A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

P.EDWINYEASU

(100106811012)

S.KAVINKUMAR

(100106811025)

G.MOHANRAJ

(100106811029)

S.MADHANKUMAR (110406811011)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SALEM-637-504

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600025

APRIL2014

ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certifiedthat this project report A NOVEL APPROACH IN AUTOMATION OF
DRINKING

WATER

SUPPLY

SCADA is the bonafide work of

S.KAVINKUMAR

(100106811025),

SYSTEM

USING

P.EDWINYEASU
G.MOHANRAJ

PLC

AND

(100106811012),
(100106811029)

and

S.MADHANKUMAR (110406811011) ,Who carried out the project work under

my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

Dr.N. SUTHANTHIRA VANITHA, M.E., Ph.D.,

Mrs.S.KALPANADEVI, M.E,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Professor

Associate Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics

Department of Electrical and

Engineering

Electronics Engineering

Knowledge Institute of Technology

Knowledge Institute of Technology

Salem- 637 504

Salem 637 504

Submitted for the university viva voice examination held on ..

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank our beloved President Thiru.T.MARAPPAN, B.Lit., and all the members
of Knowledge Institute of Technology Trust at this high time for providing us with
plethora of facilities to complete the Project successfully.
We take privilege to express our profound thanks to our beloved Principal
Dr.PSS.SRINIVASAN, M.Tech (IIT-B),Ph.D., who has been a bastion of moral
strength and a source of incessant encouragement to us for carrying out this project
work.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr.N.SUTHANTHIRAVANITHA, M.E,Ph.D.,
Professor and Head of the Department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for
her valuable guidance and suggestions.
We thanks the Project supervisor Mrs.S.KALPANADEVI, M.E., Associate
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and review
committee members for their valuable suggestion for completion of the project work
successfully.
We take privilege to express our sincere thanks to our Project coordinator
Mr.S.MOHANAVEL, M.E., Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, for providing the required facilities and suggestions
throughout the project.
We also thanks our parents, teaching and non-teaching faculty members of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department and all my fellow students who
stood with us to complete the project work successfully.
ii

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT
In recent day's there is a rapid development in urban residential area, whereas in case
of water distribution system they are using traditional method, which is not atomized.
In this proposed method, PLC is used to monitor the theft and to control the water
supply in distribution line. The best way to improve the water distribution system is
by using industrial PLC and SCADA system, which includes all network components
like flow sensor, GSM modules, pH sensor etc. The water theft can be best monitored
by the flow variations given by the flow sensors mounted on the channels. The
reliable instrumentation connected to PLC assures real time monitoring of the main
technological parameters of large water distribution networks. The data acquired of
SCADA system represents the support for optimization of the process and datadriven Decision Support System (DSS).The proposed idea is simulated by using
PLC and SCADA .

iii

CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

NO
ABSTRACT

PAGE
NO
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iv

LIST OF FIGURE

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

viii

LIST OF TABLE

ix

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

LITERATURE SURVEY

3.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.

3.1

Block diagram

3.2

Flow sensor

3.3

pH sensor

3.4

Water level sensor

3.5

Stirrer motor relay

3.6

Distribution Valve

3.7

Global System for Mobile Communication

10

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

4.1

Introduction

11

4.2

Architecture of a PLC

12

4.3

Processor Unit

13

5.

4.4

Memory Types

15

4.5

Input Module

16

4.6

Output Module

16

4.7

Gates

24

4.7.1 Ladder OR Gate

25

4.7.2 Ladder AND Gate

26

4.7.3 Ladder NOR Gate

27

4.7.4 Exclusive OR Gate

28

4.7.5 AND NOT (NAND) Gate

29

4.8Inputs

30

4.9Outputs

31

4.10Internal Memory Bits (Relays)

31

4.11Performance

32

4.12Optional Features

33

SUPERVISORY

CONTROL

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION
5.1 Introduction

34

5.2 Special Intouch Features

34

5.3 Application Explorer

35

5.4 Active X Container

35

5.5 Remote Tag Name Referencing

35

6.

5.6 Tag Name Cross Referencing

36

5.7

Local Variables

36

5.8

Factory Focus

36

5.9

General Information

37

5.10 Application Development In Intouch Involves

37

5.11 Script

38

5.12 Application Scripts

38

5.13 Window Script

38

5.14 Applications Of SCADA

38

SIMULATION OUTPUT
6.1 Simulation Output of PLC

39

6.2 Simulation Output of SCADA(INTOUCH)

41

7.

CONCLUSION

44

8.

FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

45

REFERENCES

46

APPENDIX
Version Information About Intouch

47

PUBLICATIONS

48

vii

FIGURE
NO

LIST OF FIGURES
NAME OF THE FIGURE

PAGE NO

3.1

Block diagram of the proposed system

3.2

Flow Sensor

3.3

pH Sensor

3.4

Water Level Sensor

3.5

Stirrer Motor Relay

4.1

Architecture of a PLC

12

4.2

OR Gate

29

4.3

AND Gate

30

4.4

NOR Gate

31

4.5

EXOR Gate

32

4.6

NAND Gate

33

6.1

PLC Simulation Output

45

6.2

Process of the SCADA

47

6.3
6.4
6.5

Station of the SCADA

48

Control Window

48

Trend Window
ABBREVIATIONS

SCADA

47

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

PLC

Programmable Logic Controller

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

GUIs

Graphical User Interfaces

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication

GPRS

General Packet Radio Services

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

MSB

Most Significant Bit

LSB

Least Significant Bit

CMOS-RAM

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor-RAM

PROM

Programmable Read Only Memory

UVPROM

Ultraviolet Programmable Read Only Memory

EAROM

Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory

EEPROM

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

viii
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE
NO
4.1

NAME OF THE TABLE

PAGE NO

Relationship Between Decimal And Binary

18

4.2

Positive Bytes of MSB and LSB

22

4.3

Negative Bytes of MSB and LSB

23

4.4

OR Gate

26

4.5

AND Gate

27

4.6

NOR Gate

28

4.7

EXOR Gate

29

4.8

NAND Gate

30

5.1

Script

37

ix

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION
Traditional drinking water supply system is facing many problems related to
filtration, pumping of water, distribution of water and testing of water Conventional
water supply department comprises three different sections for water supply.
1. First is the pumping station, which does the sucking of water from water
source.
2. The second section is a filtration department in which measurement of pH and
chlorine is done.
3. Third section is the distribution section through which water is distributed in
all the municipal wards.
Currently these three sections are working independently. The major problems in
water supply system are, leakage or wastage of water and the majority public is using
suction motors to suck water from main supply connection, which results decrease in
water pressure.
To overcome above said problems an automated system has been proposed which
enhances the water distribution, reduces wastage of water as well as identify the theft
of water and control the water supply. The water supply system is a part of the urban
infrastructure which must assure the continuity of the water distribution, water
quality control and the monitoring. The use of water diversity increases because of
restriction imposed by the water availability, hydrological conditions, storage
capability of tank, control and process parameters .The system includes pumping
stations, filtering treatment utilities, storage tanks, piping distribution network and
central dispatching unit. The complete SCADA system structure

includes one or more central main-station (PC based) that communicates with more
PLCs implemented into the pumping stations. The PLC(s) handle the direct control
of the technological process whereas the central dispatching unit user interfaces
SCADA.
The treatment of data is implemented by the central station. The reduction of the
operating cost as well as reduction in the water losses is now possible by the
implementation of an intelligent control system. This offers the support for the
optimization of the functional exploitation strategy and the optimization of equipment
use. The global online supervision of the water distribution network is realized by the
central dispatching operator as well as the remote control of the actuators installed
into the most important points of the system. According to the requirements of the
water flow condition, the pressure and flow transducers are installed in booster
stations or measuring points throughout the network.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.LITERATURE SURVEY
J.P.Shri tharanyaa,A.jagadeesan,A.lavanya Theft identification and automated water
supply system using embedded technology, this system is based on

remote water

monitoring and theft prevention system by recording the flow rates at the
consumer/user end. In order to implement the proposed water supply system, each
consumer end should be provided with an embedded based water flow monitoring
system consisting of a microcontroller to record the flow rate using a flow sensor and
to transmit the same to a remote monitoring station using wireless transmitter and it is
also provided with an electrically operated solenoid valve to supply water to the
consumers. The valve turns on/off by the central processing station PC to stop the
water supply whenever the flow rate exceed a predefined limit. It is proposed to
employ a GSM MODEM for wireless communication so that the information can be
passed to many responsible officers cell phone for immediate action.
Shaik Kaja Rahamtulla , M.Harsha Priya Drinking water supply control and water
theft identification system, In this automation system, based upon utilization of an
electronic sensor unit ESU and PC systems including all the network components like
Zigbee helps us the best way to improve the water distribution technological process.
The theft of water can be best monitored by the flow variations calculated by the flow
sensors mounted on the channels. The system includes Remote Terminal Units
RTU, specific transducers distributed on a wide geographical area and control and
power panels for the pump stations. The reliable instrumentation connected to
Electronic Sensor Unit

ESU or RTU assure real time monitoring of the main

technological parameters of large water distribution networks. The data acquired of

SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) signify the

support for optimization of the process and acquisition facility for different sensors
(specific for water pressure, flow, level or chemical component concentration) using
digital and analog modules; which insure the preliminary signal treatment and
wireless data communication to the dispatching unit. The SCADA system
implemented to the central dispatching unit manages the data communication with
all the PLCs, which store the received data from measuring points and data- driven
decision Support System. The complete SCADA system for water distribution enable
the user to get a high operation safety of the network, a cost effective use of
equipment, energy efficiency and optimize the daily operation and maintenance
procedures.
Gouthaman.J, Bharathwajanprabhu.R & Srikanth.A Automated urban drinkingwater
supplycontrol and water theft identification system. The water theft can be best
monitored by the flow variations given by the flow sensors mounted on the channels.
The system includes Remote Terminal Units (RTU), flow transducers and actuators
distributed on a wide geographical area, control and power panels for the pump
stations etc. The reliable instrumentation connected to RTU assure real time
monitoring of the main technological parameters of large water distribution networks.
The data acquired of SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
represent the support for optimization of the process and data- driven Decision
Support System (DSS).
Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra, Simplcio Arnaud da Silva and Heber Pimentel
Gomes Operational optimisation of water supply networks using a fuzzy
system.This paper presents a fuzzy system to control the pressure in a water
distribution network, by using valves and controlling the rotor speed of the pumping

systems. The variable frequency drive tracks the minimum head of the pumping
system, while the control valves have the function of eliminating the excess pressure
at various points of the network. The control system can track any reference pressure
value and there is no limit for the number of monitored points. Experiments were
carried out to demonstrate the fuzzy systems efficiency. By extrapolating the results
achieved in the experimental setup to a real hydraulic network with leakages and no
pressure control, the volumetric losses could be reduced by more than 56%. The
experiments showed that the system is robust enough to control the pressure of an
experimental setup of water distribution. Besides, the proposed system can be easily
applied to similar water supply systems and would help to reduce the consumption of
water and electricity, as well as to reduce the maintenance costs.

