Form and Galant Schemata in Mozart's Symphonic Minuets

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ROYAL MUSICAL ASSOCIATION

RESEARCH STUDENTS CONFERENCE

6th8th January, 2014
University of Birmingham

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CONTENTS

Conference Programme 5
Keynote Addresses 13
Workshops 19
Composition Workshops 20
Paper Abstracts 22
List of Speakers/Composers 126

Travel in Birmingham and Getting to the University 130
Getting to the Conference Dinner 132
University Map 133

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Conference Organisation Committee
Dr Paul Rodmell
Prof. Andrew Kirkman
Prof. Michael Zev Gordon
Dr Scott Wilson
Dr Ben Earle
Dr Eliot Bates
Peter Atkinson
James Lovelock
Caroline Ashton

Sponsors
The Royal Musical Association
Routledge
University of Birmingham
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Monday 6
th
January 2014

11.00 12.50 RMA Publications Committee LG33
11.30 Registration desk open Bramall Music Building Foyer
12.50 Welcome from Andrew Kirkman Elgar Concert Hall
13.00 14.30 Parallel Session 1
20th Century Analysis -
Mathematical
Popular Music and
Technology
Composing for Film and
Video Games
Collaboration and
Authenticity
Music in 18
th
- and 19
th
-
Century London
Room: Elgar Concert Hall Room: Dome Room: LG34 Room: WG5 Aston Webb Room: Poynting S06
Paper 1

Gong Chenchen
Twelve-note painting in
Greckis First
Symphony
Alexander Harden
Studio-Based Popular
Music and its
Interpretative
Challenges
Andra Ivanescu
The Music of Tomorrow,
Yesterday! (Music, Time
and Technology in
Bioshock Infinite)
Emily Payne
Creativity and the social
in performance:
collaboration,
interaction and
distribution
Madeline Goold
A Portrait of Mrs Luther,
a Lady of fashion and
of great discernment.
Harpsichords, pianoforte
and socio-musical
change in Georgian
London

Paper 2 Michael Palmese
Acoustic Dragon Curve:
The Presence of Fractal
Geometry in China Gates
Alicia Stark
Hatsune Miku and the
Rise of Vocaloids

George Pearce
The Incompatibility of
Film- and Video Game
Composition
Remy Martin
Authenticity As
Embodied Experience
Bruno Bower
Grieg, Schubert,
Beethoven: Varieties of
National Identity in the
Programme Notes of the
Crystal Palace Concerts,
1865-1879

Paper 3

Monika Galla-Pecynska
Markov chain
applications in creating
and understanding
music
Kate Lewis
Mothers and Sisters:
Exploring the
contributions of female
guitarists in Popular
Music
Jonathan Godsall
What happens next?
Pre-existing music and
filmic expectation

Sara Clethero
Autism and authenticity

Catherine Hutchinson
Semiramide - the
English Production of
1842

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
6

14.30 15.30 Workshop: Laura Tunbridge An Introduction to Publishing in Peer-Reviewed Journals (Dome)

15.30 16.00 Tea and Coffee Break
Social Analysis 20
th
-
Century England
Metal and Punk Latin American Music Reception Criticism Early 20
th
-Century Music
Room: Elgar Concert Hall Room: Dome Room: LG34 Room: WG5 Aston Webb Room: Poynting S06
Paper 1

Kirstie Asmussen
Music Publishing and
the Exploitation of
English Politics during
the Interwar Period
Lewis Kennedy
Conceptualising
Performance in
Contemporary Metal
Music
Hans Hess
Malandros and Otrios:
The Use of Samba in
Tropa de Elite and Tropa
de Elite: O Inimigo Agora
Outro

James Lovelock
Connections and the
"core theme" in musical
theatre and opera
Daniel Sharpley
Characterising Maurice
Durufls Musical
Language
Paper 2 Peter Atkinson
Experimenting for his
Planet!: The Reception
of Cyril Scotts Ultra-
Modern Music, 1900
1909

Rob Upton
Punk Goes Pop:
Introducing Pop-core
and the Cross-Genre
Cover
Caroline Pearsall
Resilience, Style and
Identity in Argentine
Tango Music
Stephen R. Millar
I Forbid You To Like
It: The Smiths, David
Cameron and the Politics
of (Mis)appropriating
Mass Culture
Ondrej Gima
The Fiery Angel
(original version): The
Triangle of love, despair
and obsession
Paper 3 Zara Barlas
Holsts India:
Reconfiguring Indian
and British Identities in
Sita and Savitri
Thomas May
Just Cause Im Shallow
Doesnt Mean That Im
Heartless: The Politics
of Irony and (the New)
Sincerity in the Music of
LCD Soundsystem
Roxanne Copping
In the Shadow of The
Rite
18.00 19.00 Hustings Dome (Student Committee Election Candidates)
Information on membership benefits, special events for research students, and how to get involved Dome (Amanda Hsieh, Emily Payne)
19.00 20.00 Reception
Bramall Foyer

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Tuesday 7
th
January 2014

Beethoven Composition Workshops
(Electroacoustic) (Start
9.30)
Composition Process Opera Northern and Eastern
European Music
Room: Elgar Concert Hall Room: Dome Room: LG34 Room: WG5 Aston Webb Room: WG12 Aston Webb
Paper 1

Artur Pereira
Beethoven and the Slow
Variation

Brona Martin
Listening to the Past: An
Exploration of forgotten
soundscapes
Charlotte Bentley
Satire and the status
quo: Offenbachs Grande-
Duchesse in Second
Empire Paris
Joanne Bolland
The driving force and
dilemmas of Norwegian
composers during the
Occupation of World
War II

Paper 2 Maria Razumovskaya
Climbing Towards the
Summit of Knowledge:
Heinrich Neuhauss
Interpretation of
Beethoven

Brenna Cantwell
Chew Quietly
Desmond Clarke
The Fertile Intersection
of Chance, Choice and
System
Corrina Connor
Hier gibt es einen
Spass! who or what is
Prince Orlofsky?
Karolina Jarosz
A rsum of the musical
piece - through the
sample of Legend op. 17
by Henryk Wieniawski.
A path to the integral
interpretation: from
conception, through
realization and
reception

Paper 3

Marten Noorduin
Changes in Beethovens
Tempi: Clarifications or
Changes of Heart?

Brett Gordon
Ecuelle
Shona Mackay
Up close and personal
a look at
autobiographical
processes
Marco Pollaci
Analyzing Verdi:
pedagogic traditions
between innovation, and
politics

Martin Curda
From the Monkey
Mountains: The Body,
the Grotesque and
Carnival in the Music of
Pavel Haas

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Paper 4
(cont.)

Susan J. Winch
Eroica: Heroic
Signification and
Beethovens Third
Symphony
Chris McCann
Amongst the Clutter
Steven Daverson
A Humanising Strategy
in Complex Music
Michelle Assay
Akimov and
Shostakovichs Hamlet: a
Soviet
Shakesperiment
Milos Zapletal
Substitute religiosity
and Czech classical
music of the 1920s and
1930s
11.30 12.30 Workshop: Geoff Thomason How Music Libraries can Support your Research Elgar Concert Hall
11.30 13.30 RMA Council Meeting Law Building, Room 111
12.30 13.30 Lunch
Analysis
Classical/Romantic
Composition Workshops
(Instrumental) (Start
14.30)
Popular Music and
Nationalism
Composing for Film and
Television in the 20
th

Century
Collaboration
Paper 1

Alexi Vellianitis
The Rhetoric of Failure
in Tonal Analysis

Alasdair Campbell
The Idea of Canada:
Expressions of Culture
and Nationality in the
Thought and Practices of
Glenn Gould

Francis Jamie
Myercough
Problems of Ownership
in Socialist Paradise:
Shostakovichs
Cheryomushki
Cayenna Ponchione
The anatomy of
orchestral creativity:
authorship in orchestral
practice
Paper 2

Joe Davies
Evocations of the Past:
Schubert and the
Grotesque

Alexander Glyde-Bates
Memento Mori
Emaeyak Sylvanus
Popular music and
commercial road travels
in Nigeria
Matt Lawson
Wiedergutmachung
durch Filmmusik? The
German film soundtrack
and its role in coming to
terms with the past

Debbie Moss
A shared collaborative
aesthetic in Georges
Aurics Huit pomes de
Jean Cocteau (1917-
1918)
Paper 3

Maxwell Williams
Form and Galant
Schemata in Mozarts
Symphonic Minuets

Katherine Betteridge
Belovodia
Li-ming Pan
Like a Bride: The Image
of Female Musicians on
Concert Posters in
Taiwan
Teresa Winter
Contributions to
Experimental Radio by
Delia Derbyshire (1964-
5)
Steve Tromans
The Birmingham-
Chicago Improvisers
Ensemble: An
Experiment in
Compositional
Affectivity
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Paper 4

Victoria M. Bernath
The Marginalized Voice
Speaks: Examining
Cultural Conditioning
and Virtuosic Expression
of Britain's First Modern
Viola Concerto
Daniel Linker
Paseo Miramar
Lisa-Maria Brusius
Cold Peace? Hip-hop in
post-revolutionary
Egypt
William Tanke
Re-vitalizing a
performance practise of
the eighteenth and
nineteenth century
through contemporary
improvisation
The Piano Composition Workshops
(Instrumental)
Music in Education Performance in the 19
th

Century
20
th
Century Analysis
The Second Viennese
School
Paper 1

Balder Neergaard
Schumann as Piano
Student
Andrew Taylor
Neon Rain
Claire Slight
How does lifestyle act as
a motivator for studying
academic music
degrees?

Anna Maria Barry
Male Opera Singers in
Nineteenth-Century
British Culture: John
Braham and the
Construction of a British
Identity

Danielle Hood
The Uncanny Topic in
the Fnf
Orchesterstcke Op. 16:
A Key to Schoenbergs
Unconscious
Paper 2

Iwan Llewelyn-Jones
Les Grands Pouces:
Ravels strangler
thumbs in his solo piano
works
Yuko Ohara
Wave Transformation
Hermione Ruck Keene
Why aren't you singing
today?": the challenges
of insider research as a
musician

Emma Higgins
Unreliable narratives
and ulterior motives: the
politicized reception of
Marie Delna
Elisabeth Kappel
Schoenbergs Heritage?
The Melodramas of His
Student Vilma von
Webenau
Paper 3

Joanna Szalewska-
Pineau
Developing
interpretations of
Szymanowskis piano
works
Mt Szigeti
Nema berkek
Mary Black
Dont let that phrase
die! Interpreting verbal
imagery in choral
rehearsals

Geoff Thomason
My own artistic status
is guaranteed : Adolph
Brodskys concert career
in New York, 1891-1893
Erin McHugh
Das wahre Tier: Lulus
vocal music as
commentary on her
otherness and
autonomy
18.00 19.00 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Howard Skempton Exploring the Hinterland Elgar Concert Hall
19.30 Conference Dinner Bank Restaurant, Brindleyplace, Broad Street a complimentary coach will be provided for travel to the restaurant
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Wednesday 8
th
January 2014

Strauss, Mahler and their
contemporaries
Analysis - Baroque Composing and
performing pop music
and jazz
Provincial Music-Making
in England
Instruments
Paper 1

Amanda Hsieh
Nature and the Ewig:
Mahlers Das Lied von
der Erde

Adrian Powney
A Time of Uncertainty:
Charpentiers use of
and 2
Christopher Stanbury
Rediscovering Duke
Ellingtons Satin Doll:
transcription,
performance and the
electronic organ
Christopher Roberts
Mapping the career of
Edward Miller, an
eighteenth-century
Doncaster musician
Cassandre Balosso-
Bardin
The Xeremies, The
Majorcan bagpipes:
instrument of the
islanders
Paper 2 Desire Johanna Mayr
Promthe, Leopoldo
Miguzs third
symphonic poem

David Fay
Singing Signs: Chorales,
Congregation and the
Construction of Meaning
from J.S. Bachs Passions

Jamie Fyffe
So What Borrowed
Materials and
Collaborative
Authorship in Jazz
Rachel Johnson
Music at the Manchester
Mechanics Institution,
1834 1860
Elizabeth Ford
A Revised History of the
Flute in Eighteenth-
Century Scotland
Paper 3 Leah Batstone
Whose Nietzsche?:
Mahler and Strausss
Treatment of Thus Spoke
Zarathustra
Dionysios Kyropoulos
Chironomia absens:
Reviving period
stagecraft in Baroque
opera today
Steven A Williams
Pitch Perfect: Auto-tune
or Out of Tune
Andrew Hayden
Great Yarmouth: Its
Organists and their Role
in the Cultural Life of the
Town from 1733 until
1895: Dr Musgrave
Heighington

Ronnie Gibson
The Performance of
Scottish Fiddle Music:
Towards a Tune-
Concept
Paper 4

Ralph Whyte
Richard Strauss at the
Intersection of Idealism
and Commercialization
in America
Pei Yan Chow
A Posthumous
Resurrection: Heinrich
Schtzs Musikalische
Exequien
Dorien Schampaert
The Ondes Martenot as
(mis)represented in
academic literature
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11.30 12.30 Jerome Roche Prize Lecture: Christopher Chowrimootoo The Turn of the Screw, or: The Gothic Melodrama of Modernism Elgar Concert Hall
12.30 13.30 RMA Planning Committee LG33
12.30 13.30 Lunch
13.30 14.30 KEYNOTE ADDRESS : Georgina Born Directions in Digital Musics: On the entanglement of aesthetic, technological and social change - Elgar
Concert Hall
RMA Student Committee (14:45-16:45) LG33
Early Music Modernism and
Postmodernism
The Psychology of Music Repertoire, Concerts and
Performances in Britain
Technology
Paper 1

Adam Whittaker
The exemplary mixed
bag: approaches to
musical examples in
some thirteenth-century
Parisian theoretical
treatises
Christopher Booth
Postmodern Sacred
Music: Understanding
Prt's Credo as Sermon
and Cultural Object
Daniel Elphick
The Influence of Anxiety
Martin Humphries
In pitch black: The
unexplored brass band
repertoire of the twenty-
first century
Gill Davies
Distributed Music Over
High Speed Research
Networks using LOLA
audiovisual streaming
technology
Paper 2

Katherina Lindekens
Words and Music in
Restoration opera:
Albion and Albanius
versus King Arthur

Klenio Jonessy de
Medeiros Barros and
Erickinson Bezerra de
Lima
Theatricality as an
extra-musical element in
the performative
construction: The
clowns composition in
Sequenza V by Luciano
Berio
Maria Okunev
Tertiary Opera Training
Ethnographic
Perspective

Fiona Joy Gibbs
Innovation through
vision? Prince Albert and
the Royal Albert Hall

Matthew Church
Bring the Noise:
Listening Again to the
Loudness Wars

Paper 3
(cont.)
Sophie Burton
Inventory or reliquary?
Local chant traditions in
an eleventh century
Beneventan Gradual

William Teixeria da
Silva
Rhetorical ascendance
of contemporary
composition
Valerio Velardo
Towards a music
systems theory Can
music possibly be alive?
Martin Perkins
Music-making at
Weston Park in the
Eighteenth Century
Tim Laverack
Altering perceptions: Is
technology bridging the
gap between electro-
acoustic art music and
EDM?
12

KEYNOTE ADDRESSES

Howard Skempton
Exploring the hinterland
Our music is an experience and an adventure, and our research reflects the need to
explore the uncharted hinterland.
Our quest for the unfamiliar may reveal an alternative tradition: one that is challenging
and liberating. Who are the key figures of such an alternative tradition and why are they
significant?
We may explore the hinterland with the cartographers passion for definition but it
would be a mistake to conduct musical research without delighting in the exercise. We
are curious, of course; and we are also playful.
Do we lose ourselves in the hinterland or do we return? Is the return to a familiar world
both necessary and welcome?

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Howard Skempton was born in Chester in
1947, and has worked as a composer,
accordionist, and music publisher. He studied
in London with Cornelius Cardew from 1967
and Cardew helped him to discover a musical
language of great simplicity. Since then he
has continued to write undeflected by
compositional trends, producing a corpus of
more than 300 works.
In May 2005, Skemptons Tendrils for string
quartet was awarded the prize for best
chamber-scale composition by the Royal
Philharmonic Society, and in December 2005
it won in the chamber music category at the
annual British Composer Awards. Skempton
won a second British Composer Award in
2008 for The Moon is Flashing, a song cycle
for tenor and orchestra.
Skemptons works have been commissioned and performed by many leading artists and
music organisations including the BBC, Birmingham Contemporary Music Group,
Ensemble Bash, OKEANOS, New Noise, and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic
Orchestra's 'Ensemble 10/10'.
Skempton was commissioned as part of the New Music 20*12 Cultural Olympiad
project, where his piece for the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers was performed in
Kingston and played on BBC Radio 3 as the first music of 2012. It was heard again at the
Spitalfields Festival in June 2013.
Recent commissions include a piano concerto commissioned by the BBC and a work for
oboe and string trio commissioned by Birmingham Contemporary Music Group.

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Christopher Chowrimootoo
The Turn of the Screw, or: The Gothic Melodrama of Modernism
Dip into any scholarly or critical account of Benjamin Brittens The Turn of the Screw
(1954) and one is bound to encounter a degree of anxiety. Already by 1985, Wilfrid
Mellers was defending the operas ghosts as more psychological than real, while still in
2011, a pre-eminent music critic apparently felt the need to issue a similar apology:
Although a putative ghost story, he began, Benjamins The Turn of the Screw is not a
supernatural opera. Supposedly responding to decades of all-too-literal readings of the
opera, such commentaries have sought to steer the work away from the cheap thrills
of gothic tradition, towards the more cerebral challenges of modernist psychodrama.
However, far from a belated correction to decades of misunderstanding - as scholarly
rhetoric often implies such critical strategies date back the operas earliest critical
reception.
In this talk, I will examine how Brittens opera simultaneously invites and resists such
defenses. This will involve highlighting previously overlooked gothicisms in the stage
design, text and music, and drawing connections with contemporary gothic literature,
radio and film. However, it will also involve examining the ways in which the composer,
librettist and critics sought to explain away these features, before tracing the roots of
such strategies in early- and mid-twentieth-century criticism. Rather than attempting to
resolve the question that has so preoccupied Britten scholars - that is, whether the
operas ghosts are real or imagined - my paper seeks to excavate its aesthetic stakes.
For, in mediating between modernism and gothic melodrama, high and low, The Turn of
the Screw raises unsettling questions about the faultlines of twentieth-century culture.

