Information for planning conservation and

management in the Asia-Pacific region

Nadia Bystriakova, Valerie Kapos, Chris Stapleton, Igor Lysenko
Bamboo biodiversity
Information for planning conservation and
management in the Asia-Pacific region
Nadia Bystriakova, Valerie Kapos, Chris Stapleton, Igor Lysenko
Bamboo biodiversity
UNEP World Conservation
Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road
Cambridge
CB3 0DL
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314
Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136
E-mail: info@unep-wcmc.org
Website: www.unep-wcmc.org
Director: Mark Collins
THE UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE is the
biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm
of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
the worlds foremost intergovernmental environmental
organization. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers
recognize the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and
to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centres
challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant
information, to build tools and systems for analysis and
integration, and to support the needs of nations and the
international community as they engage in joint pro-
grammes of action.
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
Anyuan Building No 10, Anhui Beili
Asian Games Village, Chaoyang District
Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
Postal address: Beijing 100101-80
Peoples Republic of China
Tel: +86 10 64956961/82
Fax: +86 10 64956983
E-mail: info@inbar.int
Website: www.inbar.int
Director General: Ian Hunter
THE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR BAMBOO AND RATTAN (INBAR)
is a non-profit, international organization established in
1997 by Treaty. As of June 2002, INBARs Establishment
Agreement had been signed by 26 countries. INBARs
mission is to improve the well-being of producers and users
of bamboo and rattan within the context of a sustainable
bamboo and rattan base by consolidating, coordinating
and supporting strategic and adaptive research and
development.
2
The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, INBAR or contributory organizations. The designations employed and
the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, INBAR or contributory organizations concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
UNEP-WCMC/INBAR 2003 A Banson production
Citation: Bystriakova, N., Kapos, V., Stapleton, C. & Lysenko, I. Printed in the UK by Swaingrove Imaging
2003. Bamboo Biodiversity. UNEP-WCMC/INBAR.
Authors
N Bystriakova
1,2
V Kapos
2
C M A Stapleton
3
I Lysenko
2
1 International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
Beijing, China
2 UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cambridge, UK
3 Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; c.stapleton@rbgkew.org.uk
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), the UNEP
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and
Missouri Botanical Garden. UNEP-WCMC and the Royal Botanical
Gardens, Kew are thanked for providing working facilities.
Additional photo credits
Page 7 (left to right) 1-3: Zhu Zhaohua; 4: Jeevanandhan
Duraisamy; 5: Zhu Zhaohua
Page 8 A Borissenko
Page 9 M Sanbluch/UNEP/Topham
Foreword
Preface
BAMBOO BIODIVERSITY 7
References 16
Annex I: Priority species of bamboo 17
Annex II: Bamboo species on the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants 17
Annex III: Subtribes and genera of woody bamboos occurring naturally in Asia 18
Annex IV: Maps of potential distributions of woody bamboos in the Asia-Pacific Region 19
Annex V: Woody bamboo species of the Asia-Pacific region with
<20 000 km
2
of forest remaining within their ranges 67
3
Bamboo biodiversity
Contents
T
T
he bamboo plant supports an international trade
which (even according to our currently imperfect
trade statistics) is worth more than US$ 2 billion
per year. Yet international trade represents only a small
proportion of total bamboo usage domestic use is
estimated to account for at least 80 per cent. Bamboo is
thus a major world commodity.
Despite this, very little is known about the
distribution and resources of bamboo. Certain bamboo
species (e.g. Chinese Moso bamboo, Phyllostachys edulis)
have formed the basis for major industrial development and
have been domesticated into plantations. Perhaps 50 or
100 bamboo species are preferred for use and are under-
going some degree of domestication. However there are
estimated to be nearly 2 000 species in total. The vast
majority of these occur only in their native ranges, and many
may have uses of local or wider significance that have yet to
be documented. Unfortunately, as obligate components of
forested ecosystems, their futures are bound up with the
survival of their forest habitats. This publication indicates
that as forest ecosystems shrink under human pressure the
survival of many potentially important bamboo species may
be threatened.
This work is a first step towards quantifying bamboo
resources in the world. It presents an innovative approach to
quantifying the likely range of the various bamboo species.
It also, through the aggregation of overlapping ranges, has
something to contribute to knowledge about bamboo
biodiversity.
The innovative approach used here can be applied
to the study of other species associated with mapped
ecosystems.
