‫القواعد‬

‫للكتاب األول‬
‫مع الشرح باللغة اإلنكليزية‬
The Rules for Book 1
With an explanation in the
English language

‫كتبه الفقران إلى اهلل‬

‫أبو سلمان طلحة ابن وليم‬
‫و أم مجاهد‬
Written by Abu Salmaan Talha ibnu William
Translated by Umm Mujaahid
 2

‫بسم اهلل الرحمان الرحيم‬

}ُ‫اإلشارة‬
َ ‫ماء‬
ُ ‫{األس‬
ْ
Demonstrative Pronouns

ِ ‫ هؤ‬.‫هاتان‬
‫ ِللقَ ِريب‬. ‫الء‬ ِ .‫هذ ِه‬ ِ .‫هذا‬.
َُ ِ .‫هذان‬
‫للب ِعيد‬
َ .‫ك‬ َ ِ‫ أُولئ‬.‫ك‬
َ ِ‫ تان‬.‫ك‬
َ ِ‫ ذان‬.‫لك‬
َ ِ‫ ت‬.‫ك‬ ِ.
َ ‫ذل‬

The ُ‫اإلشارة‬
َ ‫ماء‬
ُ ‫األس‬
ْ ,demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English ‘that’ , ‘this’

and they are of two types; ‫ِللقَ ِريب‬ for things which are close, and ‫للب ِعيد‬
َ for things

at a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different

form for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender

of the noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also

feminine, however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.
:The demonstrative pronouns (for near)

: ‫هَ ِذ ِه هذا‬This
: isis(for
(forfeminine
masculinesingular or plural irrational)
‫ِللقَ ِريب‬
This singular)

ِ ‫ َه‬These are (for dual masculine)

: ‫ذان‬ for things which are
ِ
‫هاتان‬ : These are (for dual feminine) near

ِ ‫ هؤ‬These are (for plural masculine or feminine)

: ‫الء‬ َُ
 3

:The demonstrative pronouns (for far)

‫ك‬ ِ :
َ ‫ذل‬ That is (for masculine singular)

َ ‫ تِل‬:
‫ك‬ That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)
‫للب ِعيد‬
َ
َ ِ‫ ذان‬:
‫ك‬ Those are (for dual masculine)
for things which

َ ِ‫ تان‬:
‫ك‬ are far
Those are (for dual feminine)

َ ِ‫ أُولئ‬:
‫ك‬ Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)

Examples:‫أمثِلة‬

‫هذا َر ُجل‬ ٌ ‫هذا ِك‬

‫تاب‬
ِ -‫ َغير‬-‫لمذ َكرِمفرد‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫عاقٌل‬ ِ ‫ ع‬-‫لمذ َكِر مفرد‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقل‬- :‫هذا‬
ُ َُ ُ َُ ُ
This is a man This is a book
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

ٌ‫إم َرأة‬ ِ ٌ‫هذ ِه َسَّي َارة‬

ِ
ْ ِ‫هذه‬
ِ ‫ َغير ع‬-‫ؤنثمفرد‬
(‫اقل‬- ُ
ِ - - ‫)ل‬
َ ُ ‫لم‬-
ُ
ِ ‫ ع‬-‫ؤنثمفرد‬
(‫اقل‬- ِ - - ‫)ل‬
َ ُ ‫لم‬-
ُ :‫هذ ِه‬
ِ

This is a woman This is a car

(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

ِ ِ‫هذان َعال‬
‫مان‬ ِ ِ
‫هذان َقلمان‬
ِ -‫ َغير‬-‫لمذ َك َّر مثََنى‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫عاقٍل‬ ِ ‫ ع‬-‫لمذ َك َّر مثََنى‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقٍل‬-
ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ
These are scholars These are pens
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)
 4
ِ
:‫هذان‬

ِ ‫هاتانِ ُم ْسِل َم‬

.‫تان‬ ِ ‫هاتان َبقَ َر‬
.‫تان‬ ِ
ِ -‫ َغير‬-‫ؤنثمثََنى‬
(‫عاقٍل‬ ِ - - ‫)ل‬ ِ ‫ ع‬-‫ؤنثمثََنى‬
ِ - - ‫)ل‬
ُ ُ ‫لم‬-ُ (‫اقٌل‬- ُ ‫لم‬-ُ
ِ
:‫هاتان‬
These are Muslims These are cows
(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

ِ ِ ُ ِ ‫َه ُؤ‬
ٌ ‫هؤالءِ ُم ْسِل‬
‫مات‬ ُ ‫ون‬
َ ‫هؤالء ُم ْسل ُم‬ :‫الء‬
ِ ‫ ع‬--‫جمع‬-‫لمذ َكر‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقٌل‬- ِ ‫ ع‬--‫ؤنثجمع‬
(‫اقٌل‬- ِ - - ‫)ل‬
َْ ُ ْ َ ‫لم‬-
ُ

These are Muslims These are Muslims

(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-rational)

.‫ و هذا قليل‬.‫مات‬ ِ ‫ هؤ‬:‫ ِمثال‬.‫عاق ٍل‬

ٌ ‫الء َكِل‬ ِ ‫ك لِ َغير‬ ِ ‫وز َك‬
َ ‫ذل‬ ُ ‫َو َي ُج‬
ُ
ِ ‫ هؤ‬is
‫الء‬ُ likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For
example:

ِ ‫هؤ‬
ٌ ‫الء َكِل‬
‫مات‬ ُ
These words
 5

‫ذل َك ُمهَ ْن ِدس‬

ِ ِ ٌ
‫ذل َك َن ْج ٌم‬
ِ
:‫ذل َك‬
ِ ‫ َغير ع‬-‫لمذ َكرِمفرد‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقٍل‬- ِ ‫ ع‬-‫لمذ َكِر مفرد‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقل‬-
ُ َُ ُ َُ ُ
That is engineer That is a star
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)

ٌ‫ضة‬ َ ‫ِت‬
َ ‫لك ُم َمِّر‬ ٌ‫الجة‬ ِ
َ َ‫تل َك ث‬
ِ -‫ؤنث مفرد‬
)‫عاقل‬ ِ ‫(للم‬ ِ ‫ َغير‬-‫ؤنث مفرد‬
)‫عاقل‬ ِ ‫(للم‬
َ ُ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ
:‫ِت ْل َك‬
That is a nurse That is a fridge
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

‫الر ُس ُل} و هذا‬

ُّ ‫ك‬َ ‫عاق ٌل) َكما ِفي التَّْن ِزيل {تِل‬
ِ ‫ك (جمع‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ذل‬
ٌ ْ َ َ ‫ك لتل‬
ِ ‫وز َك‬
ُ ‫َو َي ُج‬
‫قليل‬.

