to this type of dock face include: A. B. Festooning cylindrical fenders by suspending them with chain. Directly bolting Rectangular, Wingtype, D Shaped or Trapezoidal fenders to the dock face.
5. Dock design
The calculated energy should be multiplied by this factor. Other designers consider the mass of a cylinder of water whose diameter is equal to the draft and whose length equals the length of a ship. The weight of this cylinder is to be added to the ship's displacement when computing the kinetic energy. These two theories do not result in the same values. Also, the dimensions used for the draft, beam and length will vary because of the dierent ships and cargo being serviced by the pier. Yet it is desirable to consider the hydraulic eect in the energy computations, and for this reason, it is suggested that an average value be used. By averaging the results obtained by using these two approaches, an approximate factor of 0.35 can be determined. The amount of energy possessed by the vessel should be increased by 35% to include the hydraulic eect (HA). Therefore to compute the total energy to be absorbed by the fenders, including the berthing coecient and the hydraulic eect, the following formula should be used:
Sample Problem Determine the size and type of fenders to be specied for a pile supported by a pier having a concrete cap. The vertical face of the concrete cap is 5 feet. The maximum load the dock is designed to take is 20,000 pounds per foot. Using the previous example, the energy to be absorbed is 79,000 ft-lbs. Experience has shown that a vessel in the 40,000 ton class would contact a minimum of 20 feet of dock face. Therefore, we can determine that the energy to be absorbed per foot of fender will be: 79,000 ft-lbs/20 ft = 3950 ft-lbs/ft Referring to the Energy-Deflection and Load-Deflection curves, the following information can be found: Cylinder Fender Values
Deflection 7" 9" Deflection 3" 3" Deflection 4" 4" Energy 4,000 ft-lbs/ft 4,000 ft-lbs/ft Energy 4,000 ft-lbs/ft 4,000 ft-lbs/ft Energy 4,000 ft-lbs/ft 4,000 ft-lbs/ft Load 37,000 lb/ft 15,000 lb/ft Load 40,000 lb/ft 28,000 lb/ft Load 28,000 lb/ft 17,000 lb/ft
For either attachment method the fenders can be positioned in a horizontal or diagonal pattern depending on the tidal conditions and the type of vessels being serviced by the pier. In areas of relatively high tides, or on piers that will handle barges as well as ships, it is good practice to mount the fenders in a diagonal pattern in order to protect a greater portion of the dock face. For docks that have a protective frontal system made up of piles and wales: Rectangular or Trapezoidal fenders are generally mounted between the dock face and the wales. The design strength of the dock also has a bearing on the size and the type of fender to be used. Piers and dolphins which are supported by piles have design limitations with respect to the loads that can be imposed. In these cases, a fender system must be selected that will absorb the energy of the berthing ship and remain within the design limits of the structure. Having determined the amount of energy to be absorbed and the type of dock to be protected, the next step is to select the proper size and type of fender to specify. Also, the method of attaching the fender can be determined.
Size 15" x 7" 18' x 9" Size 10' x 10" 12" x 12" Size 10" 13"
This equation can be simplified to: (4) KE = 23,48 WVE2 Sample problem Determine the energy to be absorbed for the following conditions:
Displacement tonnage = 40,000 tons Forward velocity = 1 knot Approach angle = 10o
From a study of these gures, it can be seen that either an 18" x 9" Cylindrical Fender or a 13" Trapezoidal Fender would absorb the energy and remain within the load limitation of the structure. The most economical and eective means of mounting Cylindrical fenders would be to suspend them by chain along the dock face. Trapezoidal fenders would be rigidly mounted by bolting. Because of the adaptability of the Goodyear Engineered Products Dock Fenders, mounting patterns and methods can be varied to solve your particular fendering problems. Assistance is available by contacting Goodyear Engineered Products.
UNFAILING PRODUCTS
Displacement Tonnage
is the weight of cargo, stores, fuel, water, personnel and eects that the ship can carry when loaded to a specic load draft. Dead weight is equal to the load displacement minus the weight of the equipped ship, commonly expressed as long tons (2,240 lbs), or the dierence in weight of the ship when empty and fully laden.
is based on cubic capacity of the ship below the tonnage deck, plus allowances for certain compartments above, which are used for cargo, passengers, crew and navigating gear. One gross ton equals 100 cu. ft. of enclosed space.
