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APA Referencing
Last updated March 2010
This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.
It is not for those publishing using the APA 6th style. For those publishing in the
APA 6th style, please consult the APA publication manual:
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
1. It is important that you check the assignment guide of your Department or School as some
details may vary from the guidelines on this sheet. You may be penalised for not using the referencing
style that is required by your School/Department.
2. The APA manual states that you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number
when paraphrasing. You must provide a page number when quoting. Again, refer to your School/
Departments guidelines, or consult your lecturer or supervisor.
What is Referencing?

Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have
used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures,
as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced.

There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the APA
referencing style for in-text citations and for creating the Reference List (examples are below). Within the
text of the assignment the authors name is given first, followed by the publication date. Include page
numbers for direct quotations and also where it is useful to provide a page number. A reference list at the
end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.

Why Reference?

Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and
read more fully the cited authors arguments.

Steps Involved in Referencing

1. Note down the full bibliographic details of the source from which the information is taken. Include the
relevant page number(s).

In the case of a book, bibliographical details refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title,
edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the
title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).

In the case of a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication,
title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.

For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the DOI (Digital Object Iden-
tifier) if one exists, and if one does not exist, the web address (URL) of the database you found the
article in.

2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).

3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).

In-Text Citations

Use the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of

2
an assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the authors initials in
the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, C. L., 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the
same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon, e.g., (Brown,
1991; Smith, 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author. When directly quoting from another source, the
relevant page number must be given and double quotation marks placed around the quote.

When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include the
relevant page number(s), as it is useful to provide a page number for the reader.
What is a Reference List?
1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.
2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.
3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author at the end of your essay..
4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.
5. The APA style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.
What is a Reference/Citation?

A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you
have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the APA referencing style.

Book:






Journal article from a database:




.





What is a DOI? The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) pinpoints one specific article among all those
published electronically, by all publishers. A live DOI link can lead you to the full text of the article, if your
library has a subscription to the electronic journal it is published in.

If a DOI is not provided, use the gateway URL of the database you found the article in, preceded by the
words Retrieved from.

Web page:
Mack, C. (2005). Looking at the Renaissance: Essays toward a conceptual appreciation.
London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Author
(Year) Book title
Place of publication Publisher
Petermann, J., Trus, P., Niess, C., & Gotzen, L. (1999). A modified Pivot-Shift test for
diagnosis confirmation in anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The Knee, 6(2), 131-136.
doi: 10.1016/s0968-0160(98)00035-0
Authors
(Year) Title of the journal article
Journal title Volume number
(Issue number)
Article page numbers
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S. (2002). Study Trekk 6: Referencing,
not plagiarism. Retrieved from
http://library.curtin.edu.au/research_and_information_skills/online_tutorials/studytrekk/
trek6.html
Authors
(Year)
Title
URL of the
web page
Books

In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Single author
The theory was first propounded in 1993
(Comfort, 1997, p. 58)
OR
Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimed that

Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London, UK: Mitchell Beazley.






Book


Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
2 authors Madden and Hogan (1997, p. 17)
OR
to achieve consistency (Madden &
Hogan, 1997, p. 45)


Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The definition of disability in
Australia: Moving towards national consistency.
Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare.



Book


Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation


3 to 7 authors Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and
Willingham (2005, p. 6) found
Cite all authors the first time the
reference occurs.

Guerin et al. (2005, p. 6) found
In subsequent citations, include only
the surname of the first author
followed by et al. (not italicised and
with a fullstop after al) and the year.

Guerin, W. L., Labor, E., Morgan, L., Reesman, J. C., &
Willingham, J. R. (2005). A handbook of critical
approaches to literature. New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.







Book


Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
More than 7
authors
(Gradel et al., 2007, p. 35)

Cite only the surname of the first
author followed by et al. (not italicised
and with a fullstop after al) and the
year.


