ISOPE Conference-1995

The Proceedings of
The Fifth (1995) International

OFFSHORE AND POLAR
ENGINEERING CONFERENCE
VOLUME I, 1995
Offshore Technology & Resources, Gas Hydrates,
Deep-Ocean Mining, Ocean Energy, Environment Techniques,
TLP and Ringing, Floating Structures & Production,
Offshore Systems & Structures, Properties of Soil, Earth Anchors,
Soil Mechanics & Frozen Soil, Foundation
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Copyright 1995 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,

Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved.
ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
Indexed by Engineering Index and Others
www.isope.org: orders@isope.org
Edited by:
Jin S. Chung, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
Braja M. Das, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
Birger J. Natvig, Norwegian Contractors, Stabekk, Norway
Michelle Olagnon, IFREMER, Plouzan, France
Presented at:
The Fifth (1995) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference
held in The Hague, The Netherlands, June 11-16, 1995
Organized by:
International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers
Sponsored by:
International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
Offshore Mechanics and Polar Engineering Council (OMPEC)
1
with cooperating societies and associations
The publisher and the editors of its publications assume no responsibility for the statements or opinions
expressed in papers or presentations by the contributors to this conference or proceedings.

P.O. Box 189, Cupertino, California 950150189 USA
The Proceedings of
OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING CONFERENCE
The Hague, The Netherlands, June 11-16, 1995
www.isope.org; meetings@isope.org
ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
For set of 4 volumes; 2,543 pp.
VOLUME I
VOLUME III
Offshore Mechanics and Technology

TLP and Ringing
Floating Structures and Production
Offshore Systems and Structures
Offshore Resources
Gas Hydrates
Deep-Ocean Mining
Ocean Energy
Environment Techniques
Properties of Soil
Earth Anchors
Soil Mechanics and Frozen Soil
Foundation
Numerical Waves
Wave Measurements
Wave Breaking and Statistics
Wave-Body Interactions
Hydrodynamic Forces
Dynamic Responses
Higher-Order Effects
Vortex and Vibrations
Coastal Hydrodynamics
Laboratory and Ocean Measurements
VOLUME II
VOLUME IV
Offshore and Arctic Pipelines

Marine Risers
Mechanics of Cables and Mooring
Ice Mechanics
Ice Cover Behavior
Ice-Structure Interactions
Ice Breakers and Transportation
Atmospheric Icing
Russian Arctic
Polar Engineering
Tubular Structures
Metals, Welding and Corrosion
Composite Materials
Mechanics and Computational Mechanics
Reliability and Safety
Marine and Ship Technology
Double-Hull Tankers
LNG Carriers
The Proceedings of
ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
CONTENTS
VOLUME I, 1995
OFFSHORE RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Submarine Cable Route Survey
G. Herrouin and T. Scuiller ................................................................................................................................ 1
Exploration and Development of Oil and Gas Field on the Shelf of Sakhalin
S.M. Bogdanchikov, V.N. Astafiev and E.K. Bojarshin ...................................................................................... 7
The Northumberland Strait Crossing Project
James A. Feltham .............................................................................................................................................. 14
PLENARY PRESENTATION
Soil Parameters for Pile Foundations
A. Verruijt .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
ENVIRONMENT TECHNIQUES
Oil Combatting in a Cold Environment Using Bioremediation Techniques
Jorma Rytknen, Seppo Liukkonen, Alexei Levchenko, Thomas Worthington, Gennady Matishov
and Vladimir Petrov .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Putting the Environment First - Planning for Environmental Soundness: The Northumberland
Strait Crossing Project
Randy Vallis ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
Ocean Environmental Change Due to an Offshore Airport in Ariake Bay
Yusaku Kyozuka and Kazutoyo Yokoyama ....................................................................................................... 38
Metocean Input Data For Drift Models Application: Loustic Study
P. Michon, Cdt. Bossart and M. Cabioc'h .. ...................................................................................................... 44

The Tidal Wave Circulation and Water Quality in Harbor
Wen-Hen Yang, Juin-Shin Juang and Da-Wei Li ............................................................................................. 51
Multipurpose ROV System for Underwater Monitoring
T. Graczyk ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
TLP AND RINGING

TLP Design Philosophy - Past, Present, Future
B.J. Natvig and H. Vogel ................................................................................................................................... 64
Extreme Steepness of Numerical Model and Laboratory Waves
Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen, Kim J. Mrk and Carl T. Stansberg ............................................................... 70
Experimental Study of Non-Linear Loads on Vertical Cylinders in Steep Random Waves
C.T. Stansberg, E. Huse, J.R. Krokstad and E. Lehn ....................................................................................... 75
Springing and Ringing Due to Nonlinear Waves on a Coupled TLP
Cheung Hun Kim, Chuntian Zhao and Jun Zou ............................................................................................... 83
Springing Responses of a Taut-Moored Column-Footing Type Floating Body
Koichi Masuda, Tomoki Ikoma and Takashi Nagai ......................................................................................... 90
Higher Order Forces on a Vertical Cylinder in Waves: Comparisons of Experimental and
Numerical Results
Y.-M. Scolan, M. Le Boulluec and D. Martigny ............................................................................................... 99
High Frequency Effects of Modifications to Morison's Equation on the Response of a TLP
B.B. Mekha, C.P. Johnson and J.M. Roesset .................................................................................................. 104
Dynamic Response of Offshore Guyed Towers to Low Frequency Wind Induced Loads
R.S. Bisht and A.K. Jain .................................................................................................................................. 112
Dynamic Behavior of Articulated Single Point Mooring System
A.K. Jain .......................................................................................................................................................... 119
FLOATING STRUCTURES AND PRODUCTION

Developments in Dynamic Positioning Systems for Offshore Stationkeeping and Offloading
A.B. Aalbers, R.B.H.J. Jansen, R.J.P.E. Kuipers and F. Van Walree ........................................................... 125
Pressure Surge Analysis in Tanker Loading/Unloading Systems
Z. El-Oun and P. Stephens .............................................................................................................................. 132
On the Performance of Large Floating Structures with Different Connectors in Waves
Mikio Takaki, Xin Lin and Yasushi Higo ........................................................................................................ 139
Hydroelastic-Response Analysis of a Box-Like Floating Airport of Shallow Draft

S. Wang, R.C. Ertekin, A.T.F.M. van Stiphout and P.G.P. Ferier ................................................................. 145
Experimental Modal Analysis on Unit-Linked Large Floating Structure Models
Ryuji Endo, Takuji Hamamoto, Takehiko Kato, Takayuki Hayashi and Nobuyoshi Tosaka ........................ 153
A New Original Approach to the Assessment of Marine Drilling Systems
Raffaele Romagnoli ......................................................................................................................................... 159
A Buoyant Leg Structure for the Development of Marginal Fields in Deep Water
Robert W. Copple and Cuneyt C. Capanoglu ................................................................................................ 163
OFFSHORE SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES

Deep Water Offshore Jacket Removal
E.C.P. van Herel, A. Wijninckx and J. Wardenier ......................................................................................... 169
Experimentally Development of Underwater Abrasive Water Jet Cutting System
Using a High-Polymer Mixed Abrasive
Hitoshi Yamaguchi .......................................................................................................................................... 176
Features of a Taut Leg Mooring System for Deep Water
T. Lvstad, J. Namork and A.U. Nilsen .......................................................................................................... 180
Simplified Evaluation of the Capacities of Template-Type Offshore Platforms
R.G. Bea and M.M. Mortazavi ........................................................................................................................ 185
Analysis of Subsea Structure Installation
I.E. Kopsov and P.C. Sandvik ......................................................................................................................... 193
Design and Analysis of SHW Living Quarter
H.A. Moon, Y.C. Park and Y.S. Bae ................................................................................................................ 200
A Study on the Correlation Between Structural and Environmental Data of an Offshore Platform
Luciano Galano, Ostilio Spadaccini and Andrea Vignoli ............................................................................. 207
Simplified Dynamic Assessment for Fixed Offshore Structures Under Extreme Waves
W. Visser .......................................................................................................................................................... 215
Image Processing in Offshore Engineering
Martius V.R. Rodriguez, Marcelo de A. Oliveira, Maria E.T. de Almeida, Celi Lorenzoni and
A.J. Ferrante .................................................................................................................................................... 222
A Network Planning Model for Offshore Structures
Aysen Ergin, Can Elmar Balas and Engin Keyder ........................................................................................ 227
CO2 Miscible Displacement Enhanced Oil Recovery in Dutch North Sea
P.J.C. Alkemade .............................................................................................................................................. 231
GAS HYDRATES
Hydrate Formation in Pipelines
Frank Dorstewitz and Dieter Mewes .............................................................................................................. 244
Gas Hydrate Nucleation and Growth Kinetics in Multiphase Transportation Systems
D. Lippmann, D. Kessel and I. Rahimian ....................................................................................................... 250
Hydrate Problems in Pipelines: A Study from Norwegian Continental Waters
David Lysne, Roar Larsen, se K. Thomsen and Are Lund ........................................................................... 257
Gas Solubility in Saline Water and Its Effect on Hydrate Equilibria
B. Tohidi, A. Danesh, R.W. Burgass and A.C. Todd ...................................................................................... 263
An Extended Absorption Theory for Hydrate Equilibrium
Bjrn Kvamme ................................................................................................................................................. 269
How Does CO2-Hydrate Influence Options for Deep Ocean Carbon Dioxide Deposition?
Per Christer Lund ........................................................................................................................................... 277
Transport of Natural Gas as Frozen Hydrate
J.S. Gudmundsson, F. Hveding and A. Brrehaug ........................................................................................ 282
Kinetics of Gas Hydrate Formation and Kinetic Inhibition in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
Peter Englezos ................................................................................................................................................. 289
DEEP-OCEAN MINING AND DYNAMICS