َ ‫تِل‬
‫ك‬ is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the
revelation, (those messengers) but this is rare.

‫حان‬ ِ
ِ ‫ذان َك فَاَّل‬ ِ
ِ ‫تَر‬-َ‫ذان َك د َْْف‬
‫ان‬
ِ -‫ َغير‬-‫لمذ َك َّر مثََنى‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫عاقٍل‬ ِ ‫ ع‬-‫لمذ َك َّر مثََنى‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقٍل‬-
ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ِ
:‫ذان َك‬
Those are farmers Those are notebooks
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)
 6

ِ
ِ ‫تان َك ُم َد ِّر َس‬
‫تان‬ َ ‫تانكَ ِم ْس‬
ِ ‫ط َر‬
‫تان‬ ِ
ِ
:‫تان َك‬
ِ -‫ َغير‬-‫ؤنثمثََنى‬
(‫عاقٍل‬ ِ - - ‫)ل‬ ِ ‫ ع‬-‫ؤنثمثََنى‬
ِ - - ‫)ل‬
ُ ُ ‫لم‬-ُ (‫اقٌل‬- ُ ‫لم‬-ُ

Those are teachers Those are rulers

(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

ٌ ‫أولئ َك ُم ْسِل‬
‫مات‬ ِ ‫ون‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫أولئ َك ُم ْسل ُم‬
ِ ‫ ع‬--‫جمع‬-‫لمذ َكر‬-- - ‫)ل‬
(‫اقٌل‬- ِ ‫ ع‬--‫ؤنثجمع‬
(‫اقٌل‬- ِ - - ‫)ل‬
َْ ُ ْ َ ‫لم‬-
ُ

Those are Muslims Those are Muslims

(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-
rational)
ِ
:‫أولئ َك‬

:‫عاق ٍل َكما ِفي قَوِل ِه تَعالى‬ ِ ‫ك ِل َغ ْير‬ ِ ‫وز َك‬

َ ‫ذال‬ ُ ‫َو َي ُج‬
}ً‫ان َع ْنهُ َم ْسُئ ْوال‬
َ ‫ك َك‬ َ ِ‫ص َر َو الفُ َؤ َاد ُك ٌّل أولئ‬
َ ‫الب‬
َ ‫َّم َع َو‬ َّ {
ْ ‫إن الس‬

َ ِ‫أولئ‬
‫ك‬ Is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) like what is in
the speech of The Most High: (translated meaning)

(Verily the hearing and the sight and the heart, of each of those
you will be questioned)
 7

ِ َ‫ضاف إل‬
}‫يه‬ ٌ ‫ضاف َو ُم‬
ٌ ‫{م‬ُ
Possessed and possessor

To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This

consists of two parts. The possessed ‫اف‬-‫ض‬

َ ‫ ُم‬, which appears first and

the possessor ‫ه‬-ِ - ‫اف إلَي‬- ‫ض‬

َ ‫ ُم‬, which follows straight after. The ‫اف‬- ‫ض‬
َ ‫ُم‬
ِ َ‫إل‬
takes a damma, depending on its function in a sentence and the ‫يه‬ ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫ُم‬
takes a kasra. It is important to note that the ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫ ُم‬can never take an
ِ َ‫إل‬
alif or laam or a tanween whereas the ‫يه‬ ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫ُم‬ can do so.

Examples :‫أمثِلة‬

The teacher’s Haamid’s book

book

ِ ِ‫ب ال ُم َد ّر‬
‫س‬ ِ ‫حام ٍد‬
ِ ‫ِكتاب‬
ُ ‫كتا‬ ُ

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
ِ َ‫مضاف إل‬
‫يه‬ ‫ُمضاف‬ ِ َ‫مضاف إل‬
‫يه‬ ‫ُمضاف‬
ُ ُ
Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed
 8

)With alif and laam :ٍ ‫ف َو الم‬

ٍ ِ‫( بِأل‬

}‫ت‬
ٌ ‫وت َو َن ْع‬
ٌ ‫{م ْن ُع‬
َ
Adjective and qualifying noun

The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English it

comes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫َن ْع‬ and the

noun it qualifies is referred to as the ‫وت‬-

ٌ ‫( َم ْن ُع‬the qualifying noun). The
‫ َن ْعت‬follows the ‫وت‬-
ٌ -‫ َم ْن ُع‬in its gender (masculine and feminine), in its
definite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.

Example :‫ِمثال‬

A new house The new house

.‫ج ِد ْي ٌد‬
َ ‫ت‬
ٌ ْ‫َبي‬ .‫ج ِد ْي ُد‬
َ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬
ُ ‫الَب ْي‬
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
‫ت‬
ٌ ‫وت َن ْع‬
ٌ ‫َم ْن ُع‬ ‫ت‬
ٌٌ ‫وت َن ْع‬
ٌ ‫َم ْن ُع‬
Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun
 9

‫بِ ُدون ِألف و الم‬ ٍ ‫فو‬

‫الم‬ ٍ ِِ
َ ‫بأل‬
(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)

}‫نادى‬
َ ‫الم‬ ِ ِّ ‫ف‬
ُ ‫النداء َو‬ ُ ‫{ح ْر‬
َ
The Vocative particle
and the Addressed

To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle ِ ‫الن‬
‫داء‬ ِّ ‫ف‬
ُ ‫َح ْر‬
, which is ‫ يا‬, equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it is
called the ‫ادى‬-
َ - - -‫المن‬
ُ (the addressed), and it takes a single damma
regardless of gender.