Gradel, E., Kolaitis, P. G., Libkin, L., Marx, M., Spencer, J.,
Vardi, M. Y., Weinstein, S. (2007). Finite model theory
and its applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
When a reference has up to 7 authors, spell out the
authors names in the reference list. For works with more
than 7 authors, list the first 6 authors, followed by 3 full
stops () then spell out the last authors name.

Book

In the reference list, manually remove et
al. and add three fullstops then the
last authors name

Weinstein, S.

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
No author (Employment the Professional Way,
2000)
OR
the book Employment the Professional
Way (2000)


Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding
the Australian job search process for professionally
qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton, Vic: Australian
Multicultural Foundation.


Book

Put Employment the Professional Way in
the Short Title field so it will appear in-
text as a shortened title with
capitalisation


3 of 13
Examples of Referencing:
Multiple works by
same author
University research (Brown, 1982, 1988)
has indicated that



Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group.
Rockhampton, Qld: Central Queensland University.

Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchor on corals.
Rockhampton, Qld: Central Queensland University.

Order chronologically in the reference list.

Book







Multiple works
published in the
same year by the
same author
In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b)


Use a/b etc. to differentiate between
works in same year.

Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney, NSW: Allen &
Unwin.

Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.
Book




Editor (Kastenbaum, 1993, p. 51)


Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of adult
development. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.

Edited Book

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
Different Editions (Renton, 2004, p. 51)




Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good writing (3rd ed.).
Milton Keynes, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

An edition number is placed after the title of the work -
this is not necessary for a first edition.
Book

Put 3rd only in the Edition field

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
Encyclopedia or
Dictionary
The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (1980, p.85) defined it as

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music
and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London, UK: Macmil-
lan.
Edited Book
Article or chapter
in a book
As discussed by Worsley (1990)




Worsley, P. M. (1990). Cargo cults. In J. P. Spradley & D. W.
McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings in
cultural anthropology (7th ed., pp. 404-411). Glenview,
IL Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown Higher Education.
Book Section

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
Article or chapter
in a book no
author
(Solving the Y2K Problem, 1997)


Put title in quote marks.
Solving the Y2K problem. (1997). In D. Bowd (Ed.),
Technology today and tomorrow (p. 27). New York, NY:
Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Book Section

Put Solving the Y2K Problem in the
Short Title field so capitalisation will
appear in-text
Brochure (Research and Training Centre, 1993, p.
2)

Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. (1993).
Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with
disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Melbourne, Vic: Author.

The word Author is used as the publisher when the
author and publisher are the same.

Pamphlet

Put Brochure in the Type of Work field

Put Author in the Publisher field

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
4 of 13
E-book (available
in print as well as
electronic version)
(Gradel et al., 2007, p. 35)

Cite only the surname of the first
author followed by et al. (not italicised
and with a fullstop after al) and the
year.



Gradel, E., Kolaitis, P. G., Libkin, L., Marx, M., Spencer, J.,
Vardi, M. Y. Weinstein, S. (2007). Finite model theory
and its applications. doi:10.1007/3-540-68804-8
For works with more than 7 authors, list the first 6 authors,
followed by 3 fullstops (), then spell out the last authors
name.

Supply DOI where available, or URL in the absence of DOI.

Electronic Book

In the reference list, manually remove et
al. and add three full stops then the
last authors name.

Put the doi number only into the DOI
field, not the letters doi

E-book (not
available in print
version)
(Apolloni, Pedrycz, Bassis & Malchiodi,
2008, p. 130)



Apolloni, B., Pedrycz, W., Bassis, S., & Malchiodi, D. (2008).
The puzzle of granular computing. Berlin, Germany:
Springer. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com

Supply publishing details if the book is not available in
print. Supply and shorten URL.