Deep Seabed Mining? An Economic and Legal Ordeal
J.P. Lenoble ..................................................................................................................................................... 297
The Effects of Vibration Absorbers with Nonlinear Springs on the Longitudinal Vibration
of a Pipe String for Mining Manganese Nodules
Kazuo Aso, Katsushige Kan, Hitoshi Doki and Tetsuya Natori ..................................................................... 303
Model Test of Gravity Coring
Tetsuo Yamazaki, Tadaaki Ezawa, Kohei Maeda, Teteki Yoshida and Katsuya Tsurusaki .......................... 310
Dynamic Response of Deep-Sea Sediments to the Collector Touch-Down
Tetsuo Yamazaki, Katsuya Tsurusaki and Takahiko Inagaki ........................................................................ 315
OCEAN ENERGY
An Experiment-Based Time-Domain Mathematical Model of OWC Power Plants
A.J.N.A. Sarmento and A. Brito-Melo ............................................................................................................ 321
Wave Forces on an Array of Oscillating Water Column Type Free Standing Wave Energy
Caissons
S. Neelamani and K. Thiruvenkatasamy ......................................................................................................... 328
Impulse Turbine with Self-Pitch-Controlled Guide Vanes for Wave Power Conversion
(Guide Vanes Connected by Link Motion)
T. Setoguchi, K. Kaneko, H. Taniyama, H. Maeda and M. Inoue ................................................................. 337
Asymmetrical and Fluctuating Performance of the Islay Wells Air Turbine
R. Curran, S. Raghunathan and T.J.T. Whittaker .......................................................................................... 343
The Use of Dynamic Simulation as a Tool in the Design of Wells' Turbine
S.J. McIlwaine, R. Curran, S. Raghunathan, T.P. Stewart and T.J.T. Whittaker .......................................... 349
Performance of the Contra-Rotating Wells Turbine
L.M.C. Gato and R. Curran ............................................................................................................................ 355
Aerodynamic Performance of Contra-Rotating Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversion
S. Raghunathan and W.C. Beattie .................................................................................................................. 363
Utilising Tidal Currents to Generate Electricity in Orkney and Shetland
Ian G. Bryden, Colin Bullen and Oliver Paish ............................................................................................... 370
PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Geotechnical Study of Marine Clays of Recent and Pleistocene Deposits in Osaka Bay
Research Committee on Geotechnical Information of Osaka Bay Seabed Deposits, Chairman:
Tamotsu Matsui ............................................................................................................................................... 377
Physical Properties and Mechanical Behavior of Clays with Saline Pore Fluid
Masayoshi Shimizu .......................................................................................................................................... 385
Engineering Properties of the Hydraulic-Filled Sand
John C. Li, C.J. Jeng, C.Y. Lin and C.J. Lee .................................................................................................. 392
Effect of Sample Disturbance on Undrained Strength Anisotropy
Takaharu Shogaki, Hayato Moro and Misao Kaneko ................................................................................... 400
Statistical Properties of Soil Data Within Thinwalled Samplers
Takaharu Shogaki, Hayato Moro and Keiji Kogure ...................................................................................... 406
EARTH ANCHORS ...........................................................................................................................................

Holding Capacity of Plate Anchors in Sand: A Review
B.M. Das and Gurdev Singh ........................................................................................................................... 414
Dynamic Response of Suction Pile Anchor in Poroelastic Seabed Due to Mooring Force
Yoshi-hiko Maeno, Tomiya Takatani, Tetsuya Hiraishi and Tomotsuka Takayama ..................................... 420
Effect of Jetting on Footing Penetration and Pullout
Sheng S. Lin ..................................................................................................................................................... 426
Dynamic Response of Friction Anchor with End Bearing Plate for Mooring System of
Floating Structure
Tomiya Takatani, Yoshi-hiko Maeno, Tetsuya Hiraishi and Tomotsuka Takayama ..................................... 430
SOIL MECHANICS
Geotechnical Investigation in New Seoul Metropolitan Airport Site
Eun Chul Shin, Kyu-Jin Lee and Bang-Woong Shin ...................................................................................... 436
Improvement of Soft Sea Bed by Dewatering with Vertical Drain
Tej B.S. Pradhan, Masaaki Kiyama, Masahiro Okamoto and Toshiroh Maida ........................................... 442
Potential Causes for Slope Instabilities of Under-Consolidated Marine Sediments
Ph. Qumneur, P. Cochonat, J.-F. Bourillet, V. d'Oultremont, J.-P. Tisot, J.-L. Colliat and R. Tofani .... 448
A Practical Application of Two-Dimensional Finite Strain Consolidation Theory
Robert Yun-Pin Chin and Guang-Yih Sheu .................................................................................................... 454
SOIL DYNAMICS AND FROZEN SOIL

Liquefaction of Soils
Vijay K. Puri, Shamsher Prakash and Sanjeev Kumar .................................................................................. 461
The Effects of Preshearing Stress on the Dynamic Behaviors on Saturated Sand
Robert Yun-Pin Chin ....................................................................................................................................... 466
Creep and Yield Model of Frozen Soil Under Triaxial Compression
Anatoly M. Fish ............................................................................................................................................... 473
Settlement of Breakwater on Submarine Soil Due to Wave-Induced Liquefaction
F. Oka, A. Yashima, K. Miura, S. Ohmaki and A. Kamata ............................................................................ 482
The Axial Loading of Foundations Embedded in Frozen Soils
A.P.S. Selvadurai and J. Hu ............................................................................................................................ 488
FOUNDATION
A Simple Approach for Calculating Pile Skin Friction in Clays
U.A.A. Mirza .................................................................................................................................................... 496
Influence of Model Choice on the Calculated Reliability of a Single Pile
W.T. Lai, B.M. Das and G. Singh ................................................................................................................... 505
Behaviour of Instrumented Model Batter Piles in Clays
S. Narasimha Rao and C. Veeresh .................................................................................................................. 511
Finite Element Analysis of a Model Scale Footing on Clean and Oil Contaminated Sand
E. Evgin, M. Boulon and B.M. Das ................................................................................................................ 517
Numerical Simulation of Pipe Penetration in Non-Homogeneous Soil