Oh Yaasir!

ِ
‫ياس ُر‬ ‫يا‬ :‫مثال‬

↑ ↑

‫المنادى‬ ِ ِّ ‫ف‬
ُ ‫النداء‬ ُ ‫َح ْر‬

The The
Addressed Vocative
Particle
 10

}‫الجِّر‬
َ ‫وف‬ُ ‫{ح ُر‬
ُ

The Genitive prepositions

‫ إلى‬. ‫ ِب‬. ‫ ِم ْن‬. ‫ َعلى‬. ‫ ِفي‬. ‫ ِل‬.

Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal

( ending
ٌ of a noun is ُ damma, and the case of it is called ‫وع‬-- - ُ‫َم ْرف‬
(Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the ‫وف‬
ُ ‫ر‬-‫ح‬
-ُ ُ
‫الج ِّر‬
َ (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer

:The
‫رفُوع‬Genitive
ْ ‫( َم‬Nominative)
prepositions ٌ ‫َمجْ رُو‬
areit becomes ‫ر‬
instead (Genitive).

‫ ِل‬: For (used for belonging)

: ‫ِفي‬ In

: ‫َعلى‬ On

: ‫ِم ْن‬ From

: ‫ِب‬ By/at

To : ‫إلى‬

:Examples

‫ مثال‬: ‫ِل‬
‫تاب ِل ُم َح َّمٍد‬ ِ This book is for Muhammad
ُ ‫هذا الك‬.
 11

‫ ِمثال‬: ‫ِفي‬ The teacher is in the class.

‫ص ِل‬ َ ‫الم َد ِّر ُس ِفي‬
ْ ‫الف‬ ُ .

‫ ِمثال‬: ‫َعلى‬ ‫الم ْكت ِب‬

َ ‫َّاعةُ على‬
َ ‫الس‬. The watch is on the desk

‫ مثال‬: ‫ِم ْن‬ ‫ب ِم َن اليابا ِن‬

ُ ‫ َزْيَن‬. Zaynab is from Japan.

‫ مثال‬: ‫ِب‬ ‫الجام َع ِة‬

ِ ِ‫ب ب‬ ِ ‫أنا‬.
ٌ ‫طال‬ I am a student at the university

‫الم ْس ِجِد‬ ِ
َ ‫ب حام ٌد إلى‬
َ ‫َذ َه‬ Haamid went to the masjid
‫ مثال‬: ‫إلى‬

}‫صو ُر‬
ُ ‫س ُم ال َم ْق‬ ِ {
ْ ‫اال‬

A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an ‘aa’ sound ending. The ending

vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in

function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition

(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain

unaffected.
 12

:‫مثال‬

The hospital
‫الم ْستَ ْشفى‬
ُ
America
‫أم ِريكى‬
ْ
ِ ‫آخر‬
‫اال ْسِم‬ ِ
ُ ‫فَال َيتَ َغَّي ُر‬
The end case of the noun Musa ‫وسى‬
َ ‫ُم‬
does not change

Zakariyya ‫َز َك ِرَّيا‬

Germany ‫ألمانِي‬

:‫مثال‬

.‫وسى‬
َ ‫ل ُم‬ .‫أم ِريكى‬
ْ ‫إلى‬ .‫الم ْستَ ْشفى‬
ُ ‫في‬

…for Musa …to America …in the hospital

}‫صولَة‬
ُ ‫الم ْو‬
َ ‫ماء‬
ُ ‫األس‬
ْ {
 13

The Relative pronouns

.‫لم َذ َّكر‬ ِ َِّ َّ َِّ

ُ ‫ ل‬.َ ‫ الذين‬.ِ ‫ الذان‬. ‫الذي‬
‫لم َؤَّن ِث‬ ِ ِ ‫اَّل‬ ِ ‫اَّل‬ َّ ِ َّ
ُ ‫ ل‬. ‫ ا تي أو ا ئي‬.ِ ‫ التان‬. ‫التي‬.

The Relative pronouns, ‫صولَة‬

ُ ‫الم ْو‬
َ ‫ماء‬
ُ ‫األس‬
ْ have the meaning of ‘which’, ‘who’,
and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also

differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the

pronoun‫ الَّتِي‬is also used for plural irrational nouns (ghayru ‘aaqilin). Objects,

animals and concepts are classified as irrational nouns whilst rational include;

humans, angels and devils.

:The Relative pronouns are (for masculine)

: ‫الَِّذي‬ Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational)

.

‫ الَّذان‬:Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational) ‫لم َذ َّكر‬ ِ

ُ‫ل‬
For masculine
 14

‫ين‬ َِّ
َ ‫ الذ‬: Who (for plural masculine rational only)

: ‫الَّتِي‬ Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine

and feminine irrational)

‫لم َؤَّن ِث‬

ُ‫ل‬
ِ
ِ َّ‫ال‬
: ‫تان‬ Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)
For feminine

: ‫ااَّل تِي أو ااَّل ئِي‬ Who (for plural feminine rational only)

Example :‫مثال‬

ِ ‫الر ُج ُل الذي َخرَج ِم َن الم ْس ِج ِد‬

.‫تاجٌر َش ِه ْيٌر‬ َ َ َ :‫الَِّذي‬
.tnahcrem suomafnam
a siehT
dijsam eht
ohwtfel

lanoitar ralugnis enilucsam roF

(‫اقل‬-‫ع‬.‫مْف َرٌد‬. َّ
ُ ‫ُ)مَذكٌر‬

ِ ‫الكتاب الذي على الم ْكتَ ِب‬

ِ. :‫الَِّذي‬
ِ ‫لم َدِّر‬
‫س‬ ُ ‫ل‬ َ َ ُ
.rehcaet
hcihw
eht,koob
ot sgnoleb
ehT ,ksed eht no si

lanoitarri ralugnis enilucsam roF

(‫اقل‬-‫غ ُير ع‬.