Electronic Book

Put the URL into the URL field

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation


Thesis
unpublished


(Ciccarelli, 2008, p. 89)



Ciccarelli, M. L. (2008). Variation of posture and muscle activity
during information and communication technology use by
adults and school children. (Doctoral dissertation). Curtin
University of Technology, Bentley, W. A.
Thesis

Put Doctoral dissertation in the Thesis
Type field


Thesispublished (Dwyer, 2009, p. 152)


Dwyer, R. (2009). Agency and exchange: An ethnography of
heroin marketplace. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au

Shorten URL
Thesis

Put Doctoral dissertation in the Thesis
Type field
Conference
Proceeding

(Prayag & Ramjee, 2009)
OR
As discussed by Prayag and Ramjee
(2009)








Prayag, I. L., Ramjee, R. (2009) The impact of Newcastle
disease control on smallholder poultry production in
Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers, P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young
(Eds.), Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the
sustainable control of Newcastle disease: Proceedings of
an international conference held in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005 (pp. 132-134). Canberra,
ACT: Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research.
In the case of conference proceedings available
electronically, supply DOI where available, or URL in the
absence of DOI.

For similar examples use Book Section
Reference Type otherwise try
Conference Proceedings









Image in a book The poster The 3 dark years (Sexton,
2005, p. 184)


Sexton, M. (2005). The great crash: The short life and sudden
death of the Whitlam government. Melbourne, Vic: Scribe
Publications.

Book

Use Edit Citations to add the page
number to the in-text citation
5 of 13
Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example

EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Article As mentioned by Morberg, Lagerstrom,
and Dellve (2009)
OR
the head school nurses
job (Morberg, Lagerstrom, & Dellve
2009, p. 813)

Morberg, S., Lagerstrom, M., & Dellve, L. (2009). The perceived
perceptions of head school nurses in developing school
nursing roles within schools. Journal of Nursing
Management, 17(7), 813-821.

Journal Article






Article no author (New Baltic Icebreakers, 2005)

Put title in quote marks.
New Baltic icebreakers under construction at Baltiyski Zavod.
(2005). Naval Architect, (July/August), 32-34.

Journal Article

Put New Baltic Icebreakers in the Short
Title field so it will appear in-text as a
shortened title with capitalisation
Newspaper article (Wilson, 2009) Wilson, A. (2009, November 26). BHP Billiton cautious on pace
of global economic growth. The Australian, p. 3.


If electronic, use statement
Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au

Shorten URL

Newspaper Article

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day November 26 into
the Issue Date field


If electronic put the URL into the URL
field

Newspaper article
no author
(Ingenuity and Hard Work, 2009)


Put title in quote marks.
Ingenuity and hard work - 20 years of internet in Australia.
(2009, November 26). Sydney Morning Herald, p. 35.

If electronic, use statement
Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au

Shorten URL

Newspaper Article

Put Ingenuity and Hard Work in the
Short Title field so it will appear in-text
as a shortened title with capitalisation

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day November 26 into
the Issue Date field

Press release (Watersmith, 2000) Watersmith, C. (2000, March 1). BHP enters new era [Press
release]. Melbourne, Vic: BHP Limited.


For a press release available on the web, replace the
publisher information with the name of the website
from which the press release was retrieved, and the
URL.

Pamphlet

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day March 1 into the Date
field

Put Press Release in Type of Work
field
6 of 13
Electronic
Journals
In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Full text from an
electronic database
- DOI available
(Pope & Owen, 2009)
OR
As Pope and Owen (2009) state

Pope, J., & Owen A. D. (2009). Emission trading schemes:
Potential revenue effects, compliance costs and overall
tax policy issues. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4595-4603.
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.014
Journal Article

Put the number only into the DOI field
not the letters doi

Remove any URL if present

Full text from an
electronic database
- DOI not available
(Marshall & Anderson, 2008)
OR
As Marshall and Anderson (2008)
state




Marshall, K., & Anderson, J. (2008). The Emperor's new
clothes: A meta-study of education technology
policies in Ireland, North and South (1996-2006).
Computers & Education, 50(2), 463-474. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com

APA recommends using the journal homepage. However,
for practical reasons the University had adopted the
gateway URL as this will be easier for students.

