WCDMA Fundamental

Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals
Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to: Understand the main cellular standards and allocated frequency bands Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface including HSPA technology Recognize the main NSN RRM functions and their main tasks
Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications 3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE UMTS WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
IMT-2000 frequency allocations

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
GSM 1800
Europe
UMTS (FDD)
IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
PCS unlicensed
PHS
IMT-2000
Japan
IMT-2000
PCS
PCS
Mobile Satellite
USA
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
UMTS (FDD)
UMTS (TDD)
DECT
Mobile Satellite
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99
1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan I II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900 New in Release 5 GSM1800 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz New in Release 6 US 2.1 GHz band IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850 VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan New in Release 7 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900 IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution,
basic planning principles apply to both technologies
WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Users share same time and frequency
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms 5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
Services with Different quality requirements
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3 F2 F2
200 - 500 m
F3
50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Spreading Code
Chip
+1 -1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
ing d a re p s De
Data
+1 -1 +1 -1
Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit Received Bit
Power/Hz
Duration (t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density BUT Same Energy per Bit
Fr e
qu
en cy
Ba n
Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
Mchip W = const = 3.84

Processing gain:
sec
W G p [dB ] = R
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power density Frequency
High bit rate user
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines
physical channel bit rate UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1
Pilot Radio frame = 15 time slots
P-CPICH Pilot X
CODE 2
BCCH User 1 User 2
BCCH
P-CCPCH X
CODE 3
User 3 SUM
User 1
X
CODE 4
DPCH1
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X
Time
User 2
X
CODE 5
DPCH2
3.84 MHz RF carrier
User 3
DPCH3
RF
3.84 MHz bandwidth

DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set
equals 0 In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users of
same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between
different channels can be guaranteed Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
Channelisation Code Tree

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4
C4(0)=[1111] C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] C2(0)=[11] C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] C4(1)=[11-1-1] C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] C0(0)=[1] C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C4(2)=[1-11-1] C2(1)=[1-1] C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
SF=8
C8(0)=[11111111]
SF=16
C16(0)=[............] C16(1)=[............] C16(2)=[............] C16(3)=[............] C16(4)=[............] C16(5)=[............] C16(6)=[............] C16(7)=[............] C16(8)=[............] C16(9)=[............] C16(10)=[...........] C16(11)=[...........] C16(12)=[...........] C16(13=[...........] C16(14)=[...........] C16(15)=[...........]
...
SF=256 SF=512
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C4(3)=[1-1-11] C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Spreading factor 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes Channel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880 Channel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760 DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616 Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 128 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
RSymbol
W = SF
Rb _ phy = 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High
Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16) Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate HSDPA
Coding Codingrate rate Codingrate rate Coding 1/4 1/4 QPSK QPSK 2/4 2/4 3/4 3/4 2/4 2/4 16QAM 16QAM 3/4 3/4 4/4 4/4 55codes codes 600 600kbps kbps 1.2 1.2Mbps Mbps 1.8 1.8Mbps Mbps 2.4 2.4Mbps Mbps 3.6 3.6Mbps Mbps 4.8 4.8Mbps Mbps 10 10codes codes 1.2 1.2Mbps Mbps 2.4 2.4Mbps Mbps 3.6 3.6Mbps Mbps 4.8 4.8Mbps Mbps 7.2 7.2Mbps Mbps 9.6 9.6Mbps Mbps 15 15codes codes 1.8 1.8Mbps Mbps 3.6 3.6Mbps Mbps 5.4 5.4Mbps Mbps 7.2 7.2Mbps Mbps 10.7 10.7Mbps Mbps 14.4 14.4Mbps Mbps
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High
Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)
Coding Codingrate rate 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4 4/4 4/4
11xxSF4 SF4 480 480kbps kbps 720 720kbps kbps 960 960kbps kbps
22xxSF4 SF4 960 960kbps kbps 1.46 1.46Mbps Mbps 1.92 1.92Mbps Mbps
22xxSF2 SF2 1.92 1.92Mbps Mbps 2.88 2.88Mbps Mbps 3.84 3.84Mbps Mbps
22xxSF2 SF2++ 22xxSF4 SF4 2.88 2.88Mbps Mbps 4.32 4.32Mbps Mbps 5.76 5.76Mbps Mbps
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated

Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get the
scrambling code of the frame length Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling code C1
3 + 1
C1 +
C1+2
C2
Scrambling code C2
UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)

RAKE Receiver
Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-2 Rx t Delay 1 Delay 2 Code used for the connection Delay 3 Finger Finger Finger Output Finger
Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips Different bit rates by changing the length of the code Number of codes Code family Spreading Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Yes, increases transmission bandwidth Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) code family No, does not affect transmission bandwidth Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of mobile Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)