Y. Hu and M.F. Randolph ............................................................................................................................... 522
Analysis of Laterally Loaded Pile Groups in Clay
S. Narasimha Rao and V.G.S.T. Ramakrishna ............................................................................................... 527
Simplifying Transformations for the Analysis of Shallow Foundations on Sand
Roy Butterfield and Guido Gottardi ............................................................................................................... 534
Instrumented Model Pile Tests on Sand Plugs
L.J.C. van Haaren, H.J. Kolk and A. Verruijt ................................................................................................ 539
Effect of Void on Shallow Foundation on Geogrid-Reinforced Layered Soil
Braja M. Das and K.H. Khing ........................................................................................................................ 544
Cyclic Load-Induced Settlement of a Square Shallow Foundation With and Without
Geogrid Reinforcement
B.W. Shin, B.C. Yeo, B.M. Das, S.U. Shin and S.W. Oh ................................................................................ 548
Improvement Effects of Quicklime Pile on Soft Cohesive Soils
Ming-jui Hung, Huei-wen Chang and Hin-Chi Lei ........................................................................................ 555
ADDITIONAL PAPERS
Norwegian Petroleum Resources with Focus on Challenges and Opportunities in the Barents Sea
Finn Roar Aamodt ........................................................................................................................................... 560
Three-Dimensional Coupled Responses of a Vertical Deep-Ocean Pipe: Effect of Periodic
Internal Flow on Shear Stress
Peter D. Rogers and Jin S. Chung .................................................................................................................. 567
Onshore Wave Energy Resource: Methodology and Tools for the Assessment
M. T. Pontes .................................................................................................................................................... 575
Strength Computation of Pin Connections Through Three-Dimensional Finite Element
Idealisation
Y.S. Choo, K.H. Lee, S.H. Wong and T. Zhuang ............................................................................................ 580
The First Controlled Descent of a Large Subsea Structure
Kjell Arne Nyhus and Helge Rraas ............................................................................................................... 589
Offshore Wave Energy Experiment
Kim Nielsen, N. Christian Scholten and Kjeld Aaby Srensen ...................................................................... 596
Review of Probability Based Limit State Design
Ton Vrouwenvelder ......................................................................................................................................... 603
Extreme Response of Deep Water Structures in Directional Seas
P. Teigen .......................................................................................................................................................... 609
10
The Hydrodynamics of a Wave-Power Device in a Tapered Harbour

B.P. Gallachir, A.J.N.A. Sarmento and G.P. Thomas ............................................................................... 615
11
The Proceedings of
OFFSHORE AND POLAR
VOLUME II, 1995
Offshore and Arctic Pipelines, Marine Risers,
Mechanics of Cables & Mooring, Ice Mechanics, Ice Cover Behavior,
Ice-Structure Interactions, Ice Breakers & Transportation, Atmospheric Icing,
Russian Arctic, Polar Engineering


ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
Edited by:
Mohamed Sayed, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
A.M. Gresnigt, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Presented at:
Organized by:
Sponsored by:
12

13
The Proceedings of
ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
CONTENTS
VOLUME II, 1995
Engineering Repercussions of Ocean Wave Propagation in Ice-Infested Seas
Vernon A. Squire ................................................................................................................................................. 1
OFFSHORE AND ARCTIC PIPELINES

Seabed Irregularity in Subsea Pipeline Spanning
Naum Y. Kershenbaum and Gary E. Harrison ................................................................................................... 8
Pipeline Cover Stability
W.H.G. Klomp and P. Lomonaco Tonda .......................................................................................................... 15
Abrasive Water Suspension Jet - A Multifunctional Working Tool for Underwater Applications
C. Brandt, H. Louis, G. Meier and G. Tebbing ................................................................................................ 23
Design of In-line MFL Inspection Tools Using 2-D and 3-D Finite Element Calculation
Poul Laursen, Jukka Mki and David L. Atherton ........................................................................................... 30
The Geotechnical Design of the Baydaratskaya Bay Pipeline Crossing
James M. Oswell, Alan J. Hanna, Jan Willem Leussink and J.F. (Derick) Nixon .......................................... 34
Instrumentation and Monitoring of Large-Diameter Natural Gas Pipelines Operating
at Sub-Zero Temperatures in the United Kingdom
D.P. Greene, R.J. Kettle and E. Middleton ....................................................................................................... 41
Theory and Practice of Installing Pipelines by the Pre-Snaking Method
H.R. (Ed) Vermeulen ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Numerical Analysis of Pipeline Dynamics in Seabed Laying
V. Tikhonov, A. Safronov, M. Kamyshev and N. Figarov ................................................................................ 53
14
High Temperature Snaking Behaviour of Pipelines

Svein Svik and Erik Levold ............................................................................................................................. 63
Intermittent Three-Phase Flow of Oil, Water and Gas in Horizontal Pipes
M. Ndler and D. Mewes .................................................................................................................................. 72
Expansion Analysis of Offshore Pipelines Close to Restraints
Han S. Choi ....................................................................................................................................................... 81
Upheaval Buckling Behaviour of Flexible Flowlines
Elie Kodaissi ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
Buckling of Offshore Pipelines
Shue-Yeong Chi and Yaw-Jeng Chiou .............................................................................................................. 95
Transient Thermal Stresses in Pressure Vessel and Pipelines
E.P. Russo, P.D. Herrington and W.W. St. Cyr .............................................................................................. 102
Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Responses to Impact Loads on Free-Span Pipeline:
Torsional Coupling and Load Steps
Jin S. Chung, Bao-rong Cheng and H.-P. Huttelmaier ................................................................................. 109
Pipeline Seabed Interaction, Free Span Development
W.H.G. Klomp, E.A. Hansen, Z. Chen, R. Bijker and M.B. Bryndum ........................................................... 117
Deep Sea Pipeline Collapse Under Combined Loads of External Pressure, Bending, and Tension
Robin Li and Richard D. Haun ....................................................................................................................... 123
Review of Free Spanning Pipelines
Kjell Arild Anfinsen ......................................................................................................................................... 129
Evaluation of Fishing Gear Induced Pipeline Damage
C.P. Ellinas, B. King and R. Davies ............................................................................................................... 134
Hydrodynamic Forces on Piggyback Pipelines
M.L. Jakobsen and P. Sayer ............................................................................................................................ 142
Wave Force Evaluation on the Kalst Pipeline Concrete Tunnel
Alf Trum, Martin Mathiesen, Knut Waagaard and Henning Carlsen ......................................................... 147
Flow Field Along a Flat Surface with a Parallel Placed Cylinder
Y. Yksel, V. Atli and E. zkan (evik) .......................................................................................................... 157
The Irregular Wave Induced Seepage Force on the Bottom of a Circular Cylinder
Dahong Qiu and Qilong Wang ....................................................................................................................... 162
Scale Effects When Investigating Wave-Induced In-Line Forces on a Cylinder Horizontally
Placed Near the Bottom
W. Dursthoff and A. Sakout ............................................................................................................................. 170
15
Forces on Pipelines in Oblique Attack: Steady Current and Waves

Andrzej Kozakiewicz, Jrgen Fredse and B. Mutlu Sumer .......................................................................... 174
RISERS, CABLES AND MOORING

A Design of Flexible Riser Pipe with Composite Material
Y. Makino, T. Fuku, K. Ishii, M. Yoshizawa and H. Wada ............................................................................ 184
Steel Catenary Risers for Deep Water Applications
C.P. Pesce, J.A.P. Aranha, C.A. Martins and M.O. Pinto ............................................................................. 190
Optimal Control of the Heave Motion of Marine Cable/Subsea-Unit Systems
S. Huang and D. Vassalos ............................................................................................................................... 203
Importance of Nonlinearities in Static and Dynamic Analyses of Marine Risers
YeongSoo Bae and Michael M. Bernitsas ...................................................................................................... 209
Iterative Frequency Domain Solution for Nonlinear Riser Response
Amiya Kumar Basu ......................................................................................................................................... 219
Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Flexible Risers
Takashi Sakamoto and Roger E. Hobbs ......................................................................................................... 227
Effects of Flexible Joints on the 3-D Nonlinear Coupled Responses of a Long Vertical Pipe
Bao-Rong Cheng, Jin S. Chung and Zhao-Chang Zheng .............................................................................. 236
MECHANICS OF CABLES AND MOORING

Effect of Axial Deformation on the Equilibrium Configurations of Marine Cables
Somchai Chucheepsakul, Tseng Huang and Pichet Laohapotjanart ............................................................ 244
Model Experiments on Thruster Assisted Mooring System
Masahiko Nakamura, Wataru Koterayama and Hiroyuki Kajiwara ............................................................. 249
Anchor Mooring Line Configuration Analysis
S. Bang and R.J. Taylor .................................................................................................................................. 255
Axial Fatigue Characteristics of Large Diameter Spiral Strands
Amir Alani and Mohammed Raoof ................................................................................................................. 260
Behaviour of Large Diameter Wire Ropes
Mohammed Raoof and Ivana Kraincanic ...................................................................................................... 266
Modelling Axial Compression Fatigue in Fibre Ropes
J.W.S. Hearle, R.E. Hobbs, M.S. Overington and S.J. Banfield .................................................................... 273
AUV, ROV & ROBOTICS
16
Map Based Navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

