8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.

1
OK3 1
8. Industrial halls
Classification (first and second order) structures, frame haunches, space
behaviour of halls, design of crane runway beams.
Cross sections of portal frames
At present usually:
pinned based columns (or erection stiff),
site connections mostly with end plates and pretensioned bolts (instead of splices),
haunched rafters and columns.
One-bay (portal) frame: span up to 80 m
Two-bay frame: span up to 2x80 m
Three-bay frame: span up to 3x70 m
Four-bay frame: span up to 4x70 m
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 2
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For sway mode failure approximately
At the same time the slenderness of all
members must fulfil:
In plane frames this shall be applied at each
floor level, the lowest value decides.
Classification of frames and complex multistorey structures
Classifications depends on both geometry and loadings different for each
loading combination !!
1. First-order analysis structures (
cr
> 10):
10 =
Ed
cr
cr
F
F

=
Ed H, Ed
Ed
cr

h
V
H
Note: For given loading F
Ed
the
cr
results from FEM
by common software (e.g. SCIA Engineer).
Ed
y
N
f A
,3 0
The check of all members with buckling length equal to the system length
(between joints) is then conservative (acc. to Eurocode if
cr
> 25 then = 1).
H
1
H
2
V
1
V
2
h

H , Ed
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 3
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2. Second-order analysis structures (
cr
< 10):
In general three methods may be used:
a) Geometrical non-linear analysis with imperfections (GNIA).
Second order effects considering global and member imperfections are then
included in resulting internal forces and moments. Check of individual
members is done for simple compression or bending (without ,
LT
, no
stability check is necessary). The solution is demanding on software,
introduction of imperfections and evaluation of results.
b) Geometrical non-linear analysis (GNIA) with global imperfection only (using
frame sway or equivalent horizontal forces). Members shall be checked on
buckling (i.e. 2
nd
order effect and influence of imperfections), taking the
system length as buckling length (e.g. h, L/2).
If 3
cr
< 10 and sway buckling mode (corresponds to
cr
determined from
approximate relation above) the 2
nd
order effects from sway may be
evaluated approximately in accordance with following method b1):
h
cr
h
fictitious support for subsequence check of members
for buckling
Note: for small slopes (up to 15 or flat rafters)
the L
cr
equals distance of columns.
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 4
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b1) Second order sway effects due to vertical loads may be calculated by
increasing the horizontal loads H
Ed
(e.g. wind) and equivalent loads V
Ed

due to imperfections and other possible sway effects according to first

order theory by second order factor:
c) Frequently (classical method) is used first order theory without any
imperfections and members are checked with equivalent global buckling
lengths (using relevant reduction coefficients ):
h
cr
= h
L
cr
determined similarly as for columns or to use
system length and increase moments from
horizontal loadings by about ~ 20%.
ensure stability
of free flange ! !
given in
many
references
1
1
1
1

cr

8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 5

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Typical global buckling lengths (for sway buckling mode):
Global buckling lengths are given in tables or formulas in literature.
They may be preferably determined from critical loading N
cr
by common
software of corresponding
cr
(corresponding to buckled member) as follows:
Ed cr
2
cr
2
cr
N
I E
N
I E
L

= =
Note:
1) Using
cr
from approximate formula (i.e. for sway buckling mode), the minimum
buckling length equals the system length.
1) Mind the modification of cross sections after check:
results in different
cr
and hence also L
cr
.
For symmetrical
loading
for I
rafter
=
for I
rafter
=
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 6
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77 1
10 5 184 9 6
235 17090
3
,
, ,
N
Af
=


= =
cr,1
y

mm 1 374 24
10 5 184 9 6
10 6 366 210000
3
6 2
cr
y
2
y
2
cr
,
, ,
,
N
I E
N
I E
h =