Load control Admission Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control Handover Control
HSPA technology
Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several

RRM functionalities
service quality
Optimization and Tailoring
cell coverage
cell capacity
RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control Admission Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control HO Control
LC RM
PS AC
For each cell
AC PS RM PC HC
PC HC
For each connection/user
Load Control (LC)

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels (UL) BTS power level (DL)
Load change info
AC LC
Load status
NRT load
PS
Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overload
Overload threshold x Load Target threshold y
Load Margin
Power
Normal load
Time
Free capacity
Measured load
Admission Control (AC)

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or
quality of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks

Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection Real-time higher priority than non-real time In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
Connection QoS definition

Bit rate, BER target etc. Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real
time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately Based on QoS priority level of the connection In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA) PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in cooperation with AC and PS On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code UL scrambling code
Code Type Scrambling codes Spreading codes
Uplink User separation Data & control channels from same UE
Downlink Cell separation Users within one cell
Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increases interference

PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while
still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for

each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference
Target: min(Prx1) & min(Prx2) About equal when Rb1 = Rb2 Ptx1 Ptx1
UE1
UE2
Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types Open loop power control
Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control

Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection
quality
Fast closed loop power control

Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target (SIR
target) Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation Change of transmit power according to received power control command
Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop Power Control
UL Outer Loop Power Control
RNC
BLER target
Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and
the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
Fast closed loop power control Outer loop power control Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control
Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the network coverage
area Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations Softer handover MS handover within one base station but between different sectors Hard handover MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and handover
thresholds set by radio network planning parameters Radio link performance is improved during soft handover Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1 Received signal strength
Soft handover
Threshold
BS1
BS2
BS3
BS2
BS3 Distance from BS1

Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
f1 f
f1 f
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
f2 f
f2 f
f2 f
f2 f
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
Module Contents
HSPA technology
Channel types
Physical Channels Principle of HSPA
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)

The introduction of 3G made use of uplink and downlink dedicated channels to transfer user plane and control plane data in CELL_DCH Applicable to All 3GPP Releases Uplink air-interface capacity defined by maximum planned increase in uplink interference Downlink air-interface capacity defined by downlink transmit power capability
Node B
Cell_DCH CS and PS services
Uplink and Downlink Dedicated Channels

In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA for transferring packet switched user plane data in the downlink direction Applicable to
Node B
3GPP Release 05
Uplink Dedicated Channels HSDPA
NSN RAS05, RAS05.1

HSDPA makes use of a downlink transmit power allocation and so has a direct impact upon downlink capacity The resource shared between multiple HSDPA users is the HSDPA downlink transmit power The Node B scheduler assigns timeslots & codes to specific UE to allow access to the HSDPA downlink transmit power
CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
Cell_DCH PS services

3G has further evolved to include HSUPA for
Node B
transferring packet switched user plane data in the uplink direction 3GPP Release 06 NSN RAS06, RU10
Applicable to
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSUPA makes use of a uplink interference allocation

and so has a direct impact upon uplink capacity is the uplink interference
The resource shared between multiple HSUPA users The Node B scheduler assigns transmit power ratios
to specific UE to allow a contribution towards the total increase in uplink interference
CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
Cell_DCH PS services
Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types
Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
Physical Channels for R99 UE

UL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers DL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers
Node B
R99 DPCH
DPDCH DPCCH
Dedicated
DPDCH DPCCH
Physical Channels for Rel5 / Rel6 HSDPA UE

UL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers 1-4 x HS-SCCH DL CHANNELS DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation scheme,
Node B
HSDPA Associated DPCH
Dedicated
Common
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
DPDCH DPCCH HS-DPCCH
DPDCH DPCCH
transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (UL)

UL CHANNELS E-DPCH includes E-DPDCH E-DPCCH E-TFCI, RSN, Happy Bit DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK E-DPDCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers
Node B
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
DPDCH DPCCH HS-DPCCH 1,2,4 x E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
1-4 x HS-SCCH
E-DCH RGCH
Dedicated
Common
E-DCH AGCH
E-DCH HICH
F-DPCH
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (DL)