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Christopher Chowrimootoo is an
Assistant Professor of Musicology and
Liberal Studies at the University of Notre
Dame. His recent and forthcoming
publications include articles and essays in
Eighteenth-Century Music, Cambridge
Opera Journal, Opera Quarterly and the
Journal of the Royal Musical Association.
His 2011 article in Cambridge Opera
Journal won both the Jerome Roche Prize
of the Royal Musical Association and Kurt
Weill Foundation Article Prize. He is
currently working on a monograph
entitled Middlebrow Modernism: Pleasure
and Prestige in Twentieth-Century Music.

16

Georgina Born
Directions in Digital Musics: On the entanglement of aesthetic, technological and social
change
In this paper I present some of the mid-point findings of a six-country comparative
ethnographic research program called Music, Digitisation, Mediation: Towards
Interdisciplinary Music Studies. Funded by the European Research Council, the MusDig
program is intended to be non-parochial: not just about the UK, Europe and North
America. In this sense it responds to the post-colonial rebalancing of research and
theory towards formerly marginalised areas, illuminating through comparative studies
the changes wrought by digital media to musics worldwide. MusDig is also
interdisciplinary: as well as the music disciplines, it makes use of anthropology,
sociology, media theory, sound studies and critical legal studies. Moreover, the program
addresses a range of musics popular and folk as well as art musics and their evolving
interrelations, across a spectrum of practices production, circulation and
consumption. In these ways MusDig embodies a relational musicology (Born 2010). I
first present some of the wider comparative findings, and then focus in on my
ethnography of digital art musics in the UK. Starting from a symptomatic crisis in 2012, I
draw on research in universities and other key British institutions supporting digital art
musics, tracing the diffusion of knowledge economy and creative industries policies
through the sector and analysing the frictional entanglement of political, institutional,
technological, social and aesthetic change.

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Georgina Born is Professor of Music
and Anthropology, University of
Oxford, and a Professorial Fellow of
Mansfield College, Oxford. Her
research combines ethnographic and
theoretical writings on music, media
and cultural production. Her books
are Rationalizing Culture: IRCAM,
Boulez and the Institutionalization
of the Musical Avant-Garde
(California 1995), Western Music
and its Others (ed. with D. Hesmondhalgh, California 2000), Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke
and the Reinvention of the BBC (Vintage 2005), Music, Sound and Space:
Transformations of Public and Private Experience (ed., CUP 2013), and
Interdisciplinarity (ed. with A. Barry, Routledge 2013). In spring 2014 she is the Bloch
Visiting Professor in Music at the University of California, Berkeley, and from 2013-15
she is the Schulich Visiting Professor in Music, McGill University. Until 2015 she is
directing the ERC-funded research program Music, Digitization, Mediation: Towards
Interdisciplinary Music Studies.
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19

WORKSHOPS

HOW MUSIC LIBRARIES CAN SUPPORT YOUR RESEARCH
Geoff Thomason Deputy Librarian, Royal Northern College of Music
With an increasing and sometimes bewildering array of resources available to
musicologists it is perhaps unsurprising that musicologists are often hazy or unaware of
all the possibilities and sometimes stumble upon them by chance rather than by the use
of strategy. The International Association of Music Libraries has, as one of its roles, a
mission to enable research and, in some cases, to devise these new resources. The
purposes of this session is to highlight some of more important resources and projects
in which the IAML is involved, for example, the Concert Programmes Database and the
proposed database of musicians letters.

AN INTRODUCTION TO PUBLISHING IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS
Dr Laura Tunbridge Senior Lecturer in Music at the University of Manchester
Discussion will range from the mechanics of submitting an article to a consideration of
some of the issues around publishing as an early career scholar (such as whether to
make your PhD into a book or a series of articles).

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COMPOSITION WORKSHOPS: PIECES

INSTRUMENTAL
Memento Mori by Alexander Glyde-Bates (University of Southampton)

Belovodia by Katherine Betteridge (Bangor University)

Paseo Miramar by Daniel Linker (University of Bristol)

Neon Rain by Andrew Taylor (Cardiff University)

Wave Transformation by Yuko Ohara (Brunel University)

Nema berkek by Mt Szigeti (University of Southampton)

ELECTROACOUSTIC
Chew Quietly by Brenna Cantwell (University of Birmingham)

Ecuelle by Brett Gordon (Oxford Brookes University)

Amongst the Clutter by Chris McCann (Queens University Belfast)

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COMPOSITION WORKSHOPS: PERFORMERS

Birmingham Contemporary Music Group celebrated its 25
th
anniversary season in
2012/13. Emerging from within the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, BCMG
quickly established a reputation for exciting performances, innovative audience-
building and learning initiatives, and a central commitment to composers and the
presentation of new work. The Group has premiered over 150 works, most
commissioned through its pioneering Sound Investment scheme, with a family of
Investors supporting each new piece. In addition, BCMGs extensive Learning and
Participation programme enables young people in a range of settings to create around
100 new pieces of music each year.
BCMG is Ensemble-in-Association at the University of Birmingham, part of which
involves the Group running annual student composer workshops for third year and
postgraduate students. Students have the opportunity to write for an ensemble of up to
BCMG fifteen musicians, which then rehearses and records their works in a workshop
session that forms part of their assessment. Expert feedback is given by the conductors
and BCMG players. In addition, students writing for the ensemble can participate in
masterclasses with individual BCMG musicians to look in detail at composing for
specific instruments.
University of Birmingham music students are offered discounted tickets to all BCMG
concerts at CBSO Centre and are invited to watch the Group rehearse. BCMG offers
students opportunities to volunteer on Learning projects and provides a variety of
training and professional development sessions for students interested in this type of
work.
BCMG features on numerous CD recordings, including an ongoing series of NMC discs
devoted to British composers, with recent releases of music by Oliver Knussen, Tansy
Davies, Alexander Goehr and Richard Causton. The Group has two Artists-in-
Association, Oliver Knussen and John Woolrich, and Sir Simon Rattle is the Groups
Founding Patron.

www.bcmg.org.uk

22

PAPER ABSTRACTS

Kirstie Asmussen
Music Publishing and the Exploitation of English Politics during the Interwar Period
The practice of music publishing has long been neglected as an intermediary factor in
the production of music but in fact, is central to the cultivation of a musical culture. In
the increasingly uncertain and volatile conditions of England between the world wars,
music publishers manipulated and cultivated aspects of English musical output in order
to promote a carefully crafted message. Hubert Foss, the inaugural head of music at
Oxford University Press, was an extraordinarily influential figure in the establishment of
a new English tradition. Vaughan Williams and Walton leaned on Foss as a trusted
advisor, while Lambert, Scholes and Tovey came to trust Foss as a capable editor. This
paper will aim to outline the methods and mechanisms used by Hubert Foss in order to
cultivate and promote English music during the interwar period. How did the fusing of
English nationalism, continental modernism, politics, the social classes and musical
appreciation serve as a tool for figures like Foss and leave us with the legacy of interwar
English music as we see it today?

SESSION: Social Analysis 20
th
Century-England

23

Michelle Assay
Akimov and Shostakovichs Hamlet: a Soviet Shakesperiment
When in 1932 the young theatre artist Nikolay Akimov made his directing debut with
Hamlet, nobody expected to witness one of the biggest scandals of Russian/Soviet
theatrical history. Akimovs production for the Vakhtangov theatre in Moscow had
every element of the famously controversial style of Vsevolod Meyerhold (Russias
Bertholdt Brecht), including an apparently irreverent score by the equally young Dmitry
Shostakovich. Yet even Meyerhold criticised the show severely. With Ophelia portrayed
as a drunken prostitute, and Hamlet as a short, fat comedian, it is hardly surprising that
critical opinion should have been sharply divided, agreeing only that Shostakovichs
music was the best thing about the production. Meanwhile Western views - without the
benefit of access to materials in Moscows theatre archives - have become rigid and
reductionist. This paper suggests an understanding of Akimovs intentions more
grounded in documentary evidence, not least in relation to Shostakovichs music, which,
paradoxically, may have been too skilful for the good of the production.

SESSION: Opera

24

Peter Atkinson
Experimenting for his Planet!: The Reception of Cyril Scotts Ultra-Modern Music,
1900 1909
Although today he is generally regarded as a marginal figure in the history of British
music, during the years preceding World War I Cyril Scott (18791970) was well known
for his iconoclastic tendencies and ultra-modern music. By drawing on a wealth of
untapped primary source material, this paper explores Scotts reception at the start of
the twentieth century and contributes to a nascent scholarly interest in his life and
work. In addition to providing a window through which to view his ultra-modern music,
this examination of Scotts reception provides an insight into how modern music in
general was understood by Scotts contemporaries.
Carl Dahlhauss concepts of musikalische Moderne and Neue Musik, and Richard
Taruskins notion of maximalism are used to provide a framework within which to
consider Scotts music and reception. It is shown that whilst Scotts earliest works can
be linked with maximalism and musikalische Moderne, some of his later compositions
were perceived by his contemporaries as having ventured into new realms,
disconnected from tradition. It is argued that the reception of Scotts music supports
Dahlhauss claim that the break with nineteenth-century music occurred around 1907
10, a finding which refutes Taruskins contention that this rupture occurred in the
1920s.

th
Century-England
25

Cassandre Balosso-Bardin
The Xeremies, The Majorcan bagpipes: instrument of the islanders
The xeremies, the Mallorcan bagpipes, are central to Mallorcan culture today. After a
short demonstration of the instrument, this paper shall provide an overview of the
instruments history. Unlike other bagpipes around Europe, the use of the xeremies
never died out, providing an unbroken line of practice for over two-hundred years. The
drastic social changes brought on by mass tourism and the end of the Spanish
dictatorship changed the use of the xeremies significantly. In the early 1970s the
xeremies were taken up by young men who revolutionized its use in Mallorca. From a
rural instrument played by a handful of old shepherds, it became a common instrument,
symbol of Mallorcan identity. It is now played by over 400 people and is used in many
different contexts such as political and cultural demonstrations as well as the usual
village celebrations.
Based on a years fieldwork and two years of extensive research, this paper will present
the practice of the xeremies before and after the revival and examine its situation in
Mallorca today. Has the revival been detrimental to the instrument and its traditions as
some claim, or has it enabled it to survive and given it a new life?

SESSION: Instruments

26

Zara Barlas
Holsts India: Reconfiguring Indian and British Identities in Sita and Savitri
Gustav Holst composed various works pertaining to his personal fascination with
Sanskrit literature and Hindu spiritualism and philosophy, including the operas Sita
(1906) and Savitri (1908-9), which were based on stories from the ancient Hindu epics
the Ramayana and Mahabharata respectively. These representations epitomised India
to the British public, which was already familiar with India through trade and colonial
acquisition. Whether directly through the composers intentions or the incidental
reception of the works, narratives that worked to reconfigure Indias identity prevailed
in these operas. In doing so, these works also carved out a relative British identity. This
paper explores the various facets of these identities and contextualises them within the
historical setting of Indo-British relations in the early twentieth century. How was India
presented and received, and why? Given Holsts personal interest in India,
transculturality is explored; the assimilation and appropriation of Indian aspects in
his works, whether musical, textual or visual. In considering transculturality, this
research seeks to identify new ways of understanding Holsts India. This case study
highlights an approach that can be conducive to the further exploration of the
significance of the arts in our comprehension of historical relationships between the
traditionally polarised Orient and Occident.

th
Century-England

27

Anna Maria Barry
Male Opera Singers in Nineteenth-Century British Culture: John Braham and the
Construction of a British Identity
In recent years much attention has been given to the figure of the operatic prima donna
in nineteenth-century culture. Her male counterpart, however, has been relatively
neglected. This is particularly surprising as the male opera singer occupied a uniquely
problematic place in society, especially in nineteenth-century Britain where music was
widely perceived to be a feminised pursuit. In this context, the male opera singer is
particularly interesting, due to his complicated relationship with ideas about music and
masculinity. The identity of British singers was complicated further, as opera attracted
prejudice as a foreign art form.
This paper will present a case study of the British opera singer John Braham (c. 1774
1856.) It will examine the ways in which Braham constructed a public image that
emphasised his Britishness and masculinity. I will argue that he did this by distancing
himself from the Jewish community into which he was born and strongly associating
himself with the idea of British naval pride, which was particularly intense in Britain at
the time of the Napoleonic wars. I hope this paper will demonstrate that male opera
singers are as worthy of attention as their female equivalents and can offer an
interesting new perspective on ideas about music, nationality and celebrity in
nineteenth-century Britain.

SESSION: Performance in the 19
th
Century

28

Leah Batstone
Whose Nietzsche?: Mahler and Strausss Treatment of Thus Spoke Zarathustra
In 1896, both Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss completed works influenced by
Nietzsches Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Mahlers Third symphony and Strauss symphonic
tone poem of the same name. The fact that Mahler and Strauss are often discussed in
terms of their contrasting aesthetics begs, therefore, a closer examination of their
interpretations of Nietzsche. Mahlers engagement with Nietzsche reflects particular
interest in perspectivism and the frenzied Dionysian re-affirmation of mans connection
to one another (McGrath). Strauss, by contrast, was primarily drawn to the
philosophers rejection of Schopenhauerian pessimism, strong anti-Democratic
leanings, and the importance of individual striving (Youmans). Their musical
realizations of Zarathustra reflect two very different Nietzsches and in so doing reveal
divergent interpretations of the philosopher in a decade when Nietzsche reception was
at its most varied (Aschheim). Examination of their symphonic structure, placement and
selection of Zarathustra texts, and personal correspondence regarding Nietzsche with
each other and others, reveal Mahler and Strauss as proponents of different receptions
of the philosophers work. What my paper provides is a study of musics embodiment of
not only the multi-faceted Nietzsche, but the philosophical reception of a particular age.

SESSION: Strauss, Mahler and their contemporaries

29

Charlotte Bentley
Satire and the status quo: Offenbachs Grande-Duchesse in Second Empire Paris
All too often, secondary literature on Offenbachs works falls into one of two distinct
camps: one which labels his operettas collectively as harmless bouffoneries (headed by
Siegfried Kracauer and, later, Richard Taruskin), and another which casts them firmly as
satirical, but with little further investigation of the nature, intentions, and effects of this
satire (see the work of Eric Hansen and Jess Tyre). The reality of the situation is by no
means as simple as either of these positions suggests. In this paper, I explore the
satirical content of La Grande-Duchesse de Grolstein (1867), focussing particularly on
the parodic treatment of both genre and contemporary mores within the work, together
with the resulting intermingling of reality and fiction. By drawing on contemporary
reviews, I also examine wider issues of the works reception by both Parisian and
international audiences visiting the city during the exposition universelle of 1867. In
light of compelling theoretical and historical material, I argue that while Offenbach
might not ultimately have transformed the future of France on either a political or
musical level, his work played a complex and vital role in Parisian consciousness during
the Second Empire.

SESSION: Opera

30

Victoria Bernath
The Marginalized Voice Speaks: Examining Cultural Conditioning and Virtuosic
Expression of Britain's First Modern Viola Concerto
In contrast to France, Germany and Italy, British composers, as well as Victorian musical
society at large, were late to adopt the viola as a virtuosic voice. Once a highly favored
instrument at the Tudor court, by the Victorian era the viola had become marginalized,
due to its distinctive timbral qualities and lowered to the status of a doubling
instrument. The prominent position in British music currently held by the viola has
been credited to violist Lionel Tertis for his work during the mid 20th century.
However, this paper will argue that a rejuvenation of the viola's popularity began at an
earlier date, in 1892 with the printed edition of Britain's first modern viola concerto by
Emil Kreuz.
Taken from a larger doctoral research project detailing the social history of the viola in
Britain (circa 1892-1932) through the concerto form, this paper will focus on the
forgotten and previously unheard Concerto in A- for Viola and Orchestra, Op. 20 by Emil
Kreuz. A brief analysis of the concerto, with performance examples, will be followed by
a discussion of the concerto's reception reflecting upon the national musical culture at
the time: a set of intersecting effects of late Victorian performance education, musical
tastes and nationalism which, although such factors led to the concerto's eventual
disappearance from the concert circuit, gave rise to a new performance legacy, the
British viola virtuoso.

SESSION: Analysis Classical/Romantic

31

Mary Black
Dont let that phrase die! Interpreting verbal imagery in choral rehearsals
If you let that phrase slow down, its death to the music!
Phrases such as this were the initial impetus for this research. Through experience as
both singer and choir director, the author had heard and invented many similar
examples of verbal imagery. However, there had been no previous consideration of why
this type of expression was being used and whether it was effective. These questions
were the springboard for this research which aims to investigate the use and effect of
verbal imagery in choral directing. The research will determine the circumstances and
efficacy of verbal imagery in choral rehearsals through videoed observations, interviews
and questionnaires which will demonstrate how different participants understand and
respond to verbal imagery. The research shows that singers are able to interpret the
verbal imagery and that there is remarkable agreement on this interpretation, both
between singers and their directors and also from one choir and director to another.
The research establishes that singers modify the sound they sing in response to verbal
imagery and also demonstrates other functions of verbal imagery, for example its role
as a mnemonic.
This area of research has been chosen for several reasons: firstly, there is little
concentration on verbal communication in current literature, despite a great deal of
research on the techniques that choral directors use in general. Secondly, if verbal
imagery is so frequently used, what is its function? The data establishes key functions of
imagery in this context.
The research area is particularly significant to choral directors who already use verbal
imagery as they can employ it more consciously and effectively. It also has ramifications
more generally for those teaching music in other contexts.

