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    Assignment 1 Laser

    Uploaded by

    Nadhrah Murad
    This document discusses a liquid dye laser. 1. A liquid dye laser produces laser light using a liquid dye solution as the active medium. Nd:YAG lasers are commonly used to optically pump and excite the dye molecules. 2. Dye molecules have energy levels including S0, S1, and T1. Pumping promotes molecules to S1, then internal conversion populates the lowest S1 vibrational level for laser emission back to S0. 3. Efficiencies of liquid dye lasers can be over 25%, with output powers up to 1 watt and beam diameters around 0.5mm.

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    Assignment 1 Laser

    Uploaded by

    Nadhrah Murad
    712 views4 pages
    This document discusses a liquid dye laser. 1. A liquid dye laser produces laser light using a liquid dye solution as the active medium. Nd:YAG lasers are commonly used to optically pump and excite the dye molecules. 2. Dye molecules have energy levels including S0, S1, and T1. Pumping promotes molecules to S1, then internal conversion populates the lowest S1 vibrational level for laser emission back to S0. 3. Efficiencies of liquid dye lasers can be over 25%, with output powers up to 1 watt and beam diameters around 0.5mm.

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    laser medium, population inversion

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    This document discusses a liquid dye laser. 1. A liquid dye laser produces laser light using a liquid dye solution as the active medium. Nd:YAG lasers are commonly used to optically pump and excite the dye molecules. 2. Dye molecules have energy levels including S0, S1, and T1. Pumping promotes molecules to S1, then internal conversion populates the lowest S1 vibrational level for laser emission back to S0. 3. Efficiencies of liquid dye lasers can be over 25%, with output powers up to 1 watt and beam diameters around 0.5mm.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    712 views4 pages

    Assignment 1 Laser

    Uploaded by

    Nadhrah Murad
    This document discusses a liquid dye laser. 1. A liquid dye laser produces laser light using a liquid dye solution as the active medium. Nd:YAG lasers are commonly used to optically pump and excite the dye molecules. 2. Dye molecules have energy levels including S0, S1, and T1. Pumping promotes molecules to S1, then internal conversion populates the lowest S1 vibrational level for laser emission back to S0. 3. Efficiencies of liquid dye lasers can be over 25%, with output powers up to 1 watt and beam diameters around 0.5mm.

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    Assignment 1 | Laser Physics | SSP 4713

    Name : Nadhrah bt Murad


    Program : 4 SSZ
    I/C No. : 910723-06-5100
    Matric No. : AS 100097
    Lecturer : Dr Raja Kamaruzaman bin Raja Ibrahim
    Questions :
    Choose one type of laser. Discuss :-
    1. How laser can be produced
    2. Active medium used
    3. Energy level system
    4. Pumping source
    5. Laser system
    6. Efficiency

    Answers :
    Type of laser : Liquid laser ( Dye laser )
    No. Questions Answers
    1. How laser can be produced The light from a laser contains exactly one color or
    wavelength rather than a lot of different wavelengths.
    Scientists say that laser light is monochromatic, meaning
    of one color. All the wavelengths are in phase. That is,
    they are all "waving" together, like a well-timed audience
    "wave" at a football game.

    All the wave crests (high points) and troughs (low points)
    are lined up. Scientists say the laser light is coherent.
    While light waves from ordinary sources (such as
    flashlights, light bulbs, or the Sun) spread out in all
    directions. Laser light waves all travel in the same
    direction, exactly parallel to one another. This means that
    laser light beams are very narrow and can be concentrated
    on one tiny spot.


    Scientists say the laser light is collimated. Because the
    laser light is monochromatic, coherent, and collimated,
    all of its energy is focused to produce a small point of
    intense power. This focused power makes laser light
    useful for cutting and welding. It also makes it possible to
    control laser light very precisely and make it do all kinds of
    useful things.
    2. Active medium used
    In dye laser the liquid material called dye (for example
    rhodamine B, sodium fluoresein and rhodamie 6G) uses as
    an active medium, which causes to produce laser light.

    3. Energy level system

    The S
    0
    to S
    1
    transition covers a broad range of frequencies
    due to the rotational-vibrational energy levels. Once
    excited to the S
    1
    state, these molecules can de-excite to
    the lowest vibrational level of S
    1
    in a transition which
    takes a pico-second. This non-radiative decay is referred to
    as internal conversion. Transitions from this lowest
    vibrational level of S
    1
    to the vibrational levels of S
    0
    can
    occur spontaneously. A further possibility is that
    molecules nonradiatively move from S
    1
    to T
    1
    , or S
    2
    to
    T
    2
    . Spontaneous emission occur from T
    1
    to S
    0
    .

    4. Pumping source
    Nd-YAG laser is used to excite the dye. Their setup
    looked like:




    5. Laser system The pumping process works like this:
    1. Rapid excitation of a vibrational-rotational level of S
    1

    2. Internal conversion to the lowest vibrational level of S
    1

    3. Laser emission to the vibrational-rotational levels of
    S
    0
    sufficiently far above the ground state that their
    populations are low (Davis 251).
    The system needs the S
    1
    state to be heavily populated
    because of the broad fluorescence
    spectrum. Furthermore, intersystem crossing populates
    T
    1
    and absorption can occur from the same wavelengths
    as emitted in the fluorescence. This loss must be
    minimized and is done so by adding substances such as
    oxygen or detergents to the dye. This can further be done
    by using a dye solution in which intersystem crossing is
    unlikely to occur. Using the Nd-YAG laser, however, the
    transfer to the triplet state can be ignored because of the
    short laser pulses. When the pump intensity is sufficient
    to achieve an upper level population density, the lower
    level is scarcely populated.

    6. Efficiency The output power of dye lasers can be considered to start
    from 1 watt with no theoretical upward limit. The output
    beam diameter is typically 0.5mm and the beam
    divergence is from 0.8 to 2 milli radians. The conversion
    efficiency of the light from the pumping source to an
    output from the dye laser is relatively high approximately
    25%.

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