DL CHANNELS DPCH includes F-DPCH TPC E-DCH RGCH E-DCH HICH E-DCH AGCH encapsulates Absolute grant value, absolute grant scope 1-15 x HS-PDSCH 1-3 x HS-SCCH E-DCH RGCH E-DCH AGCH E-DCH HICH HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation
Node B
DPDCH DPCCH HS-DPCCH 1,2,4 x E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
F-DPCH
scheme, transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity
Dedicated
Common
Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2 Mbps
(11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
-A H C -B D H C C D HDC
D ECH
-A -B
Rel. 99 Dedicated pipe for every UE
E-
H DC
in ul d he Sc
C B, , A
D E-
CH
-C
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6) Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL Pipe (codes and grants) changing with time E-DCH scheduling
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5) Fast pipe is shared among UEs Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)
HSDPA Overview
15 Code Shared transmission
16QAM Modulation
TTI = 2 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Link Adaptation
Advanced Scheduling
Benefit Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps Higher Capacity: +100-200% Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
HS-PDSCH Transmit power

The Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS
HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA
HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation
Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
Ptx
Maximum HSDPA power (PtxMaxHSDPA)
Cell maximum TX power
Ptx
Cell maximum TX power
HSDPA HSDPA
Non-HSDPA power
Non-HSDPA power
Common chs
Common chs
Time
Time
HSDPA power is limited by the

PtxMaxHSDPA parameter
HSDPA power is not limited, all available power

can be allocated to HSDPA Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA
Maximum code allocation for HSDPA

codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users)
15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10
Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users) Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell
Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes used means more than 1 users per TTI are using
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 SF=32 SF=64 SF=128 SF=256

Case1+2: Case1:
15 15 HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH codes codes Codes Codes for for common common channels channels in in the the cell cell Up Up to to three three HS-SCCH HS-SCCH codes codes
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256 available for the 3rd UE for associated DCH
Case2:
Used by AMR user only one SF128 code remains for associated DCH Codes Codes for for associated associated DCHs DCHs and and nonnonHSDPA HSDPA users users
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)
HSDPA - UE Categories
QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported Minimum inter-TTI interval
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
HSDPA Code Multiplexing

With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs can be
scheduled during one TTI from single cell
HS-SCCH HS-SCCH HS-SCCH
Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06) One for each simultaneously receiving UE Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH power of
cell are divided between UEs channel conditions of a UE
HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH cat 8 cat 6 cat 6 cat 6 cat 6
HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on the Important when cell supports more codes than UEs do Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6 and Cat8
UEs => 3 users can be scheduled on TTI
BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in order to

dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
HSUPA Overview
1-4 Code Multi-Code transmission
TTI = 10 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Power Control
NodeB ControlledS cheduling
Benefit Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps Higher Capacity: +50-100% Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
HSUPA - UE Categories
BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air
HSUPA Category Codes x Spreading TTI Transport Block size Data rate
1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 2xSF2 + 2xSF4 2xSF2 + 2xSF4
10 10 2 10 10 2 10 10 2
7110 14484 2798 14484 20000 5772 20000 20000 11484
0.71 Mbps 1.45 Mbps 1.40 Mbps 1.45 Mbps 2 Mbps 2.89 Mbps 2 Mbps 2 Mbps 5.74 Mbps
HSPA mobility
HSDPA Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handover is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH Serving HS-DSCH cell HS-PDSCH DPCH DPCH
HSUPA Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except HSDPA HSDPA Modulation Modulation Soft handover Soft handover Fast power Fast power control control Scheduling Scheduling Non-scheduled Non-scheduled transmission transmission QPSK and 16-QAM QPSK and 16-QAM No No No No Point to Point to multipoint multipoint No No HSUPA HSUPA BPSK and Dual-BPSK BPSK and Dual-BPSK Yes Yes Yes Yes Multipoint Multipoint to point to point Yes, for minimum/ Yes, for minimum/ guaranteed bit rate guaranteed bit rate Efficient UE power amplifier Required for near-far avoidance Scheduling cannot be as fast as in HSDPA Similar to R99 DCH but with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the uplink than reversed HSDPA HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support Feature Variable spreading factor Multicode transmission Fast power control Soft handover Adaptive modulation BTS based scheduling DCH Yes
(No in practice)
HSUPA Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
HSDPA No Yes No
(associated DCH only)
Yes
Yes Yes No No
No
Yes Yes
Fast L1 HARQ No Yes Yes Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Summary
Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDD versions WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and Asian/Japanese
frequency bands WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient utilisation of radio resources while offering required quality of service to users HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency

WCDMA Fundamental

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WCDMA Fundamental

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Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Not supported by RU10 RAN

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

UMTS Air Interface technologies

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Compatibility with GSM technology

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

Services with Different quality requirements

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Chip Spreading Code

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Spreading & Processing Gain

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

Mchip W = const = 3.84

Prepared by Sanjay Gohel, Teleysia Networks Pvt. Ltd. ( www.teleysia.com)

Processing Gain Examples

Power density (W/Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)

Power density Frequency

High bit rate user