Gross Tonnage
is gross tonnage minus deduction of spaces for propelling machinery, crew quarters, and other non-earning spaces. One net ton is equal to 100 cu. ft. of volume. For tankers as a rough estimate, the dead weight tonnage gure is about 50% greater than the gross tonnage, also the loaded displacement is approximately one-third greater than the dead weight.
Net Tonnage
UNASSAILABLE ADVICE
are normally used where tidal conditions and exible mounting is desired. Cylindrical fenders are usually suspended on a chain for easy installation.
Cylindrical Fenders
are normally used where rigid mounting is desired. For example on tugs, or where tidal conditions do not exist and berthing is at a low angle. Rectangular fenders are also used in combination with wood facing on light concrete structures where the load imparted to the dock structure must be kept low. The wood facing spreads the berthing impact over the surface to avoid concentrated loads on any one point.
Rectangular Fenders
are used with or without timber facing where the dock structure and/or the vessel are unable to withstand large reaction loads. Because Goodyear Engineered Products trapezoidal design is engineered to eciently utilize more of the elasticity naturally inherent in rubber, a smaller section of trapezoidal fendering will absorb a greater amount of impact when compared to other cross sections.
Trapezoidal Fenders
are normally used on tugs or barges. Their cross sections are designed for solid mounting and complete coverage as well as high energy absorption.
Wingtype dock fenders are used with or whithout timber facing. Wingtype fenders are engineered to eciently utilize more of the elasticity naturally inherent in rubber. They may be used for solid mounting and for complete coverage on tugs and barges. Note : A physical property of rubber is that it has to be "broken in". On the initial compression of a rubber fender, the load required for a given deection is relatively high. During this rst compression the rubber molecules re-align themselves. For subsequent compression cycles, the load to deect the fender a given amount will be less than the rst compression and will remain consistent throuthout the life of the fender. The data used for the load and energy curves on the following pages was developed from fender samples that were broken in.
Wingtype
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required. For load and energy deection data not shown, please contact factory.
CYLINDRICAL
RECTANGULAR
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required. For load and energy deection data not shown, please contact factory.
B A
APPROXIMATIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CURVES : GOODYEAR EP MARINE FENDERS : CYLINDRICAL TYPE APPROXIMATIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CURVES : GOODYEAR EP MARINE FENDERS : RECTANGULAR TYPE
B A
70 100
LOAD (Thousand kg per meter of length)
Specification 4106-5152 4106-5160 4106-5178 4106-5954 4106-5186 4106-5194 4106-5202 4106-5210 4106-5962 4106-5749 4106-5228 4106-6499 4106-5236 4106-6732 4106-5269 4106-5285
A inches (mm) 3 (76) 4 (102) 5 (127) 6 (152) 7 (178) 7 (178) 8 (203) 8 (203) 9 (229) 10 (254) 10 (254) 12 (305) 12 (305) 14 (356) 15 (381) 18 (457)
B inches (mm) 1 (35) 2 (51) 2 (64) 3 (76) 3 (76) 3 (89) 3 (89) 4 (102) 4 (102) 4 (102) 5 (127) 5 (127) 6 (152) 7 (178) 7 (191) 9 (229)
30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1) 30 (9,1)
360 (110) 360 (110) 300 (91) 210 (64) 210 (64) 210 (64) 180 (55) 180 (55) 180 (55) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 90 (27) 90 (27) 90 (27)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 00 00
220
A B C D E F G H
140 120
C B
F G
90
Specification
A 2 x 4 x 0
A inches (mm) 2 (51) 3 (89) 3 (89) 4 (102) 5 (127) 7 (178) 7 (178) 8 (203) 8 (203) 10 (254) 10 (254) 10 (254) 10 (254) 12 (305) 12 (305) 14 (355)
