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    Topic 6 - Specs Broken Down

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    Jacob
    The document outlines 20 topics for a biology exam, including: 1) the genetic code and transcription/translation processes, 2) how one gene can produce multiple proteins, 3) DNA profiling techniques, 4) bacterial and viral cell structure, 5) microbial roles in nutrient cycling, 6) pathogen barriers and immune responses in the human body, 7) HIV and tuberculosis infections, 8) immune system components and response types, 9) immunity development, 10) evolution of pathogens and hosts, 11) antibiotic mechanisms and resistance, 12) hospital-acquired infections, and 13) determining time of death.

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    Topic 6 - Specs Broken Down

    Uploaded by

    Jacob
    37 views4 pages
    The document outlines 20 topics for a biology exam, including: 1) the genetic code and transcription/translation processes, 2) how one gene can produce multiple proteins, 3) DNA profiling techniques, 4) bacterial and viral cell structure, 5) microbial roles in nutrient cycling, 6) pathogen barriers and immune responses in the human body, 7) HIV and tuberculosis infections, 8) immune system components and response types, 9) immunity development, 10) evolution of pathogens and hosts, 11) antibiotic mechanisms and resistance, 12) hospital-acquired infections, and 13) determining time of death.

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    The document outlines 20 topics for a biology exam, including: 1) the genetic code and transcription/translation processes, 2) how one gene can produce multiple proteins, 3) DNA profiling techniques, 4) bacterial and viral cell structure, 5) microbial roles in nutrient cycling, 6) pathogen barriers and immune responses in the human body, 7) HIV and tuberculosis infections, 8) immune system components and response types, 9) immunity development, 10) evolution of pathogens and hosts, 11) antibiotic mechanisms and resistance, 12) hospital-acquired infections, and 13) determining time of death.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    37 views4 pages

    Topic 6 - Specs Broken Down

    Uploaded by

    Jacob
    The document outlines 20 topics for a biology exam, including: 1) the genetic code and transcription/translation processes, 2) how one gene can produce multiple proteins, 3) DNA profiling techniques, 4) bacterial and viral cell structure, 5) microbial roles in nutrient cycling, 6) pathogen barriers and immune responses in the human body, 7) HIV and tuberculosis infections, 8) immune system components and response types, 9) immunity development, 10) evolution of pathogens and hosts, 11) antibiotic mechanisms and resistance, 12) hospital-acquired infections, and 13) determining time of death.

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    Topic 6 Spec Points Broken Down

    2. Explain the nature of the genetic code including the following:

    Triplet code 3 bases code for 1 amino acid


    Non-Overlapping triplets are adjacent to one another and no base within one triplet is
    included within the next triplet
    Degenerate more than one triplet codes for 1 amino acid

    3. Explain the process of transcription and translation include the role of the following

    mRNA
    tRNA
    Ribosomes
    Start and stop codons
    Template strand (antisense stand)
    DNA strand (sense strand)
    Codons on mRNA
    Anticodons on tRNA

    4. Explain how one gene can produce more than one protein through post transcriptional
    modification to mRNA. Changes to mRNA can include the addition or deletion of groups

    5. Describe how DNA profiling (electrophoresis/DNA fingerprinting) can be used to identify


    relationships between different organisms (plants and animals)

    6. Polymerase Chain Reaction practical

    7. Gel Electrophoresis practical

    8. Draw and label a bacterial cell and virus cell and be able to tell the difference between the two
    types of cells in terms of structure and cell components

    9. Describe how microorganisms are involved in decomposing organic matter through the secretion
    of enzymes

    Carbon is recycled through the atmosphere by microorganisms breaking down carbon compounds
    through the secretion of enzymes and then using the simple compounds for respiration and
    releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product back into the atmosphere

    Also ensure you know how nitrogen is recycled through the atmosphere (nitrogen cycle) paying
    particular attention to how proteins are broken down and the nitrogen from them returned to the
    atmosphere
    10. Describe the ways that pathogens can get into the body and the barriers that are in place to stop
    the pathogens from entering. The barriers should include the following:

    Role of skin (it is strong and contains keratin and creates a strong seal against infection)
    Stomach acid (Kills any pathogens that enter the stomach due to low pH)
    Gut and skin flora (good bacteria that grow on the surface of the skin and gut and
    outcompete pathogens that grow on these surfaces)

    11. Explain the sequence of HIV infection (retroviral pathway) from the point of viral cells attaching
    to potential host cells to the production of new virus particles

    Explain how HIV can lead to death of an individual and all the symptoms that are caused by HIV
    infection

    Explain the stages of infection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB) including the way that TB infects
    host cells

    Explain how TB can lead to death of an individual and all the symptoms that are caused by TB
    infection

    12. Describe the non-specific immune responses of the body to infection. This is the first line of
    defence to all infection. Be able to outline a full sequence of events explaining how the following
    work:

    Inflammation
    Lysozyme
    Interferon
    Phagocytosis
    Fever

    13. Define the terms antigen and antibody

    Explain how and why they are necessary, particularly their involvement in the immune response
    including plasma cells, macrophages and antigen presenting cells

    14. Outline the specific immune responses cell mediated and humoral and how they work
    separately as well as together

    Compare the roles of B cells (B memory and B effector) and T cells (T helper, T Killer and T memory)

    15. Explain how individuals develop immunity

    Be clear on how the following types of immunity develop and give examples of each type

    Natural
    Artificial
    Passive
    Active
    16. Discuss the theory of an evolutionary race between pathogens and their hosts. This theory says
    that as hosts evolve to be less susceptible to the pathogens, the pathogens are also evolving to
    become stronger and overcome the evasion mechanisms that the hosts have

    HIV and TB are evidence for the theory of an evolutionary race since they have their own evasion
    mechanisms

    HIV Quick mutation and changing antigens


    TB Dormancy and waxy layer

    17. Define bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics and be able to compare their modes of action
    and when they should be prescribed

    18. Antibiotics Practical

    Using different antibiotics on an agar plate with growing bacteria to investigate how well each one
    works by looking at the zones of inhibition and comparing them to one another

    19. Outline the factors that lead to hospital acquired infections such as MRSA and C.difficile (E.g.
    overuse of antibiotics and lack of hygiene)

    Explain how knowledge of the above factors has led to specific rules within hospitals to try and
    reduce, prevent and control hospital acquired infections. These rules relate to areas including
    antibiotic prescription and hygiene

    20. Describe how the time of death of a mammal can be determined using the following:

    The extent of decomposition How decomposed the body is


    Stage of succession How much the body had been colonised
    Forensic entomology Which insects have colonised the body
    Body temperature How much the body temperature had changed from core body
    temperature
    Degree of muscle contraction How contracted the muscle is including rigor mortis
    (complete contraction)

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