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram of proposed system is shown in fig 3.1.This system consists of
pH sensor,level sensor,flow sensor,GSM module,stirrer motor,distribution valve and
PLC.

Fig.3.1 Block diagram of the proposed system

3.2 FLOW SENSORS

Fig.3.2 Flow sensor

A flow sensor is a device for sensing the rate of fluid flow. Typically a flow
sensor is the sensing element used in a flow meter, or flow logger, to record the flow
of fluids. As is true for all sensors, absolute accuracy of a measurement requires a
functionality for calibration.There are various kinds of flow sensors and flow meters,
including some that have a vane that is pushed by the fluid, and can drive a rotary
potentiometer, or similar devices.Other flow sensors are based on sensors which
measure the transfer of heat caused by the moving medium. This principle is common
for microsensors to measure flow.
Flow meters are related to devices called velocimeters that measure velocity of
fluids flowing through them. Laser-based interferometry is often used for air flow
measurement, but for liquids, it is often easier to measure the flow. Another approach
is Doppler-based methods for flow measurement.Hall effect sensors may also be
used, on a flapper valve, or vane, to sense the position of the vane, as displaced by
fluid flow.

3.3 pH SENSORS

Fig.3.3 pH sensor
A pH sensor is an instrument that measures the pH value of a liquid. pH is the
concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. By measuring pH a liquid can
then be classified as alkaline, acidic or neutral.

3.4 WATER LEVEL SENSOR

Fig.3.4Water level sensor

A low-voltage electronic circuit that senses upper and lower water levels is
often used for alarms and sump-pump activation. Since an electronic sensor has no
moving mechanical parts, it eliminates problems with corrosion and wear and tear.

The sensor must have distinct cut-on and cutoff trigger levels. If it controls a sump
pump, the difference between trigger levels prevents the pump from being shortcycled and possibly damaged.

3.5 STIRRER MOTOR RELAY

Fig.3.5 Stirrer motor relay

The stirrer fan used to circulate the microwaves is mounted on top of the
cavity. Some manufacturers use a pulley to drive the fan from the magnetron blower
motor, others use a separate stirrer motor attached directly to the fan. Once the stirrer
fan is attached, a stirrer shield is screwed on top of the fan assembly. The shield
prevents dirt and grease from entering the waveguide, where they could produce
arcing and damage the magnetron.

3.6 DISTRIBUTION VALVE

The lines of distribution valves includes the shortcut valve and shortstop valve.
All are designed for use with the shortstop plugging systems for hot tapping and
shortstop plugging operations.
They are temporary valves that are used with drilling or tapping machines and
shortstop plugging machines. Their compact size reduces the travel required for the
drilling machines boring bar to make taps. The valves are full opening, permitting

passage of drills,hole saws, cutters, plugging heads and completion plugs.

3.7 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

It is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular
networks used by mobile phones. It is the de facto global standard for mobile
communications with over 90% market share.
The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation (1G)
analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit-switched network
optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This was expanded over time to include
data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then packet data transport
via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for
GSM Evolution or EGPRS).

10

CHAPTER 4
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER

4. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

4.1 INTRODUCTION
A PLC is a solid state device designed to perform the logic functions
previously accomplished by components such as electromechanical relays, drum
switches, mechanical timers/counters etc. for the control and operation of
manufacturing process equipment and machinery. Even though the electromechanical
relay (control relays, pneumatic timer relays, etc.) have served well for many
generations often under adverse conditions, the ever Increasing Sophistication and
complexity of modern processing equipment requires faster acting, more reliable
control functions that electromechanical relays or timing devices cannot offer. Relays
have to be hardwired to perform a specific function, and when the system
requirements change, the relay wiring has to be changed or modified. In extreme
cases, such as in the auto industry, complete control panels had to be replaced since it
was not economically feasible to rewire the old panels with each model changeover.
The requirement of highly specialized, high speed manufacturing processes
created a demand for smaller, faster acting, more reliable, low power consuming,
expandable, eliminating much of the hard wiring control devices called PLCs.The
PLC is also designed to operate in the industrial environment with wide ranges of
ambient temperature, vibration, and humidity and is not usually affected by the
electrical noise that is inherent in most industrial locations. Troubleshooting is
simplified in most PLCs because they include fault indicators, blown-fuse indicators,
input and output status indicators, and written fault information that can be displayed
on the programmer. PC is often used for programming and monitoring the PLC,
however some PLC manufacturers also offer hand-held programming channels &

11

dedicated programmers.

4.2 ARCHITECTURE OF A PLC

Fig.4.1 Architecture of a PLC

A Typical PLC can be divided into four components, processor unit, power
supply, input/output section & the programming device. The processor is the
decision-maker or Brain of the system. The brain is a microprocessor-based system
that replaces control relays, counters, timers, sequencers etc. and is designed so that
the user can enter the desired program in LADDER LOGIC. The processor then
makes all decisions necessary to carry out the user program based on the status of the
inputs and outputs for control of a machine or process. It can also perform arithmetic
functions, data manipulation and communications between the local input / output
section & remotely located I/O sections.
The power supply is necessary to convert 120 or 240 volts AC voltages to the
law voltage DC required for the logic circuits of the processor and for internal power
required for the I/O modules. The input/output section consists of input modules and
12

output modules (I/O Modules). The number of input and output modules necessary is
dictated by the requirements of the equipment that is to be controlled by a PLC. The
real world input devices can be push buttons, limit switches, analog sensors, selector
switches etc. while the real-world output devices can be hard-wired to coils, solenoid
valves, indicator lights, positioning valves etc. PLC system generates the functions of
relays, timers, counters and so on even though none physically exists.With its
dedicated I/O (analog & digital), hardware, scanner processing and ladder logic
programming, PLC today represent the optimum way to achieve industrial control.