Shorten URL

Journal Article


Put URL into the URL field



Full text from an
electronic database
no author


The Internet has had a huge impact on
the Australian economy (Mobile Phone
Addiction, 2010)

Put title in quote marks
Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue. (2010). Addiction,
105(2), 373-374. Retrieved from http://
proquest.umi.com

Shorten URL
Journal Article

Put Mobile Phone Addiction in the
Short Title field so it will appear in-text
as a shortened title with capitalisation

Full text newspaper,
newswire or
magazine from an
electronic
database no
author

(Call to Save Indigenous Languages,
2009)

Put title in quote marks


Call to save indigenous languages. (2009, October 31). The
Canberra Times, p. 7. Retrieved from http://
global.factiva.com

Shorten URL

Newspaper Article

Put year into the Year field and
the month and day October 31 into the
Issue Date field

Put Call to Save Indigenous
Languages in the Short Title field so it
will appear in-text with capitalisation

Full text from
Internet more
than 7 authors
(Keogh et al., 2009)





Keogh, L. A., van Vliet, C. M., Studdert, D. M., Maskiell, J.
A., Macrae, F. A., St John, D. J., Jenkins, M. A.
(2009). Is the uptake of genetic testing for colorectal
cancer influenced by knowledge of insurance
implications? Medical Journal of Australia, 191(5), 255-
258. Retrieved from http://www.mja.com.au/public/I
issues/191_05_070909/keo11470_fm.html

For works with more than 7 authors, list the first 6
authors, followed by 3 fullstops () then spell out the last
authors name.

Journal Article


In the reference list do this manually
remove et al. and add three full
stops then the last authors name

Jenkins, M.A.
7 of 13
Article from Curtin
E-Reserve
(Flahvin, 1997)




Flahvin, A. (1997). Sattin and the spectre of media liability for
negligence. Communications Law Bulletin, 16(4), 11-14.
Retrieved from http://edocs.library.curtin.edu.au/
eres_display.cgi?url=dc60209184.pdf

Electronic Article

Put the URL into the URL field

Cochrane Review (Leach & Morris, 2006)





Leach A. J., & Morris P. S. (2006). Antibiotics for the prevention
of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4.
Art. No.: CD004401. doi 10.1002/14651858.CD004401.
pub2



Journal Article

Put Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004401 into
the Pages field

Put the number only into the DOI field
not the letters doi
World Wide Web

In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Document on
WWW
Its essential you learn how to reference
(Dawson, Smith, Deubert, & Grey-Smith,
2002).



Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S. (2002).
Study Trekk 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. Retrieved
from http://library.curtin.edu.au/
research_and_information_skills/online_tutorials/
studytrekk/trek6.html

Web Page






Document on
WWW No
author
(British Empire 1922, 2009)




British Empire 1922 and other empires. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/
europe/empire.html

Web Page

Put the URL into the URL field


Document on
WWW No date
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)





Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Becoming an
architect. Retrieved from http://www.architecture.com/
EducationAndCareers/BecomingAnArchitect/
Becominganarchitect.aspx


Web Page







Image on the web (Autumn Ivy, 2007)



Autumn ivy [Image]. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.flickr.com/
photos/curtinuniversitylibrary/1440410713/


Web Page

Put Autumn Ivy in the Short Title field
to appear correctly in-text

Put Image in Type of Medium field

Put the URL into the URL field

8 of 13
Government
Publications
In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Acts of
Parliament
(including bills)
The Commonwealths Copyright Act
1968
(In future references, omit date)





Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is
important to an understanding of the work. Set the list
apart from the main body of the reference under the
subheading 'Legislation'.
Essential elements: Short Title of Act (Jurisdiction) eg:
Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth)
When using a section in an Act, you can do a pinpoint
reference eg: Criminal Code WA, s. 348
If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add
a retrieved statement as for electronic journal articles.

Enter in-text citation manually

Case (John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v
Gacic 2007)



John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Gacic [2007] HCA 28

If case is obtained from an electronic database, add a
retrieved statement as for electronic journal articles.

Case

Add 2007 to the in-text reference
manually

Put 2007 in the Reporter Volume field,
HCA in the Reporter Abbreviation field,
28 into the First Page field

Australian Bureau
of Statistics
Bulletin
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008)





Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education
and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT: Author.