C inches (mm) 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 (25) (25) (25) (76) (76) (76) (102) (102) (127) (127) (152)
Standard Length ft (m) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1)
Minimum Order Quantity ft (m) 360 (110) 270 (82) 240 (73) 150 (46) 150 (46) 150 (46) 150 (46) 150 (46) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 120 (37) 90 (27)
Weight lbs/ft (kg/m) 3.9 6.0 7.4 7.0 16.0 31.4 30.5 28.0 36.0 42.0 40.3 55.0 50.6 40.0 64.0 (5.8) (8.9) (11.0) (10.4) (23.8) (46.7) (45.4) (41.7) (53.6) (62.5) (60.0) (81.8) (75.3) (60.0) (95.2)
A 3 x 1 B 5 x C 7 x 3 D 8 x 4 E 10 x 5 F 12 x 6 G 15 x 7 H 18 x 9
80
A
B 3 x 4 x 1 C 5 x 6 x 2 D 7 x 10 x 3 E 8 x 10 x 3 F 8 x 8 x 3 G 10 x 10 x 4 H 10 x 12 x 4 I 12 x 12 x 5 J 14 x 14 x 6
3 (89) 4 (114) 4 (102) 6 (165) 10 (254) 10 (254) 8 (203) 10 (254) 10 (254) 10 (254) 12 (305) 12 (305) 7 (178) 12 (305) 14 (355)
10,0 (14,9) 15,0 (22,3) 14,7 (21,9) 21,0 (31,2) 19,2 (28,6) 26,0 (38,7) 31,0 (46,1) 30,0 (44,6) 45,0 (67,0) 44,0 (65,5) 58,0 (86,3) 66,0 (98,2) 95,0 (141,3)
60 40 20 0
2 (64) 3 (89)
02 05
04 10
06 15
08 20
10 25
12 30
14 35
16 40
18 45
20 50
DEFLECTION (inches)
00 00
02 05
04 10
06 15
08 20
DEFLECTION (inches)
5c (127)
DEFLECTION (cm)
DEFLECTION (cm)
APPROXIMATIVE ENERGY DEFLECTION CURVES : GOODYEAR EP MARINE FENDERS : CYLINDRICAL TYPE
*2 (51)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
14 13 12 11
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 00 00
A B D C E F G H I
88.0 (130.9)
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 00 00 02 05 04 10 06 15 08 20
A B C D F E G
A 3 x 1 B 5 x C 7 x 3 D 8 x 4 E 10 x 5 F 12 x 6 G 15 x 7 H 18 x 9
10 25
12 30
14 35
16 40
18 45
20 50
DEFLECTION (inches)
10
02 05
04 10
06 15
08 20
10 25
DEFLECTION (inches)
DEFLECTION (cm)
DEFLECTION (cm)
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required. For load and energy deection data not shown, please contact factory.
D SERIES
TRAPEZOIDAL
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required.
Specification 4106-5509
APPROXIMATIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CURVES : GOODYEAR EP MARINE FENDERS : D SERIES with D BORE
B
LOAD (Thousand kg per meter of length) LOAD (Thousand lbs. per ft of length)
100
Specification
A inches (mm)
B inches (mm)
C inches (mm)
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
40 30 20 10
4 3 2 1 0
70
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 00 00
Cylindrical Bore 4106-5574 4106-5475 D Shaped Bore 4106-5483 4106-5459 4106-5624 4106-5467 6 (152) 8 (203) 10 (254) 12 (305) 6 (152) 8 (203) 10 (254) 12 (305) 3 (76) 4 (102) 4 (102) 6 (152) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 240 (73) 180 (55) 150 (46) 120 (37) 11.8 (17.6) 22.1 (32.9) 37.0 (57.1) 47.2 (70.2) 6 (152) 8 (203) 6 (152) 8 (203) 3 (76) 3 (76)
A 10 x 12 x 5
A 10 x 12 x 5
0 00 00 02 05 04
DEFLECTION (inches)
A 6 x 6 x 3 B 8 x 8 x 4 C 12 x 12 x 6
06 15
08 20
02 05
04
DEFLECTION (inches)
06 15
08 20
10
DEFLECTION (cm)
10
DEFLECTION (cm)
00 00
02 05
04 10
06 15
08 20
10 25
DEFLECTION (inches)
DEFLECTION (cm)
SOLID RECTANGULAR
Specification 4106-5293 4106-5301 4106-6507 4106-5889 4106-6358 4106-5913 4106-5921 4106-5582 4106-5764 A inches (mm) 2 3 4 6 6 6 8 9 (51) (76) (102) (152) (152) (152) (203) (229) B inches (mm) 4 4 6 6 8 8 9 (102) (102) (152) (152) (203) (203) (229) Standard Length ft (m) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) Minimum Order Quantity ft (m) 360 (110) 270 (82) 120 (37) 240 (73) 240 (73) 240 (73) 180 (55) 150 (46) 180 (55) 150 (46) Weight lbs/ft (kg/m) 3.9 (5.8) 6.0 (8.9) 17.0 (25.3) 12.0 (17.9) 15.5 (23.1) 18.0 (26.8) 23.0 (34.2) 27.0 (40.2) 30.0 (44.6) 42.0 (62.5)
7 6
C
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required. For load and energy deection data not shown, please contact factory.