4.3 PROCESSOR UNIT

The processor unit houses the microprocessor, memory and communications
circuitry necessary for the processor to operate and communicate with the I/O and
other peripheral equipment. The DC power required for the processor is provided
either by a power supply that is an integral part of the processor unit or by a separate
power supply unit. Processor or brain of the PLC is the decision maker that
controls the operation of the equipment to which it is connected. It also controls the
operation of the output devices that are connected to the output modules based on the
status of the input devices and the program that has been entered into memory.
Processors control as few as 8 or as many as 40,000 real world inputs outputs. The
larger the number of input and output devices that are required for the process, the
more powerful the processor must be to properly control the number of I/O that will
be connected.
The processor may be a self-contained unit or may be modular in design. Processor
scan does the following:
1. Determines the status of input devices

13

2. Interpret logic of program (read and solve ladder logic)

3. Update(turn ON or OFF output devices)
4. Communication with connected devices & housekeeping (updating internal)
Normally, before any output devices can be turned ON or OFF, the processor
has to scan the entire program that is in user memory. The program may be only of a
few rungs or it may be hundreds of pages in length, depending on the equipment that
is being controlled. Some input devices operate so fast that by the time the user
program can be read and solved and outputs updated, the input device may have
changed positions more than once since the processor originally determined its status
at the start of the scan. It may be true for an output device that may be updated sooner
than a regular scan will allow. To solve this problem, many PLCs have special
program instructions that allow critical or high-speed input an output devices to be
updated sooner than would be possible under normal scan conditions. Special
instructions actually interrupt the scan when it is reading the program and allow I/O
devices to be updated immediately.
Memory section of the processor consists of hundreds or thousands locations
where information is stored. It is divided into two parts, user and storage. The user
memory is for storage of the user program, which contains the ladder logic, or
instructions that control the driven equipment. The storage memory is used to store
information such as input/ output status, timer or counter preset/accumulated values
and internal control relays etc. that are necessary for the processor to control the
equipment.
The Memory chips used in the processor can be separated into two distinct

14

Groups, volatile (one that looses its stored information when power is removed) and
non-volatile (has the ability to retain stored information when power is removed,
accidentally or intentionally). Backup batteries included in the processor power
supply protect volatile memory. The battery may be D sized dry cells re-chargeable
nickel cadmium or non-rechargeable alkaline, lithium types.

4.4 MEMORY TYPES

The most common type of volatile memory is Random Access Memory
(RAM). Information can be written into, or read from a RAM chip and is often
referred to as read / write memory. Information stored in memory can be retrieve or
read. While write indicates that the user can program or write information into the
memory. Random access refers to the ability of any location (address) in the memory
to be accessed or used. RAM is used for both the user memory and storage memory
in many PLCs. Since RAM is volatile, it must have battery backup to retain or protect
the stored program. Various forms of RAM include MOS and CMOS-RAM
(complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor). CMOS RAM is very popular because
it has a very low current drain when not being accessed (15 micro amps) and
information stored in memory can be retained by as little as 2 V DC. A typical fully
charged lithium battery is rated 2.95 V at 1.75 amps/hour and normally holds or
protects a program for 60 days or longer.
1. Read Only Memory (ROM)
2. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
3. Ultraviolet Programmable Read Only Memory (UPROM)
4. Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory(EAROM)
5. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)

15
4.5 INPUT MODULE
There are many types of input modules to choose from. The type of input
module used is dependent upon what real world input to the PLC is desired. Some
examples of inputs are limit switches, electric eyes, and pushbuttons. DC inputs, such
as thumbwheel switches, can be used to enter integer values to be manipulated by the
PLC. DC input cards are used for this application. Since most industrial power
systems are inherently noisy, electrical isolation is provided between the input and
the processor. ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) and Radio Frequency Interference
(RFI) can cause severe problems in most solid state control systems. The component
used most often to provide electrical isolation within I/O cards is called an optical
isolator or opto coupler.
The wiring of an input is not complex. The object is to get a voltage at a particular
point on the card. Typically there are 8 to 32 input points on any one input module.
Each point will be assigned a unique address by the processor. Analog input modules
are special input cards that use analog to digital conversion (A to D) to sense
variables such as temperature, speed, pressure, and position. The external device
normally is connected to a controller (transducer) producing an electrical signal the
analog input card can interpret. This signal is usually 4 to 20 v or a 0 to 10 volt
signal.