َ ‫مْف َرٌد‬. َّ
ُ ‫ُ)مَذكٌر‬
 15

ِ ‫صل َج ِد ْي‬
.‫دان‬ َ ‫سان الَّذانِ َذ ّهبا إلى‬
ْ ‫الف‬ ِ ‫الم َد ِّر‬
ُ
The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.

For masculine dual rational

. ‫ ُمثََّن‬.‫)مَذ َّكٌر‬
(‫اقل‬-‫ى ع‬ ُ

:ِ-‫الَّذان‬

ِ ‫مان الذانِ ِفي َحِق ْيَبتِي قَِد‬

‫يمان‬ ِ َ‫القل‬
َ
The pens, which are in my bag, are old.

For masculine dual irrational

َ ‫ ُمثََّنى‬.‫)مَذ َّكٌر‬
(‫اقل‬-‫غ ُير ع‬. ُ
.‫ط َعِم ِم ْن تُْرِكيا‬
ْ ‫الم‬ ِ َ ‫ون ا ِلذ‬
َ ‫ين َخ َر ُجوا م َن‬
ِ
َ ‫المهَد ُس‬
ُ
The engineers who left the restaurant are from
Turkey.

For masculine plural rational

ِ ‫ع‬.-‫جمع‬.‫ذكر‬
(‫اقٌل‬- َّ
ٌ ْ َ ٌ ‫)م‬ُ
 16
ِ
:َ‫الذ ْين‬

.ٌ‫الم ْد َر َس ِة ُمِد ْي َرة‬ ْ ‫الم ْرأةُ الِّتي َذ َهَب‬

َ ‫ت إلى‬ َ
The woman who went to the school is a
headmistress

For feminine singular rational

ِ ‫ م ْفرٌد‬.‫ث‬
)‫عاقل‬. َ ُ ٌ ‫( ُم َؤَّن‬

‫الم ْكتَ ِب ِل ُم َح َّمٍد‬ ِ َ ‫المس‬

َ ‫ط َرةُ الّتي على‬
ِ
ْ .
The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.

For feminine singular irrational :‫الّتِي‬

)‫غ ْي ُر عاقل‬. ٌ ‫( ُم َؤَّن‬

َ ‫ ُم ْف َرٌد‬.‫ث‬
 17

َ ‫ال ُح ُم ُر الّتي فِي‬.

ِ ‫الح ْق ِل لِلفِاّل‬
‫ح‬
The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the
farmer.

For masculine plural irrational

)‫ َغ ْي ُر عاقل‬.‫ َج ْم ٌع‬.‫( ُمذ َّك ٌر‬

.‫الم ْس ِجِد ِل َلوِزْي ِر‬

َ ‫أمام‬ ِ ّ‫تان ال‬
َ ‫تان‬ ِ ‫السََّّي َار‬
The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to
the minister.

For feminine dual irrational

ِ ‫غ ْير‬.‫ى‬
)‫عاقل‬ ُ َ ‫ ُمثََّن‬.‫ث‬
ٌ ‫( ُم َؤَّن‬ :ِ‫الّتان‬

.‫الم ْد َر َس ِة ِم ْن ْإن ِكْلتَرى‬ ِ َّ ِ ‫الطَّ ِالَب‬

َ ‫تان التانِ َخ َر َجتا م َن‬
The students, who left from the school, are from
England.

For feminine dual rational

ِ
)‫عاقل‬.‫ى‬ ‫ ُمثََّن‬.‫ث‬
ٌ ‫( ُم َؤَّن‬
 18

‫سات ِم ْن‬ ِ ‫مات ااَّل ِتي َذ َه ْب َن إلى الس ُّْو‬

ٌ ‫ق ُم َد ِّر‬ ُ ‫الم ْسِل‬
ُ :‫ااَّل تِي‬
.‫ألمانِيا‬
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.

For feminine plural rational

ٌِ ‫ ع‬.-ٌ‫ث َج ْمع‬
(‫اقل‬- . ٌ‫)مَؤَّن‬
ُ

‫سات ِم ْن‬ ِ ‫مات ااّل ِئي َذ َه ْبن َإلى الس ُّْو‬

ٌ ‫ق ُم َدِّر‬ ُ ‫الم ْسِل‬
ُ :‫ئِي‬ ‫ااّل‬
.‫ألمانِيا‬
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.

For feminine plural rational

)‫ عاق ٌِل‬.ٌ‫ َج ْمع‬.‫ث‬

ٌ ‫( ُم َؤَّن‬
 19

}‫ف‬
ِ ‫{ ال ُم التَّ ْع ِر ْي‬

The laam of definiteness

A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as

indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a

noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is ‘A’. In

Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here

ِ ‫ الم التَّع ِر ْي‬,laam of definiteness.