The word Author is used as the publisher when the
author and publisher are the same.

Report

Put Author into the Publisher field and
No. 4402.0 in the Report Number field


Statistics from the
Australian Bureau
of Statistics
website
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008)




Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education
and care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT: Author.
Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics website:
http://www.abs.gov.au

Report

Put Author into the Publisher field and
No. 4402.0 in the Report Number field

Put Australian Bureau of Statistics
website: and the URL into the URL field

Census
Information
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006)



Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Census of population
and housing: B01 selected characteristics (First release
processing) postal area 6050. Canberra, ACT: Author.
Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Statistics website:
http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au

Report

Put Author into the Publisher field

Put Australian Bureau of Statistics
website: and the URL into the URL field



9 of 13
10 of 13
Government
Report
(Energy Regulatory and Market
Development Forum, 2008)


Energy Regulatory and Market Development Forum. (2008).
Energy regulation, markets and clean energy initiatives.
(Information Report 2008). Canberra, ACT:
Commonwealth of Australia.

Government Document

Put Information Report 2008 in the
Report Number field

Patent European Patent No. GB2322334 (1998)
or (European Patent No. GB2322334,
1998)


Bryant, S. J. (1998). European Patent No. GB2322334.
Munich, Germany: European Patent Office.

Do not list title of Patent.
List the date the Patent is issued, not its application date.

Patent

Add the Patent No and year in-text
manually

Put Munich, Germany in the Published
Source field

Standard (Standards Australia, 1997)



Standards Australia. (1997). Size coding scheme for infants'
and children's clothing - Underwear and outerwear (AS
1182-1997). Retrieved from http://www.saiglobal.com

Shorten URL

Standard

Put AS1182-1997 in the Report
Number field

Put the URL into the URL field
Secondary
Sources
In-Text Examples Reference List Examples EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Book including neuralgia (Carini & Hogan,
as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p.
45)
OR
Carini and Hogans study (as cited in
Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p. 45)


Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (Eds.). (2002).The human
body in health and disease. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Record the book that you actually used.
Book
(Carini and Hogan, as cited in) will need to be
added manually as an in-text reference

For authors (Thibodeau and Patton) to appear
in the reference list enter the reference in-text,
highlight and click on Edit Citation(s) then
exclude the author and year
Journal article Carini and Hogans study (as cited in
Patton, 2002)
OR
origins of neuralgia (Carini & Hogan,
as cited in Patton, 2002, p. 2154)

Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and headaches. Science, 400,
2153-55.

Record the journal that you actually used.
Journal Article
Carini and Hogans study (as cited in Patton)
will need to be added manually as an in-text
reference

For author (Patton) to appear in the reference
list enter the reference in-text, highlight and click
on Edit Citation(s) then exclude the author and
year

Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example

EndNote X3 (which reference type?)
Personal
communication, e
-mail and
discussion lists
with no web
archive

It was confirmed that an outbreak
occurred in London (S. Savieri, personal
communication, April 24, 1999)


Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by the
reader.


Add the in-text citation manually
Lecture notes (Brieger, 2005) Brieger, B. (2005). Lecture 3: Recruitment and involvement of
trainees [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
OpenCourseWare Web site: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/
course.TrainingMethodsContinuingEducation/
lectureNotes.cfm
Unpublished Work

Put PowerPoint slides in the Type of
Work field

Put Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health OpenCourseWare
Web site: and the URL into the URL
field

Films and
videorecordings of
films.
(Scorsese & Lonergan, 2000)







Scorsese, M. (Producer) & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director).
(2000). You can count on me [Motion picture].
Hollywood, Ca : Paramount Pictures.





Film or Broadcast

Put both surnames in the Director
field and manually change to
(Producer) or (Writer/Director) in the
reference list

Put Motion picture in the Medium
field
DVDs and
videorecordings
(American Psychological Association,
2000)



American Psychological Association. (Producer). (2000).
Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of
sexual attraction [DVD]. Washington, DC: Author.