4.6 OUTPUTMODULE
Output modules can be for used for ac or dc devices such as solenoids, relays,
contractors, pilot lamps, and LED readouts. Output cards usually have from 6 to 32

output points on a single module. The output device within the card

16
Provides the connection from the user power supply to the load. Usually silicon
controlled rectifiers (SCR), triac, or dry contact relays are use for this purpose.
Individual outputs are rated most often at 2 to 3 amperes. Output cards, like input
cards have electrical isolation between the load being connected and the PLC. Analog
output cards are a special type of output modules that use digital to analog conversion
(D to A). The analog output module can take a value stored in a 12 bit file and
convert it to an analog signal. Normally this signal is 0 -10 volts dc or 4 to 20 v.
This analog signal is often used in equipment such as motor operated valves
and pneumatic position control devices.The Programmable logic controller uses
various numbering systems and as such we must first look at these and their purpose.
The main purpose of a numbering system is to display values in a clear straight
forward manner. We all use the decimal system to count mainly because we have ten
fingers and the fact it is general use, however there are other systems such as Binary,
Octal and Hexadecimal.
All numerical systems are structured in a similar fashion to the decimal system and
are subject to the same rules. With the aid of the following the rules are explained
and once understood can be applied to other numbering systems.
If we look at the decimal number 5025, this is a brief way of saying we have
5000+25.
Like 5*1000+2*10+5
It can be seen from the above that each digit has a place multiplier and the

17
number 5025 is obtained by multiplying each digit by its own place value and adding
up all the products obtained. These so called place values are formed via the
powers to the bases of the numerical system being used; in the above example base
10.Hopefully by bearing this in mind, number systems with any required base can be
formed.
DECIMAL AND BINARY

10

16

101

100

24

23

22

21

20

Table.4.1 Relationship between DECIMAL and BINARY

18
We have only shown the relationship between DECIMAL and BINARY, and in
reality we do not show the leading zeros in the decimal format. There is a free
download

of

the

chart

showing

the

relationship

between

DECIMAL,

BINARY,OCTAL and HEXADECIMAL.Since in the Hexadecimal system the

figures 0 to 9 are not sufficient to display the entire range of digits, the letters A to F
are also used.
In digital technology the individual figure of a Binary number is called a BIT. The bit
can assume the values 0 or 1. Eight of these bits combined are called a BYTE, which
from the tables above can have a decimal value of 0 to 255.Two neighboring bytes
combined are called a WORD; the value of this word is in the range 0 to 65535.Two
neighboring words combined form a DOUBLE WORD (also called a LONG
WORD);the value of this double word is in the range 0 to 4294967295.It can be seen
to display this double word value will take 32 bits(or place values) and when written
down will take up space; yet if written as a Hexadecimal value will only take up 9
place values; FFFFFFFFF.
BYTE
Bit Number: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Bit pattern.

10000000

WORD 0

Bit No.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
BYTE 1BYTE 0

19
There is also half a byte; called a NIBBLE and half a nibble is called a PECK.
A NIBBLE is 4 BITS and a PECK is two BITS but these terms are rarely used
now.There is one other numbering system we will look at here and that is BCD
(BINARY CODED DECIMAL).
In BCD each decimal digit mapped to a 4 BIT binary number. It is important to
remember that each BCD number contains only 4 BITS is no more, no less.
If decimal numbers is BIGGER than 9 they are coded exactly the same, each decimal
place number has its own coded BCD number.
In BCD each decimal number is mapped to a 4 BIT binary number. BCD is simply
a binary sequence that terminates at the equivalent of decimal 9. The following
chart should help you to understand better.
The following diagram should help to emphasize the relationship between decimal
and BCD numbers further! The above diagram and other useful information on
numbering systems and BCD can be found by following this link.
It should be remembered that each adjacent BCD number bears NO relationship with
any other BCD number within the same DECIMAL number. Nor is a BCD number
the same as a BINARY number for any given DECIMAL number.

2709 = Decimal

0010 0111 0000

1001= BCD

2709 = 0010 0111 0000 1001

From the above diagram:BCD 0010 0111 0000 1001
IS NOT THE SAME AS
BINARY 0010011100001001
The BINARY number for 2079
DECIMAL is 10101001010
We will now look atPOSITIVE and NEGATIVE numbers when used in PLCs.As
we have seen previously; in Binary arithmetic the Binary values are quantified in a
certain way in order to represent numbers. A certain number of BITS are combined
into BYTES; WORDS or DOUBLE WORDS for use within a computer (PLC) for
further processing.
BIT 0 of a Byte; Word or Double Word is called the LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT
or lsb.The last Bit is called the MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT or msb. The last Bit will
be BIT 7 for a BYTE; BIT 15 for a WORD and BIT 31 for a DOUBLE WORD.
BYTE

MSB

LSB

BIT NUMBER

21
The range of numbers available in the case of a BYTE is 0 to 255,this being split into
a range of positive numbers,0 to 127 and a range of negative numbers in the range -1
to -128. The distinction as to whether the number is positive or negative being made
by the MSB having a 1 or 0.
A MSB with a 1 indicates a NEGATIVE number and msb with a 0 indicating a
POSITIVE number.
BYTE
MSB

LSB

Sign

(26)

(25)

(24)

(23)

(22)

(21)

(20)

15

31

63

127

BIT
Table.4.2. Positive number of bytes of MSB and LSB

22
With the msb now at 1 the sign changes to negative and the values range from -128
to -1.
MSB

BIT

LSB

Sign

(26)

(25)

(24)

(23)

(22)

(21)

(20)

-128

-63

Table.4.3. Negative number of bytes of MSB and LSB

On this basis the number ranges for BYTE; WORD and DOUBLE WORD are as
follows:
BYTE

-128.0.127

WORD

-32768.0.32767

DOUBLE WORD

-2147483648.0.2147483647

Enough of numbering systems now onto BOOLEAN ALGEBRA and LADDER

LOGIC.BOOLEAN ALGEBRA is a system for formal treatment of two-value
statements, the states being TRUE or FALSE. In digital technology these two states
correspond to the values 1 and 0 (ON or OFF).