5 4
A
2 (73) 5 (140)
11 (292) 5 (140)
3 2 1 0
A 6 x 6 x 3 B 8 x 8 x 4 C 12 x 12 x 6
10 (254)
00 00
02 05
04 10
06 15
08 20
10 25
4106-6549
DEFLECTION (inches)
DEFLECTION (cm)
A B
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required.
WINGTYPE
B inches (mm)
15/ 16
C inches (mm) x
7/ 16 x 5/ 16
Minimum Order Quantity ft (m) 1000 (305) 1000 (305) 630 360 (192) (110)
Weight lbs/ft (kg/m) 0.6 (0.9) 2.2 (3.3) 0.7 (1.0) 2.5 (3.7)
A B C C
A B
(24)
(24)
D C
4106-5996 4106-6598
1 (32) 2 (64)
M 24
A B C B
A C
B A
10 (254)
M 2, M 4, M 6, M 9
M 7, M 8
M 10
SEALING SRTIP
Specification 4106-6085 4106-6093 Type M16 M20 A inches (mm) 1 (32) 1 (41) B inches (mm) 1 (39) 5 (133) Standard Length ft (m) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) Minimum Order Quantity ft (m) 810 (247) 270 (82) Weight lbs/ft (kg/m) 1.0 (1.5) 4.0 (6.0) M 16
100 90
LOAD (Thousand kg per meter of length) LOAD (Thousand lbs. per ft of length)
70 60
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 00 00 02 05 04 10 06 15
A B C D F E G
A A B B
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
50
B
40 30 20 10 0
80
M 20
LARGE D SECTION
Specification 4106-6002 4106-5780 4106-6010 4106-6028 4106-6036 4106-6044 Type M22/1 M22/2 M22/3 M23/1 M23/2 M23/3 A inches (mm) 6 (152) 8 (203) 10 (254) 5 (127) 5 (127) 6 (152) B inches (mm) 8 (203) 10 (203) 12 (305) 10 (254) 12 (305) 12 (305) Standard Length ft (m) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) 30 (9.1) Minimum Order Quantity ft (m) 270 (82) 210 (64) 90 90 90 (27) (27) (27) 120 (37) Weight lbs/ft (kg/m) 15.0 (22.3) 24.0 (35.7) 40.0 (59.5) 16.0 (23.8) 19.0 (28.3) 21.0 (31.2) M 22/1, M 22/2 M 22/3 M 23/1, M 23/2, M 23/3
00 00
02 05
04 10
06 15
08 20
10 25
08 20
10 25
A B
A B
A B
DEFLECTION (inches)
DEFLECTION (inches)
DEFLECTION (cm)
DEFLECTION (cm)
Standard tolerances are 4% on exterior dimensions, 8% on interior dimensions and the greater of +2%, -1 % or 1" on length. Contact the factory if closer tolerances are required.
E N G I N E E R E D
P R O D U C T S
M A R I N E
F E N D E R S
U . S . A . 1 - 8 8 8 - 8 9 9 - 6 3 5 4 FA X 1 - 8 0 0 - 7 6 2 - 4 0 1 7
C anada 1 - 8 8 8 - 2 7 5 - 4 3 9 7 FA X 1 - 8 8 8 - 4 6 4 - 4 3 9 7
good Y ear E P . co M
The GOODYEAR (and Winged Foot Design) trademark is used by Veyance Technologies, Inc. under license from The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. Goodyear Engineered Products are manufactured and sourced exclusively by Veyance Technologies, Inc. or its affiliates. 2008 Veyance Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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04/08
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