= = =

Ed cr,1
Practical example:
10000
24000
IPE 550
HE 340 B
12 kN/m'
40 kN 40 kN
imp 1
(for calculation of
cr
see
Complementary note)
Instead of determination of buckling length h
cr
the direct check using relative
slenderness is preferred:
cr
y
N
Af
=
... and from tables directly
For given example:

cr,1
= 6,9
(
cr,2
= 44,3)
< 10 (2
nd
order)
Mind the change of N
cr
by
changing cross sections
after checks !!!
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 7
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Portal knees
Approximate resolution of internal forces into flanges:
V
b
M
b
N
b
2
1
b b
N
h
M
F +
2
2
b b
N
h
M
F
1) Unhaunched portal knees
a) Knee stiffened for compression
F
1
F
2
h D
D
b
compression diagonal welded connection bolted connection
thick end plates
(otherwise semi-rigid
connection)
welds for
M, N, V
mind a lamellar tearing
of the end plate
(check for buckling)
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 8
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b) Knee with unstiffened shear panel
cover plate with flush and end plate (more expensive)
available for shear V
loaded in shear F
1
(friction-grip bolts to avoid slip)
Check of the knee web
for shear:

w
2
w
1
max Ed
t b
F
;
t b
F

M1
yw w
Rd b, Rd b, Ed
3

f
t h / V = =
Considering buckling:
F
2
h
b
F
1

weld for F'

2
h'
extended end plate: less desirable (shorter arm h):

t
w
F'
2
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 9
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Note:
Shear capacity of the web surrounded by flanges and stiffeners may be increased
by frame effect (contribution from flanges, creating 4 plastic hinges in the frame):
h
M M f
Rd st, pl, Rd c, pl,
M1
yw w
Ed
2 2
3
+
+

plastic capacity
of flanges and stiffeners
c) Increase of shear capacity of an unstiffened knee
t
w
t
increasing of web thickness continuous transition of
flanges
radial
stiffeners
stiffening of the shear panel
diagonal check for
loading minus strength
of web in shear
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 10
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Note: Site connection may also be offset from column face (column with a cantilever).
2) Hauched portal knees
Portal apexes - similarly:
F
2
weld for force M/h
F
1
F'
1
F'
2
I
cutting of I
stiffener
h
shear
tension
compression
cutting of I profile
possible
stiffener
pinned connection
thick end plates
(or a stiffening)
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 11
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Space behaviour of frames
Analysis:
a) Space analysis of the building as a whole (demanding);
b) Approximate analysis using continuous girder on elastic supports:
Substantial for local loading
(e.g. cranes):
< H
H
elastic supports:

1
= c

1
without
cooperation
with
cooperation
roof bracing distributes the
loading to more mainframes
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 12
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2. Stressed skin design
stiff cladding (trapezoidal sheeting, monolithic deck):
- acts as a web of high girder, the flanges of which are purlins
(in side-walls rails);
- unloads mainframes, transfers the transvers horizontal
loading to stiff gables;
- usually changes classification of frames for
cr
10.
2 high web girders:
Requirements:
- during assembly the structure is non-stiff, secure by temporary bracings, props ...
- the cladding must be effective all the structure life (mind fire, rebuilding ...)
- suitable for short industrial buildings (L/B < 4), with stiff gables.
transfer to stiff gable
shear fields
edge members loaded
by axial force
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 13
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Pn vazba
Ppoje
plech/vaznice
plech/plech
Ppoje
(jedna tabule)
Trapzov plech
(podln prvek)
Ppoje
smykov spojky
Smykov spojka
(pn prvek)
Vaznice
V
b
Va
b
v
a
V
b
Va
sheeting
sheeting
(one sheet)
mainframe
purlin
shear connector
sheeting
connections
sheetingpurlin
joint
shear connector
joint
Example of
shear field:
Design progress (demanding, usually for repeated use only):
- design of cladding for common bending loading,
- global analysis of non-sway frame (supported by stiff roof plane),
- subdividing the roof into shear fields (diaphragms),
- determination of shear strength and rigidity of the shear field including sheeting
connections and joints (for design procedure see e.g. guideline ECCS No.88),
- determination of cladding effects (unloading of internal frames and design of the
high web girder),
- design of gables.
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 14
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Overhead cranes
weight of crane Q
c
(without crab)
crab
bridge
hoistload
hoist weight + crane load
Actions of overhead cranes (EN 1993-3):
selfweight of the crane Q
c
variable:
- vertical action of cranes Q
H
(hoist load given in crane tables)
- horizontal actions acts at rail vertex:
from crane acceleration
(starting, braking)
from crane skewing from crab acceleration
(starting, braking)
crab
- further loading (buffer loads, tilting loads, test loading ...)
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 15
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Dynamic effects:
- introduced approximately by dynamic coefficients
1
up to
7
:
e.g.: for vertical actions
1
up to
4
, depends on hoisting speed, crane type ...
for drive horizontal actions
5
according to drive, etc.
SLS:
Generally is checked vibration.
Practical calculation consists in determination of deflections (
max
< L/600 25 mm).
Global analysis
In case of moving loading the influence lines should be used. E.g. for M
max
in section x
the Winkler criterion is valid:
However, usually M
max
and V
max
within all girder length is required:

<
>
L
x
R F
i
e.g. 4 forces
arithmetic mean load: P3
position for M
max
= M
3
position for V
max
1
st
crane 2
nd
crane (heavier)
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 16
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Example:
s
V V
Design of a crane runway beam
1. Correct design: - requires space (3D) calculation, incl. torsion
(resulting internal forces N, M
y
, M
z
, B, V
y
, V
z
, T
t
, T
w
)
(necessary to try numerically)
2. Approximate (conservative) introduction of H:

+ =
e
H
G
t
w
H
H
T
h
e H
H =
T
h
for design of bottom flange
H + H
T
15 t
w
assign to upper
flange
y
S
G
z
truss may be replaced by a plate
with thickness t
eff
of the same
shear stiffenes
H
Q
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 17
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3. Usual design (on unsafe side, torsion neglected):
Main girder: Horizontal girder:
vertical loading (mind interaction
of buckling due to M, N, V, F)
longitudinal horizontal loading
(implicates N, M)
15 t
w
transverse horizontal
loading
Fatigue of crane runway beams
Check for equivalent characteristic stress range (
Ff
= 1,00):
Mf
C
E,2 Ff

equivalent constant amplitude direct stress range
(must be < 1,5 f
y
including dynamic coefficient
fat
)
fatigue strength" for 2.10
6
cycles
according to category detail
For :
(similarly for )
1,15
H
Q
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 18
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Equivalent constant amplitude stress range:

fat E,2
=
stress range caused by the fatigue loads acc. to EN 1991
damage equivalent factor, corresponding to
210
6
cycles (given by EN 1991-3 acc. to crane category)
Structural details (requirement: prevent notches)
max. 100
(buckling)
acc.
need
KD 80
KD 80
KD 80
KD 80
KD 45 up to KD 90
KD 112 (for manual weld KD 100)
KD 112 (for manual weld KD 100)
For web to flange KD 80
fillet welds:
II

KD 36*
plan view:
KD 90 KD 40
r 150
r

and
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 19
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Note: For other members (which buckle at other - higher buckling shapes) is
slenderness determined from the 1
st
shape conservative.
Critical length of the checked member (embodying the right boundary conditions in the structure)
may be determined from:
Critical length, however, is just historical auxiliary value, enabling determination of reduction factor
with help of slenderness . Determination of critical lengths (except of basic cases) with help of
formulas, graphs etc. is out-of-date at present. More suitable is direct determination of relative
slenderness according to the formula above.
Complementary notes:
Critical loading of given load case (combination) may be received by software.
E.g. SCIA Engineer : choose calculation, type: buckling eigenmode, number of shapes
(suitable at least 4). Further setting as for static global analysis
(choose mesh, design load case, solution). In postprocessor choose
load case, the first natural shape of buckling: k
1
=
cr,1
, the second
k
2
=
cr,2
, etc. and shapes of buckling (results, deformation shapes).
For the checked member (deciding of the whole structure instability in relevant,
i.e. particularly the 1
st
buckling shape) the critical force at the given load case
(combination) and relative slenderness are:
(or ), and
Ed cr,1 cr
N N =
Ed 1 cr
N k N =
cr
2
cr
N
I E
L

=
cr,1
y
N
Af
=
8 Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc. 20
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Approximate determination of
cr
corresponding to sway mode
Buckling shape of a member with one-side elastic support:
From moment equilibrium:
hence for follows:
h H V
Ed Ed H, cr
=
1 Support rigidity
3
2
h
I E
c

<
Ed
cr
cr
V
V
=
Ed H, Ed
Ed
cr

h
V
H
=
2 Support rigidity
3
2
h
I E
c

V
cr
H
Ed
H
Ed
=
H, Ed
c

H, Ed
E cr
V V <
sway mode buckling
V
cr
2
2
E
h
EI
V

=
h
buckling without
sway (Euler)
V