23
The AND functionis a BOOLEAN statement in which all conditions which are true
are given the status 1 and conditions which are false are given the status 0. The
following truth table explains this better.
It can be seen that the AND functionis only fulfilled (C=1) only if ALL the inputs are
true (status 1)

4.7 GATES
PLC

programs are made up of a combination of AND,OR,NAND,XOR,NOR

gates; together with inputs, outputs, timers, counters, memory bits, analog inputs,
analog outputs, mathematical calculations, comparators etc.

We will now look closer at some of these and the operation of the PLC.
These gates can be programmed in a method called LADDER DIAGRAM.This is
a graphical representation similar to hard wired schematic diagrams and with a little
help should be easily understood by the maintenance electrician.PLCs can also be
programmed using written instructions called
1. INSTRUCTION LIST (IL)
2. INSTRUCTION STATEMENT (IS)
3. STATEMENT LIST (SL)
These methods use written commands but are more complex and not as easy to
understand.It is possible to switch between both methods of programming but it
should be remembered that certain commands can be programmed in statement list
that do not have an equivalent that can be displayed in ladder and therefore will not
convert.

24
I 0.0
This is an example of an OPEN Contact.

--------]

[------I 0.0

This is an example of an CLOSED Contact.

--------] / [-------

It would be more sensible to forget the idea of Open and Closed Contacts

4.7.1 LADDER OR GATE

I 0.0
--------]

Q 10.0

[-----------------( )-----------|

I 0.1
--------]

[-------

Fig.4.2. OR Gate
The OR function is fulfilled (C=1) if at least one of its input conditions are true.
From the LADDER OR Diagram it should be seen that EITHER I 0.0 OR I 0.1
CAN BE AT STATUS 1 BEFORE Q 10.0= STATUS 1

25
A OR B = C
A

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1

Table.4.4.OR Gate
4.7.2 LADDER AND GATE

I 0.0

I 0.1

Q 10.0

---------] [-------------] [-------------( )--------|

Fig.4.3. AND Gate

I 0.0 AND I 0.1 MUST BE STATUS 1 BEFORE Q 10.0=STATUS 1

Both of the inputs must be on before the output can turn on.

26
A AND B = C

Table.4.5 AND Gate

4.7.3 LADDER NOR GATE

I 0.0

I 0.1

Q 10.0

------------] / [----------] / [----------( )---------|

Fig.4.4 NOR Gate
NOT I 0.0 NOR NOT I 0.1 = Q 10.0
If we take our AND function and invert each input through the use of normallyclosed contacts, we will end up with a NOR function:

27

This means I 0.0 MUST NOT BE AT STATUS 1 NOR MUST I 0.1 BE AT

STATUS 1 FOR Q 10.0 TO BE AT STATUS 1.
To make it easier for we will now show you two truth tables, one with the
INPUTS & OUTPUTS shown.
NOT A NOR NOT B = CNOT I 0.0 NOR NOT I 0.1 = Q 10.0
A

0
I 0.0

I 0.1

Q 10.0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1
0
0
0

Table.4.6. NOR Gate

4.7.4 EXCLUSIVE OR GATE

I 0.0

I 0.1

Q 10.0

--------] [--------] / [-----------------( )-----------|

I 0.0

I 0.1

--------] / [-------] [---------Fig.4.5 EXOR Gate

28
In the EXCLUSIVE OR gate either of the inputs need to be at status 1 before the
output can be at status 1; the same as the OR gate BUT IF ALL the inputs are at
status 1 then the output is NOT TRUE (status 0).
I 0.0 OR I 0.1 MUST BE AT STATUS 1 BEFORE Q 10.0 CAN BE AT STATUS
1 BUT IF BOTH I 0.0 AND I 0.1 ARE AT STATUS 1 THEN Q 10.0 WILL
BE AT STATUS 0
A

Table.4.7. EXOR Gate

4.7.5 AND NOT (NAND) GATE
I 0.0

Q 10.0

---------] / [-----------------( )-----------|

I 0.1
--------] / [---------

Fig.4.6 NAND Gate

29
AND NOT I 0.0 AND NOT I 0.1 = Q 10.0
If we take our OR function and invert each input through the use of normallyclosed contacts, we will end up with a NAND function.BOTH I 0.0 AND I 0.1
MUST BE AT STATUS 1 BEFORE Q 10.0 IS AT STATUS 0
NOT A AND NOT B = C
A

Table.4.8. NAND Gate

PLC programs are made up of a combination of the above gates together with
inputs, outputs, timers, counters, internal memory bits, analog inputs, analog outputs,

mathematical calculations, comparators etc. We will now look closer at some of these
and the operation of the PLC.

4.8 INPUTS
These are the physical connections from the real world to the PLC. They can be limit
switches, push buttons, sensors, anything that can switch a signal on or off. The
voltage of these devices are usually, but not always, 24 Volt DC. Manufacturers

30
make inputs that can accept a wide range of voltages both ac and dc. It should be
remembered that an input will be ON, status 1, when the voltage is present at the
input connection and OFF, status 0, when the voltage is no longer present at the
input connection.

4.9 OUTPUTS
These are the connections from the PLC to the real world. They are used to switch
solenoids, lamps, contactors etc on and off. Again they are usually 24 Volt DC, either
relay or transistor, but can also be 115/220 Volt AC.

