National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012

105

Physical Media Dependent Sublayer With
Effective Randomization For Welch
Spectrum Shaping of Fixed Broadband
Wireless Acess
Chandika Mohan Babu
SECE (D3)
Lovely Professional University
Hyderabad, INDIA
mohaniitkgp08@gmail.com


Sudipta Ghosh
SECE
Lovely Professional University
Kolkata, INDIA
sudipta.kanti@gmail.com




Ankit Bass
SECE
Lovely Professional University
Bareilly, INDIA
bassankit@gmail.com
ABSTRACTOrthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) is a special case of multicarrier
transmission, where a single data stream is
transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has been chosen as modulation technique for different
application wireless communications. OFDM can
provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to
radio channel impairments. The purpose of this paper
is to provide a Matlab simulation of the basic
processing involved in the generation and reception of
an OFDM signal in a physical channel and to provide
a description of each of the steps involved. For this
purpose, we shall use one of the proposed OFDM
signals of the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
standard for the European digital television service
i.e. Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial (DVB-T).
Keywords Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing(OFDM), Digital Video Broadcasting-
Terrestrial(DVB-T),.(FFT),(IFFT)

I. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) is the modulation technique for European
standards applications such as the Digital Audio
Broadcasting (DAB) and the Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB) systems. As such it has
received much attention and has been proposed for
many other applications, including local area
networks and personal communication systems.
OFDM is a type of multichannel modulation that
divides a given channel into many parallel
subchannels or subcarriers, so that multiple
symbols are sent in parallel. Earlier overviews of
OFDM can be found in. The type of OFDM that
we will describe in this article uses the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) with acyclic prefix. DFT
(implemented with a fast Fourier transform (FFT))
and the cyclic prefix have made OFDM both
practical and attractive to the radio link designer.
A similar multichannel modulation scheme,
discrete multitone (DMT) modulation, has been
developed for static channels such as the digital
subscriber loop. DMT also uses DFTs and the
cyclic prefix but has the additional feature of bit-
loading which is generally not used in OFDM.
OFDM also has some drawbacks. Because OFDM
divides a given spectral allotment into many
narrow subcarriers each with inherently small
carrier spacing, it is sensitive to carrier frequency
errors. Furthermore, to preserve the orthogonality
between subcarriers, the amplifiers need to be
linear. OFDM systems also have a high peak-to-
average power ratio or crest-factor, which may
require a large amplifier power back-off and a
large number of bits in the analog-to-digital (A/D)
and digital-to-analog (D/A) designs. All these
requirements can put a high demand on the
transmitter and receiver design.

II. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(OFDM)
OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation technique
where data symbols modulate a sub-carrier which
is taken from orthogonally separated sub-carriers
with a separation of fk within each sub-carrier.
Here, the spectra of sub-carrier is overlapping; but
the sub-carrier signals are mutually orthogonal,
which is utilizing the bandwidth very efficiently.
To maintain the orthogonality, the minimum
separation between the sub-carriers should be fk
to avoid ICI (Inter Carrier Interference). By
National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012
106

choosing the sub-carrier spacing properly in
relation to the channel coherence bandwidth.
OFDM can be used to convert a frequency
selective channel into a parallel collection of
frequency flat sub-channels. Techniques that are
appropriate for flat fading channels can then be
applied in a straight forward fashion .

A. SIGNAL MODEL
A communication system with multi-carrier
modulation transmits Nc complex-valued
source symbol
1
Sn , n =0, ... , N c - 1, in
parallel on N c sub-carriers. The source symbols
may, for instance, be obtained after source and
channel coding, interleaving, and symbol
mapping [2]. The source symbol duration Ts of
the serial data symbols results after serial- to-
parallel conversion in the OFDM symbol
duration.
s c d T N T = (1)
The principle of OFDM is to modulate the Nc sub-
streams on sub-carriers with a spacing of

1/ s s F T = (2)
in order to achieve orthogonality between the
signals on the Nc sub-carriers, presuming a
rectangular pulse shaping. The Nc parallel
modulated source symbols Sn, n =0, . . . , Nc 1,
are referred to as an OFDM symbol. The complex
envelope of an OFDM symbol with rectangular
pulse shaping has the form