‫ف‬
is called the ْ ُ
 ‫‪20‬‬

‫ِمثال ٌ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Example‬‬

‫‪This house‬‬ ‫‪This is a house‬‬

‫ت‪.‬‬
‫هذا الَب ْي ُ‬ ‫ت‪.‬‬
‫هذا َب ْي ٌ‬
‫↑‬
‫الم التَّع ِر ْي ِ‬
‫ف‬ ‫ُ ْ‬
‫(‪)The laam of definiteness‬‬

‫صلةُ }‬
‫ضمائِ ُر ال ُم ْنفَ ِ‬
‫{ ال َّ‬
‫‪The detached pronouns‬‬

‫ت ‪ْ .‬أنتُما ‪ْ .‬أنتُم ‪ْ .‬أن ِت ْأنتُما‪.‬‬

‫أنا ‪َ .‬ن ْحن ‪ْ .‬أن َ‬
‫ْأنتُ َّن ‪ُ .‬ه َو ‪ُ .‬هما ‪ُ .‬هم ‪ِ .‬هي ‪ُ .‬هما ‪ُ .‬ه َّن‬
 21

ِ َ‫الضمائِر الم ْنف‬

Pronouns are of two main categories: ُ‫صلة‬ ُ ُ َّ , the detached
ِ َّ‫مائر المت‬
ُ‫لَة‬-‫ص‬ َّ ‫ ال‬,the attached pronouns. The pronouns
pronouns and
ُ َ -‫ض‬
in this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the

meaning ‘he’ ‘she’ ‘they’ etc and even ‘it’. They are divided into 3 types:

for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these

categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns

in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.

:They are

‫لمتَ َكلِّ ِم ْين‬

ُ‫ل‬
ِ For first person (masculine or feminine) :

َ‫ أنا‬: I ‫ َن ْح ُن‬: We

‫ب‬
ٌ ‫َن ْح ُن طُاّل‬ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫أنا‬.
ٌ ‫طال‬ ‫ِمثا ٌل‬
We are students I am a student

(‫ َو ُمثََّنى‬-ٌ‫)ج ْمع‬ (‫)مْفرٌد‬

‫طب ْين‬ ِ َ ِ
َ or‫خا‬dual
‫لم‬ For Second person (masculine) َ ُ
For plural ُ ‫ل‬: For singular
student
 22

‫ت‬
َ ‫ ْأن‬: You )singular( ‫ ْأنتُما‬: You )dual( ‫ ْأنتُم‬: You (plural)

‫ب‬
ٌ ‫أ ْن َت طاْل‬ ‫بان‬ ِ ‫أ ْنتُما‬.
ِ ‫طال‬ .‫ب‬
ٌ ‫أ ْنتُم طُاّل‬ ‫ِمثا ٌل‬
You are a student You are students
You are students

(‫)مْف َرٌد‬
ُ (‫)مثََّنى‬
ُ (ٌ-‫)ج ْمع‬
َ
For masculine singular For masculine dual For masculine plural

‫طبات‬
َ ‫لمخا‬ ِ
ُ‫ل‬ For second person (feminine) :

‫ ْأن ِت‬: You (singular) ‫ ْأنتُما‬: You )dual( ‫ ْأنتُ َّن‬: You (plural)

ِ ‫ٌ أ ْن ِت‬
ٌ‫طالَبة‬ ‫تان‬ ِ ‫أ ْنتُما‬
ِ ‫طالَب‬ ‫بات‬ ِ ‫أ ْنتُ َّن‬
ٌ ‫طال‬
‫ِمثا ٌل‬
You are a student You are students
You are students

(‫)مَؤَّنثُمْف َرٌد‬
ُ (‫)مَؤَّنثُمثََّنى‬
ُ (ٌ-‫)مَؤَّنث َج ْمع‬
ُ
For feminine singular For feminine dual For feminine plural
 23

ِ ِ
َ ِ‫ للغائب‬: For third person (masculine)
‫ين‬

‫ ُه َو‬: He (singular) ‫ ُهما‬: They )dual( ‫ ُهم‬: They (plural)

‫ب‬ ِ ‫ُهو‬
ٌ ‫طال‬ ‫بان‬ ِ ‫ُهما‬
ِ ‫طال‬ .‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ُهم طُاّل‬ ‫ِمثا ٌل‬
َ
He is a student They are students
They are
students
( ‫)مْف َرٌد‬
ُ (‫)مثََّنى‬
ُ
For masculine singular For masculine dual (ٌ-‫)ج ْمع‬
َ
For masculine plural

ِ ‫ لِلغائِبا‬:For third person (feminine)

‫ت‬

‫ ِهي‬: He (singular) ‫ ُهما‬: They )dual( ‫ ُه َّن‬: They (plural)

 24

ِ ‫ِهي‬
ٌ‫طالَبة‬ ِ ‫ُهما‬
ِ ‫طالَب‬
‫تان‬ ‫بات‬ ِ ‫ُه َّن‬
ٌ ‫طال‬ ‫ِمثا ٌل‬
َ
She is a student They are students They are
students
( ‫)مْف َرٌد‬
ُ (‫)مثََّنى‬
ُ
For feminine singular For feminine dual (ٌ-‫)ج ْمع‬
َ
For feminine plural

}ُ ‫صلَة‬ َّ ‫{ ال‬
ِ َّ‫ضمائَر ال ُمت‬
The attached pronouns

‫ ُك َّن‬.‫ ُكما‬.‫ ِك‬.‫ ُكم‬.‫ ُكما‬.‫ َك‬. ‫ ي‬.‫نا‬

‫ ُه َّن‬.‫ ُهما‬.‫ ها‬.‫ ُهم‬.‫ ُهما‬.‫ه‬
ُ

As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached

Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is

that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are divided

into 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and

within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again

have a different form for dual and plural.