4.10 INTERNAL MEMORY BITS (RELAYS)

These so called relays only exist in the PLCs memory; they are used to remember
certain states or functions that have been performed. They react exactly like
ordinary relays and can be on, off or latching. Manufacturers of PLCs also preprogram certain internal relays with special functions such as, always on; always off;
on whilst the PLC is powering up; on for the first scan of the program; on if there is
an error. For details of other pre-programmed
Expanding your choices for greater control

In a perfect world you would always know what's behind the next door. In the world of
automation, the MicroLogix 1500 controller can help you open up new possibilities and
get you to where you want to go with ease. This dynamic controller is a more powerful
and expandable addition to the MicroLogix family:
1. Application flexibility and versatility with Compact I/O means a small
footprint and expansion to over 100 I/O points

31
2. Large onboard non-volatile memory
3. Real Time Clock (RTC) capabilities allow time scheduling of control
4. Program portability allows user programs to be uploaded, downloaded and
transported via Memory Modules
5. Built in PID capabilities
6.

Data Access Tool for data monitoring and adjustment

7. Eight Latching (pulse catch) inputs

4.11 PERFORMANCE
1. Approximate scan time for a typical 1K user program (includes timers,
counters, etc.): 1 millisecond
2. Simple bit instruction execution: 0.7 microseconds
3. 2 millisecond selectable timed interrupt (STI)
4. 1 millisecond timers

5. Two 20 kHz high-speed counters each with eight modes of operation (up,
down, up/down, quartered, etc.)
6. Two 20 kHz high-speed outputs (PTO or PWM with acceleration/deceleration
profiles)
7. Rugged tongue-and-groove package design, to provide strength and system
reliability
8. May

be

expanded

to

include

up

to

16

Compact

I/O

modules

Base Units continue to support up to eight modules (within the power budget
of the base unit) with additional expansion through expansion cables and a
number of expansion power supplies.

32
4.12 OPTIONAL FEATURES
1. Data Access Tool (DAT) plug-in device
2. Memory Module
3. Real Time Clock (RTC) Module
4. Combination Memory & RTC Module

33

CHAPTER 5
SUPERVISORY CONTROL
AND
DATA ACQUISITION

5.SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

5.1 INTRODUCTION
SCADA is (Intouch) the quickest and easiest way to create human machine
interface (HMI) applications for the micro soft Windows 95 and Windows NT
operating systems. In Intouch is a component of the wonder ware factory suite.
In Intouch applications span the globe in a multi tube of vertical markets
including food processing, semi-conductors, oil and gas, automotive, chemical, and
pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, transportation, utilities, and more.
By using Intouch, you can create powerful, full future applications that exploit
the key features of Microsoft windows, including active X controls; ole, graphics,
networking and more. Intouch can also we extended by adding custom active X
controls, wizards, generic objects, and creating intouch quick script extensions.
Intouch consists of three major windows, the intouch application manager,
window maker and window viewer. Intouch also includes the diagnostic program.

5.2 SPECIAL INTOUCH FEATURES

1. Accuracy.
2. Data Acquisition.
3. Analyzing.
4. Error detection.
5. Animation properties.
6. Writing scripts.
7. Real-time Trends.

8. Historical Trends.

34
5.3 APPLICATION EXPLORER
The hierarchical application explorer provides you with improved navigation
capabilities. For example, it displays the names of all the windows you have created,
and when you double click the window name, the windows open. When you right
click a window name , a menu appears displaying the various commands that you can
execute to open the window, save the window, open the window quick scripts, its
properties dialog box, at so on.
The application explorer also provides you with quick access to all intouch
quick script types, all configuration commands the tag name dictionary, the tag name
cross reference utility and the super tags template maker the application explorer
allows you to add short cuts to launch other factory suit programs are third party
applications. Display of the application explorer is optional.

5.4 ACTIVE X CONTAINER

Intouch is an active X container. It allows you to install any third-party active
X control and use it in any application window. For easy access to your installed
active X controls, you can add them to your window maker Wizards/Active X
Toolbar. By using active X controls, you can handle control events, control methods,
and control properties all from intouch quick scripts. You can also associate the
active X control properties directly to intouch tag names.

5.5 REMOTE TAG NAME REFERENCING

Remote tag name referencing allows you to access data from a remote data
source with out having to create the tag name in your local tag name dictionary.

Remote tag name dictionary. Remote tag names can reference data defined in most
I/O data sources using either Microsoft DDE or the wonder ware suite link protocol.

35
For example, the I/O data source may be Microsoft excel or a remote view
node. You can import graphic windows from any intouch application, and then
convert the windows placeholder tag names to remote tag name references to create
a client application that has no local tag name.

5.6 TAG NAME CROSS REFERENCING

The tag name cross referencing utility allows you to determine both your tag
name and super tag usage and, in which window or quick script that a specific tag
name is used. For convenience, the tag name cross reference utility can remain open
in window maker while you perform other tasks. It also allows you to view any quick
script or quick function where a tag name is found.

5.7 LOCAL VARIABLES

Intouch quick scripts and quick functions support the use of local variables to
store temporary results and create complex calculations with intermediate scripting
values. By using local variables in quick scripts and quick functions, you do not
decrease your licensed tag name count.

5.8 FACTORY FOCUS

Intouch factory focus functions as a client only. No data can be written out
using DDE or suite link, nor can data be poked to programs such as excel. Alarms
can be viewed but not acknowledged. Factory focus cannot act as an I/O server to
requesting clients. Features such as animation links, tag names, real-time and
historical trends are view only.
Other intouch features and benefits include:

1. Connectivity with more than 300 I/O servers.

2. Low cost process viewer solution at a price significantly less than a full HMI.
3. VTQ (data value, with associated timestamp and quality) of I/O type.