SESSION: Music in Education

32

Joanne Bolland
The driving force and dilemmas of Norwegian composers during the Occupation of
World War II
On the morning of 9 April 1940, Norwegians woke to an invasion by German forces. As
the Nazis attempted to take control of the country they used music as one way of
ingratiating themselves. The split in society mirrored in music as in other arts, was
pronounced. Some remained loyal to Norway (good Norwegians/jossinger) while
others lent themselves to the German cause. Not surprisingly, Norwegians have found
this a painful topic, and numerous questions remain to be researched. How does a
country survive in these conditions of internal conflict? For those prominent Norwegian
Jewish performers and composers who left Norway in exile to Sweden, a neutral
country, what were the effects of witnessing the enemy entering and leaving their
supposed safe haven? How was it possible to have compositions heard?
The paper will discuss the use of the Norwegian composers by the Germans for their
own ends, including specifically the Grieg jubilee in 1943; how Christian Sindings
illness was exploited; the exile of Jewish musicians; and David Monrad Johansens
activities during the Occupation, their after-effects and how he later justified his
behaviour.

SESSION: Northern and Eastern European Music

33

Christopher Booth
Postmodern Sacred Music: Understanding Prt's Credo as Sermon and Cultural Object
Arvo Prt's Credo, a work born into political scandal during the Cold War, fuses two
seemingly disparate Biblical texts, giving rise to the question of hermeneutics, especially
considering how Prt sets them. In this paper, I contend that the setting spins a
teleological narrative that juxtaposes new composition with borrowed music. The result
is both exegesis and eisegesis: by conflating textual and musical ideas, Prt's explication
of the Biblical passages presents a personal conjecture regarding their modern
relevance. I begin with a brief contextual discussion of the social and political
circumstances that may have affected the work and its reception, as well as relevant
scholarship on Prt's music and the political ramifications of Credo. I then demonstrate
the manner in which the relationship of text to music reveals the composer's intent to
be more theological than political. I present a hitherto unrecognized organizational
scheme in which the Credo is grounded upon numeric groupings of texture, register, and
instrumentation, which reveal interpretations of text by relating to its syllabic
construction. These enable us to view the work from both a structuralist and a
poststructuralist perspective: a dialogue between old and new, tonal and post-tonal,
scripture and sermon.

SESSION: Modernism and Postmodernism

34

Bruno Bower
Grieg, Schubert, Beethoven: Varieties of National Identity in the Programme Notes of
the Crystal Palace Concerts, 1865-1879
Much of the existing literature on nineteenth century programme notes has focused on
history and contexts. As an example of the insights to be gained from close reading this
material, we could consider the various approaches to national identity contained in the
programme notes produced for the Crystal Palace Saturday Concerts. Notes for the few
appearances of Grieg openly state his nationality, and imply that this information was
useful for understanding his music. The notes for Schuberts music, on the other hand,
generally made no reference to his nationality, instead opting for a broad range of
explanatory material and implications of universality. There were also a few non-British
composers who were frequently treated as essentially British by historical association.
Beethoven might seem like a surprising example of this type, as he had relatively little
connection with England during his lifetime. However, frequent references to English
poetry and extensive comparisons with Shakespeare in the programme notes seem to
indicate (among other things) a subtle attempt to appropriate him for Britain. This
raises interesting questions regarding the current understanding of national identity
and music in the Victorian period.

SESSION: Music in 18
th
- and 19
th
-Century London

35

Lisa-Maria Brusius
Cold Peace? Hip-hop in post-revolutionary Egypt
In the course of the uprisings in the Arab world in 2011 music proved to be a prominent
part of public protest. But what happened during the months following the revolution?
Cold Peace is the title of an album Egyptian rapper Mohamed El Deeb launched in June
2012. Mohamed is only one amongst a vast number of Hip-hop artists who politically
expressed themselves through their music.
This paper aims to portray and discuss ways in which post-revolutionary music re-
produces revolutionary ideas: Throughout history, post-revolutionary discourse has
frequently constructed images that would support the reproduction of certain
narratives and aesthetics.
The broader question I want to address in this paper is how music contributes to a
glorification and romanticization of revolutionary events. To what extent does
Mohamed El Deebs music adopt this common revolutionary practice? Are there
elements in Hip-hop music that provide means to realise this preservation of ideas?
In order to explore these questions, this case study wants to draw close attention to
techniques of sampling and borrowing. By doing so, this paper seeks to contribute to the
theory of musical borrowing and thus, to the theory of a musical practice that is not
limited to Hip-hop culture.

SESSION: Popular Music and Nationalism
36

Sophie Burton
Inventory or reliquary? Local chant traditions in an eleventh century Beneventan
Gradual
The eleventh century gradual Benevento 40, whilst being primarily a source of
Gregorian chant, is also the most complete extant source of the Beneventan chant
repertoire. Of the seventeen Beneventan Masses in this manuscript, most are found as a
single Mass following the Gregorian Propers for the same day; on two occasions,
however, two Beneventan Masses are given alongside their Gregorian counterpart. This
overabundance of liturgical material raises questions about the practicality of using all
of this content in performance; this, in turn, forces us to reassess the function of the
manuscript. Is it an inventory of contemporaneous liturgical practices, or a reliquary of
disused and yet still treasured traditions? This paper examines Beneventan Masses for
All Saints, the Exaltatio and Inventio sanctae crucis and feasts for Ss Peter and Paul as
they relate to eleventh century liturgical practices and the preservation of remnants of
Beneventan musical heritage.

SESSION: Early Music

37

Alasdair Campbell
The Idea of Canada: Expressions of Culture and Nationality in the Thought and
Practices of Glenn Gould
By virtue of his unique artistry, his personal eccentricity and intellectual iconoclasm,
Canadian pianist, writer and broadcaster Glenn Gould (1932-1982) has long been a
subject of popular and scholarly fascination, inviting both cultish admiration and
scornful criticism, hagiography and sober reflection. Yet there remains a tendency to
exaggerate the more superficial and spurious elements of Goulds life and career, a
consequence of the personality fetishism that has accompanied his wider reception.
This has deflected attention away from the more complex issues engendered by Goulds
aesthetic and from the realities of his historical and cultural context.
In this paper I respond to the prevailing view of Gould and to the paucity of cultural-
contextual scholarship on the subject, reflecting on how the musical and technological
situation in post-war Canada came to bear on the pianists musical and technological
thought and practices through a consideration of important institutional and
intellectual spheres. In so doing, I aim to provide a more nuanced and embedded
understanding of the pianist, challenging the myths that have framed the mainstream
discourse on Gould, and laying the groundwork for a new analytical-philosophical
paradigm in which the salient issues surrounding Goulds artistic and intellectual legacy
structure and guide popular and scholarly debate.

38

Pei Yan Chow
A Posthumous Resurrection: Heinrich Schtzs Musikalische Exequien
Heinrich Schtzs Musikalische Exequien (1635/6) was composed for the funeral of
Prince Heinrich Posthumus and exemplifies the culture of ars moriendi and rhetoric that
was characteristic of Lutheran Germany in the seventeenth century. In the work, Schtz
portrays the Prince, both directly and indirectly, to have been resurrected in heaven,
not only to console the congregation but also to reiterate Christian values and
encourage them to follow in the devout Princes footsteps so that they could also be
saved in the future. Schtz achieves this by conveying the Princes final messages to the
bereaved effectively using various rhetorical devices, by depicting the Prince to be in
heavenly company, and also by providing an everlasting monument in representation of
the Princes afterlife. My study will take up a similar approach as to existing literature
by Bettina Varwig and Gregory Johnston in examining how the rhetorical devices have
been used to resurrect the Prince, but I suggest that the work can additionally be seen
as a representation of the transition from life to death, while drawing links to the notion
of transcendence and the interdisciplinary aspect of music.

SESSION: Analysis - Baroque

39

Matthew Church
Bring the Noise: Listening Again to the Loudness Wars
Much has been written outside of academia about the excessive use of dynamic range
compression (DRC) in popular music. The growing ubiquity of DRC in popular music
production is frequently referred to pejoratively as the 'loudness wars'. However, due to
the abstract, relative nature of volume until playback, 'loudness' in this context can only
be understood as the sound quality of digitally maximised amplitude a phenomenon
that would seem to be fairly isolated to recorded popular music. I explore the possible
reasons behind this percept and its difference from the comprehension of other
production techniques as well as natural audio, suggesting that modern studio
production presents a complex source-bonded audio experience in which loudness is
primary over quietness.
I then go on to offer a series of other theoretical frameworks through which loudness
can be experienced, with reference to established principles of psychoacoustics, to
spectral analysis of audio data, and to anecdotes of various musicians working in the
field. The paper will close with an analysis of perceptual loudness in Imogen Heap's
Hide and Seek.

SESSION: Technology

40

Desmond Clarke
The Fertile Intersection of Chance, Choice and System
In this paper I will present two recent string quartets, Insect-Wood-Growth and the first
movement of String Quartet (2012-13). Both works address, in very different ways,
restriction of compositional choice through rigorous systematisation of certain
parameters. Insect-Wood-Growth was written for the Eurydice quartet as part of the
2013 highSCORE festival in Pavia, Italy. It is a five-minute, ten-movement work which
explores the compositional synthesis of chance-, system- and choice-based musical
material and the mediation between micro- and macro-structures. String Quartet (2012-
13) is a sixteen-minute, three-movement work of which the first is presented here. The
form of the movement arises from the partial mapping of data derived from a
simulation of objects moving through a gravitational field onto the parameters of pitch
and dynamic. The elegant structures within the data allow the emergence of moments of
opposition, integration and coalescence between system and free composition, and
provide one pole of an opposition between generative and referential music which
dominates the large-scale, multi-movement form. I will discuss the compositional
processes of both works, from conception and pre-compositional work to realisation,
explore how successfully those processes translated into a performance and touch upon
the implications of these pieces for my future work.

SESSION: Composition Process

41

Sara Clethero
Autism and authenticity
This paper deals with a singing project with autism west midlands (a voluntary society,
providing residential care and support for adults with an autistic spectrum disorder)
which has been running for 20years, and is the subject of a forthcoming article in Good
Autism Practice journal. We have worked, somewhat unconventionally, with Alexander
Technique teachers, and have seen some surprising changes in the functioning and
musical participation of the members of the group. Some of them have found the means
to be much more creative through this process. And in some cases, they have clearly
benefitted from the social and physical disciplines of the project.
Many of these changes can be usefully analysed, in this submission, in terms of
philosophical ideas of authenticity and being there (ie Dasein, in the terminology of
Heidegger) .
This paper will examine the following questions:
1. How can the concept of authenticity in singing teaching practice illuminate our
understanding of the functioning in this area of those who have a diagnosis of
asd?
2. How can this be made more specific through the use of the Alexander Technique?
3. What are the implications of the above for future practice?

SESSION: Collaboration and Authenticity

42

Corrina Connor
Hier gibt es einen Spass! who or what is Prince Orlofsky?
The enigmatic Russian aristocrat who presides over a chaotic gathering of Vienna's
bourgeoisie in Johann Strauss's Die Fledemaus is the ideal subject for an investigation of
operatic masculinities. Previous discussions of Orlofsky focus on national difference and
diva-worship, but leave unexplored many aspects of the Prince's character, directorial
interpretations of the role, and casting. Another preoccupation has been the
empowerment, or otherwise, of a woman singing a 'male' role: Orlofsky is often
examined in the context of other 'travesti' roles, including Cherubino or Octavian,
particularly as some singers make a speciality of performing these three parts.
However, the origins and evolution of Orlofsky make it clear that there are more
differences between Prince Orlofsky and other 'travesti' roles than there are similarities
not least because the part can be sung by a tenor, and now by increasing numbers of
countertenors. This paper considers the factors that contribute to the masculinity of
Prince Orlofsky, and asks how this masculinity is constructed by female and male
singers. To explore these questions I examine how different voice-types in the role can
satisfy, or confound the expectations of the audience, and how history, and changing
stereotypes of nationality, gender, and power contribute to the analysis and
understanding of this character.

SESSION: Opera

43

Roxanne Copping
In the Shadow of The Rite
The premiere of Stravinskys Rite of Spring (1913) was a phenomenal cultural event.
This one work changed the history of Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, overshadowing many
wouldbe- great ballets and altering the style of future works.
Prior to this 1913 season, Diaghilev had created a carefully tested recipe for artistic,
commercial, and social success. Each ballet was constructed with an almost formulaic
simplicity; one part pragmatic music, one part glorious colour, and one part sublime
movement, crucially, with no single element outshining another. The reason for this
dramatic change in style, and the resultant deviation from the Ballets Russes existing
modus operandi, meant that two separate types of ballets were produced in the ensuing
years within the company. The focus of this paper will be the coexistence of these
differing styles.
Although only active for only two decades, the Ballets Russes has garnered more
academic interest than any other artistic company. However, the majority of research
has focussed on the giants of the genre, thus neglecting those that fall into the shadows.
By examining why the composers of the Ballets Russes worked as they did, it is possible
to add a new insight into this highly explored topic.

SESSION: Early 20
th
-Century Music

44

Martin Curda
From the Monkey Mountains: The Body, the Grotesque and Carnival in the Music of
Pavel Haas
It has been claimed that Pavel Haass string quartet From the Monkey Mountains (1925)
is the most prominent instance of the composers alignment with the 1920s musical
avant-garde, as epitomised by Stravinsky and Les Six. However, little effort has been
made to articulate this affinity or consider it in relation to the influence of Leo Janek,
with whom Haas studied. Haass quartet also needs to be related to the more immediate
context of the Czechoslovakian avant-garde, in particular the so-called Poetism
movement.
The proposed cultural-analytical reading of Haass quartet draws largely on its
numerous references to Poetisms characteristic topoi (such as jazz, circus, sports or
the exotic). Particularly significant is the topic of carnival, which is associated with the
grotesque (a quality essential to much of Haass music) that I will discuss through
Mikhail Bakhtins cultural-critical perspectives.


45

William Teixeira da Silva
Rhetorical ascendance of contemporary composition
Contemporary music today involves a big diversity of styles and aesthetics. However,
compositional procedures were born inside a larger system that had structured musical
language: the rhetoric. This art has been exhaustively applied on renaissance and
baroque music but its traces are still remained on later music. The present paper
discusses how rhetoric might influence musical composition nowadays and it aims to
figure out the paths that have lead the development of such process, mainly through the
part of rhetoric that deals with the conceiving or choosing of ideas, the inventio. To do it
coherently with the current thought is impossible using only Aristotelian conception on
rhetoric so the discussion is theoretically based on the work that brought it back for
present philosophy, The New Rhetoric: a Treatise on Argumentation, by Cham
Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. To verify the relevance of this issue, the concepts
will be compared with the praxis of two very opposite style composers: Luciano Berio
and Giacinto Scelsi, namely on pieces Sequenza XIV and Maknongan, respectively. The
main topics are rewriting and commonplace, and musical topicalization from topos.


46

Steven Daverson
A Humanising Strategy in Complex Music
The composer Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf noted that composers of so-called New
Complexity often assemble material as different strata that give rise to their unusual
musical situations. However, the overabundance of material that also characterises
complex music masks this approach, leaving a listener with an experience that, while
exciting, is often overwhelming when trying to parse anything deeper than surface
activity.
In my recent work, including Schattenwanderer for clarinet and ensemble and my string
quartet Three Rivers from the Navidson Record, I have developed a staregy that allows
materials to be overlapped in a similar manner, but results in a music where complex
situations and performative challenges are heard, both as the result of a process, but
also as an increase in music tension; something that can occasionally be lost in the high-
octane saturation of complex music.
While some of my work does feature this high level of activity, writing a more spacious
music in certain areas with clearer delineation of material, I have found a voice that
treads the fine line between compositional rigour and human expressivity.


47

Gill Davies
Distributed Music Over High Speed Research Networks using LOLA audiovisual
streaming technology
For over 15 years, audiovisual streaming technologies have facilitated masterclasses
and rehearsals over distances, but have not been appropriate for distributed musicians
to play together in real-time due to latencies of around 400 milliseconds. The LOLA
(Low Latency) audiovisual streaming technology, developed in Italy since 2005,
attempts to overcome this problem. Can it can be used successfully for distributed
music rehearsals, masterclasses and performances? How do musicians and audiences
perceive the presentation of distributed music performances using LOLA? My research
effort has focussed on a series of case studies trialling the LOLA technology with
musicians from classical and jazz genres including combinations of instruments and
musical groupings. This paper presents the findings of the case studies, largely from a
qualitative perspective, and describes the methodology used. The original research took
place mainly at Edinburgh Napier University, the first HEA establishment in the UK to
trial the LOLA technology.

SESSION: Technology

48

Joe Davies
Evocations of the Past: Schubert and the Grotesque
Composed in 1828 and dedicated to Caroline Esterhzy, Schuberts F-Minor Piano Duet
Fantasy, D 940, offers the ear a strange, quite terrifying musical experience. Frequently
indulging in vehement outpourings of emotion, brutal textures, harsh dynamic
contrasts, and curious stylistic juxtapositions, this piece (particularly the second
movement) seems determined not only to break out of the confines of compositional
decorum but also to explore new aesthetic ideals.
Taking Richardss view that the fantasy (as a genre) simultaneously resists
interpretation and offers itself promiscuously to multiple readings as a point of
departure (2001) and with reference to the work of Brett (1997), Kinderman (1996),
and Wollenberg (2011), I will propose that Schuberts D 940 seems less concerned with
being beautiful (as defined in the writings of Christian Friedrich Michaelis et al.) or
picturesque than with conjuring up a grotesque monster. Consideration will be devoted
to the relationship between music and landscape, the semiosis of musical topics
(including the significance of the Baroque as both an affective and meta-musical zone),
and the exploitation of temporal extremes. Though D 940 will form the focal point of
this study, reference will be made to other pieces that are imbued with a predilection
for the bizarre, particularly the Wanderer Fantasy, D 760 (1822). In linking these
pieces with the visual arts, this paper hopes to make a contribution to the ongoing
discussion of expressive practices in Schuberts keyboard music.