1
2
0
1
( )
c
n
N
j f t
n
c
n
x t S
N
e

=
=

, 0 s t T <
(3)
The Nc sub-carrier frequencies are located at
n
s
n
f
T
= , 0,......., 1 c n N = (4)
Note that in this figure the power density spectrum
is shifted to the center frequency. The symbols Sn,
n =0, . . . , Nc 1, are transmitted with equal
power. The dotted curve illustrates the power
density spectrum of the first modulated sub-carrier
and indicates the construction of the overall power
density spectrum as the sum of Nc individual
power density spectra, each shifted by Fs . For
large values of Nc, the power density spectrum
becomes flatter in the normalized frequency range
of 0.5 _ fTd _ 0.5 containing the Nc subchannels.
Only sub-channels near the band edges contribute
to the out-of-band power emission.Therefore, as Nc
becomes large, the power density spectrum
approaches that of single carrier modulation with
ideal Nyquist filtering [1]. A key advantage of
using OFDM is that multi-carrier modulation can
be implemented in the discrete domain by using an
IDFT, or a more computationally efficient IFFT.
When sampling the complex envelope x(t) of an
OFDM symbol with rate 1/Td the samples are
1
2 /
0
1
c
c
N
j nv N
v n
c
x S
N
e

=

, 0,......., 1 c v N =
(5)
The normalized power spectrum of OFDM is
shown in Fig. 1
















III. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCAST-
TERRESTRIAL (DVB-T)

DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial; it is the DVB European-
based consortium standard for the broadcast
transmission of digital terrestrial television that
was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in
the UK in 1998. This system transmits
compressed digital audio, digital video and other
data in an MPEG transport stream, using
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) modulation. Rather than carrying the
data on a single radio frequency (RF) carrier,
OFDM works by splitting the digital data stream
into a large number of slower digital streams,
each of which digitally modulate a set of closely
spaced adjacent carrier frequencies. In the case
of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number
of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These
are actually 1,705 or 6,817 carriers that are
approximately 4 kHz or 1 kHz apart.







Figure 1. Normalized power spectrum of OFDM








-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
frequency, MHz
p
o
w
e
r

s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
Transmit spectrum OFDM (based on 802.11a)

National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012
107

DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes
(QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM).DVB-T as a digital
transmission delivers data in a series of discrete
blocks at the symbol rate [5]. DVB-T is a OFDM
transmission technique which includes the use of a
Guard Interval. It allows the receiver to cope
with strong multipath situations. Within a
geographical area, DVB-T also allows single-
frequency network (SFN) operation, where two or
more transmitters carrying the same data operate
on the same frequency[3]. In such cases the signals
from each transmitter in the SFN needs to be
accurately time-aligned, which is done by sync
information in the stream and timing at each
transmitter referenced to GPS[5]. The length of the
Guard Interval can be chosen. It is a trade-off
between data rate and SFN capability. The longer
the guard interval the larger is the potential SFN
area without creating intersymbol interference
(ISI). It is possible to operate SFNs which do not
fulfill the guard interval condition if the self-
interference is properly planned and monitored.
DVB-T has been adopted or proposed for digital
television broadcasting by many countries, using
mainly VHF 7 MHz and UHF 8 MHz channels
whereas Taiwan, Colombia, Panama, Trinidad
and Tobago and the Philippines use 6 MHz
channels. DVB-T has been further developed
into newer standards such as DVB-H , now in
operation, and DVB-T2, which was recently
finalized. The general block diagram of DVB-T
transmitter is shown in Fig. 2.

A. DVB-T TRANSMISSION

The first task to consider is that the OFDM
spectrum is centered on f
c
i.e., subcarrier 1 is
7.162 MHz to the left of the carrier and
subcarrier 1,705 is 7.162 MHz to the right. One
simple way to achieve the centering is to use a 2N-
IFFT and T/2 as the elementary period. As we can
see in Table 1 [3], the OFDM symbol
duration,TU, is specified considering a 2,048-
IFFT (N=2,048); therefore, we shall use a 54,096-
IFFT. A block diagram of the generation of one
OFDM symbol is shown in Fig. 3, where we have
indicated the variables used in the Matlab code.

Figure 3.Generation of OFDM symbols for DVB-T

The next task to consider is the appropriate
simulation period. T is defined as the elementary
period for a baseband signal, but since we are
simulating a passband signal, we have to relate it
to a time period, 1/Rs, that considers at least
twice the carrier frequency. For simplicity, we
use an integer relation, Rs=40/T. This relation
gives a carrier frequency close to 90 MHz, which
is in the range of a VHF channel five, a common
TV channel in any city. We can now proceed to
describe each of the steps specified by the
encircled letters in Fig. 3.