S.T. Tuohy, J.J. Leonard, J.G. Bellingham, N.M. Patrikalakis and C. Chryssostomidis .............................. 278
Field Experiments on an Intelligent Towed Vehicle "Flying Fish"
W. Koterayama, S. Yamaguchi and M. Nakamura ......................................................................................... 287
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Flow Past X-35 Hull
T. Sarkar, P.G. Sayer and S.M. Fraser .......................................................................................................... 292
Study on the Control System of the Underwater Manipulator
Eiji Shintaku and Yoichi Ogawara ................................................................................................................. 299
Climbing Robot for Underwater Cleaning
H. Haferkamp, Fr.-W. Bach, M. Rachkov and J. Seevers .............................................................................. 305
ICE TECHNOLOGY AND RUSSIAN ARCTIC

The Creep of Saline Ice at Low Stresses and High Temperatures
Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge and Gordon F.N. Cox ..................................................................................... 312
On the Indentation of a Blunt Ice Wedge
A.P.S. Selvadurai and K. Sepehr .................................................................................................................... 317
Shear Strength of Ice Rubble in Laboratory Tests
Eila Lehmus and Tuomo Krn ...................................................................................................................... 323
Yield Conditions of an Assembly of Discrete Ice Floes
Mohamed Sayed, Venkata R. Neralla and Stuart B. Savage .......................................................................... 330
Finite Element Analysis of the Creep of Debris Containing Thin Ice Bodies
F. Azizi and W.B. Whalley ............................................................................................................................... 336
Satellite Remote Sensing Tools for Sea Ice Engineering
Alain Cavani, Robert Ezraty and Francis Gohin ......................................................................................... 342
ICE COVER BEHAVIOR

Potential Resistance of the Kara Sea Ice Cover
V.P. Gavrilo, S.M. Kovalev, G.A. Lebedev and O.A. Nedoshivin .................................................................. 345
Short Term Variations of Sea Ice Cover
L.E. Chouinard, L. Garrigues, V.R. Neralla and V.R. Neralla ...................................................................... 349
Interannual Variability of the Ice Cover in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas
L.E. Chouinard, L. Garrigues and V.R. Neralla ............................................................................................ 357
Seismic Activity of Landfast Ice
V.A. Nikitin, V.N. Smirnov, A.I. Shushlebin and I.B. Sheikin ......................................................................... 364
17
Seasonal Variability of Sea Ice Sizes and Thickness on the Northern Sakhalin Shelf
A.M. Polomoshnov, P.A. Truskov and S.A. Pokrashenko .............................................................................. 369
ICE-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS
Simulation of the Ice-Structure Interaction Under the Parabolic Strength Criterion for Ice
D.G. Matskevitch ............................................................................................................................................. 374
Abrasion Mode of a Circular Cylindrical Concrete Structure Due to Sea Ice Movement
Yoshishige Itoh, Yoshihiro Tanaka, Alberto Delgado and Hiroshi Saeki ..................................................... 381
Dynamic Responses of Highway Bridge Under Shock Forces of Icefloe
Zhi-rui Cai, Jin-ji Li, Xiao-ming Sun, Xian-yi Men and De-yi Jin ................................................................ 389
The Structure of Internal Stresses in the Uncompacted Ice Cover
K.K. Sukhorukov .............................................................................................................................................. 393
Mechanisms of Ice Gouging
Shinji Kioka and Hiroshi Saeki ....................................................................................................................... 398
Ice-Structure Dynamic Interaction: Failure Ice Model
Alexander T. Bekker ........................................................................................................................................ 403
Joint Probability of Environmental Loads on Marine Structures
De Fu Liu, Yong Chun Yang, Chao Wang and Jian Gang Shi ...................................................................... 408
Recent Advances in Ice Interaction and Force Estimation Processes for Vertical Structures
A.V.M. Arunachalam ....................................................................................................................................... 412
ICE BREAKERS AND TRANSPORTATION

Ice Conditions Along the North-East Passage in View of Ship Trafficability Studies
Kaj Riska ......................................................................................................................................................... 420
Statistics of Ice-Structure Interaction
Juri Kajaste-Rudnitski ..................................................................................................................................... 428
Influence of Cavitation on the Performance of Canadian R-Class Icebreaker Propellers
in Blocked Flows
Dan Walker, Neil Bose, Hajime Yamaguchi and Stephen J. Jones ............................................................... 434
Investigation of Ice-Resistant Coatings Used to Protect Ice-Breaker Hull
V.A. Babsev and G.P. Shemendjuk ................................................................................................................. 440
Influence of Saline Frozen Ground on VLF and LF Radio Wave Propagation Parameters
in the Arctic Shore Regions
A.D. Frolov and I.V. Fediukine ...................................................................................................................... 444
18
ATMOSPHERIC ICING
New Ideas on Aircraft Icing Forecast: First Example and Experiences
Werner Fuchs and Klaus-Peter Schickel ........................................................................................................ 451
Video Monitoring of Atmospheric Icing
J.B. Wareing and P.A. Chetwood ................................................................................................................... 456
Cable Twisting Due to Atmospheric Icing
Pierre McComber, Jacques Druez and Konstantin Savadjiev ....................................................................... 461
Experimental Verification of a Pendant Ice Formation Model
Krzysztof Szilder, Tom Forest and Edward P. Lozowski ............................................................................... 469
A Study of Surface Conductivity and Flashover Voltages of Ice Samples Formed Under
Various Freezing Conditions
M. Farzaneh, X. Chen and J. Zhang ............................................................................................................... 476
Structure of Ice Grown on High Voltage Conductors
M. Farzaneh, J. Bouillot, Y. Teisseyre, E.C. Svensson and R.L. Donaberger ............................................... 482
RUSSIAN ARCTIC
Challenges for the Development of Hydrocarbon Fields in the Barents Sea
Ove T. Gudmestad, Arnt Olufsen and Per Strass ........................................................................................... 485
Petroleum Exploration Opportunities on the U.S.-Russia Chukchi Sea Continental Shelf
T. Warren, K.W. Sherwood, D.K. Thurston, V.F. Kruglyak, S.A. Zerwick, O.V. Shcherban and
A.V. Grevtsev ................................................................................................................................................... 493
Northern Gateway Oil Terminal Study: Phase 1
Tor K. Vikhamar and Marsel Gubaydulin ...................................................................................................... 501
New Challenges for the Pipeline Engineer in the Russian Arctic
R.J. Brown ....................................................................................................................................................... 507
POLAR ENGINEERING
Observations of Sea Ice and Icebergs in the Western Barents Sea During the Winter of 1987
Sveinung Lset and Torkild Carstens ............................................................................................................. 514
A Method of Estimating Sea Ice Flexural Strength Based on Hydrometeorological Data
V.P. Gavrilo, S.M. Kovalev, G.A. Lebedev and O.A. Nedoshivin .................................................................. 521
The Ocean Drilling Program in Fram Strait: A Case Study of the Use of Ice Charts to
Predict the Probabilitiy of Ice-Free Conditions
Peter Wadhams and Maria Pia Casarini ....................................................................................................... 529
Operating Requirements for and Historical Operations of Arctic Offshore Drilling Systems
19
in the United States

Jim Regg, John Breitmeier and Jeff Walker .. ................................................................................................. 537
ADDITIONAL PAPERS
Reliability Based Pipeline Design and Integrity Assessment: Pipeline Industry on the Verge
T. Bjornsen, O. Hagen and K.J. Mork ............................................................................................................ 540
Pore-Pressure Gradients in the Proximity of a Submarine Buried Pipeline
W. Magda ........................................................................................................................................................ 548
20
The Proceedings of
OFFSHORE AND POLAR
VOLUME III, 1995
Numerical Waves, Wave Measurements,
Wave Breaking & Statistics, Wave Body Interactions, Hydrodynamic Forces,
Dynamic Responses, Higher-Order Effects, Vortex & Vibrations,
Coastal Hydrodynamics, Laboratory& Ocean Measurements


ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
Edited by:
Hisaaki Maeda, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
C.H. Kim, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Presented at:
Organized by:
Sponsored by:
21