49

Klenio Jonessy de Medeiros Barros and Erickinson Bezerra de Lima
Theatricality as an extra-musical element in the performative construction: The clowns
composition in Sequenza V by Luciano Berio
This paper aims to discuss theatrical aspects as an extra-musical element that is
relevant to the performers preparation for the interpretation of Sequenza V, of the
composer Luciano Berio. The procedure of preparing the performance aims to develop a
level of presence that increases through the relationship of the performer with the
events around them. This relationship provides its own language characteristics,
resulting in a distortion of the performers role and providing an expressive
development in performative construction into the process of creating the clown.
Authors like HANSEN (2010), and KLEBER (2012), also the performance notes written
by the composer himself, was uses as reference. The paper work was divided in two
parts, the first one is a theoretical, analytical and a practical study of the work, this way
the first part provides a subsidies for a proposal performance outlined in the second
part of the research.
Well be highlight technical and interpretative aspects about the construction and
collaboration of theatrical elements that is combined to musicals elements. These
elements drive a conscious expansion and construction for a single identity that is
proposed by Berio. This construction is done by manipulating some elements described
by the performer through interpretation.


50

Daniel Elphick
The Influence of Anxiety
Harold Blooms theories of influence in poetry are well known and many scholars have
sought to apply them to wider fields of art. His aggressive vision of artistic influence has
new authors appropriate their predecessors works leading to an Oedipal elimination
of the father-figure of influence. Blooms theories have proved highly significant in
musicology, but also problematic. This paper seeks to give a brief overview of Blooms
writings and move to a review of Musicologists attempts to utilise his theories as set
out in the book The Anxiety of Influence. It becomes apparent these cannot be easily
adapted to music since they perpetuate the contested concept of originality as
progress. I seek to demonstrate this with short case studies of friendships between
composers that cannot be easily moulded to fit alongside Blooms aggressive writings.
With these, I suggest a new template of musical influence, utilising thoughts from T.S.
Eliot, Benjamin Britten and several others authors simultaneously calling for a
reassessment of this complex issue from the perspective of musicology.

SESSION: The Psychology of Music

51

David Fay
Singing Signs: Chorales, Congregation and the Construction of Meaning from J.S. Bachs
Passions
How did Bachs Passions mean to the 18th-century Leipzig congregation?
Attempting to uncover the various modes of meaning in Bachs music has been a
musicological preoccupation almost since the invention of the discipline. Few studies,
however, have concentrated on the musics capacity to communicate meaning to the
listener, rather than on the discovery of more mystical meanings hidden in the score. In
this paper I focus on the listening communities for which Bach wrote his Passions the
congregations of Leipzigs Hauptkirchen and examine the vital role that Lutheran
chorales played in communicating theological meaning to these congregations. Chorales
were omnipresent in post-Reformation Germany, and the way in which their
communally-established meanings interacted with other texts musical, textual,
liturgical was crucial in enabling the congregants to construct meaning from the
Passion music. We will examine this intertextual interaction, exploring its semantic and
theological potential in one example movement from the St Matthew Passion: the
opening chorus, Kommt, ihr Tchter. We shall see how, by virtue of their familiarity
with the integrated chorale O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig, and knowledge of its
meanings, this movement draws the congregants into a particular theological
interpretation of the ensuing Passion music.


52

Elizabeth Ford
A Revised History of the Flute in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Histories of Scottish music neglect the flute, although it was a most popular instrument
in the eighteenth century, particularly for amateur musicians. All writing on the flute in
eighteenth-century Scotland has used William Tytlers 1792 article On the Fashionable
Entertainments and Amusements in Edinburgh in the Last Century, as the starting
point. Tytler wrote that the German flute was not known in Scotland prior to 1725,
having been introduced to the country in that year by Sir Gilbert Elliott of Minto, who
had studied the instrument in France. Musicologists have unquestionably accepted
Tytlers version of history with little evidence of its veracity. Documents exist showing
that the German flute was known in Scotland as early as 1717.
The flute is generally thought to have been played exclusively by gentlemen. It was
difficult to play well and on the cutting edge of fashion, requiring an income and leisure
time to devote to practice in order to play the simplest of tunes. Even so, there are
indications that it was also enjoyed by the lower classes in Scotland.
It was not considered proper for women to play wind instruments; the flute was
especially forbidden due to its mythological associations with war, seduction, and
masculine power. In Scotland, however, it was popular amongst upper-class ladies.
This paper will examine the evidence for the flute as a factor in the musical life of
eighteenth-century Scotland, and consider how it may revise the accepted history of the
instrument.


53

Jamie Fyffe
So What Borrowed Materials and Collaborative Authorship in Jazz
This paper examines the Miles Davis composition So What (Kind of Blue, 1959).
Previous work tends to focus on its modality (Kernfeld, 1981) whereas this study
examines the collaborative nature of its genesis. It argues Davis composed the piece by
reworking existing musical materials which had recently aroused his interest. Davis
borrowed from contemporaries he admired through (1) sound recordings; (2) social
and intellectual groups; and (3) recording sessions, reassembling these items to
produce an influential recording woven from borrowed thread.
Using musical analysis as its primary tool, the paper will identify the main building
blocks of So What and trace those constituent elements back to their sources.
Beginning with melodic design, harmonic structure and rhythmic form, the study will
identify separate genealogies for each by examining influential sound recordings. It will
also reassess evidence regarding who composed the introduction to So What and
highlight the collective nature of the development of modality in jazz.
The examination forms a case study designed to illustrate collaborative authorship in
jazz. In addition to illustrating the effectiveness of Daviss compositional strategy, it
questions romantic notions of individual genius and highlights the inadequacy of
copyright law in comprehending complex creative processes involving multiple
participants.

SESSION: Composing and performing pop music and jazz
54

Monika Galla-Pecynska
Markov chain applications in creating and understanding music
Since Lejaren Hillers composition of the Illiac Suite Markov chains have occupied an
important place in twentiethcentury understandings of music. This paper will discuss
how Markov chains are used in musical contexts, presenting case studies and tracing the
evolution of the concept over the past several decades. It will offer a basic introduction
to the mathematical concept and to its application to composition, music analysis and
pattern recognition. It will then focus more narrowly on different approaches to
composition, with particular attention to using pattern extraction and single-note
models to create new works. Markov chains can control different elements in a piece
pitch, intervals or duration. They can also be used to imitate historical styles, like the
music of Bach or Mozart, and such outputs raise interesting questions about
authenticity. Markov chains can be used in conjunction with other algorithmic
processes such as Automata Cellular or the MonteCarlo method. These procedures
have an on-going influence on composers and their relationship to musical sources and
inspirations.

SESSION: 20th Century Analysis - Mathematical

55

Fiona Joy Gibbs
Innovation through vision? Prince Albert and the Royal Albert Hall
Prince Albert died in 1861, a decade after his initiative of The Great Exhibition of 1851,
but before much of Albertopolis, including the Royal Albert Hall, was built. The fact
that his plans nevertheless came to fruition is impressive.
This paper will explore how Alberts vision has impacted upon the Hall, and forms part
of my research on The role of the Royal Albert Hall in Londons musical life. Albert was
instrumental in the building of the Hall; in life through conceiving it as an idea, and in
death through Queen Victorias dedication to his memory.
This paper will explore the extent to which Alberts vision for the Hall was realised,
based on an examination of his letters and memoranda, the events that subsequently
took place once the RAH opened in 1871 and the changes to the Halls programming
following its award of Charitable Status in 1966.
I will provide a preliminary answer to Alberts impact on the RAH in this paper, using
both historical and ethnographical materials. I will show how two different research
methods can be used in conjunction to paint a fuller picture of this concert hall and its
place in Londons musical life.

SESSION: Repertoire, Concerts and Performances in Britain

56

Ronnie Gibson
The Performance of Scottish Fiddle Music: Towards a Tune-Concept
The study of historical performing practices of Scottish fiddle music is greatly facilitated
by the existence in music notation of multiple examples of individual tunes.
Significantly, each is usually unique, and when taken together as an index of performing
practice they can be interpreted to highlight performers creative engagement with the
tune, defined as a loosely constructed melodic and rhythmic contour which is
distinguishable from other tunes. While it is sometimes possible to identify lines of
influence between examples, the variant paradigm utilised in folkloristics proves an
inadequate tool in this context given the insignificance of an urtext and the individuality
of most examples, based as they often are on a performance rather than an existing text.
This paper will introduce the tune-concept as a helpful model which challenges the
conception of music as a fixed text by recognising the contingency of notation upon
performance. Tensions between aurality and literacy will be examined with recourse to
examples of Scottish fiddle music, but the findings will be applicable to any traditional
music for which tunes form a cultural currency, and of relevance to studies of pre
nineteenth-century performing practice. Ultimately, it will demonstrate that notated
examples represent a springboard from which performers start rather than an end-
product in their own right.


57

Ondrej Gima
The Fiery Angel (original version): The Triangle of love, despair and obsession
Prokofievs ill-fated expressionist opera the Fiery Angel can be considered to be the
composers most ambitious work, created during his years outside Russia based on Valery
Bryusovs novel. This musical re-creation of Bryusovs novel through the music and dramatic
action of two main characters Renata and Ruprecht, portrays anxiety of passionate lovers,
willingness to do impossible, the deepness of the tragic love, fine line between Evil and Good in
conventional sense of Christianity, limitation of religious beliefs, religious dogmatism and
rational inquiry and last but not least, pure love and devotion, human sexuality and eroticism.
Prokofiev commenced work on the opera the original version on 20th January 1920. However,
the original version of the opera preserved in the form of vocal score was not orchestrated
before the revision of the whole opera took place in 1926, despite the opera and the vocal score
was finally completed on 13th January 1923 in Ettal. The direct result of this was that Prokofiev
revised the opera in 1926 and also that he never saw this work staged.
The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at Serge Prokofievs original version of the opera
and the central character of the opera Renata who is haunted by visions of an Angel, her
beloved Madiel, who becomes her obsession and her passion from musical and psychological
perspective of composer interest in Christian Science.
Secondly, the paper will discuss the musical creation of Renata and Ruprecht, with other
characters embedded in this supernatural allegory, the difficulties in the process of moderating
the issues and balancing the relationship between the music and libretto (text drama) in the
original version of the opera in contrast to the revised version of the opera.
Thirdly, the paper will discuss the importance of understanding of original version of the opera
through which we can understand composers musical language and style during his exile years.
Finally I will take a closer look at Prokofievs compositional process, the inconsistency in
dramatic flow of the opera in contrast with the more or less defined musical flow, the
composers own adaptation of the Bryusov novel in the construction of the
libretto, the difficulties of converting plot to the libretto, the inconsistency in mutual
cooperation of both music and libretto and the challenges of proposed first edition (fully
orchestrated score) of the original version of the opera.

SESSION: Early 20
th
-Century Music
58

Jonathan Godsall
What happens next? Pre-existing music and filmic expectation
In watching a film for the first time, we generate short- and long-range expectations
about how events in the narrative are likely to unfold. We invest in films through this
process, and react to them based on how our expectations are or are not met.
Music in film can encourage us to generate such expectations: a rising tremolo string
passage suggests that some shock or revelation will occur in the coming seconds, for
instance. When we recognise the music in question as having pre-existed the film, our
potential recollection of its musical progression can lead to short-range predictions for
the forthcoming filmic action that are very specific, in relation to when something will
occur, and also to what will occur (particularly if we also recall images and ideas
associated with that music in previous contexts). Looking at a number of cases,
including that of the climactic sequence of The Artist (2011), this paper considers the
unique possibilities offered by pre-existing music in this regard, from the perspectives
of both audiences and filmmakers. This is one as-yet-underexplored issue tackled in my
PhD thesis on the general topic of pre-existing music in fiction sound film.

SESSION: Composing for Film and Video Games

59

Chenchen Gong
Twelve-note painting in Greckis First Symphony
Henryk Mikoaj Grecki (19332010) is arguably one of the most influential among
avant-garde composers who actively promoted new music from inside and outside
Poland since the inauguration of the Warsaw Autumn in 1956. However, due largely to
his self-effacing character, Grecki was hardly known to audience outside Poland until
the premieres in the 1980s of his Third Symphony, the magnum opus of his late style.
Greckis experimemtation with dodecaphony in his early compositions have so far
received only passing remarks in the existing literature. This paper will focus on
Greckis First Symphony (1959), a major landmark in his early career and a pinnacle of
his dodecaphonic endeavour. It was the reflection of an ambivalent era in Poland. After
the Second World War, Poland immediately suffered the political control of Soviet, as
well as the Cold War cultural contests between Soviet-backed socialism and Western
avant-garde. In this work, each of the four movements is given an archaic Christian title.
Apart from the influence of Webern, the dodecaphonic technique in this work is also
labeled as limited sonorism, which was in the 1950s by a Polish scholar Dr. Jzef M.
Chominski. One of the most distinct characters of this term is the emphasis on
coloristics. Whats more, it is also considered as the symbolism of certain deeply
rooted features of Polish musical culture. I shall analyse Greckis individualistic twelve-
note techniques as used in the First Symphony with a view to better understand how
Polish nationalistic and Western avant-garde ideologies interacted in Greckis artistry.


60

Madeline Goold
A Portrait of Mrs Luther, a Lady of fashion and of great discernment. Harpsichords,
pianoforte and socio-musical change in Georgian London

Mrs Luther, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1766, (Birmingham Museum and Art
Gallery) personified the transition from the harpsichord and its privileged music to the
pianoforte and the modern musical age at the end of the eighteenth century. She was a
customer of the harpsichord maker Burkat Shudi then of his successor the piano maker
John Broadwood. Her name appears in the earliest Broadwood piano company records
the subject of my PhD research. Over-persuaded to marry, she became a model of
Georgian respectability and taste, a pupil of Charles Wesley, a fine amateur keyboard
player and doyenne of Londons private subscription concert society.
The illustrated paper will show from records in the Broadwood archive and
contemporary letters how Mrs Luthers favour as a notable Lady of fashion and of great
discernment helped to launch the piano on its phenomenal trajectory.
Questions about the distribution of pianos and transfer of culture beyond London will
be discussed. As production increased and the piano became a commercial commodity,
music was no longer an elite private pleasure, but a popular culture that gave rise to the
media industry.

th
- and 19
th
-Century London

61

Alexander Harden
Studio-Based Popular Music and its Interpretative Challenges
From c. 1968, the synthesiser has risen from instrumental curio to a mainstay of
contemporary music. Meanwhile, advancing studio recording technology has
consistently led musicians to exact previously impossible control over sound. Given the
extensive creative use of this technology in todays popular music, the study of such
styles would appear a promising area of inquiry. Despite this, however, few
musicologists have examined such music in serious depth. This paper therefore
addresses the profusion of studio-based styles of music to establish how such creative
practices challenge conventional popular song analysis. Through examining various
recordings and ongoing theoretical debate, the author seeks to identify prevailing
production conventions and their possible implications upon authenticity and
constructions of reality.

SESSION: Popular Music and Technology

62

Andrew Hayden
Great Yarmouth: Its Organists and their Role in the Cultural Life of the Town from 1733
until 1895: Dr Musgrave Heighington
In 1733, the Norfolk coastal town of Great Yarmouth placed an order for two organs
from the Jordan, Byfield, Bridge consortium. The larger of the two was destined for the
parish church of St Nicholas, the smaller for the chapel of St George. Their arrival
heralded the beginning of almost two centuries of musical activity in the town,
punctuated by a number of fallow periods coinciding with the fortunes of the Anglican
Church nationally.
The first organist, Musgrave Heighington, proved an individual full of character and
interest, one who sheds light on the life and times of an eighteenth century working
musician. From a musical standpoint, there is little which makes Heighington worthy of
study but as a piece of musico-social history, his life is paralleled in those of freelance
musicians even today; the uncertainty of constant employment, the fickleness of public
receptivity and the unremitting need to maintain a profile even if it meant resorting to
some mild deception. To Heighington must be given credit for having availed himself of
the new opportunities in Yarmouth and setting the tone for the ensuing decades.

SESSION: Provincial Music-Making in England

63

Hans Hess
Malandros and Otrios: The Use of Samba in Tropa de Elite and Tropa de Elite: O
Inimigo Agora Outro
The use of samba in the films Tropa de Elite (Elite Squad, 2007) and Tropa de Elite: O
Inimigo Agora Outro (Elite Squad: The Enemy Within, 2010), focuses on the type of
samba sometimes called the samba malandro. The samba malandro (= hoodlum samba)
foregrounds the culture of lower-class Brazilians who live in the shantytowns, semi-
marginal people who are unemployed, misfits in society: the malandros. The samba
malandro was the last cultural popular bastion of opposition against the Estado Novo
(Estado Novo was the political regime implemented in Brazil from 1937 to 1945 by
president Getlio Vargas).
This spivish life, including resistance to work and the refinement of skills to deceive
people who become their otrios (suckers, fools, the victims of the malandros,), is
portrayed in both films, and samba is associated with such features in both films as well.
The analyses of selected scenes in Elite Squad will explore how samba can portray the
character of Fbio as an example of a malandro, Neto as the otrio, and how these roles
are inverted throughout the story. Similar relationships can be seen in Elite Squad: The
Enemy Within, where samba is again used to show how a malandros smooth-talking
actions can make someone else an otrio. Samba is also used in the sequel to depict an
extreme version of the malandro, in this case a dangerous chief of a militia, who -
alongside the government - makes ordinary people his otrios.
As a key musical feature, syncopation in samba will be analyzed as a reflection of the
smooth talk of the malandro articulating his next moves to find his otrio. The aim of
this paper is to explore how the theme of the malandros and otrios is depicted by
samba in these two films (among many other Brazilian films). The analyses show how
musical semiotics can help films to depict, interpret, contextualise and evaluate cultural,
political and social features of recent Brazilian history.