‫لمتَ َكلِّ ِم ْي َن‬

ُ‫ل‬
ِ
 25

‫َ نا‬ ‫ي‬

:‫مثا ٌل‬
‫تابنا‬ ِ ‫ِكتابِي‬
ُ ‫ك‬
Our book My book

َ ‫)مَذ ّكٌر و ُمَؤَّنُث‬

(‫مثّّنى‬-ُ ‫ و‬-ٌ‫ج ْمع‬. ُ ُ‫)مَذ ّكٌر و ُمَؤَّنُث‬
(‫مْف َرٌد‬. ُ
Masculine and feminine Masculine and feminine
plural and dual singular

‫لمخاطَبِ ْين‬‫ل‬ِ
ُ

‫ُكم‬ ‫ُكما‬ ‫ك‬

َ

:‫مثا ٌل‬
‫تاب ُكم‬ ِ ِ ِ
ُ ‫ك‬ ‫تاب ُكما‬
ُ ‫ك‬ ‫تابك‬
ُ ‫ك‬
Your book Your book Your book

َ ‫)مَذ َّكٌر‬
(ٌ-‫ج ْمع‬. ُ (‫مثَّّنى‬. َّ
ُ‫)مّذكٌر و ُمَؤَّنٌث‬
ُ (‫ ُمْف َرٌد‬.‫)مَذ ّكٌر‬
ُ
Masculine plural Masculine and feminine Masculine singular
dual
 26

ِ ‫ط‬
‫بات‬ َ ‫لمخا‬ ِ
ُ‫ل‬

‫ُك َّن‬ ‫ُكم‬ ‫ِك‬

:‫مثا ٌل‬
‫تاب ُك َّن‬ ِ ‫تاب ُكما‬ ِ ‫تاب ِك‬ ِ
ُ ‫ك‬ ُ ‫ك‬ ُ ‫ك‬
Your book Your book Your book

(‫مثَّّنى‬. َّ
. ‫)مَؤَّن‬
(ٌ-‫ث َج ْمع‬ ُ ُ‫)مّذكٌر و ُمَؤَّنٌث‬
ُ . ‫) ُمَؤَّن‬
(‫ث ُمْف َرٌد‬
For feminine plural For masculine and
For feminine singular
feminine dual

ِ ِ
َ ِ‫للغائب‬
‫ين‬

‫ُهم‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ه‬

ُ
 27

:ٌ‫مثال‬
‫تابهُم‬ ِ ِ ِ
ُ ‫ك‬ ‫تابهُما‬
ُ ‫ك‬ ُ‫كتابُه‬
Their book Their book His book

. (ٌ-‫)مَذ َّكٌر َج ْمع‬

ُ (‫مثَّّنى‬. َّ
ُ ‫)مّذكٌر‬
ُ (‫ ُمْف َرٌد‬.‫)مَذ ّكٌر‬
ُ
For masculine plural For masculine dual For masculine singular

ِ ِ‫لِلغائ‬
‫بات‬

‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُهما‬

‫ها‬

:‫مثا ٌل‬
‫تابهُ َّن‬
ُ ‫ك‬.
ِ ‫تابهُما‬
ُ ‫ك‬
ِ ُ ‫ِك‬
‫تابها‬
Their book Their book Her book

. ‫)مَؤَّن‬ (‫مثَّّنى‬. َّ
(ٌ-‫ث َج ْمع‬ ُ ُ‫)مّذكٌر و ُمَؤَّنٌث‬
ُ . ‫) ُمَؤَّن‬
(‫ث ُمْف َرٌد‬
For feminine plural For masculine and For feminine singular
Feminine dual
} ‫ستِ ْفها ِميَّة َو تَ ْميِ ْي ُزها‬
ْ ‫{ َكم اإل‬
The kam of interrogation
and its specification
Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives

the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez

(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative

.case). Please look at the example below

 28

Example :‫ِمثا ٌل‬

How many wheels How many pens do

belong to the bike? you have?

-‫اج ِة؟‬ ِ
َ ‫َك ْم َع َجلَةً ل َّلد َّر‬ ‫َك ْم َقلَماً ِع ْن َد َك؟‬

The kam
Its of The kamIts
of
Interrogation
specification Interrogation
specification
ِ ‫إسزتِ ْفها‬ ِ ‫هاْف‬
ِ‫تَ َكميِمْي ُزإست‬
‫هامَّية‬ ُْ ‫َكتَمْميِ ْي‬ ‫هامَّية‬ ْ ْ

ِ ِ‫ َكان االسم م ْختُوماً ب‬-‫ف إال ّ إذا‬

‫تاء‬ ٍ ‫ م ْختُوم بِ ِأل‬.‫َفتَميِ ْي ُز َكم َدائِماً م ْفر ٌد‬
َ ُْ َ ٌ َ َُ ْ
.‫ط ِة‬
َ ‫الم ْر ُبو‬
َ

The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.

It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends with
‫ْعا ُل‬
the taa marboota (a closed taa)
َ ‫األف‬
Verbs
 29

} ‫تاء التَّ ِأن ْي ِث‬

ُ {
The taa’ of feminine form

Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up

of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past

tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the

examples below). The ‫تاء التَّأنِ ْي ِث‬

ُ is used to conjugate a verb to make it

past tense, singular feminine third person. The ‫ َو ِة‬- ‫الن ْس‬
ِّ ‫و ُن‬-ْ -‫ُن‬ is used to

conjugate a verb to make it past tense, plural feminine third person.

ِ - -‫ماع‬
Finally, the‫ة‬- -َ ‫الج‬ -‫و‬-ُ -‫ا‬-َ‫و‬
َ is used to conjugate a verb so that it

represents past tense, plural masculine third person. Please note these

are just a few of the conjugated verbs.