22
The Proceedings of
ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
CONTENTS
VOLUME III, 1995
Recent Progress in Numerical Wave Tank Research: A Review
C.H. Kim .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
NUMERICAL WAVES
On the Generation and Propagation of Waves in 2D Numerical Wave Tanks
Giorgio Contento and Sebastiano Casole ........................................................................................................ 10
Weakly Nonlinear Diffraction Due to Vertical Cylinders in a 3-D Numerical Wave Tank
S.Y. Boo and C.H. Kim ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Development of Multi-Face Directional Random Wave Maker
T. Hiraishi, T. Kanazawa and H. Fujisaku ....................................................................................................... 26
Nonlinear Viscous Wavefields Generated by a Piston-Type Wavemaker
Ching-Jer Huang, En-Cheng Zhang and Jaw-Fang Lee ................................................................................. 34
A Unique Solvable Higher Order BEM for Wave Diffraction and Radiation
B. Teng and Y.C. Li ........................................................................................................................................... 42
Directional Random Wave Kinematics: Third Order of Approximation
L. Rebaudengo Land and G. Scarsi ................................................................................................................ 49
The Characteristics of the Mean Velocity in the Turbulent Wave Boundary Layer
Induced by Nonlinear Waves
Shamsul Alam Chowdhury, Micho Sato and Masaaki Chaen ......................................................................... 57
Numerical Study on the Energy Loss and the Wave Attenuation Over the Rippled Bed
Yasunori Watanabe, Hiroshi Saeki and Ken-ichiro Hamanaka ...................................................................... 64
23
Various Boussinesq Solitary Wave Solutions

George T. Yates ................................................................................................................................................. 70
Representation of Pierson-Moskowitz Type Spectrum in Time Domain
Shigeru Naito and Munehiko Minoura ............................................................................................................. 77
Numerical Simulation and Spectral Analysis of Irregular Sea Waves
Celso K. Morooka and Irineu H. Yokoo ........................................................................................................... 82
WAVE MEASUREMENTS
Wave Climate Assessment by Satellite Remote Sensing
Stephen F. Barstow and Harald E. Krogstad ................................................................................................... 90
Combined Use of Satellite Data, Metocean and Prediction Models for a Site Study
Patrick Charriez, Hafed Hajji and Vincent Thouvenin .................................................................................... 98
Wave Measurements for the Design of the Hamidabad Natural Gas Pipeline System
Adnan Akyarli .................................................................................................................................................. 105
The Use of Bottom-Mounted Vertical Surface-Piercing Cylinders to Determine Wave
Field Characteristics
N. Haritos ........................................................................................................................................................ 112
GPS and GIS Integration in Cable Laying Applications
B. Nakos, V. Balis and C. Liapakis ................................................................................................................. 120
WAVE BREAKING AND STATISTICS

Breaking Wave and Void Fraction Statistics During Swade
Ming-Yang Su .................................................................................................................................................. 126
A Third-Order Random Wave Model
Arne Nestegrd and Trond Stokka .................................................................................................................. 136
An Environmental Friendly Coastal Structure: Piled Breakwater
M. Sedat Kapdasli and Yalcin Yuksel ............................................................................................................. 143
Comparative Study of Wave Height Distributions
John Z. Yim, S.-L. Shih and M.-Y. Lai ............................................................................................................ 148
WAVE-BODY INTERACTIONS
Performance of Submerged Wave Focusing Structures in a Current
J.W. Lee and K.F. Cheung .............................................................................................................................. 154
An Approximated Solution for Scattering of Oblique Waves by an Array of Piles of
24
an Arbitrary Cross Section

Shohachi Kakuno, Keiichi Yamano and Katsuhiko Kurata ........................................................................... 162
Characteristics of Short-Crested Waves and Currents Behind Offshore Man-Made Island Type
Power Plant
Masaaki Ikeno, Ryoichi Kajima, Masafumi Matsuyama and Tsutomu Sakakiyama ..................................... 168
A Study of Waterwave Motion Over the Elastic Structure
Su-Liek Shih and Hui-Min Fang ..................................................................................................................... 176
Study of Interaction Among Artificial Island Skew Waves and Viscous Currents1
Decheng Wan, Yingzhong Liu and Guoping Miao ......................................................................................... 182
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES
Wave Forces on Horizontal Cylinders at Low Keulegan-Carpenter and Reynolds Numbers
Wataru Koterayama and Changhong Hu ....................................................................................................... 189
Circular Cylinders Freely Oscillating in Both Waves and Slow Current
Takeshi Kinoshita and Weiguang Bao ............................................................................................................ 196
Vertical Hydrodynamic Forces on Truncated Hollow Cylinders
David C. Weggel and Jose M. Roesset ........................................................................................................... 206
Extreme Wave Kinematics and Impact Loads on a Fixed Truncated Circular Cylinder
J. Zou and C.H. Kim ....................................................................................................................................... 216
On the 3-D Pulsating Source of Michell's Type with Forward Speed
G.P. Miao, Y.Z. Liu, Q.Z. Yang and Z.Y. Liu ................................................................................................. 226
Propagation of Numerical Errors in Hydrodynamic Coefficients to the Response of
Floating Structures
Shin-ichi Aoki .................................................................................................................................................. 234
On Computing Nearly Singular Kernel Integral on Curved Surface Panels
Shukai Wu ........................................................................................................................................................ 240
On the Vertical Distribution of Wave Impact Pressures
G.U. Mller and T.J.T. Whittaker ................................................................................................................... 244
Simulation of Nonlinear Waves and Forces Due to Transient and Steady Motion of
Submerged Sphere
C.C. Lee, Y.H. Liu and C.H. Kim .................................................................................................................... 249
Wave Forces on a Submerged Sphere by Bichromatic Waves
Norimi Mizutani and Koichiro Iwata ............................................................................................................. 258
Wave Interaction with Two Vertical Cylinders
Xian-Chu Zhou, Dong-Jiao Wang and Allen T. Chwang .............................................................................. 266
25
Three-Dimensional Effects on Wave Forces on Horizontal Members of a Semisubmersible

Koji Otsuka, Yoshiho Ikeda and Koki Ikeda ................................................................................................... 273
Time Domain Computation of Nonlinear Diffraction Loads Upon Three Dimensional
Floating Bodies
Pierre Ferrant ................................................................................................................................................. 280
The In-Line Wave Forces on Small Square Cylinder
Yu-cheng Li and Ming He ............................................................................................................................... 289
First Order Wave Loads in Beam Waves
J.M.J. Journe and A.P. van 't Veer ............................................................................................................... 297
Computation of Hydrodynamic Loads on a Bottom-Mounted Surface Piercing Cylinder
P.C.A. de Haas, P.J.F. Berkvens, J. Broeze, E.F.G. van Daalen and P.J. Zandbergen ............................... 304
Hydrodynamic Force Computations on Yawed and Surface-Piercing Bodies
B. Ponizy, M. Ba and M. Guilbaud ................................................................................................................. 308
Nonlinear Diffraction Effects Around a Surface-Piercing Structure
F. Lalli, A. Di Mascio and M. Landrini .......................................................................................................... 314
Loading on a Vertical Cylinder Near Mean Water Level in Long- and Short-Crested Waves
Kesavan Subbiah, John R. Chaplin and Mehernosh B. Irani ........................................................................ 324
Wave Loads on Inclined Cylinders Due to Random Waves
G. Anand Kumar, V. Sundar, K.U. Graw and H. Kaldenhoff ........................................................................ 332
Hydrodynamic Forces Induced by a Solitary Wave on a Submerged Circular Cylinder
A. Clment and S. Mas .................................................................................................................................... 339
Forces and Circulation of Horizontal Cylinders Submerged in Regular Waves
Shinichi Arai .................................................................................................................................................... 348
Evaluation of Capacities of Template-Type Gulf of Mexico Platforms
R.G. Bea, K.J. Loch and P.L. Young .............................................................................................................. 356
Responses of a Spar Platform in Random Waves and Currents (Experiment vs. Theory)
Z. Ran, M.H. Kim, J.M. Niedzwecki and R.P. Johnson .................................................................................. 363
Wave Radiation by a Submerged Elliptical Disk
S. Zhang and A.N. Williams ............................................................................................................................ 372
DYNAMIC RESPONSES
Far-Field Fluid-Structure Interaction: A Comparison Between the Doubly Asymptotic and
Plane Wave Approximations
F.H. Hamdan and R.E. Hobbs ........................................................................................................................ 378
Optimal Allocation of Multiple Flexible Modes for a Large Circular Floating Island with
26
Ring-Shaped Breakwater
Takuji Hamamoto, Tatsuro Asami, Masaki Tokubuchi and Yasuo Tanaka .................................................. 384
Three Dimensional BEM-FEM Coupled Dynamic Analysis of Module-Linked Large
Floating Structures
Takuji Hamamoto and Ken-ichi Fujita ........................................................................................................... 392
Wave Response Analysis of a Flexible Floating Structure by BE-FE Combination Method
Tomoaki Utsunomiya, Eiichi Watanabe, Chong Wu, Nobuyuki Hayashi, Koji Nakai and Kinji Sekita ....... 400
Dynamic Behaviors of a Floating Airport and Its Effects on Ocean Current
Yoshiyuki Inoue, Makoto Arai, Shigeru Tabeta, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, Xuangang Zhang and
Yasumasa Takei ............................................................................................................................................... 406
Hydrodynamic Interaction Effects in Waves
J.A. Pinkster .................................................................................................................................................... 414
Dynamic Response of Moored Semi-Submersible Platforms to Non-Collinear Wave, Wind
and Current Loading
O. Yilmaz and A. Incecik ................................................................................................................................. 420
Numerical Prediction for Response Motion of Floating Structures Subjected to Seaquakes
Tetsushi Kiyokawa .......................................................................................................................................... 429
Sliding Analysis of Softly Installed Offshore Structures with Liquid Storage Tanks Due to
Earthquake
Yoshihiro Tanaka, Toshihiko Tsuka and Ajai Sulekh ..................................................................................... 435
Seismic Response Reductions of Offshore Platform
Kenji Kawano, K. Venkataramana, Takahiro Komasa and Takeshi Iida ..................................................... 443
The Motion of a Floating Flexible Disk Under Wave Action
Michael H. Meylan .......................................................................................................................................... 450
Transient Survival Analysis of a Moored Floating Offshore Platform: Unbiased
J.M. Falzarano, F. Zhang, S. Vishnubhotla and R. Kota ............................................................................... 456
Nonlinear Response of a Spar in Deep Water: Different Hydrodynamic and Structural Models
B.B. Mekha, C.P. Johnson and J.M. Roesset .................................................................................................. 462
Effect of Additive Noise on Parametrically Excited Ship Rolling
C.Y. Liaw ......................................................................................................................................................... 470
Estimates of Eigen Periods of an Anti-Rolling Tank Using the Finite Difference Method
Satoru Yamaguchi and Akiji Shinkai .............................................................................................................. 477
The Simulation of the Swath Ship Motion with Fixed Fin in Longitudinal Waves
Ming-Chung Fang and Bing-Nan Lin ............................................................................................................ 484
Numerical Modeling of Wave Interaction with Two-Dimensional Floating Bodies in
Shallow Water
27
Wataru Kioka and Sinji Hiraoka .................................................................................................................... 492