SESSION: Latin American Music

64

Emma Higgins
Unreliable narratives and ulterior motives: the politicized reception of Marie Delna
Reception history is a major part of any singers biography, but much of it, including the
negative aspects, can be indicative of a wider operatic scene and social norms. The
overall reception of any singer is typically comprised of a series of triumphs and
failures, and the French mezzo-soprano Marie Delna (1875-1932) was no exception.
After a magnificent debut at 17, she struggled to please the public and critics with her
performance and repertoire choices, sometimes with her vocal capabilities being the
only positive point within a review.
This paper will ask how much did a singers musical and dramatic performance count
within her reception history, what were good and bad performances in the context of
fin-de-sicle French cultural politics, and what impact these failures had on her career.
The focus of the discussion will be three Opra-Comique productions which featured
Delna: Werther (1893), Orphe (1896) and Don Giovanni (1896); due to various issues
such as gender and respect for the musical past, reviews for each of these productions
were mixed to negative. Through this paper, I hope to show that there was far more to a
singers professional reputation than a single vocal performance on a given night.

th
Century

65

Danielle Hood
The Uncanny Topic in the Fnf Orchesterstcke Op. 16: A Key to Schoenbergs
Unconscious
Schoenbergs Fnf Orchesterstcke, op. 16 was written in 1909, during the period which
Alexander Carpenter terms his psychoanalytic period (1908-13). Carpenter explains
that all these works reflect a compositional approach that echoes Freuds
contemporary writings on the nature of the unconscious. However, by comparing the
topical narrative of two of the pieces of this period, op. 16 and Erwartung op. 17, also
written in 1909, it becomes evident that Schoenbergs musical language does not merely
echo Freuds texts, but describes certain aspects of them definitively. Erwartung, as a
texted monodrama, therefore provides the key with which the non-texted Fnf
Orchesterstcke can be deciphered.
A new topic is consequently defined in Schoenbergs works of this period: the uncanny
topic. This topic not only signifies Freuds theories, and consequently that this
supposedly abstract music references contemporary culture; it also reflects the changes
in musical language, from the external fear signified by the ombra topic to the internal
representation of the psyche, and internalisation of expression within music that began
with works such as Mahlers Kinderttenlieder.

SESSION: 20
th
Century Analysis The Second Viennese School

66

Amanda Hsieh
Nature and the Ewig: Mahlers Das Lied von der Erde
The symphonies of Gustav Mahler are inextricably tied to late Romantic ideas of Nature.
Yet while musicologists have concentrated especially on philosophical views of Nature
in Mahlers Third Symphony (Solvik, 2011; Franklin, 1991), few have examined the
example of Das Lied von der Erde. Perhaps because of the predominance of orientalist
discourses surrounding the work, its obvious resonance with the topic of nature has
been overlooked.
In the works final movement, the quasi-androgynous voices ewig seems to evoke the
self-contained world of Schopenhauers Will, conflating nature with the divine.
However, Mahlers constant undermining of natures musical and poetic tropes his
unnaturalness suggests that Das Lied focuses not on the sublimity of an eternal
mother nature but a mourning over a broken pastoral. (Peattie, 2002) Indeed, Mahlers
nature is one occupied by the bourgeoisie, with its hills turned into tennis courts and its
Alpine Mountains framed by postcards and trains windows.
My paper suggests that, alongside its affinity with German Romantic philosophies, Das
Lied embodies a naturalist counterculture specifically reflecting the ideas of Gustav
Fechner and Mahlers close friend Siegfried Lipiner. (Keller, 2011) Their holistic and
panpsychist worldview connects pre-Enlightenment religious mysticism and fin-de-
sicle natural sciences, destabilising the Romantic idealization of Nature. Das Lied can
therefore be heard, with dark ecological overtones, as Mahlers critique of modern
societys treatment of Nature.


67

Martin Humphries
In pitch black: The unexplored brass band repertoire of the twenty-first century
The repertoire and cultural heritage of the brass band pre-1990 has been the focus of
much musical research, while there has been virtually no academic analysis of the
modern repertoire of the ensemble or the issues surrounding brass band music in
Britain today. Many opinions have been voiced in interviews, brass band magazines, and
on specialized websites, but an attempt to compile this information into a cohesive
format, review its scholarly value, and draw meaningful conclusions from the findings
has not been attempted before. Through score study, extensive reviewing and analysis
of previously unexamined sources, as well as an ethnographic exploration of modern
brass band culture, I will present the first contemporary portrait of this cultural
phenomenon and its repertoire. This paper explores music by major composers
working within the brass band world (both conservative and avant-garde), as well as
evaluating their work against that of their contemporaries who work in other fields and
who have earned scholarly attention. I will re-evaluate former literature on the issues
facing the brass band, discuss the musical and scholarly worth of the works alluded to,
and conclude by considering the reasons this music has been largely overlooked by the
academic community.


68

Catherine Hutchinson
Semiramide - the English Production of 1842
Rossinis Semiramide was performed regularly in London during a period of some 60
years in the 19
th
century. A highlight was Charles Kembles 1842 production at Covent
Garden.
This was the only production of the opera in English and it starred two English prima
donnas. Adelaide Kemble was commended for her duet singing and Mrs. Alfred Shaw for
her use of recitative. Reynoldsons English translation of the libretto was also
congratulated for avoiding those distorted sentences which opera writers almost
invariably fashion.
Commentators drooled over the magnificence of the mise en scne and the antiquarian
skill with which it evoked Babylon and its hanging gardens. Reviews talked about the
scale of the production, which included on stage immense masses of prostrate slaves
and soldiers from Semiramis conquered nations.
Drawing on contemporary accounts and illustrations, this paper seeks to show why this
particular production made such an impression. To this end it will discuss its features
and reception, and see how it fitted into contemporary ideas about the East, Empire and
Other. This will contribute to our understanding of the reception of Rossini operas in
19
th
century London.

th
- and 19
th
-Century London

69

Andra Ivanescu
The Music of Tomorrow, Yesterday! (Music, Time and Technology in Bioshock Infinite)
Filmmakers like Kenneth Anger, David Lynch and Quentin Tarantino have taken full
advantage of the disconcerting effect that pop music can have on an audience. Recently,
video games have taken their example, with franchises like Grand Theft Auto, Fallout
and Bioshock using appropriated music as an almost integral part of their stories and
player experiences.
Bioshock Infinite takes it one step further, weaving pop music of the past and pop music
of the present into a compelling tale of time travel, multiverses and free will.
Popular music of the past and a small number of anachronistic covers of more modern
pop music (largely from the 1980s) appear at crucial moments in the narrative. Music
becomes an integral part of Columbia but also an integral part of the player experience.
Although the soundscape matches the rest of the environment, the anachronistic covers
seem to be directed at the player, the only one who would recognise them as out of
place.
The player is the time traveller here, even more so than the character she is playing,
making Bioshock Infinite one of the most literal representations of the time travel and
tourist experience video games can represent.


70

Karolina Jarosz
A rsum of the musical piece - through the sample of Legend op. 17 by Henryk
Wieniawski. A path to the integral interpretation: from conception, through
realization and reception
The main aim of the text is to construct a rsum of a musical piece through the method
of the integral interpretation. The evidence observed in the reception of the piece allows
the author to present a rich life of the piece from the 19
th
to the 20
th
century, in the
context of the composers life, reviews by his contemporaries, musicologists, critics or
artists.
Such a method of interpretation will eventually help to construct a path of the pieces
life, using the information provided at the three basic stages: the concept (sources
and inspirations), the realization (the performance of the piece), and the
reception (notes, critical opinions, reviews of performances).

71

Rachel Johnson
Music at the Manchester Mechanics Institution, 1834 1860
While the impact of Mechanics Institutions has been discussed by historians of
education and science, the place of music within the overall aims and programmes of
the movement tends to be dismissed as a footnote. A survey of records of musical
activity at the Manchester Mechanics Institution reveals, however, its centrality in
discussions during the 1830s about what the Institutions should be trying to
accomplish. Benjamin Heywood, chairman of the Institution during these early years,
justified musics moral force in his annual addresses and it was promoted as an
appropriate rational recreation. But before long, music was beginning to be referred to
as an Art and a Science in its own right. This paper explores the philosophies underlying
the inclusion of music in the programme of the Institution; the means through which it
found a place in the schedule; the individuals called upon to deliver musical instruction;
and the audiences to which this was addressed. It will also seek to place the musical
activities of the Mechanics Institution within the wider musical life of Manchester in
these years and will suggest ways of investigating its implications on social and cultural
life in the newly-industrialised city.


72

Elisabeth Kappel
Schoenbergs Heritage? The Melodramas of His Student Vilma von Webenau
At the turn of the century in Vienna, Vilma von Webenau (18751954) was Arnold
Schoenbergs first private composition pupil. Her work was introduced to the public in a
concert in 1907, together with compositions by her better known colleagues Alban Berg
and Anton von Webern. Vilma von Webenau was familiar with many different genres:
She composed several operas, numerous songs and various works for orchestra,
chamber music and piano. Interestingly, Webenau also wrote a few musical
melodramas, which are pieces of music with spoken voice. My presentation is meant to
discuss the relation of music and spoken voice in these melodramas by means of score
and audio examples. Furthermore, it will be examined if there are any connections to
Schoenbergs works with spoken voice, such as the pioneering Pierrot lunaire (1912).

SESSION: 20
th

73

Hermione Ruck Keene
Why aren't you singing today?": the challenges of insider research as a musician
Choices of methods in research design can affect the researcher as much as the
outcomes. This paper examines the implications of conducting insider ethnographic and
interview research in a musical setting. It discusses a qualitative case study
investigating the musical identity of participants at a summer school combining
amateur and professional musicians, where I have participated as a music-maker and
steward for 12 years.
The research question for this paper is: How might insider research in a musical setting
affect the musical and scholarly identity of the researcher herself? The aims are to
examine this question by considering my own altered and altering identity.
Repositioning myself as a researcher in this environment presented significant
personal, academic and musical challenges, seeking to move from participant to
observer, musician to academic and insider to outsider. This transition felt counter-
intuitive in an atmosphere of concentrated musical participation, where new socio-
musical relationships are constantly formed. In musicking situations, there was no
obvious place for an observer.
The papers intended significance is to explore some of the particularities of the
researcher role in a musical context, and the wider implications of the transition from
participant to observer, for this study and for future research.


74

Lewis Kennedy
Conceptualising Performance in Contemporary Metal Music
Recorded performance is foregrounded within contemporary metal music, serving as
the focus of studio albums, music videos, play-through videos, and live DVDs, as well as
figuring prominently in common perceptions of metal culture. These presentations
constitute distinct types of performance, variously highlighting technical precision,
exaggerated gesture, and hyperreal live performance events. Taken from a larger
analytical work examining presentations of performance and gesture in metal, I explore
the dynamic relationship between three categories of performance artefact (studio,
video, live) to better understand the role of performance in constructions of musical
meaning. Incorporating elements of gestural analysis and performance studies, I
analyse the interaction of artefacts as contributing to perceptions of the work, the
artist, and metal music more generally. Drawing on work by Walser (1993), Berger
(1999), and Kahn-Harris (2007), this paper investigates how performance artefacts
combine to articulate oft-cited tenets of metal music, including violence, transgression,
aggression, and control.

SESSION: Metal and Punk

75

Dionysios Kyropoulos
Chironomia absens: Reviving period stagecraft in Baroque opera today
While period instruments are used in productions of Baroque opera nowadays, the
visual aspects of these performances remain largely in the domain of modernity.
Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century singers used an elaborate stagecraft widely
unknown to us today, and even though opera as an art form combines music and
theatre, contemporary approaches to historically informed performance of Baroque
opera tend to mainly focus on the musical aspects. This paper investigates the
importance of period stagecraft and aims at identifying the problems that have hitherto
hindered its revival.
It begins by tracing the use of gestures as a means to convey affection to its roots in
ancient rhetoric, and examines its connection with Baroque opera. It continues by
demonstrating the similitudes between the movement for period instrument revival
and a similar movement for gesture that is still in an embryonic stage today. Having
created this analogy, aspects that allowed the period instrument revival to achieve
commercial and artistic success will be explored, and suggestions will be made for
actions that could be taken to allow Baroque gesture to become a practical reality in the
foreseeable future.


76

Tim Laverack
Altering perceptions: Is technology bridging the gap between electro-acoustic art music
and EDM?
Electronic Dance Music (EDM) is widely regarded as a form of popular music and as
such has been approached by musicologists from this standpoint (Butler 2006). Since its
inception it has constantly sought to redefine itself through an ever-expanding sphere of
sub genres, cross-pollination and developments in technology. Recently producers such
as Max Cooper have sought to enhance the sonic soundscape through the exploitation of
3D technologies, creating an environment within which the listener perceives sound
with a new spatial depth more accustomed to everyday auditory experience. In contrast
electro-acoustic composition is defined as art music, which implies advanced
structural and theoretical considerations and has been subject to more scholarly debate
and analysis (Simoni, 2006, Emerson and Landy, 2012), further cementing its high art
credentials.
In this paper I will focus on new technologies employed in EDM, examining possible
crossovers between the dichotomy of popular and art music, as discussed by Tagg,
2012. Focussing on EDM producers like Max Cooper and his recent 4D performance in
Amsterdam (2013) I argue that explorations into psychoacoustics and binaural
perception technologies, coupled with an attempt to manifest these in the live arena,
brings it closer to a status of high art hitherto ignored.

SESSION: Technology

77

Matt Lawson
Wiedergutmachung durch Filmmusik? The German film soundtrack and its role in
coming to terms with the past
East, West and reunified Germany each had differing views on how their challenging
dark past should be engaged with. In the East, there was a reluctance to talk about it at
all, and when it was mentioned, it was in the context of anti-fascist rhetoric. West
Germany took fully three decades to confront the Nazi past and Jewish catastrophe, and
even then it was the broadcast of an American TV series Holocaust which prompted
the involuntary public discourse. Finally, in modern-day reunified Germany, the
openness regarding the nations genocidal past is still riddled with a problematic variety
of interpretations.
Throughout the history of all three Germanies, there evolved a steady production of
films depicting the persecution of the Jews, ranging from subtle mentions of ghettos to
full-blown scenes representing the mass extermination process at death camps such as
Auschwitz.
Of course, the narrative and mise-en-scne play a huge role in affecting audiences, but
the unseen element is music.
How did the film makers of the three countries utilise music to depict moments which
they themselves were struggling to express?
Are there clues in the film scores to the state of political engagement with the Holocaust
from the respective countries?
How have the Germans, often cited as the masters of music, used the medium in film to
represent their darkest hour?

SESSION: Composing for Film and Television in the 20
th
Century

78

Kate Lewis
Mothers and Sisters: Exploring the contributions of female guitarists in Popular Music
Undeniably, commercial success and recognition for female guitarists in contemporary
popular music is rare. Popular music and guitar player magazines frequently publish
greatest guitarists lists, which are consistently topped by names such as Jimmy
Hendrix, Jimmy Page and Eric Clapton but rarely include women. Academic discourse
has focused on the cultural reasoning behind the marginalization of female guitar
players including instrumental gender-coding, misogyny in rock music, sexism in the
music industry and a lack of role models for female guitarists. However, the musical
strengths and experiences of commercially successful female guitarists have not yet
been examined in depth.
In this paper, I will briefly explore the style and influence of a group of pioneering
female guitarists, which includes Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Memphis Minnie, Mother
Maybelle Carter and Mary Osborne. Each of these women was commercially successful
in her respective genre and influential in the development of pre-rock guitar styles but
is often overlooked in popular music history. As well as exploring their contributions as
guitarists, further study of these successful female performers may help to suggest a
counter narrative to the hegemony currently expressed by the popular music canon


79

Katherina Lindekens
Words and Music in Restoration opera: Albion and Albanius versus King Arthur
Musical drama for the English Restoration stage came in two main guises, generally
described as all-sung opera and dramatick opera, a hybrid form including spoken
dialogue. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to the word-books of these operatic
types. In particular, many questions regarding the structural characteristics of their
verse await thorough consideration. Can recitative, song and chorus lyrics be
distinguished in terms of versification, metre and rhyme? What are the differences
between recitative poetry in all-sung opera and the spoken dialogue of dramatick
opera? And how did composers respond to the musico-poetic blueprints designed by
their librettists? These issues are addressed in the present case-study of Albion and
Albanius (1685) and King Arthur (1691). While the former work was conceived by John
Dryden as a prologue to his King Arthur, it was inflated into an independent, all-sung
opera, set by Louis Grabu. King Arthur became a dramatick opera with music by Henry
Purcell. In his prefaces to these two works, Dryden develops a tentative theory of
libretto writing. The confrontation of this theory with the word-books and their musical
settings sheds light on the literary material of Restoration opera and on the creative
dialogue between Dryden, Grabu and Purcell.


80

Iwan Llewelyn-Jones
Les Grands Pouces: Ravels strangler thumbs in his solo piano works
Maurice Ravel had particularly well developed thumbs, which he employed to great
effect in his compositions for solo piano. He often composed at the keyboard, trying out
various ideas before committing them to paper. From these experimental exercises
emerged a distinctive range of coloristic effects using hitherto unorthodox techniques
involving the movement of the thumb. This paper will investigate the ways in which
these techniques were deployed in the compositions for solo piano and how they
impacted on Ravels melodic and harmonic language. Ravels piano roll recordings of
Oiseaux tristes (1922) and La valle des cloches (1928) will be examined for evidence of
his use of the thumb with regard to issues of articulation, nuance and sonority.
Key questions to be addressed include: To what degree did Ravel revolutionize thumb
technique at the piano? How did he develop these techniques in his solo piano works?
To what extent was he influenced by past pianistic practices regarding the use of the
thumb?

SESSION: The Piano

81

James Lovelock
Connections and the "core theme" in musical theatre and opera
Jenifer Toksvig's drama improvisation exercise The Fairytale Moment suggests that
every individual connects to fairytales through their own unique core emotional theme.
This paper examines this theory through a brief study of Norman Holland's use of
psychoanalytical literary criticism and Hans Zipes and Bruno Bettelheim's studies of the
psychology of the fairy tale, and applies the findings to the audience and composers of
musical theatre and opera. The paper explores the relationship between an individual's
core theme and their emotional connections to specific works through an analysis of
empirical data collected from a sample of 18-25 year old respondents, and indicates
further ways that the emotional power of music can be examined in this context. The
paper will also briefly consider how creating the possibility for multiple readings within
a musical work can enhance its popularity amongst its audience.

SESSION: Reception Criticism

82

Shona Mackay
Up close and personal a look at autobiographical processes
In my practice-based research I focus on autobiography and how I can be more involved
physically, mentally, emotionally and creatively in my work as a composer and mixed-
media artist. In this paper I will discuss one of my recent works for string quartet where
the thematic, performative and conceptual ideas stem from the nature of intimacy. In
this quartet I set out to explore three main questions. Firstly, could I efficiently express
the physical and emotional experience of intimacy through music? Secondly, how could
I construct a piece to allow the audience/listener to feel involved and simultaneously
experience intimacy in some form? And thirdly, how could I create a deeper sense of my
own presence in the work? By taking a closer look at the concept, creative process,
performance issues and decisions made to produce the final piece, I will relay my
findings and discuss how I may have found some answers, but also unearthed an
entirely new set of questions.