Figure.2 Block diagram of Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T)
National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012
108

As suggested we add 4,096-1,705=2,391 zeros to the
signal info at (A) to achieve over- sampling, 2X, and
to center the spectrum. In Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, we can
observe the result of this operation and that the
signal carriers uses T/2 as its time period. We can
also notice that carriers is the discrete time baseband
signal. We could use this signal in baseband discrete-
time domain simulations, but we must recall that
the main OFDM drawbacks occur in the continuous
time domain; therefore, we must provide a
simulation tool for the latter. The first step to
produce a continuous-time signal is to apply a
transmit filter, g(t), to the complex signal carriers.
The impulse response, or pulse shape, of g(t) is
shown in Fig. 6.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
Figure 4. Time response of signal carriers
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
7
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
Figure.5 Frequency response of signal carriers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
-8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Figure.6 Pulse shape g(t)
The output of this transmit filter is shown in Fig. 7 in the
time-domain and in Fig. 8 in the frequency-domain. The
frequency response of Fig. 8 is periodic as required of the
frequency response of a discrete-time system , and the
bandwidth of the spectrum shown in this figure is given
by Rs. U(t).s period is 2/T, and we have (2/T=18.286)-
7.61=10.675 MHz of transition bandwidth for the
reconstruction filter. If we were to use an N-IFFT, we
would only have (1/T=9.143)-7.61=1.533 MHz of
transition bandwidth; therefore, we would require a very
sharp roll-off, hence high complexity, in the
reconstruction filter to avoid aliasing.
The proposed reconstruction or D/A filter response is
shown in Fig. 9. It is a Butterworth filter of order 13 and
cut-off frequency of approximately 1/T.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50

Figure.7 Time response of signal U
National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012
109

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
20
40
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
Figure.8 Frequency response of signal U
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
8
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Figure.9 D/A filter response
The filters output is shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11.
The first thing to notice is the delay of approximately
2*10
-7
produced by the filtering process. Besides this
delay, the filtering performs as expected since we are
left with only the baseband spectrum. We must recall
that subcarriers 853 to 1705 are located at the right of
0 Hz, and the subcarriers 1 to 852 are to the left of 4
Hz. The next step is to perform the quadrature
amplitude modulation(QAM) of the signal named
UOFT in Fig. 3. In this modulation, an in phase
signal and a quadrature signal are modulated.

PARAMETER 2K mode
Elementary period T 7/64s
Number of carriers K 1705
Value of K
min
0
Value of K
max
1704
Duartion T
u
224s
Carrier spacing 1/T
u
4464 Hz
Spacing between k
min
and
K
max
(K-1)/T
u

7.61 MHz
Allowed guard interval 1/8 1/16 1/32
Duration of T
u
224s
Duration of guard interval 56s 28 s 14 s 7 s
Symbol Duration 280s 252s 238s 231 s

Table.1 Parameter values used in simulation

2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x 10
-7
-100
-50
0
50
100
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x 10
-7
-100
-50
0
50
Figure.10 Time response of the filter output (UOFT)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
20
40
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
Figure.11 Frequency response of the filter output (UOFT)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x 10
-7
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80

Figure.12 Time response of the ouput signal s(t)
National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012
110

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
10
20
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
Figure.13 Frequency response of the output signal s(t)
B. DVB-T RECEPTION

The design of an OFDM receiver is open; i.e.,there are
only transmission standards [4]. With an open receiver
design, most of the research and innovations are done in
the receiver. For example, the frequency sensitivity
drawback is mainly a transmission channel prediction
issue ,something that is done at the receiver ;therefore, we
shall only present a basic receiver structure in this report.
OFDM is very sensitive to timing and frequency offsets.
Even in this ideal simulation environment , we have to
consider the delay produced by the filtering operation. For
our simulation, the delay produced by the reconstruction
and demodulation filters is about td=64/Rs. This delay is
enough to impede the reception, and it is the cause of the
slight differences we can see between the transmitted
and received signals. With the delay taken care of, the
rest of the reception process is straightforward. As in the
transmission case, we specified the names of the
simulation variables and the output processes in the
reception description of Fig.14 shown below. The results
of this simulation are shown in Fig.15 to Fig.22.





0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-50
0
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
150

Figure.15 Time response of signal r_tilde
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
10
20
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate

Figure.16 Frequency response signal of r_tilde
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-50
0
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
150

Figure.17 Time response of signal r_info
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
20
40
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate

Figure.18 Frequency response signal r_info
Figure 14: OFDM reception

National Conference on Emerging Trends in Intelligent Computing & Communication , 13-14 April 2012
111

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-50
0
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
150

Figure.19 Time response of signal r_data
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
7
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Frequency (MHz)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
H
z
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
Figure.20 Frequency response of signal r_data
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
info-h Received Constellation
Figure.21 info_h constellation
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
a
h
at 4-QAM
Figure.22 a_hat constellation


IV. Conclusion

The transmission and reception model has been given
in detail with the welch power spectral density
estimation for multipath situation with respect to
different frequency response of the received signal.


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