:‫مثا ُل‬

.‫الب ْي ِت‬ ِ ُّ ‫ت‬ .‫ص ِل‬ ِ ِ َّ ْ ‫جلَس‬

َ ‫األم م َن‬ ْ ‫َخ َر َج‬ ْ َ‫ت الطالَبةُ في الف‬ َ َ

The mother left the The student sat in the

house classroom
 30

} ‫س َو ِة‬ ِّ ‫{ ُن ْو ُن‬
ْ ‫الن‬
The noon of women form

Example :‫مثا ُل‬

.‫الم ْستَ ْشفى‬ ِ ُ ‫الم ِم ِّر‬ .‫الم ْس ِجِد‬ ِّ

ُ ‫ضات َخ َر ْج َن م َن‬ ُ َ ‫ساء َذ َه ْب َن إلى‬
ُ ‫الن‬

The (female – pl.) The women (pl.) went

nurses left the to the masjid
hospital

} ‫ماع ِة‬
َ ‫الج‬
َ C‫و‬Cُ C‫ا‬Cَ‫{ و‬
The waw of group form

:‫مثا ُل‬

.َ‫اج َر َج ُعوا ِم ْن َم َّكة‬

ُ ‫الح َّج‬
ُ .‫الم ْد َر َس ِة‬
ّ ‫الرجا ُل َذ َه ُبوا إلى‬
ِّ

The pilgrims (male – The men (pl.) went to

pl.) returned from the school
Mecca
 31

}ُ C‫الم ْع ُدود‬
َ ‫الع َد ُد َو‬
َ {
The number and the enumerated

) ‫( ِم ْن ثَالثَة إلى َع َش َرة‬

From 3 to 10

In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the ‫د ُد‬-َ ‫الع‬
َ (the number)

and the ‫ود‬

ُ ‫الم ْع ُد‬
َ (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is
called ‫ود‬
ُ ‫الم ْع ُد‬
َ and the number is called the ‫الع َد ُد‬
َ . Unlike in English, Arabic numbers
can be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the ‫ود‬
ُ ‫الم ْع ُد‬
َ
is feminine the ‫د ُد‬-َ -‫الع‬
َ is masculine and if the ‫ود‬
ُ ‫د‬-ُ -‫الم ْع‬
َ is masculine the ‫د ُد‬-َ -‫الع‬
َ is
feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the
mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.

:ٌ‫ِمثال‬

3 Female students 3 Male students

to 1
 32

ٍ ‫طال‬
‫بات‬ ِ ‫الث‬
ُ َ‫ث‬ ‫ثِالثَةُ طُاّل ٍب‬.
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
‫ود‬
-ُ ‫الم ْع ُد‬
َ ‫الع َد ُد‬
َ ‫ود‬
ُُ ‫الم ْع ُد‬
َ ‫د‬-ُ ‫الع َد‬
َ

The enumerated The enumerated

The number The number
ُ ‫ود ُم َذ َّكراً َي ُك‬
‫ود ُم َؤَّن‬ (Masculine‫ذ َّكر‬-َ ‫م‬-‫ كان المع)د‬-‫إذا‬
‫(ثا‬Feminine -ُ ‫المَؤَّنٌْع ُدث‬ َ -‫ َو إذا‬.ً‫د ُم َؤَّنثا‬-ُ ‫الع َد‬
ُ )‫كان‬
َ‫م‬- َ ‫ون‬ ُُ ُ ْ َ َ
.‫ين‬ ِ ‫ِّح ِفي‬
ِ َ‫المثال‬ ٌ ‫ كما ُه َو ُم َوض‬.‫د ُم َذ َّكرا‬-ُ ‫الع َد‬ َ ‫ون‬ ُ ‫فََي ُك‬
When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and
when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like
what is clear in the two examples (above).

‫الم َذ َّكر‬
ُ ‫ود‬-ِ ‫للم ْع ُد‬
َ ِ
For the masculine enumerated

(٦) (٥) (٤) )٣(

ُ‫ِستَّة‬ ‫َخ ْم َسةُ طُاّل ٍب‬ .ٍ‫ْأرَب َعةُ طُاّل ب‬ .ٍ‫ثَالثَةُ طُاّل ب‬
‫طُاّل ٍب‬. ٍ
 33

Six students Five students Four students Three students

then the then the

(١٠) )٩( )٧( (٨)

‫تِ ْس َعةُ طُاّل ٍب‬ ‫ ثَمانَِيةُ طُاّل ٍب‬.‫َع َش َرةُ طُاّل ٍب َس ْب َعةُ طُاّل ٍب‬

Ten students Nine students Eight students Seven students

‫الم َؤَّن ِث‬ ِ

ُ ‫للم ْع ُدود‬
َ ِ
For the feminine enumerated

(٦) (٥) (٤) )٣(

ٍ ‫طال‬
‫بات‬ ِ ‫ت‬
ُّ ‫بات ِس‬
ٍ ‫طال‬
ِ ‫َخمس‬ ٍ ‫طال‬
‫بات‬ ِ ‫أربع‬ ٍ ‫طال‬
‫بات‬ ِ ‫الث‬
ُ َ‫ث‬
ُْ َُْ
ٍ
Six students Five students Four students Three students
then the then the

(١٠) )٩( )٧( (٨)

ٍ ‫طال‬
‫بات‬ ِ ‫تِسع‬ ٍ ‫طال‬
‫بات‬ ِ ‫بات ثَماني‬
ٍ ‫طال‬
ِ ‫بات س ْبع‬
ٍ ‫طال‬
ِ ‫عشر‬
ُْ ُ َ ُ َ
 34

Ten students Nine students Eight students Seven students

ِ ‫الصر‬
} ‫ف‬ ِ
ْ َّ ‫الم ْم ُنوعُ م َن‬
َ {
The Diptotes

The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a

Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan ٌ , fathataan ً and

kasrataan ٍ . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a

sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is

substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)

 35

.)ُ‫سرة‬
َ ‫ين) َو (ال َك‬ ُّ ‫ف ال ُي ِح‬
ُ ‫ َو ُهما (التَّْن ِو‬.‫ب َش َيئ ْين‬
ِ ‫المم ُنوعُ ِمن الصَّر‬
ْ َ َْ

The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra

:‫ِمثا ٌل‬
To Zaynab
‫ب‬
َ ‫إلى َز ْيَن‬ ‫ب‬
ُ ‫َز ْيَن‬

-ِ ‫ِفي‬
In the schools
‫المدار َس‬ ِ ‫الم‬
‫دار ُس‬ َ

From London
‫ ِم ْن لَ ْن َد َن‬. ‫لَ ْن َد ُن‬

ِ ‫وع ِمن الصَّر‬

:‫ف‬ ِ ُ‫األنواعُ اآلتَِية‬
ْ َ ِ ‫الم ْم ُن‬
َ ‫م َن‬ ْ
The following examples are from the diptotes:
 36