36
5.9 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT IN INTOUCH INVOLVES
1. Tag definition
2. Drawing objects
3. Animation properties
4. Writing scripts
5. Real time trends
6. Historical trends
7. Alarms

5.10 SCRIPT
All the intouch quick scripts are event driven. The event may be a data change,
condition, mouse click, timer, and so on. The order of processing is application
specific.
The following briefly describes the types of scripts that you can create:
Script Type
Application
Window

Description
Linked to the entire application
Linked to a specific window

Table 5.1

37
5.11 APPLICATION SCRIPTS
The application scripts are linked to the entire application. You can use
application scripts to start other applications, create process simulations, calculate
variables, and so on. There ate three types of applications scripts that you can apply
to an application.
On startup executes one time when the application is initially started up.
While running executes continuously at the specified frequency while the application
is running.
On shutdown executes one time when the application is excited.

5.12 WINDOW SCRIPT

Window scripts are linked to a specific window. There are three types of
scripts that you can apply to a window.
On show executes one time when the window is initially shown.
While show executives continuously at the specified frequency while the
window is showing.
On hide executes one time when the window is hidden.

5.13APPLICATIONS OF SCADA
1. Mimic plant graphic display
2. High/Low alert & Emergency Alarms
3. A management information system
4. Safety management system

38

CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION OUTPUT

6.SIMULATION OUTPUT
6.1 SIMULATION OUTPUT OF PLC
In the proposed system, the WPL-SOFT PLC software is used for simulation. In
the fig 6.1,first is the pumping process. When the water filled in the tank reaches the
preset level, the level sensor is on. With the level sensor output, the pH sensor test the
water. If the pH sensor up to the acceptable level means, pH sensor will on. Then the
water distributes to following lines. Once if the water distribution process is started
the flow sensor continuously check the flow of water. If any theft occurred like
leakage or sucking water using motor from the line, the flow sensor will send the
output to GSM module. Then we can monitor the theft and control the water supply.
By monitoring and taking action, we can improve the water distribution process.

39

Fig.6.1 PLC Simulation Output

40
6.2 SIMULATION OUTPUT OF SCADA(INTOUCH)
For monitoring purpose INTOUCH SCADA software is used. In the fig 6.2, first is
the tank filling process. If the tank reaches the fixed level means, then the stirrer
motor is used to oxidize the water. After that pH sensor test the water, If the pH
of water is up to the level means the process of distribution will start. In fig 6.3
shows the distribution lines. Each distribution line is mounted with distribution
valve at the top. When the water distribution process is started ,the flow sensor
checks the water flow continuously. In fig 6.4 shows the total monitoring of
control window. It shows the water flow rate of three areas and total flow rate of
tank. In fig 6.5,graphical representation of three areas is shown and another
graph shows that the increment and decrement of water flow rate.

41

Fig.6.2 Process of the SCADA

Fig.6.3 Station of the SCADA

42

Fig.6.4 Control Window

Fig.6.5 Trend Window

43

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

7.CONCLUSION
The automation implemented in water distribution system ensures to avoid the
wastage of water and reduces time. Due to SCADA, it is possible to monitor and
control the whole system from headquarters. The proposed distributed system is
intelligences it monitoring all time without man power.
Advantages of proposed system:
1. Continuous water distribution according to water level.
2. The real time alarms created in SCADA which indicates the equipment failure
in distributed or pump station.

3. Database elaborate daily, monthly and yearly report in Central PC.

4. Measurement data reliability by the global monitoring of the network in the
central dispatching unit.
5. Automated measurement of pH and chlorine and display in SCADA due to this
better quality of water can be given tothe consumer.

44

CHAPTER 8
FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

8. FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT
In the proposed system, methodology was given to identify the water theft and
the way to control the water distribution system using PLC and the entire process
were monitored using SCADA. For further enchancement of the work, the
performance can be better be optimized by using the intelligent techniques like neural
network, fuzzy logic, hybrid system,etc

45

REFERENCES

REFERENCES
[1] Gouthaman.J, Bharathwajanprabhu.R&Srikanth.A Automated urban drinking
water supplycontrol and water theft identification systemProceeding of the
2011 IEEE Students Technology Symposium14-16 January, 2011,IIT
Kharagpur
[2]J.P.Shri tharanyaa,A.jagadeesan,A.lavanya[1] Theft identificationand
automated water supplysystem using embedded technology.

[3] Shaik.Kaja Rahamtulla,M.Harsha Priya Drinking water supply control and

water theft identification system using Zigbee.
[4] Stancil, Stoian,andkovacs Urban water supply distributedsystem,Vol.3,
pp.316-321,May.2008.
[5] Siemens system manual S7-1200 Programmable controller
[6] prominent Group, Process Overview Water Supply,vol.1,pp.26-43,2007.
[7] Westermo Handbook 5.0, Industrial data communication theoretical
and general application ,pp 64-98

WEBSITES
http://www.drinkingwatersupply.in
http://www.plcwiki.com

46

APPENDIX I
S.No

Version

OS

License
Hardware lock & installable floppy.

5.6b

Win95
Run setup.exe program from floppy

6.0

Win NT

7.0

Win NT
Win95/98

Same as above

Hardware lock & installable floppy.

Copy wwsuite.lic file from floppy to

license subdirectory of the intouch. (file
size 2kb)

47
PUBLICATION
P.Edwinyeasu,S.Kavinkumar,G.Mohanraj,S.Madhan Kumar presented a paper about
A Novel approach in automation of drinking water supply system using PLC &
SCADA in National Conference at Al-Ameen Engineering college.