A Numerical Study of Moored Vessel Response to Beam Waves
Michael Isaacson and Song-Ren Wu .............................................................................................................. 499
HIGHER-ORDER EFFECTS
Effects of Directional Waves on the Statistical Characteristics of Low-Frequency Motions
of a Floating Offshore Structure
S. Miyajima, H. Maeda and Hyo Jae Jo ......................................................................................................... 507
The Effect of Cross-Flow Conditions on the Wave Drift Forces of a Ship Sailing in Waves
R.H.M. Huijsmans ........................................................................................................................................... 516
New Stochastic Approach for Extreme Response of Slow Drift Motion of Moored Floating
Structures
Shunji Kato and Takashi Okazaki ................................................................................................................... 526
Viscous Mean Drift Forces on Moored Semi-Submersibles
A.K. Dev and J.A. Pinkster .............................................................................................................................. 535
Mean Drift Loads on Multiple Vertical Axisymmetric Bodies in Regular Waves
S.A. Mavrakos ................................................................................................................................................. 547
Slow Drift Oscillation of a Barge Moored in the Vicinity of a Large Marine Structure
Yukinobu Oda, Akio Kobayashi and Koichi Masuda ..................................................................................... 556
PC-Based Computation for Second-Order Wave Loads on Large Volume Multi-Column
Structures
M.H. Kim, B.J. Natvig, R.S. Mercier, G. Gu and C. Wu ................................................................................ 561
Low Frequency Non-Linear Motions of a Moored Ship in Regular and Irregular Waves
Tadeusz Szelangiewicz .................................................................................................................................... 571
VORTEX AND VIBRATIONS

A Nonlinear Oscillator Model for Vortex Shedding From a Forced Cylinder. Part 1:
Uniform Flow and Model Parameters
Richard A. Skop ............................................................................................................................................... 578
A Nonlinear Oscillator Model for Vortex Shedding From a Forced Cylinder. Part 2: Shear Flow
and Axial Diffusion
Richard A. Skop ............................................................................................................................................... 582
Experimental/Numerical Mapping and Analysis of the Nearfield Flow Around a Cylinder
in Planar Oscillatory Farfield Flow
I.A. Sibetheros, R.W. Miksad and K.F. Lambrakos ........................................................................................ 587
Prediction of Transition Features in the Flow Past a Circular Cylinder in Three-Dimensions
28
H. Persillon, M. Braza and G. Jin .................................................................................................................. 597

Synchronization of Vortex Shedding from an Oscillating Cylinder in Uniform Flow
Shigeru Nishio and Atilla Incecik ................................................................................................................... 603
Impulsive Flow Around Cylinders by a Low-Order Panel Method
Iskender Sahin and Noriaki Okita .................................................................................................................. 611
Drag Reduction and Vibration Suppression of a D-Section Structural Member Through
Momentum Injection
S.R. Munshi, V.J. Modi and T. Yokomizo ....................................................................................................... 618
Inline Forces Under Lock-In Conditions
Zhijie Wu and Geir Moe .................................................................................................................................. 626
Forces on a Vibrating Cylinder in Current Under Lock-In Condition
Zhijie Wu ......................................................................................................................................................... 632
Experimental Study on Development of Add-On Vortex Suppression Device
Sun H. Kwon, Jin W. Cho and Junsoo Park ................................................................................................... 639
Visualization of an Unconfined Vortical Flow
B.C. Khoo, K.S. Yeo and D.F. Lim ................................................................................................................. 645
Toroidal Bubbles Near a Rigid Boundary
Q.X. Wang, K.S. Yeo, B.C. Khoo and K.Y. Lam ............................................................................................. 653
Fluid-Structure Interactions Behind a Curved Cylinder with a Great Bend
Marc Aubre, Michel Blorgey and Michel Lebey ......................................................................................... 661
COASTAL HYDRODYNAMICS
Interaction of Sediment Flux with Breakwater Constructions
S.I. Rogachko and T.G. Smirnova ................................................................................................................... 667
Hydrodynamic Actions on the Crest Element of a Rubble Mound Submerged Structure
Edoardo Benassai, Alberto Bracci Laudiero, Giuseppe Paolella and Stefano Corsini ................................ 670
A Hybrid Movement Grid System for Simulation of Storm Surge
Jiemin Zhan, Y.S. Li and Diming Zhang ........................................................................................................ 676
Vortical Flow and Material Transport in a Rectangular Basin with a Straight Breakwater
Yong Kweon Suh and Jong Choon Moon ....................................................................................................... 680
Solitary Wave Action on a Vertical Wall
Zhao-Chen Sun ................................................................................................................................................ 685
An Investigation on Random Wave Breaking
M.S. Kapdasli, M. Bayazit and I. Duranyildiz ................................................................................................ 690
29
LABORATORY AND OCEAN MEASUREMENTS

Parametric Decomposition of Velocity Components on the Basis of Irregular Wave Data
L. Zhan and W. Dursthoff ............................................................................................................................... 695
The Application of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to Offshore Engineering
C. Gray and T. Bruce ...................................................................................................................................... 701
Experimental Study of Internal Waves Using Particle Image Velocimetry
A.J. Martin and W.J. Easson ........................................................................................................................... 709
Wave Kinematics Measurements with a Surface Following Velocity Probe
Stefan Woltering and Karl F. Daemrich ........................................................................................................ 715
Numerical Modelling of Pore-Pressure Measurements in Saturated Sandy Seabed Sediments
W. Magda ........................................................................................................................................................ 721
30
The Proceedings of
OFFSHORE AND POLAR
VOLUME IV, 1995
Tubular Structures,
Metals, Welding & Corrosion, Composite Materials,
Mechanics & Computational Mechanics, Reliability & Safety,
Marine & Ship Technology, Double-Hull Tankers, LNG Carriers


ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
Edited by:
J.F. Dos Santos, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Ivar Langen, Hogskole i Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
Charles P. Ellinas, Advanced Mechanics & Engineering, Croydon, United Kingdom
Yukio Ueda, Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Presented at:
Organized by:
Sponsored by:
31

32
The Proceedings of
ISBN 978-1-880653-16-6 (Set)
LCCN 94-73796
CONTENTS
VOLUME IV, 1995
TUBULAR STRUCTURES
Tensile and Shear Behavior of Undermatched Welded Joints
M. Ferrel and R.J. Dexter ................................................................................................................................... 1
Proposed Ultimate Capacity Equations for CHS KK-Joints Under Anti-Symmetrical Loads
Y. Makino, Y. Kurobane, S.R. Wilmshurst and M.M.K. Lee .............................................................................. 6
The Static Behaviour of Multiplanar Tubular Steel TT-Joints Excluding the Effects of
Chord Bending
G.J. van der Vegte and J. Wardenier ................................................................................................................ 12
Parametric Study on the Static Strength of Uniplanar and Multiplanar Plate to
RHS Column Connections
L.H. Lu and J. Wardenier ................................................................................................................................. 21
Behaviour of Plate Trunnions Subjected to Shear Loads
Y.S. Choo, K. Padmanaban, N.E. Shanmugam and J.Y.Richard Liew ............................................................ 29
Influence of the Chord Bending on the Ultimate Capacity of RHS T-joint
Y. Yu and J. Wardenier ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Prediction of Elastic-Elastoplastic Deformation and Bend Radius at Top Roll Contact
in Multipass Plate Bending Using a Continuous Four-Roll Plate Bending Process for Forming
Tubular Sections
M. Hua, K. Baines, D.H. Sansome and W.L. Xu .............................................................................................. 45
Corrosion Fatigue of Welded High-Strength Cast and Structural Steel Joints Under Constant
and Variable Amplitude Loading
C.M. Sonsino, K. Lipp and E. Lachmann ......................................................................................................... 53
Fatigue Crack Growth of Tubular Joints Under Stochastic and Complex Loadings
33
A. Abel, S. Wu and X. Yu ................................................................................................................................... 59

Performance of Tubular Members Under Cyclic Axial Loads
Raafat E. Shaker, Hidekazu Murakawa and Yukio Ueda ................................................................................ 66
Fatigue Strength of Boxing Fillet Welded Joints for TMCP Type 490 MPa-Class High Tensile
Steel Plates
H. Yajima, M. Iwata, Y. Huang, M. Yamamoto, D. Sakai, E. Watanabe, K. Inoue and A. Fushimi ............... 75
Stress Intensity Factors for Small Fatigue Cracks in Tubular Joints
C.C. Monahan and W.D. Dover ....................................................................................................................... 83
A Computational Strategy to Access the Safety Conditions of Cracked Tubular Joints
L.A. Souza, L.V.S. Sagrilo, E.C.P. de Lima and N.F.F. Ebecken .................................................................... 91
Parametric Study on the Static Strength of Axially Loaded Multiplanar Plate to Circular
Column Connections
G.D. de Winkel and J. Wardenier ..................................................................................................................... 96
The Stress and Strain State in the Base Area of Wind-Loaded Steel Chimneys
W. Schneider and R. Thiele ............................................................................................................................. 104
Ultimate Capacity of Multi-Planar Double X-Joints
C.Y. Chong, C.K. Soh, A.K. Soh, T.C. Fung and S.P. Chiew ......................................................................... 109
Grouted Sleeve Tubular Splices
Paul Grundy .................................................................................................................................................... 116
MATERIALS, WELDING AND CORROSION

Effect of Some Image Processing on the Seam Tracking by a Welding Robot with Visual Sensor
Yasuo Suga ...................................................................................................................................................... 121
Arc Spot Welding Technique for Underwater Use
H. Koga, Y. Ide and Y. Ogawa ........................................................................................................................ 127
Analysis of Acoustic Signals on CO2 Arc Welding
Y. Ogawa, H. Koga, T. Morita and T. Sumitomo ........................................................................................... 131
Approach for Laser Beam Welding Under Hyperbaric Conditions
T. Franz, E. Schubert and G. Sepold .............................................................................................................. 137
Underwater Plasma-MIG Arc Welding: Shielding Technique and Pressure Reduction
by a Centrifugal Pump
M. Creutz, J. Bartzsch, D. Mewes and U. Draugelates .................................................................................. 141
Evaluation of Thermal Sprayed Coating by Ultrasonic Method
Yasuo Suga and Derming Lian ....................................................................................................................... 147
Influence of Inevitable Uncertainties on Inspection Planning for Deteriorating Structures
34
Yukio Fujimoto, Eiji Shintaku and Sung Chan Kim ....................................................................................... 153
Development of Real-Time Quality Evaluation of Friction Welding by Acoustic Emission:
Report 1
S.K. Oh, J.H. Oh, T.E. Jeon and S.W. Oh ....................................................................................................... 163
Simulation Model of Fatigue Crack Opening/Closing Phenomena for Predicting RPG Load
Under Arbitrary Stress Distribution Field
M. Toyosada and T. Niwa ............................................................................................................................... 169
Dual-Phase Ferritic Martensitic Steel for Concrete Reinforcement
David Trejo, Paulo Monteiro and Gareth Thomas ........................................................................................ 177
X-Mas Trees: A New Application for Duplex Stainless Steels
G. Hochrtler, G. Zeiler and K. Haberfellner ................................................................................................ 183
Modern Structural Steels with Improved Properties Through Accelerated Cooling
H.J. Tschersich, U. Schriever, J. Bobbert and Ch. Kuntze ............................................................................ 187
Study on Fatigue Strength of Boxing Fillet Weldments: 1st Report
Yasumitsu Tomita, Kiyoshi Hashimoto, Kuniteru Ishikawa, Hiroshi Yamamoto and Tetsuji Fukuoka ....... 197
Probabilistic Modelling of Marine Corrosion of Steel Specimens
Robert E. Melchers .......................................................................................................................................... 204
X-Ray Fractographic Study on Fracture Surface of New Light Metal
Hideaki Matsuoka, Yukio Hirose, Shigenobu Takahashi, Zenjiro Yajima and Yoichi Kishi ........................ 211
Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Surface Crack on AH36 TMCP Steel Weld
in Seawater
Young Gak Kweon, Hee Don Jeong and Rae Woong Chang ........................................................................ 216
Probabilistic Residual Strength Assessment of Corroded Pipelines
I.R.(Wally) Orisamolu, Q. Liu and M.W. Chernuka ...................................................................................... 221
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Beryl Bravo - Blast Walls Conversion: Development and Testing of Steel/Carbon Fibre
Composite
D.N. Galbraith and F. Barnes ........................................................................................................................ 229
Beryl Bravo - Blast Walls Conversion: Explicit Dynamic FE Analysis of Steel/Carbon Fibre
Composite Wall
P.H.L. Groenenboom, D.N. Galbraith, P.G. Jay and P.J. van der Weijde ................................................... 237
Fatigue Crack Propagation Characteristics of Alumina Ceramics
Hiroshi Noguchi and Kazuya Mori ................................................................................................................. 243
Dynamic Toughness of Composite Steel-Concrete Structure of Sandwich System
Setsuo Iwata and Yoichi Hattori ..................................................................................................................... 248
35
Influence of Boundary Conditions and Plate Geometries on Buckling Optimization of

Symmetric Laminate Plates
Hsuan-Teh Hu ................................................................................................................................................. 256
An Inverse Problem of Estimating Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity in
Composite Material
Cheng-Hung Huang and Jan-Yuan Yan ......................................................................................................... 264
Durability Issues of FRP Composites in Offshore Structures
Piyush K. Dutta ............................................................................................................................................... 271
Fabrication of Ceramic Matrix Composites from Preceramic Polymers
H. Jao, N. Masuda, A. Chin and J. Don ......................................................................................................... 277
Carbon-Carbon Composites Reinforced with SiC by Using Chemical Vapor Infiltration
Technique
Arthur Chin, Jarlen Don and Hsuchung Jao ................................................................................................. 280
MECHANICS AND COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

