Revision Questions-Sem 3

Revision Questions- Sem 3
1. The lymphoid system is comprised of primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

Briefly describe the processes which occur in:
(i) Primary Lymphoid Organs ( mar!s)
(ii) "econdary Lymphoid Organs ( mar!s)
#. Pro$ide a brief summary of the role of the innate immune system in defense against
in$ading pathogens (1% mar!s)
&. List the !ey characteristics of an ac'uired (adapti$e) immune response (1% mar!s)
(. Briefly outline the immunological processes in$ol$ed in the establishment of immune
memory (1% mar!s)
. List the roles of complement in immune defense (1% mar!s)
). The uncontrolled acti$ation of complement is deleterious. *ow is complement acti$ity
regulated normally (1% mar!s)
+. ,hy is immune tolerance important for sur$i$al of the indi$idual- (1% mar!s)
.. ,hat is the difference between central and peripheral T/lymphocyte tolerance- (1%
mar!s)
0. List the ma1or components of immune defense at mucosal sites (1% mar!s)
1%. 2escribe the mechanisms for antigen processing and presentation $ia 3*4 class 5
and class 55 molecules to T lymphocytes. *ow do these different pathways lead to
appropriate defences against different types of microorganisms- (1 mar!s)
11. Outline the immune response obser$ed following primary and booster immuni6ation
1 month later with tetanus to7oid. 5nclude in your answer a comment on what you
consider to be a protecti$e immune response against tetanus. (1 mar!s)
1#. 5n the normal healthy person8 how is tolerance against self antigens and cross
reacting antigens maintained- (# mar!s)
1&. Briefly e7plain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs in regards to
energy conser$ation and carbon source. (( points)
1(. 9 $ery demanding (and forgetful) research professor as!ed you the culture the
bacterial organisms he is wor!ing on. *e did not lea$e any media behind for the
organisms before he left for the meeting of mad scientists. But he did lea$e behind a
description of their :trophs;. Organism 9 < psychrophilic8 barophile8 aerotolerant8
fastidious8 al!laphile. Organism B < thermophilic8 acidophilic8 obligate anaerobe8
non/fastidious. 2escribe the type of media and conditions you will grow these
organisms with. (( points)
1. List the three ma1or ways of maintaining (sa$ing) cultures. (& points)
1). 4ompare between e7oto7in and endoto7in (1% mar!s)
1+. 49"= "T>2?
9 )/year old child is complaining of superficial spreading crusty lesions on his face. 9
culture of his s!in lesions on blood agar showed numerous colonies surrounded by a
6one of beta haemolysis. 9 gram stained film from the colonies showed @ram
positi$e cocci arranged in bunches.
9 A ,hat is your probable diagnosis-
B A ,hat is the causati$e organism-
4 A 3ention the laboratory tests re'uired to confirm the diagnosis.
1.. 2escribe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of se7ually transmitted
Chlamydia trachomatis infection. 2escribe the factors that should be considered in
establishing a screening programme for this infection8 and the diagnostic options
a$ailable.
10. ?our district general hospital has se$eral endoscopy units on site with different
procedures for decontamination. ?ou ha$e therefore been as!ed to re$iew and
standardise endoscopy decontamination ser$ices. @i$e recommendations based on
best practice guidelines.
#%. ,hat are the main factors determining the pre$alence of 3ethicillin Besistant
Staphylococcus aureus infection in secondary and tertiary hospitals today- ,hat
measures would you recommend at the national le$el in order to reduce its
pre$alence-
#1. ,rite short notes for the following:
o Pathogenicity mechanisms in E. coli
o Listeria monocytogenes
o "trategies to pre$ent group B "treptococcal infection in Ceonates
o Salmonella typing
o ". pyogenes pathogenesis
o Neisseria meningitides $accines
o Pneumococcal con1ugate $accines
##. List the similarities and differences between passi$e diffusion and facilitated
diffusion.
#&. =7plain the structure and symmetry of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes as
suggested by the Dluid 3osaic 3odel. List the biochemicals that are present in or
attached to the cytoplasmic membranes of microorganisms.
#(. 2iagram and name four mechanisms bacteria use to transport materials across the
cytoplasmic membrane. Cote when energy and additional compounds are necessary
for any of these mechanisms to operate.
#. @i$e two other names for bacterial capsule and list fi$e functions proposed for it.
#). @i$e four lines of e$idence that support the =ndosymbiotic Theory of the origin of
eu!aryotic cells.
#+. 4arl ,oese suggested a phylogenetic classification scheme in 10.% that contained
how many domains- Came these domains and e7plain how the relationships in his
uni$ersal phylogenetic tree were determined.
#.. (9) 2iagram a @ram/positi$e and @ram/negati$e bacterial cell wall. (B) 2emonstrate
the differences in the chemical structure of these two types of bacterial cell walls. (4)
,here and when does penicillin affect bacterial cells- (2) =7plain how autolysins
affect the cell walls of @ram/negati$e bacteria and mycoplasmas.
#0. ,rite short notes for the following:
o ,rite the contributions of Pasteur and Bei1erin!.
o =7plain briefly the structure and functions of bacterial cell wall.
o Briefly e7plain the concept of containment facility.
o ,rite a commonly used method for isolation of pure culture of bacterium.
o 2istinguish between bacteria and mycoplasmas.

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Revision Questions- Sem 3

1. The lymphoid system is comprised of primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

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