Feminine proper nouns

( ُ‫لُم َؤَّن‬-- - -‫ ا‬-‫لَعلَ ُم‬-- - -‫)ا‬

‫ث‬ :١

ُ‫ ُج َّدة‬.ُ‫ َم َّكة‬.ُ‫ عائِ َشة‬.ُ‫فاط َمة‬

ِ .‫ز ْيَنب‬.َ
ُ
Jeddah Mecca ‘Aaishah Faatima Zaynab

A feminine proper noun designated for the

masculine :٢
(‫لُم َذ َّكِر‬-- - -‫س َّمىا‬ ِ
ُ - - -‫ ُمَؤَّنٌثل‬-‫) َعلَ ٌم‬
َ ‫لم‬

ُ‫طْل َحة‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬.ُ‫سامة‬

َ .ُ‫عاوَية‬ َ -‫ أ‬.ُ‫ َح ْم َزة‬.
Talha Mu’aawiya Usaama Hamza
 37

Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the

scale of fa’laan :٣
ُ ‫ ْع‬C C Cَ‫ن ف‬-‫ل ْوِز‬-َ- - -‫ ٍون َعلىا‬- - -‫لفَو ُن‬-ٍِ- - -‫أ‬- - - -ِ‫ ب‬-‫لُم َذ َّكِر ُختِ َم‬-- - -‫ ا‬-‫لَعلَ ُم‬-- - -‫)ا‬
(‫الن‬

‫وان‬
ُ ‫ َم ْر‬.‫يان‬ ُ َّ‫ َعف‬.‫مان‬
ُ ‫ ُس ْف‬.‫ان‬ ُ ْ‫عث‬.
ُ
Marwaan Sufyaan ‘Affaan ‘Uthmaan

The foreign proper nouns

( ‫ألع َج ِم‬-
‫ى‬ ْ - - -‫ ا‬-‫لَعلَ ٌم‬-- - -‫)ا‬
:٤

‫ف‬
ُ ‫ُي ْو ُس‬ ِ
‫بارْي ُس‬ ‫لَ ْن َد ُن‬ ‫ْإد َوْرُد‬ ‫ِوْلَي ُم‬

Yuusuf Paris London Edward William

The proper nouns on the scale of af’alu

ِ‫ل ْو‬-َ- - -‫ َعلىا‬-‫لَعلَ ُم‬-- - -‫)ا‬
(‫ ْف َعُل‬-‫ن أ‬-‫ز‬
:٥
 38

‫ْأن َوُر‬ ‫أح َم ُد‬

ْ
Anwar Ahmad

Adjective and colour on the scale of af’alu :٦

ِ )
‫ ْف َعُ (ل‬-‫ن أ‬-‫ل ْوِز‬-َ- - -‫ ْوٌن علىا‬- - -َ‫صفَ ٌة و ل‬

‫ق‬
ُ ‫ ْأزَر‬.‫أصفَ ُر‬
ْ .‫أح َم ُر‬
ْ .‫أس َوُد‬
ْ .‫ض‬
ُ ‫أح َسن ُ ْأبَي‬
ْ .‫أ ْكَب ُر‬
better greater blue yellow red black white

Adjective on the scale of fa’laan

ِ )
ُ ‫ ْع‬C C Cَ‫ن ف‬-‫ل ْوِز‬-َ- - ‫ ٌة َعلىا‬-َ‫ف‬- - ‫ص‬
(‫الن‬ :٧

‫آلن‬
ُ ‫َم‬ ‫شان‬
ُ ‫ط‬ ْ ‫َع‬ ‫ععان‬
ُ ‫َج ْو‬ ‫الن‬
ُ ‫ َك ْس‬.
full thirsty hungary lazy
 39

on the scale of af’ilaau

ِ :٨
ُ ‫ْع‬C‫ف‬C‫ن أ‬-‫ل ْوِز‬-َ- - -‫)علىا‬
(‫الء‬

ِ ِ ِْ
ُ ‫أطَّب‬
‫اء‬ ُ ‫أ ْق ِو‬
‫ياء‬ ‫قاء‬
ُ ‫أصد‬ ْ ‫ياء‬
ُ ‫أغن‬
doctors strongones truthful ones rich ones
pl. pl. pl. pl.

On the scale of fu’alaau

:٩
ُ ‫الوْزِن فُ َع‬
)‫الء‬ َ ‫(على‬

‫ماء‬
ُ َ‫ُعل‬ ‫الء‬
ُ ‫ُزَم‬ ‫اء‬
ُ ‫ُوَزر‬ ‫اء‬
ُ ‫فُقَر‬
scholars colleagues ministers poor ones
pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of mafaa’ilu

ِ ‫(على الوْزِن م‬
)‫فاع ُل‬ :١٠
َ َ
 40

ُ ِ‫ َدقائ‬.‫ب‬
‫ق‬ ِ
ُ ‫ َمكات‬.‫ق‬
ِ ‫َف‬
ُ ‫ناد‬ .‫دار ُس‬ ِ ‫م‬
ِ ‫ َم‬.‫ساج ُد‬ َ
minutes doctors hotels schools mosques
pl. pl. pl. pl. pl.

on the scale of mafaa’eelu

ِ ‫(على الوْزِن م‬
)‫فاع ْي ُل‬ :١١
َ َ

ِ ‫َكر‬
‫اس ُّي‬ ِ َ‫ف‬
‫ناج ْي ُن‬ ‫َمفاتِ ْي ُح‬ ِ ‫م‬
‫نادْي ُل‬ َ
chairs cups keys handkerchiefs
pl. pl. pl. pl.

‫الح ْم ُد ِللّ ِه‬

َ ‫تَ َّم َو‬