Film or Broadcast

Manually add (Producer) in the
reference list

Put DVD in the Medium field

Television and
radio programmes -
single episode in a
series
(Thomason, Rudd, & Fineri, 2007)






Thomason, M., Rudd, P., & Fineri, W. (Writers/Directors)
(2007). North West Passage [Television series episode].
In T. Wright (Supervising Producer). Captain Cook:
Obsession and discovery. Melbourne, Vic: Film Australia.


Film or Broadcast

Put T. Wright in the Producer field,
other names in the Director field
and manually change to (Writers/
Directors) or (Supervising Producer)
in the reference list

Put Television series episode in the
Medium field

Television and
radio programmes -
series or single
programme
Leonard and de Pieri (2009)



Leonard, D. (Producer), & de Pieri, S. (Presenter). (2009). A
gondola on the Murray [Television series]. Melbourne,
Vic: ABC Television.

A single programme is called a Television broadcast.
Specify the broadcast date for a single programme.


Film or Broadcast

Put both surnames in the Director
field and manually add (Producer) or
(Presenter) in the reference list

Put Television series in the Medium
field

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Podcast (Seega & Swan, 2005)










Seega, B. (Producer), & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2005,
November 28). Adult ADHD [Audio podcast]. Retrieved
from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt










Online Multimedia

Put both surnames in the Created By
field and manually add (Producer) or
(Presenter) in the reference list

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day November 28 into the
Date Accessed field

Put Audio podcast in Type of Work field
Video blog post
(e.g. YouTube)
(Krempl, 2008)



Krempl, S. (2008, April 7). The beauty of story [Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zSb-
m25SJ4
Include full URL
Blog

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day April 7 into the Access
Date field

Put Video file into the Description field

Blog post and reply Dumbell (2009) suggests that...





(Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra, 2009)










Dumbell, P. (2009, October 29). Try the Librarys New
Catalogue for a chance to win $50 [Web log post].
Retrieved from http://apps.library.curtin.edu.au/blogs/
public/?blog=5&page=1&paged=3

Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra. (2009, October 29). Re: Try
the Librarys New Catalogue for a chance to win $50
[Web log comment]. Retrieved from https://
apps.library.curtin.edu.au/blogs/public/
index.php/2009/10/29/
try_the_library_s_new_catalogue_for_a_ch_50#comme
nts
Include full URL
Blog

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day October 29 into the
Access Date field

Put Web log post into the Description
field

Create separate entry for the reply

Put the year into the Year field and the
month and day October 29 into the
Access Date field

Put Web log comment into the
Description field

Computer
Software
(Miller, 1993)



Miller, M. E. (1993). The interactive tester (Version 4.0)
[Computer software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.



Computer Program

Put 4.0 in the Version field

Put Computer software in the Type field
Web streaming
video
Fukuyama (2006) recalled that... Fukuyama, M. (2006). At the corner of me and myself: Voices
of multiple social identities [Streaming video]. Hanover,
MA: Microtraining Associates. Retrieved from http://
ctiv.alexanderstreet.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/
View/535741
Film or Broadcast

Put Streaming video in the Medium field
ERIC document
(microfiche)
Davis and Lombardi (1996) put forward
the proposal that


Davis, R. K., & Lombardi, T. P. (1996). The quality of life of rural
high school special education graduates. In Rural goals
2000: Building programs that work [Microfiche]. (ERIC
Document No. ED394765).

Generic

Put Microfiche into the Type of Work
field

Put ERIC Document No. ED394765 into
the Publisher field



E-mail discussion
list web archive

(cindiann, 2009)







cindiann. (2009, July 23). Recommended photography books
[Online discussion group comment]. Retrieved from http://
www.flickr.com/groups/365libs/
discuss/72157621780867836/

Use the screen name (or nickname) the author adopts if
this is used in the discussion group entry.

Blog

Put July 23 into the Access Date field

Put Online discussion group comment
into the Description field

It is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details,
e.g. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming
to your school's requirements
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EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your
word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations and Bibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text,
then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the
references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.