83

Brona Martin
Listening to the Past: An Exploration of forgotten soundscapes
R. Murray Schafers book The Soundscape documents the changes in the soundscape
over time from the very first soundscapes to the sounds of the industrial revolution.
This paper investigates how Electroacoustic Music can be used to highlight the
importance of our soundscape and how it can change over time. Do we remember what
the past sounded like? Why do some sounds stay in our memory more than others?
My recent composition A Bit Closer to Home (2013) will be discussed in relation to the
compositional process using audio examples, and the techniques used by the composer
to connect the listener to a specific place in time. It aims to highlight the importance of
sonic memory, finding ways of documenting the sounds of the past that no longer exist.
It discusses the process of combining elements of storytelling, soundscape composition
and electroacoustic techniques in order to create a work that conveys a sense of place to
the listener. The aim of the composition is to make the listener aware of the soundscape
and how it can change over time. This is significant today as urban soundscapes are
becoming more and more congested with noise pollution. Natural soundscapes are
either being destroyed or masked as wildlife are forced to move elsewhere due to urban
development.


84

Remy Martin
Authenticity As Embodied Experience
Meditations on and contestations of authenticity saturate academic, fan and
journalistic writing on popular music. The resurfacing of this elusive, complex,
contested yet evocative notion [Krieber, 2012: 34] across academic disciplines
suggests justification for continuing to examine it is not required: what is required,
however, is a new mode of approach.
It is time we moved beyond discussing authenticity only in terms of the truth of the
popular music performers artistic or emotive expressions and positionality. Instead we
must take seriously the unique expressions and articulations of self we commit in the
act of listening to music. In order to do this it is imperative that we regain our focus on
the visceral connections we have with music and understand the embodied nature
of identity and authenticity- why, from listening to popular music, we can experience
and articulate what 'my way of being human' [C. Taylor, 1991] feels like and means.
In this paper I argue for and demonstrate the potential of contemporary theories of
embodied cognition [Johnson, 2007; Johnson and Lakoff 1999] to attend to the most
pressing musicological questions: how are we to understand compelling revelations of
our own existential potentialities in the act of listening to music? How do they come
about? What sensory processes are they the result of? How are we to substantiate our
interpretations of musical meaning(s)? Which theoretical positions satisfy the necessity
for a more empirically responsible phenomenology of authenticity and subjectivity?


85

Thomas May
Just Cause Im Shallow Doesnt Mean That Im Heartless: The Politics of Irony and
(the New) Sincerity in the Music of LCD Soundsystem
This paper examines the politics of irony and sincerity as played out in post-millennial
Western cultural discourse. In the contemporary context of a cultural irony-fatigue
there have been numerous calls for a reclamation of sincerity in order to move
beyond an ostensibly apathetic and ironic postmodernism. It is from this fraught
context that the New Sincerity has begun to emerge: an artistic sensibility defined by a
tone of knowing sincerity and often claimed to represent a shift towards post-
postmodernism, or metamodernism. These themes are examined here via a case study
of James Murphy a.k.a. LCD Soundsystem, an artist of popular music often discussed in
terms of irony and sincerity in the press. Through musical analyses and the study of
reception, I examine the ways in which these conflicting tones have been
communicated, attributed, and contested at the meeting of Murphys music and its
audience. A classification of Murphy as an artist of the New Sincerity is proposed and it
is asked whether his music can be described as post-postmodern. Concepts such as the
New Sincerity have not been discussed widely in musicological work; this paper thus
acts as a prompt for further work in the area.


86

Desire Johanna Mayr
Promthe, Leopoldo Miguzs third symphonic poem
The article describes and contextualizes Leopoldo Miguezs (1850-1902) third
symphonic poem, Promthe. As an admirer of Wagner, who proclaimed the death of the
symphony after the choral finale of Beethovens Ninth Symphony, defending its
development through the esthetics of the musical drama, and of Liszt, who conceived
the symphonic poem around the 1850s, nothing more natural than Miguezs adoption of
stylistic aspects of the new German school. He composed three symphonic poems for
full orchestra: Parisina op.15 (1888) - based on a poem by Lord Byron; Av Libertas! op.
18 (1890) - celebrating the Proclamation of the Republic; and Promthe op.21 (1891) -
about the classic myth of Prometheus chained to a rock, edited by Rieter&Biedermann
in Leipzig. It is possible to see how notable his orchestration and how profound his
knowledge of the musical techniques related to the form were. As a composer, Miguz
made use of the programmatic nature of the symphonic poem - which offered the
possibility of evoking literary themes, mythical or heroic characters and public praise
for people and ideas - for the involvement and conquering of the carioca (born in Rio
de Janeiro) public.


87

Erin McHugh
Das wahre Tier: Lulus vocal music as commentary on her otherness and autonomy
In the Prologue of Alban Bergs Lulu, a ring master introduces the title character: She
[is] the root of all evil. Yet he informs the audience that they will also be shown Das
wahre Tier, the true beast. As the opera continues, it becomes clear that this true
beast is actually societys attitude to women.
Lulu, Salome and other contemporary female characters in opera are often labelled as a
femmes fatales: women whose sexuality makes them dangerous. This has made it too
easy to dismiss them, preventing deeper connection with the characters and their
music. For example, Lulu comments on society through the presentation of a series of
gender stereotypes, embodied by the title character. However, in her final confrontation
with Dr. Schn, Lulus music expresses both her autonomy and her sincere desire for
freedom.
In this paper I explore how the writing for soprano voice in opera at this period draws
out a variety of colours and timbres, creating a performed representation both of female
archetypes and of womens autonomy. Rather than dismiss Lulu, Salome and their
contemporaries as femmes fatales, I hope to show that their vocal representation
contains a critique of societys attitude towards women: Das Wahre Tier. Expanding
on the writings of Silvia Bovenschen and Judith Butler, I consider how a discussion of
the physical nature of the operatic voice transforms our perception of the role of gender
in performance studies.

SESSION: 20
th

88

Stephen Millar
I Forbid You To Like It: The Smiths, David Cameron and the Politics of
(Mis)appropriating Mass Culture
In May 2006, the newly elected leader of the British Conservative Party, David Cameron,
appeared on BBC Radio 4s Desert Island Disks as part of a campaign to detoxify the
Conservative brand. Camerons castaway playlist included The Smiths, Radiohead, Pink
Floyd and, while little was made of it at the time, his election to Prime Minister in May
2010 generated new interest in his personal affairs.
Camerons privileged background and unpopular austerity measures combined to make
him a hate figure for the left and his musical tastes have been rebuked by fans, and the
artists themselves, as being incompatible with his right-wing political programme.
Johnny Marr, The Smiths former guitarist and songwriter, encapsulated this discontent
in December 2010 when he tweeted: David Cameron, stop saying you like The Smiths,
no you dont. I forbid you to like it.
This paper will consider why David Camerons musical tastes elicit such an emotive
response from fans, as well as the artists themselves, and why they consider his stated
musical preferences to be disingenuous. My aim is not to sketch out the traits of an
ideal listener but, conversely, to focus on an example of someone whose listenership is
deemed inauthentic. This negative approach seeks to further problematise notions of
authenticity by extending the debate into the realm of the listener, using David Cameron
as its case study.

SESSION: Reception Criticism

89

Debbie Moss
A shared collaborative aesthetic in Georges Aurics Huit pomes de Jean Cocteau (1917-
1918)
As soon as a poem emerges from silence, it moves towards music. (Georges Migot,
1891-1976).
Throughout the 20
th
century many composers turned towards the poetry of Jean
Cocteau (1889-1963) to create short, piano accompanied mlodies. In this paper, I ask
why did Cocteaus poetry lend itself so well to musical settings? Why were certain
composers drawn to Cocteaus text? For example, in 1917, Georges Auric (1899-1983)
was the first to approach Cocteau, requesting some of his poems, to set to music. It was
a bold and confident move for an 18 year old, some 10 years the poets junior. The
resulting mlodies, Huit pomes de Jean Cocteau was the first work that united their
names as co-creators. These mlodies, are significant for several reasons. They
represent the beginning of a 50 year enduring collaboration. I claim that the songs were
a testimony to a new aesthetic, as expressed by Cocteau in his highly influential books
Le Potomak (1919) and Le coq et larlequin (1918), the latter dedicated to Auric. This
paper aims to show how these mlodies established the direction within which both
men chose to orientate their respective arts, while exposing a common aesthetic. The
Huit pomes de Jean Cocteau as mlodies, constitute a musico-poetic intersection of
Aurics music and Cocteaus posie. The examples interrogate characteristics of their
shared aesthetic as represented in Huit pomes de Jean Cocteau.

SESSION: Collaboration

90

Francis Jamie Myerscough
Problems of Ownership in Socialist Paradise: Shostakovichs Cheryomushki
When pushed aside as simplistic propaganda or as respite from work on more serious
compositions, the perception of Dmitri Shostakovichs music in traditionally lighter
genres or for film can suffer from a lack of the theoretical rigour reserved for the rest of
the composers oeuvre. Adapted from the 1957-8 musical comedy, Moscow,
Cheryomushki, the 1963 film Cheryomushki, for which the composer worked alongside
librettists Vladimir Mass and Mikhail Chervinsky and director Gerbert Rappaport is a
case in point; but even a short analysis can reveal scarcely hidden depths.
Nikita Khrushchevs years as Soviet premier saw renewed attention given to structures
of everyday life in which a campaign of housing construction played a central role.
Cheryomushki follows a group of young people moving into new, prefabricated
apartments in the eponymous region of Moscow. Drawing on work examining the
Hollywood musical, with which Cheryomushki has a strong intertextual relationship, this
paper examines the attitudes of the characters towards the spaces they inhabit. I
explore the ways in which attitudes towards space interact with attitudes towards other
citizens, highlighting the extent to which the concept of ownership remains gendered in
Soviet society, and the metropolitan identity as cosmopolitan and potentially dissident.

th
Century

91

Balder Neergaard
Schumann as Piano Student
How did Robert Schumann approach the problems of playing the piano well?
Schumanns identity as an aspiring pianist was developed through encounters direct
and indirect with leading pedagogical figures including his future father-in-law
Friedrich Wieck (1785-1873) and Hummel (1778-1837). Schumann himself later
independently explored the issue of pianistic technique in a number of relatively
underexplored works and writings, including: the piano course he left uncompleted, (c.
1831; RSW:Anh:F5); the early version of his Studies on a Theme of Beethoven (c. 1831-
1832; RSW:Anh:F25); the early version of his formidable Toccata, op. 7 (c. 1829-1830,
originally titled tude fantastique en double-sons) and the preface to hisPaganini-
Studien, op. 3 (1832).
Illustrated by music examples performed live, this paper traces the evolution of
Schumanns early development as a pianist, from his earliest teachers, through to his
own compositional responses. Thus, it provides a deeper insight into the pianistic
foundation of the piano works which would emerge in the 1830s, and are now staples in
the pianists repertoire.

SESSION: The Piano

92

Marten Noorduin
Changes in Beethovens Tempi: Clarifications or Changes of Heart?
As Beethoven considered tempo to be one of the most important factors in music, he put
considerable care in communicating his intended tempi to his performers. Especially in
the case of the string quartets and symphonies, Beethoven decided to use the newly
invented metronome to indicate more precisely the intended tempo. As Rudolf Kolisch
and other authors have demonstrated, these marks show a certain consistency, with
movements with similar tempo indications, note values, and figuration generally having
similar speeds.
However, evidence from Beethovens manuscripts has shown that these tempo
indicationsthe Italian or German words and time signatureswere frequently altered
during the creative process, which sometimes happened even after the first edition was
published. In the case of works which were performed several times before they were
given metronome marks, this consideration seems especially relevant. It is possible that
some of the changes in tempo are really clarifications of a misunderstood original
marking, rather than expressing a new tempo.
Using Beethovens tempo indications as they appear in sketches, autograph scores, first
editions, and other relevant sources, this paper will discuss which of these changes most
likely indicate a clarification of the earlier tempo, and why. This will ultimately
contribute towards a better understanding of how Beethovens conception of tempo, a
major element in his music, developed over time.

SESSION: Beethoven

93

Maria Okunev
Tertiary Opera Training Ethnographic Perspective
Current formal research into the way tertiary institutions train their opera students is
virtually non-existent. The same is also true of the Young Artist programs in opera
companies. Ethnography of Welsh National Opera by Paul Atkinson is a great, but lonely
example of otherwise neglected area. Atkinson proposes that while there exists some
ethnographic research on popular music, research into operatic genre is virtually non-
existent due to a peculiar inverse snobbery culture in the wider academic community.
This paper will survey some of the complex issues and relationships that arise during
making of an opera production. The ethnographic survey will draw on observations and
comparisons of production rehearsals, private lessons and personal interviews of
informants in a professional Australian opera company and an Australian tertiary
institution. Two professional and one student opera production will be used as case
studies to demonstrate emerging themes. Comparison data gathered in a European
setting is still being compiled, however some preliminary comments will be made.
This research aims to better understand unique nature of the opera rehearsal process,
as well as deduce the relationship between institutions and the contemporary opera
industry.

94

Michael Palmese
Acoustic Dragon Curve: The Presence of Fractal Geometry in China Gates
John Adams refers to China Gates and its larger sibling Phrygian Gates as constituting his
true opus one, representing his most rigorously structured and organized musical
works influenced by minimalism. Particularly in China Gates, Adams provides the
listener with a uniquely encapsulated view of minimalism as interpreted and practiced
by a composer of a slightly younger generation than the original founders. The
meticulous structural design Adams employs, not unlike the processes of earlier
minimalist composers, develops into multiple layers of local and global symmetry that
coalesce into an almost perfect musical palindrome.
In this paper I use fractal geometry, specifically the dragon curve, as an outside
mediator that provides an aural sense of the complex set of procedures Adams utilizes
that forms the palindromic architecture. I formulate this relationship between geometry
and the music by comparing the use of symmetry and self-referential musical
techniques in China Gates to the most salient aspects of self-similarity in fractal research
as posited by Benot Mandelbrot. The dragon curve fractal is the product of these
comparisons that serves as a cross-disciplinary correspondence providing an
immensely beneficial visual explanation of both the acoustic properties of the work and
the notated musical content.


95

Li-ming Pan
Like a Bride: The Image of Female Musicians on Concert Posters in Taiwan
In Taiwan, an Asian country, female musicians who engage in Western classical music
are usually considered a particular group, with a high social status and beautiful image.
The stereotypical image is so rooted in Taiwanese culture that it has become the
legitimate presentation of female musicians. This paper demonstrate the main
components of this image by scrutinizing the concert poster which is the most
influential medium for forming the image because of its prevalent circulation, its focus
upon directly displaying the appearance of female musicians, and the fact that it is
produced by musicians themselves.
Since, in Taiwan, poster photos are taken in wedding photographic studios, the images
on posters and in wedding photos share many similarities, not only because they
employ identical apparel, photographers, studios and production techniques, but
because they share the beauty definition in the same social context. This paper analyses
the image of female musicians by comparing concert posters and wedding photos.
Through these comparisons, the meaning and connotations of the stereotypical image
will be clearly presented in this paper. The result also shows that, although the groom is
missing from concert posters, the actual male becomes the assumed viewer, the
recipient of the invitation.


96

Emily Payne
Creativity and the social in performance: collaboration, interaction and distribution
My doctoral research investigates creativity in musical performance, with a particular
focus on clarinettists. Creative collaboration in performance can be manifested in
several ways: in the distributed relationship between a musician and the established
cultures of a community; in group creativity as a property of ensemble interaction; and
in engagement between performer and composer, where the compositional process is
contingent on their interaction.
This paper questions how the creative process in performance might be understood as
shared or distributed. Three manifestations of creative collaboration are presented:
socio-cultural interaction; group creativity; and creative collaboration. These are
illustrated using examples from my research, with the aim of assessing how performers
creative opportunities are shaped by different collaborative contexts. The broader
objective is to demonstrate that creative interaction is not always explicit; even the
most ostensibly solitary activity is a manifestly cultural process (Toynbee 2003: 111).
This research develops knowledge and understanding of contemporary performance
practices, drawing out tacit assumptions of the social in musical performance. This
contributes to a more holistic understanding of musical creativity and offers new
insights into performance practices of contemporary concert music.


97

George Pearce
The Incompatibility of Film- and Video Game Composition
In early video games, such as Pac-man (1980), music was simple. The technology used
was basic and the game consoles could not cope with anything more than monophonic,
looped sounds. At the same time, films often included large, complex compositions.
Move twenty years forward and the music within games change dramatically, including
full soundtracks that could pass for film scores. An illustration of this advance happened
in 2011 when the first Grammy Award for video game music was won, by Christopher
Tin, with Baba Yetu (Civilization IV). Due to this development, more film composers
have been commissioned to create music for video games and I will present examples
from the works of Bill Brown and Michael Giacchino who have composed for both of
these genres. Although film music does not vary each time it is played, video games are
often interactive, meaning that the situation, character or time limit could change the
music (e.g. Guitar Hero). Drawing on the writings of Collins and Kassabian, I argue that
the role of music, and composers, in films and video games greatly differ, whilst
speculating whether Gorbmans (1987) principle of continuity works in both cases.


98

Caroline Pearsall
Resilience, Style and Identity in Argentine Tango Music
Tango music appeared as a recognisable musical style in the 1880s. Over the past 130
years it has undergone enormous change - retaining original stylistic elements whilst
continuing to develop additional ones. The music is in constant evolution and has a
capacity to absorb new influences which alternatively transform, deform, innovate or
revolutionize the music. This paper looks at what processes of adaptation are taking
place - focusing particularly on the music of Astor Piazzolla and his contemporaries -
and the creative tension between (invented) tradition and innovation and their
influence on musical development, whilst also examining how the diversity of tango
music today contributes to its resilience.