An Automated Method for Accomplishing Shape Optimization of Cylindrical Composite
Structures
A.A. Gates and J.H. Clark ............................................................................................................................... 283
Effect of Specimen Configuration for Caustics Method
Masayuki Shozu, Yuichi Kawagishi, Toshihiko Sasaki and Yukio Hirose ..................................................... 289
An Improved Spectral Method for Vibration of a Tubular Structure: Theory and Application
A.M. Horr ........................................................................................................................................................ 294
Vibration Analysis of a Large Underwater Shell of Revolution
Y. Yasuzawa, K. Kagawa and H. Takahashi .................................................................................................. 300
A New Approach for Bending of Rectangular Plates with Mixed Boundary Conditions
T. Mifune, R. Masuo and M. Hamada ............................................................................................................ 308
Analysis of the Cracking and Strength of the Pile Caps of the High-Pile Wharf
Yu-pu Song and Guo-fan Zhao ....................................................................................................................... 314
Optimization of Steel and Titanium Stressjoints for Marine Risers
Carl M. Larsen and Allard van Hoeken ......................................................................................................... 320
An Automatic Data Generation Procedure for Finite Element Structural Analysis of Ships
J.G. Shin and S.W. Park .................................................................................................................................. 327
Damage Detection Accuracy as a Function of Model Uncertainty in Offshore Jacket Platforms
Jeong-Tae Kim and Norris Stubbs .................................................................................................................. 333
36
RELIABILITY AND SAFETY
Optimal Reliability-Based Planning of Experiments for POD Curves

J.D. Srensen, M.H. Faber and I.B. Kroon .................................................................................................... 339
Reliability Based Inspection Scheduling of Floaters
T. Onoufriou, R.J. Simpson and M. Protopapas ............................................................................................ 346
Environmental Description for Long-Term Load Response of Ship Structures
Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen, Espen H. Cramer and Florus Korbijn .......................................................... 353
Reliability Updating Based on Equality Constraints
. Hagen, G. Sigurdsson, L. Tvedt and E.H. Cramer .................................................................................... 361
Reliability Analysis of a Deep Water Flexible Riser System
Daniel Karunakaran, Arnt Olufsen, Nils T. Nordsve and Bernt J. Leira ...................................................... 365
Reliability Based Design of a 15" Dynamic Flexible Gas Export Riser
A.U. Nilsen and T.D. Hanson ......................................................................................................................... 373
Structural Safety Assessment of Floating Bridge System
I.S. Nho, B.C. Shin and J.B. Kim .................................................................................................................... 383
Effects of Wave-Current and Fluid-Structure Interactions on Fatigue Damages of Offshore
Structures
H. Karadeniz ................................................................................................................................................... 389
Fatigue Reliability Calculation for Structure Members of Offshore Fixed Platform
Huacan Fang and Fayan Xu ........................................................................................................................... 394
A Risk Based Approach to Re-Assessment of Existing North Sea Installations
J.V. Sharp, J.C. Kam and M. Birkinshaw ....................................................................................................... 399
Risk Management
M. Visser .......................................................................................................................................................... 405
A Methodology for Assessing and Managing Fire and Life Safety for Offshore Production
Platforms
William E. Gale, Jr., William H. Moore, Robert G. Bea and Robert B. Williamson .................................... 409
PARLOC - Pipeline and Riser Loss of Containment: North Sea Experience
C.P. Ellinas, D.T. Smart, J. Robertson and T. Al-Hassan ............................................................................. 420
Assessment of Fire Pump Caisson Integrity
C.P. Ellinas and T. Weir ................................................................................................................................. 428
Reassessment of Mining Installations on the Dutch Continental Shelf: A Rational Approach
M.J.J. Rottier and E.M. Hofstee ...................................................................................................................... 437
37
MARINE AND SHIP TECHNOLOGY

Double Hull Grounding Experiments
James L. Rodd and Jerome P. Sikora ............................................................................................................. 446
Damage and Collapse of Double Hull Tankers in Groundings
J.K. Paik and T.K. Lee .................................................................................................................................... 457
Dynamic Loading and Strength of a Stranded Double Hull Tanker in Waves
J.O. de Kat, P. Lemmen, C.S. Moore and A.W. Vredeveldt ........................................................................... 465
Experimental Study on Control of Autopilot System
Bong Joo Han, Kyoung Soo Bae, Sang Bong Kim and Seoung Gun Kim ..................................................... 471
A Revolutionary Design of Double Hull Oil Tanker
Takehiko Akiba, Kimio Kitano, Yutaka Sumikama, Hiroyuki Tsukuda, Masatsugu Toyofuku,
Kohta Shibasaki, Joe Hah and Koichi Furukawa .......................................................................................... 478
Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Bending Propulsion Mechanism
K. Ono and M. Nakashima .............................................................................................................................. 486
Design and Commissioning of a Computer Controlled Dynamometer for Testing
Oscillating Hydrofoils
David Greening and Neil Bose ....................................................................................................................... 495
Introduction of Energy Estimations in the Linear Wave Theory for Calculations of
Ship Wave Resistance
E.L. Amromin, O.P. Orlov and Yu.S. Timoshin .............................................................................................. 502
Force and Free Surface Elevation Measurements on a Series 60 CB=0.6 Ship Model in
Forced Oscillations
F. Guyot and M. Guilbaud .............................................................................................................................. 507
Investigation of Towing Resistance of Rectangular Platform Lower Base
A.V. Poustoshniy ............................................................................................................................................. 515
Simulation of Three-Dimensional Finite-Depth Wave Phenomenon for Moving Pressure
Distributions
Iskender Sahin and Mark C. Hyman ............................................................................................................... 521
The Rankine Source Method Applied to the Determination of the Potential Flow Around
a Submerged Body with Constant Forward Velocity
M. Szajnbok and M. de Conti .......................................................................................................................... 528
The Rankine Source Method Applied to the Determination of the Potential Flow Around
an Oscillating Submerged Body with Constant Mean Forward Velocity
M. de Conti and M. Szajnbok .......................................................................................................................... 536
ADDITIONAL PAPERS
38
Multidiscipline Dynamic Simulation of the New Veslefrikk Personnel Transfer Bridge

Terje Rlvg, Ole Ivar Sivertsen, Hans Petter Hildre and ge Walen .................................................... 545
PROC-95-CONTENT
39

ISOPE Conference-1995

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ISOPE Conference-1995

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The Proceedings of

The Fifth (1995) International

How to Use This Table of Contents

Copyright 1995 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,

with cooperating societies and associations

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)

Offshore Mechanics and Technology

Offshore and Arctic Pipelines

OFFSHORE RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY

P. Michon, Cdt. Bossart and M. Cabioc'h .. ...................................................................................................... 44

TLP AND RINGING

FLOATING STRUCTURES AND PRODUCTION

Hydroelastic-Response Analysis of a Box-Like Floating Airport of Shallow Draft

OFFSHORE SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES

DEEP-OCEAN MINING AND DYNAMICS

EARTH ANCHORS ...........................................................................................................................................

SOIL DYNAMICS AND FROZEN SOIL

Numerical Simulation of Pipe Penetration in Non-Homogeneous Soil

The Hydrodynamics of a Wave-Power Device in a Tapered Harbour

How to Use This Table of Contents

Copyright 1995 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)

OFFSHORE AND ARCTIC PIPELINES

High Temperature Snaking Behaviour of Pipelines

Forces on Pipelines in Oblique Attack: Steady Current and Waves

RISERS, CABLES AND MOORING

MECHANICS OF CABLES AND MOORING

AUV, ROV & ROBOTICS

Map Based Navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

ICE TECHNOLOGY AND RUSSIAN ARCTIC

ICE COVER BEHAVIOR

ICE BREAKERS AND TRANSPORTATION

in the United States

How to Use This Table of Contents

Copyright 1995 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)

Various Boussinesq Solitary Wave Solutions

WAVE BREAKING AND STATISTICS

an Arbitrary Cross Section

Three-Dimensional Effects on Wave Forces on Horizontal Members of a Semisubmersible

Wataru Kioka and Sinji Hiraoka .................................................................................................................... 492

VORTEX AND VIBRATIONS

H. Persillon, M. Braza and G. Jin .................................................................................................................. 597

LABORATORY AND OCEAN MEASUREMENTS

How to Use This Table of Contents

Copyright 1995 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)

A. Abel, S. Wu and X. Yu ................................................................................................................................... 59

MATERIALS, WELDING AND CORROSION

Influence of Boundary Conditions and Plate Geometries on Buckling Optimization of

MECHANICS AND COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

Optimal Reliability-Based Planning of Experiments for POD Curves

MARINE AND SHIP TECHNOLOGY

Multidiscipline Dynamic Simulation of the New Veslefrikk Personnel Transfer Bridge

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