SESSION: Latin American Music

99

Artur Pereira
Beethoven and the Slow Variation
Theme and Variations unquestionably occupies a central position in Beethovens
development as a composer, a form discernible throughout the composers life not only
as part of multi-movement works but also as independent compositions. Interestingly,
slow-movement variations are rare occurrences in this type of composition, especially
in the latter kind. This particular trait was used sparingly by the composer and its use in
specific sets of variations is a topic presently still underexplored. This paper therefore
investigates the way in which Beethoven uses the slow variation and works it appears
in, and raises questions concerning originality as well as plausible influences.

SESSION: Beethoven

100

Martin Perkins
Music-making at Weston Park in the Eighteenth Century
A significant collection of music at Weston Park, Staffordshire, largely ignored in music
literature, is used as the starting point of this paper. The music - over 230 printed and
manuscript items from the late seventeenth to late eighteenth centuries - belonged to at
least four members of the Bridgeman family, heirs to the Earldom of Bradford. Other
evidence of music-making in the house over this period has also been found archived in
a number of documents in Staffordshire County Record Office, including several dated
inventories of music, invoices for music lessons and sales of music to the family. Taken
together, these documents and the surviving music help address questions about the
range and depth of musical activities of a typical eighteenth-century landed family, the
numerous roles music played within the household, and family links to the London
music scene and to composers and musicians of the time. Furthermore, the Weston Park
music will be discussed in the context both of other country-house collections, such as
the Shaw-Hellier and that at Burghley House, and of recent writing on British provincial
music, thereby revealing an enhanced picture of musical life in the Midlands during this
period.

101

Marco Pollaci
Analyzing Verdi: pedagogic traditions between innovation, and politics
Recent research on nineteenth-century Italian pedagogical traditions has suggested that
an understanding of Verdis studies with Vincenzo Lavigna, together with his later
activities as a teacher, has the potential to shed new light on his creative process and on
the contemporary reception of his works. Verdi remained committed to these teachings
throughout his life. They can be traced directly to Lavignas own maestri in Naples,
Fedele Fenaroli and Saverio Valente, and involved exercises in contrappunto pratico,
partimento and solfeggio.
When commenting on issues of music education Verdi invariably promoted a
conservative agenda, with significant nationalist implications. In this paper, I will
discuss the importance of tradition in selected numbers from Nabucco (1842),
demonstrating that standard Neapolitan formulas and techniques underpinned the
composition process. This will form the basis of a critical interpretation of some of early
Verdis work, in which Verdis use of some of the most basic Neapolitan doctrines is
understood to imply nationalist sympathies. The rousing chorus of ancient Hebrews, Va
pensiero, for instance, identified as a hymn to the Risorgimento at the time, is built on a
number of elementary lessons that would have been instantly recognisable to anyone
with basic musical training. Could Verdi or his audience have understood such
statements as celebrating the past glories of an Italian musical tradition?

SESSION: Opera

102

Cayenna Ponchione
The anatomy of orchestral creativity: authorship in orchestral practice
How can creativity be understood in an activity as distributed and collaborative as
orchestral music-making? Orchestras have explicit as well as tacit leadership
hierarchies which appear to mediate individual agency and creativity (Gillinson &
Vaughan 2003; Cottrell 2004; Logie 2012), and yet there is research to suggest the
creative process in orchestras is actually highly distributed rather than solely the
function of conductor-player interaction (Langer, Russel & Eisenkraft 2008; Gaunt &
Dobson 2013). I draw on perspectives which locate agency and creativity at the
interstices between people, an inherently distributed, and dialogically constructed
phenomena (John-Steiner 2000; Ahearn 2004; Hallam & Ingold 2007; Glaveanu 2011),
as well as approaches which recognise how the attribution of creativity is socially
constructed (Csikzentmihlyi 1988; Sawyer 2012). I seek to identify the creative
authorship of orchestral performance via performer perceptions and ethnographic
observation through a grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss 1960), utilizing
questionnaires, interviews, and case studies of orchestras. This paper will report on the
findings to date, and provide an overview of the upcoming research using MERID
(Media Enabled Respondent Interface and Database), an online interface designed to
collect responses from multiple participants on specific performance events.


103

Adrian Powney
A Time of Uncertainty: Charpentiers use of and 2
Recent literature has begun to address some aspects of performance practice in the
works of the seventeenth-century French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier. To date
a full scale study of metre and tempo indications has yet to be completed. Such a study
is particularly necessary given the era in which he worked. The gradual and confusing
change from the mensural to the metrical system of notating rhythm means Charpentier
may have used either one or a combination of both of these systems; thus time
signatures may or may not have given some clue as to tempo.
One interesting aspect of my research on Charpentiers metrical notation is his use of
the time signatures and 2. As existing studies of Charpentiers method of notating and
annotating his scores show him to be idiosyncratic, it is dangerous to make assumptions
about his choice of one or other of these time signatures on the basis of his
contemporaries practices. My research has, therefore, involved a comprehensive
examination of the context in which Charpentier uses these two time signatures across
the whole of his substantial output (some 550 works). This paper seeks to illustrate
some of my findings, focusing on the question of whether Charpentier intended any
difference between these time signatures and whether his choice of one or the other
was indicative of a faster or slower tempo.


104

Maria Razumovskaya
Climbing Towards the Summit of Knowledge: Heinrich Neuhauss Interpretation of
Beethoven
In his book About the Art of Piano Playing (1958/61) the great Russian pianist and
pedagogue Heinrich Neuhaus (18881964) declared: To a [pianist], all that is knowable
is musical. Throughout his lengthy career as Professor of Piano at the Moscow
Conservatory, Neuhaus was consumed by an insatiable thirst for knowledge. In his role
as both a performer and pedagogue the acquiring of knowledge was seen by Neuhaus as
a way to expand the musical potential of an interpreter. The pinnacle of all knowledge
for Neuhaus was represented in the personality and the music of Ludwig van
Beethoven. Therefore, he regarded the interpretation of Beethovens music as a
necessary if unattainable conquest for conservatoire-level students, as well as the
ultimate touchstone for a professional pianist.
This paper explores what Neuhaus actually understood to be defined as knowledge.
This definition will provide a territory and language to interrogate the specific qualities
which Neuhaus believed were represented both in Beethovens music and persona.
Finally, the paper will make reference to specific musical examples to consider the
broader implications of Neuhauss understanding of Beethoven for creating an
interpretation of this music today.

SESSION: Beethoven
105

Christopher Roberts
Mapping the career of Edward Miller, an eighteenth-century Doncaster musician
A list of subscribers is commonly found at the beginning of eighteenth-century printed
music publications, however, the relationship between the composer and subscriber is
often overlooked. An examination of the subscribers to the music of Edward Miller
(1735-1807) enables us to explore the social context within which this provincial
musician worked and the network of contacts he made throughout his career. Born in
Norwich into a humble paviour family, he studied music with Charles Burney and
played the flute in Handels London oratorio orchestra in the 1750s. In 1756, aged 21,
he was appointed organist of St. Georges Church, Doncaster on the recommendation of
James Nares, organist and composer of the Chapel Royal. This paper will examine how
Miller was able to successfully develop a national profile and secure over 2000
subscribers to his Psalms of David (1791), a ten-fold increase on the number who
subscribed to his first publication (before 1756). By tracing the social and professional
background of a number of Millers subscribers it will be demonstrated that this rich
network ranged from the nobility, clergy, local gentry, other professional musicians to
freemasons.


106

Dorien Schampaert
The Ondes Martenot as (mis)represented in academic literature
The Ondes Martenot is a musical instrument invented by Parisian musician and
engineer Maurice Martenot in 1928. It became one of the first electronic instruments to
be used in orchestras and ensembles, film scores and popular music. Composers such as
Messiaen, Jolivet, Maurice Jarre and Radioheads Jonny Greenwood wrote music for the
Ondes Martenot in various styles and genres. Throughout the 20th century, the
instrument seemed to take a backseat to other electronic instruments, but since
Greenwoods involvement around 2000, the Ondes is gaining visibility.
This paper contributes a critical review of academic sources on the Ondes Martenot, and
this is important for two reasons: one, because so far academic literature is scarce, and
two, because much of the information available is brief and often inaccurate.
The aim of this paper is to investigate a number of academic sources on the Ondes
Martenot in terms of accuracy, context and depth, and to lay bare a number of recurring
descriptions, features and connotations.
The three most defining features of the Ondes mentioned are the keyboard, ribbon and
volume button. An emerging and recurring pattern such as this one could gradually
erase other features from view, until the Ondes Martenot is no longer defined by, but
rather reduced to, these three features.


107

Daniel Sharpley
Characterising Maurice Durufls Musical Language
Maurice Durufl (1902 1986) produced a modest, but nevertheless highly significant,
corpus of works. His organ and choral works in particular remain very popular and
there has also been a revival in Durufl scholarship over the last decade. This
scholarship has been focused mainly on practical concerns such as performance
practice and whilst there have been attempts to analyse individual works a credible
account of Durufls musical style has yet to be formulated. Indeed, the wildly divergent
assessments of Durufls stylistic influences validates a thorough analytical
investigation from which convincing conclusions can be drawn.
This paper will seek to address the relative importance of these various influences
(including impressionism, late Romanticism and neoclassicism) as well as
characterising Durufls use of tonality, form, large-scale structure, counterpoint,
rhythm, metre, plainchant and modality. Findings from the detailed analysis of
important works by both Durufl and several other composers cited as being central to
his compositional development, particularly Debussy, Ravel and Dukas, will be
discussed. The analytical approach draws on traditional harmonic and motivic analysis,
quasi-Schenkerian graphing and Robert Muellers tonal pillar. A historical and cultural
context will frame the analysis, with this context very much informing the analytical
perspective where appropriate.

SESSION: Early 20
th
-Century Music
108

Claire Slight
How does lifestyle act as a motivator for studying academic music degrees?
A typical musical career involves holding a number of musical and non-musical jobs.
Some individuals are not attracted to this style of career, preferring a more stable
income and family-friendly lifestyle. Postgraduate study can enable individuals the time
to develop skills and knowledge needed to achieve a more stable career and lifestyle
whilst still remaining within the area of music. This paper discusses results from a study
on the experiences of music students during their taught masters degree and the year
following graduation. The study aims to understand students experiences, motivations
to study and transitions into working life. The current talk discusses results from the
first two phases of interviews which focused upon the students motivations for
studying taught postgraduate music degrees. A main theme arising from these
interviews was the desire for stable careers and lifestyles. Students were motivated to
study postgraduate music degrees in order to increase their knowledge and skills to
enable them to secure more work within their current musical careers, or to act as a
stepping stone into PhD study. Understanding students experiences is particularly
important in the current climate of higher tuition fees. Currently research upon
academic music students at this level is sparse.


109

Christopher Stanbury
Rediscovering Duke Ellingtons Satin Doll: transcription, performance and the
electronic organ
Since the first models of electronic organ were patented in 1933, the design and musical
potential of such instruments has changed significantly over time. Studies by Aho
(2009) and others suggest an electronic instruments design is the interface through
which a musician must navigate. Prompted by advances in music technology, the every-
changing interface of an electronic organ can be seen to have facilitated various styles of
performance.
By transcribing historical recordings and performing them on period instruments, my
work explores the relationship between instrument design and the performers musical
intention. This paper shows results gathered from a related case study: three historical
organ recordings of Duke Ellingtons (1899-1974) Satin Doll. The three transcribed
performances are those recorded by Harry Stoneham (Two Fellas to Follow, TeePee
Records, 1967) Jimmy Smith (from Danish television, 1969) and Dick Delany (Once
Upon a Hammond, Ace Records, 1964). Stylistic comparisons are made with reference to
different organ designs and illustrated with filmed excerpts of the transcribed
performances.
Whilst the use of transcribed recordings is occasionally used when discussing the
evolution of jazz music, the practice of using transcription and performance to verify a
connection between musical intention and instrument design is largely unexplored. This
paper illustrates that it is possible to establish such a link by means of a multi-faceted
methodology.

110

Alicia Stark
Hatsune Miku and the Rise of Vocaloids
Female constructions in popular music are nothing new, from Josie and the Pussycats to
Beyonces alter-ego Sasha Fierce. In recent years, however, a new trend of virtual pop
stars from Japan have been making their way West. These are Vocaloids: computerised
singers made by electronically modifying a human voice, then assigning it to an
animated character. With roots in anime and manga, the majority of Vocaloids are
depicted as young, cute females. The Vocaloids are controlled via a commercially-
available computer programme; the bulk of their music is created by VocaloidPs
(Producers), everyday people, many of them women, who create songs on their
computers and upload the finished product to online forums. Here, the songs may gain
popularity, prompting other fans to produce music videos or choreography for an
existing song and its associated Vocaloid character.
Vocaloids are a fascinating, problematic construction. They raise questions of
authorship, authenticity and agency, monsterization (to use Jelena Novaks term), and
gender. Why do Vocaloid fan communities embrace their fictitious stars so strongly? Do
Vocaloid engineers exploit musical and gender stereotypes? This paper explores these
questions in the context of recent interest among musicologists and cultural theorists in
multimedia forms of virtual reality.

111

Emaeyak Sylvanus
Popular music and commercial road travels in Nigeria
Of all the modes of public transportation in contemporary Nigeria, road transportation
is the most patronized. The sectors impacts on the Nigerian economy are both wide-
ranging and far-reaching. Available literature reveals that studies have largely
concentrated on the economic, infrastructural, historical, and operational perspectives.
This paper thus differs from other accounts because it focuses on the musicological
dimension. Specifically, it examines the nature of and reasons for everyday application
of genres of Nigerian popular music by mass transit operators. To advance the
discourse, this study relies on field experience, recordings, interviews, and oral
evidence from respondents (drivers and passengers) of one of the numerous operators
called Peace Mass Transit (PMT). In all, the research finds that popular music traverses
various spaces, particularly mass transit vehicles in Nigeria where its use is constantly
renegotiated, reinvented, and redefined.


112

Joanna Szalewska-Pineau
Developing interpretations of Szymanowskis piano works
The pianist approaching to perform a musical piece engages with different dimensions
of the work to make a variety of interpretative decisions. In this paper, I critically reflect
upon the process of developing my interpretations of Szymanowskis piano works.
Through the preparation and performance of Variations, Op. 10, Masques, Op 34 and
Mazurkas, Op. 62, I analyse three specific processes: How I, as a pianist, interpret the
musical text; How I, and other pianists, creatively develop the preconceived work; And
how drawing on various performance styles may inform performance strategies. I
conclude with reflections on research in performance studies undertaken by
performers, including critical evaluation of methodologies and emerging questions for
future research.

SESSION: The Piano

113

Willem Tanke
Re-vitalizing a performance practise of the eighteenth and nineteenth century through
contemporary improvisation
Mainly known for his CD recordings of the complete organ works by Messiaen, Tanke
investigates new ways of improvisation, using his expertise in playing with musicians
from other traditions. He carries out a doctoral artistic research called Combining the
avant-garde and the historical in improvisation, composition and interpretation at
Leiden University.
Can a certain performance practice of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, in which
improvisation, composition and interpretation were fully integrated, be re-vitalized in a
contemporary context? The research aims at restoring improvisation as a missing link
between composition and interpretation in contemporary performance practices.
With the help of analysis and the following video, a passage from Messiaen's Livre du
Saint Sacrement will serve as a starting-point for improvisation:
http://tankewillem.blogspot.nl/2013/09/trumpets-and-elephants.html
A parallel will be drawn with an eighteenth century harpsichordist, who takes a passage
from a piece by Scarlatti as as a basis for improvisation. Accordingly, it will be suggested
that a contemporary flutist improvises on a fragment from a score by Isang Yun.
Consequently, the research may generate new insights into improvisation and
interpretation and provide new possibilities for performances.


114

Geoff Thomason
My own artistic status is guaranteed : Adolph Brodskys concert career in New York,
1891-1893
In November 1891, having built a successful career in Europe, the violinist Adolph
Brodsky took up the leadership of the New York Symphony Orchestra at the invitation
of its conductor Walter Damrosch. His realisation of the extent to which the citys
musical life privileged financial profit over artistic integrity quickly led him to doubt the
wisdom of the move and to seek a means of escape. Using contemporary accounts and
documents, this paper examines such factors as Brodskys promotion of a consciously
Eurocentric repertoire in his New York chamber concerts, his views on the artistic
standards he encountered, and the circumstances of his eventual break with Damrosch,
to position him as one ready to risk his career rather than compromise his own artistic
standards. In addition it engages with issues of cultural superiority and self-perception,
and argues that Brodskys decision to come to Manchester so soon after his departure
from New York was influenced by a desire to return to familiar cultural roots.

th
Century

115

Steve Tromans
The Birmingham-Chicago Improvisers Ensemble: An Experiment in Compositional
Affectivity
This presentation is focused on the problem of composing notated parts for expert
improvising musicians. Specifically, it is concerned with reconsidering the role of
notation in live performance. I draw on my recent experience of leading an octet of
improvisers from the avant-garde music scenes in Birmingham (UK) and Chicago. In a
series of concerts in Chicago in February 2013, I premiered a suite of specially-
commissioned original compositions. In composing this suite, I undertook an artistic
research experiment, looking more closely into how notated parts could be made
conducive to improvisational practice. The scores I produced were not so much
concerned with representing a music to be realised in performance, as with providing
an opportunity for affective engagement with the music-making on stage. In other
words, I took as my working hypothesis a perspective on the use and function of
notated parts by improvisers in terms of the there over the given (or pre-given).
Drawing on a range of conceptual tools, adopted/adapted from the philosophical
writings of Massumi (2002) and Peters (2009), I will model the processes wherein the
parts were composed, and subsequently performed with, with regard to a complex
notion of the affective. In conclusion, I will speculate on the affectivity of all notated
parts in music performance, regardless of disciplinary specificity.


116

Rob Upton
Punk Goes Pop: Introducing Pop-core and the Cross-Genre Cover
In Song Means (2013), Moore notes the importance of considering a band in relation to
contemporary developments in popular music as a whole. Where Moore focuses on the
connection between stylistic markers and musical meaning in popular music, I propose
that this approach can be applied also to gestures that transform established music
signs in rock and pop music.
In this paper I will develop Hattens theories of gesture through application to the
emerging Pop-Core subgenre of punk rock music. Meaningful insights can be derived
from a close examination of one of its defining characteristics: the juxtaposition of
stylistic tokens from diverse styles of metal-core, punk and pop. In particular I examine
the phenomena of the cross-genre cover focussing on examples from the Punk Goes
Pop series of compilation albums, including case studies by the bands A Day To
Remember, Mayday Parade and Peirce The Veil.
Following an investigation of the formal differences (and similarities) between pop
original and punkrock cover, interpretation of gestures through recorded sound raises
many questions. Does a creative re-framing of a song demonstrate a
reverential/subversive commentary on pop music? Does a studiobased duplication of
the original version contradict the performative function of a rock band?


117

Valerio Velardo
Towards a music systems theory Can music possibly be alive?
This paper proposes a systemic theoretical model of music that combines art, science and
humanities in order to describe music as an emergent system that arises from society.
The model relies on chaos, complexity and systems theories. The theory also draws upon
Meyers concept of musical style, Jans memetics of music and Capras definition of life as
a combination of structure, process and organization.
The paper addresses questions such as: what are the relationships between music and
society? How is music related to psychological systems? Does music evolve? Is music a
living system?
The paper aims to lay the groundwork for a unified theory of music, cognition and
evolution, defining music as a complex living dynamic adaptive system, and explaining
how music can emerge from nonlinear interactions among psychological systems within
society.
The paper initially defines some relevant concepts (e.g. attractors, dissipative structures,
autopoiesis), then provides the basics of music systems theory. Afterwards, it describes
the relationships among music, psychological systems and society, and clarifies why
music might be regarded as a living system.
The theory provides a simple theoretical framework that elegantly and concisely
explains several musical processes, such as music performance, learning, composition,
style, creativity, analysis, and evolution.


118

Alexi Vellianitis
The Rhetoric of Failure in Tonal Analysis
James Hepokoski & Warren Darcys Elements of Sonata Theory couches sonata theory in
an unreservedly romanticised narrative, the structure of each work being focused on
true tonal resolution and its lamentable transience. In the past, contemporary musics
that still use a broadly diatonic harmonic language have been denigrated as backward-
looking or outdated in accordance with this narrative. And on a more broadly political
level, this romanticising of failure is becoming less and less ethically acceptable in a
world in which people experience a suffering that they truly wish to leave behind rather
than dramatize. The central question of this paper is: what could be a suitable
alternative to this rhetoric of failure?
I draw from Arnold Whittalls description of new (post-avant garde) high modernist
music as suspending or extending tonality, and Dai Griffiths recent discussion of the
increasingly modal harmony in popular music in order to provide a reading of Haydns
String Quartet Op. 74/2 in F Major, in which I show that the tonality is never realised
but remains always in flux. The intended outcome is to show that such a true tonality
never existed, and to encourage musicologists to use the term tonality only with the
utmost critical focus.


119

Adam Whittaker
The exemplary mixed bag: approaches to musical examples in some thirteenth-
century Parisian theoretical treatises
The treatises of Magister Lambertus, Franco of Cologne, and the St. Emmeram
Anonymous, shun the study of musica speculativa in favour of practical musical
discussions. Alongside practically focussed theoretical texts, their treatises include
musical examples, often drawn from existing pieces. These citations range from short
titles to polyphonic quotations of popular motets. The value of the study of musical
examples from this type of document has been recognised, but few studies have been
made.
The variety in the accuracy and types of examples used provides a rich diversity of case
studies to investigate. Many examples merely seem to fill space, or provide
unnecessarily lengthy explanations of basic theoretical points. Others contradict the
theoretical point they are supposed to exemplify. Such variation is less common in later
theoretical works, such as those by Johannes Tinctoris (ca.1435-1511). This suggests
that methods for including examples in the thirteenth century were evolving and
unrefined.
In examining how theorists integrate their examples, and how accurately they
demonstrate the intended theoretical point, this paper will demonstrate that the
treatises of some of the great theorists are a mixed bag in terms of examples, and show
an emerging trend of exemplarity in a prototype stage.


120

Ralph Whyte
Richard Strauss at the Intersection of Idealism and Commercialization in America
In April 1904 as part of his American tour, Richard Strauss gave two concerts in a New
York department store. Strauss's American critics were quick to point to the incident as
a sign of the composer's base commercial motives. Considering the fact that public
musical life interacted with commercial forces and little could be done to oppose the
interaction, I ask why Strauss's department store concerts were a locus for journalistic
opprobrium, looking to the American music criticism's idealist paradigms during the
period and Strauss's previous reception in the country. In conclusion, I discuss the
messy but not always contradictory relationship between the strands of idealism and
commercialism and contend the reason Strauss provoked particular ire was his
unwillingness to maintain an image of detachment from commercial arrangements. This
adds to a growing body of literature on the reception of European music in America
while also paying attention to a broader social history.


121

Maxwell Williams
Form and Galant Schemata in Mozarts Symphonic Minuets
An investigation of form in late eighteenth-century music can be informed by reference
to two, interrelated concepts, punctuation form and galant schemata, the first of
which is arguably the most important way of understanding eighteenth-century form,
while the second refers to a repertory of standardised phrases that were used
extensively by composers. An exploration of the relationship between these concepts,
and the typicality of Mozarts minuets in relation to them provides valuable insights into
his manipulations of conventional form.
Formal analysis reveals how closely Mozart follows conventional form, the techniques
that he uses in formal manipulations, and how his approach to form changes over time.
Combining this with an examination of his uses of three important schemata illuminates
the functions that they serve within manipulations.
Initial conclusions are that, while formal manipulations do not become more complex
over time, they begin to occur within an increasingly complex context. As such, Mozarts
uses of schemata in manipulations provide a consistent way of understanding them as
his style, more broadly, increasingly matures. This demonstrates how, in thinking about
eighteenth-century music on its own terms, we can gain new and contextual insights
into form which we may otherwise not have access to.

122

Steven A. Williams
Pitch Perfect: Auto-tune or Out of Tune
The ethics of pitch correction have frequently been under press scrutiny, with cases
such as TVs talent show X-Factor covertly using tuning software to adjust competitors
vocals. But why do some think its use is wrong?
This talk will investigate the prevalent practice of tuning vocals on pop music
performances and whether its use is ethical. Are music producers deceiving the
listeners into thinking the singer is more skilful than they indeed are; or is it simply
another technical production tool, whose measure is the popularity of the tracks using
it? In addition, could its extensive use lead to a more standardised sound?
Drawing on the studies of Cathryn Frazier-Neely as well as the perspectives of
successful music producers and artists including Rick Rubin and Will.I.Am, this talk will
examine the phenomenon of pitch correction. The talk will also investigate how the
software can technically be manipulated to create a variety of vocal sounds, and how
this affects the ethics of its use.
The significance of this study lies in better understanding the widespread use of vocal
pitch correction, and how it affects the sound of pop music and its emotional meaning.


123

Susan J. Winch
Eroica: Heroic Signification and Beethovens Third Symphony
This paper explores the concept of the Heroic as an expressive musical genre, surveying
Western societys literary and socio-cultural perceptions of the characteristics of a hero
in order to construct a universe of topoi whose presence in music may be heard to
generate the Heroic impression. These topoi appear as a set of musical values, listener-
perceived signs, which highlight the Heroic traits drawn from the explored currents.
These are viewed in the context of the first movement of the Eroica and evaluated in
terms of their contribution to the Heroic impression.
Beethovens Eroica Symphony is typically accompanied by programmes and narratives
contributed to, in large, by the Symphonys title and legend. Despite their variations,
these programmes share the commonality of the Heroic. This paper examines how
music may justifiably be spoken of as heroic and how it engages and projects this
literary quality away from the afore-mentioned extra-musical designations.
By way of contextual, music analytical and semiotic approach to the investigation, the
concept of the Heroic is broken down into a series of literary and Western-perceived
characteristics which are translated into an identifiable series of musical gestures and
values present in the musical fabric of the work, thus aiming to account for the
purported Heroic impression.
The study stipulates a justified system of classification for the labelling of works as
heroic, thus asserting and defending the Heroic topic as a suitable hermeneutic tool for
understanding and music and listener identification.

SESSION: Beethoven

124

Teresa Winter
Contributions to Experimental Radio by Delia Derbyshire (1964-5)
Delia Derbyshire is one of the most recognized members of the first generation to make
electronic music in Britaina neglected area in academic music history that is only
beginning to be understood. While she is one of the most culturally celebrated of its
exponents Derbyshires work remains obscure, with most of it unpublished on archival
reels at the BBC. What will detailed research into her music add to this new
understanding? Recent research by Louis Niebur has shown the lack of institutional
support for electronic musicians in this country. The BBC Radiophonic Workshop
setup to produce sound effects and incidental music for radio and television provided
the only major centre for its creation for most of the 1960s. It was here that Derbyshire
created most of her work. I will present research from archives and interviews into
some of her collaborations in experimental sound broadcasting at the BBC. My aim is to
demonstrate the scope of her work apart from the Doctor Who signature tune for which
she is famous, while bringing to light some fascinating but forgotten examples of sound
art in public broadcasting.

th
Century

125

Milo Zapletal
Substitute religiosity and Czech classical music of the 1920s and 1930s
This paper, which is drawn from a PhD research project, deals with the crisis of
traditional religiosity, connected with radical change of mentality after the First World
War, which led to the search for a substitute quality in culture and music of the First
Czechoslovak Republic (19181938). The main results of this searching were
miscellaneous versions of conception of new man/world and effort to return to
rudimentary religiousness and humaneness. Semio-pragmatic analysis focuses on three
compositions which represent those tendencies.
Schoenbergian string quartet The Relay (tafeta, 1927) written by Leo Janeks pupil
Vilm Petrelka (18891967) is one of the fundamental works of Czech interwar music.
Its structure contains intensive and extensive semantic impulse. The intensive one
relates to structural regularization by the running model. The extensive one refers to
Public Relay Races carnival feasts of recycling of the collective national body.
Petrelkas Nicholas the Mariner (Nmonk Mikul, 1929) and The Guardian of the
Lighthouse (Strce majku, 1933) written by Boleslav Vomka (18871965) are both
cantatas based on the same poem. Their musical narrative strongly influenced by the
avant-garde tendency of civilism tends toward a quasi-religious conclusion.


126

LIST OF SPEAKERS/COMPOSERS

Kirstie Asmussen University of Queensland
Michelle Assay Universities of Sheffield and the Sorbonne
Peter Atkinson University of Birmingham
Cassandre Balosso-Bardin SOAS, University of London
Zara Barlas University of Heidelberg
Anna Maria Barry Oxford Brookes University
Leah Batstone McGill University
Charlotte Bentley University of Nottingham
Victoria Bernath University of York
Katherine Betteridge University of Bangor
Mary Black Liverpool Hope University
Joanne Bolland University of Manchester
Christopher Booth The Catholic University of America
Bruno Bower Royal College of Music
Lisa-Maria Brusius University of Oxford
Sophie Burton University of Bristol
Alasdair Campbell University of Oxford
Brenna Cantwell University of Birmingham
Pei Yan Chow University of Oxford
Matthew Church University of Manchester
Desmond Clarke University of York
Sara Clethero London College of Music, University of West
London
Corrina Connor Oxford Brookes University
Roxanne Copping University of Manchester
Martin Curda Cardiff University
William Teixeira da Silva Campinas University
Steven Daverson Royal College of Music
Gill Davies Edinburgh Napier University
Joe Davies University of Oxford
Erickinson Bezerra de Lima University of Aveiro
Klenio Jonessy de Medeiros Barros University of Aveiro
Daniel Elphick University of Manchester
David Fay University of Bristol
127

Elizabeth Ford University of Glasgow
Jamie Fyffe University of Glasgow
Monika Galla-Pecynska University of York
Fiona Joy Gibbs Royal College of Music
Ronnie Gibson University of Aberdeen
Ondrej Gima Goldsmiths, University of London
Alexander Glyde-Bates University of Southampton
Jonathan Godsall University of Bristol
Chenchen Gong Chinese University of Hong Kong
Madeline Goold University of Birmingham
Brett Gordon Oxford Brookes University
Alexander Harden University of Birmingham
Andrew Hayden University of Birmingham
Hans Hess University of Bristol
Emma Higgins NUI Maynooth
Danielle Hood University of Leeds
Amanda Hsieh University of Toronto
Martin Humphries Cardiff University
Catherine Hutchinson Goldsmiths, University of London
Andra Ivanescu Anglia Ruskin University
Karolina Jarosz Academy of Music in Krakow
Rachel Johnson Royal Northern College of Music
Elisabeth Kappel University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz
Hermione Ruck Keene University of London
Lewis Kennedy University of Hull
Dionysios Kyropoulos University of Cambridge
Tim Laverack University of Nottingham
Matt Lawson Edge Hill University
Kate Lewis University of Surrey
Katherina Lindekens Universities of Louvain (Belgium) and Manchester
Daniel Linker University of Bristol
Iwan Llewelyn-Jones Cardiff University
James Lovelock University of Birmingham
Shona Mackay Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
Brona Martin University of Manchester
Remy Martin University of Surrey
Thomas May Oxford Brookes University
Desire Johanna Mayr Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
128

Chris McCann Queens University Belfast
Erin McHugh Royal College of Music
Sephen Millar Queens University Belfast
Debbie Moss Kingston University
Francis Jamie Myerscough University of Bristol
Balder Neergaard Royal College of Music
Marten Noorduin University of Manchester
Yuko Ohara Brunel University
Maria Okunev Royal Northern College of Music/Sydney
Conservatorium of Music
Michael Palmese University of Miami
Li-ming Pan University of Nottingham
Emily Payne University of Oxford
George Pearce University of Nottingham
Caroline Pearsall University of London
Artur Pereira University of Manchester
Martin Perkins Birmingham Conservatoire
Marco Pollaci University of Nottingham
Cayenna Ponchione University of Oxford
Adrian Powney Birmingham Conservatoire
Maria Razumovskaya Royal College of Music
Christopher Roberts University of Leeds
Dorien Schampaert University of Leeds
Daniel Sharpley London College of Music, University of West
London
Claire Slight University of Leeds
Christopher Stanbury London College of Music, University of West
London
Alicia Stark Cardiff University
Emaeyak Sylvanus City University, London
Joanna Szalewska-Pineau Birmingham Conservatoire
Mate Szigeti University of Southampton
Willem Tanke Leiden University
Andrew Taylor Cardiff University
Geoff Thomason Royal Northern College of Music
Steve Tromans Middlesex University
Rob Upton University of Nottingham
Valerio Velardo University of Huddersfield
129

Alexi Vellianitis University of Oxford
Adam Whittaker Birmingham Conservatoire
Ralph Whyte Columbia University
Maxwell Williams Kingston University
Steven A. Williams University of Southampton
Susan J. Winch Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama
Teresa Winter University of York
Milo Zapletal Masaryk University, Brno

130

TRAVEL IN BIRMINGHAM AND GETTING TO THE
UNIVERSITY

TRAINS
Most cross-country services to Birmingham arrive at New Street Station. Up to six trains
an hour depart for the University on the cross-city line (ten minutes to University
station, final destination Longbridge or Redditch). The centre of the main campus is a
five-minute walk from University Station.
BUSES
Numbers 61, X64 and 63 travel to the Universitys Edgbaston campus. The services all
run frequently from the city centre.
Online bus timetables for 61, X64 and 63 are available on the National Express West
Midlands website http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/
There is a travel information office outside New Street Station, where you can obtain
bus timetables and departure point information. Maps can be found throughout the city
centre indicating bus stop locations.
COACHES
There are frequent express coach services to Birmingham from London, Heathrow and
Gatwick Airports, and many UK cities. The long-distance coach station is in Digbeth in
the city centre.
Digbeth coach station is a short walk from New Street train station. Ask at the coach
station for directions to New Street and then either catch the local train service to
University station or catch the bus as described above.
TAXIS
There are taxi ranks at New Street Station and throughout the city centre. The journey
to the University takes about ten minutes.
T.O.A Taxis 0121 427 8888
a2b Radio Cars 0121 695 9807
Castle Cars 0121 472 2222
131

VISITOR CAR PARKING
Visitors to campus are requested to park in any of the 4 pay & display car parks, those
are:
South Car Park (access via Edgbaston Park Road) Sat Nav Postcode B15 2TU
North Car Park (access via Pritchatts Rd) Sat Nav Postcode B15 2SB
Pritchatts Road Car Park (at the junction with Vincent Drive) Sat Nav Postcode B15
2QU
Grange Road Car Park (Main Campus) Sat Nav Postcode B15 2TT (for access to the
campus)
The first three car parks above are peripheral car parks and can be accessed without
entering the main campus. Visitor charges are:
University Permit Holders 1.00 (permits can be obtained by contacting Caroline
Ashton c.e.ashton@bham.ac.uk)
Non University Permit Holders
Up to 1 hour 2.00
1-3 hours 3.00
3-5 hours 4.00
5-8 hours 6.00

132

GETTING TO THE CONFERENCE DINNER

The conference dinner will be held at Bank, 4 Brindleyplace, Birmingham, B1 2JB.
A coach will be provided to escort those attending the dinner to the restaurant (free of
charge). The coach will collect conference attendees from in front of the Barber Institute
(R14 on the University map) at 19.15 on Tuesday 7
th
.
If, for some reason, you do not wish to take the coach to the restaurant, you could take
the train from the University station to Birmingham New Street (2.00 for a single,
2.20 for a return) and walk from there (15 minutes). Turn left when you come out of
the station, then turn right, up Pinfold Street. Keep going straight, through Victoria
Square, and then walk through Paradise Forum. Continue walking straight, along Broad
Street, until you reach the canal, at which point you should turn right (at The
Brasshouse). Walk past all the bars and restaurants (go past Caf Rouge) until you
come to an open square, which is where Bank is located.
Alternatively, you could order a taxi (see taxi phone numbers above) and ask to be
picked up at the University train station and taken to Bank (the restaurant) in Brindley
Place.

133

UNIVERSITY MAP

The conference will be held in the following buildings: the Bramall Music Building (R12
on the map), the Poynting Building (R13 on the map), and in the Aston Webb building
(R6 on the map. Can be accessed via the Bramall). See below for a map of Edgbaston
Campus.

134

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