This study would not have been possible without
the collaboration between INBAR and UNEP-WCMC. It was
the detailed map-based databases of UNEP-WCMC that
made the development of the methodology possible. Thus,
this study is an excellent example of two organizations
working together to combine their strengths.
Ian Hunter
Director General
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
4
Bamboo biodiversity
Foreword
B
B
amboo an intriguing name for a quite
extraordinary group of plants! Essentially a family
of giant woody grasses, they are used for every
conceivable purpose, from scaffolding to boats, cooking
utensils to furniture, for food, fuel, landscaping, ornamental
display and a thousand other uses. Their direct and
widespread importance to our social and economic well-
being may be self-evident but, surprisingly, we still know
relatively little about most bamboos in the wild. Although
their importance to a few threatened species, such as the
giant panda, is legendary, the distribution and conservation
status of bamboos themselves largely remain a mystery.
The results described in this publication expand our
knowledge base substantially. Information drawn from a
wide range of botanical and other sources has been treated
with sophisticated analytical tools to generate a new
overview of the distribution of bamboos in the Asia-Pacific
region. By providing insight into centres of diversity and the
amount of habitat remaining for individual species, it will
help to identify priorities for planning and management of
bamboos. They are essentially forest plants and their future
is linked to the survival of forest habitats under pressure
worldwide from the expansion of agriculture, plantation
forestry and climate change.
Conservation of biodiversity is a necessary step
towards solving the problems of poverty alleviation and
sustainable development this message is clear from the
Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
But conservation in todays world means the adoption of an
overarching, ecosystem approach that takes into account
species, their habitats and the landscapes in which they
occur. The mapping approach used in the analysis
undertaken here facilitates building this bigger picture for
conservation. This report will help range states to
recognize, and value, the bamboo genetic resources on
their own doorsteps, and to conserve them for future
generations.
I welcome this opportunity to collaborate with
INBAR, the worlds bamboo and rattan trade network. I
hope that our first analysis will form the basis for future
assessments of bamboo resources and their conservation
status. Bamboos are a fascinating group of plants that bring
benefits to people everywhere; they should be conserved as
an important resource for all our futures.
Mark Collins
Director
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
5
Bamboo biodiversity
Preface
B
B
amboos are distinct and fascinating plants, with
a wide range of values and uses. They play a
significant role in biodiversity conservation and
contribute to soil and water management. They are
important for biomass production and play an increasing
role in local and world economies. This study used an
innovative approach to map potential current distributions
of nearly 1 000 individual bamboo species that occur
naturally within remaining forests of the Asia-Pacific
region. The maps were also combined to generate regional
maps showing potential species and generic richness.
By quantifying the area of forest cover remaining within
each species range, this study shows that more than
400 bamboo species are potentially threatened by the
destruction of natural forest cover. Conservation and
sustainable management of wild populations of bamboo
should be a high priority, especially where diversity is high
or deforestation is a significant threat.
Bamboos are of conservation significance in their
own right and as indicators of high biodiversity in other
groups. They are an ancient group of forest plants,
intrinsically vulnerable to deforestation. The vulnerability of
some species is increased by the simultaneous flowering
and subsequent death of entire populations in cycles of
20-120 years. Inhabiting moister, more benign habitats
in old-growth forests, they are often associated with
threatened plants, and there are many specialized animal
species that depend upon them. The best known of these in
Asia is the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), but the
red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and the Himalayan black bear
(Selenarctos thibetanus) are also heavily dependent on
bamboo. The smallest known bat (Tylonycteris pachypus,
3.5 cm) roosts between nodes of mature bamboo
(Gigantochloa scortechinii ), which it enters through holes
created by beetles. The recent discovery of a colony in a
bamboo stand in Hong Kong highlighted the conservation
importance of bamboos on that island, where all bats are
protected (Ades 1999). More than 15 Asian birds live almost
exclusively in bamboo; many of these are rare, and many
threatened birds use bamboo as a significant proportion
of their habitat (BirdLife International 2000). There are
also many little-known invertebrates specially adapted
to the environment within hollow bamboo culms. Studying
these specialized relationships, which reflect a long history
of co-evolution between bamboos and other species, can
shed light on evolutionary and ecological processes.
Because the extensive rhizome system of bamboos
lies primarily in the top layers of soil, they often play a
7
Bamboo biodiversity
Bamboo biodiversity
major role in stabilizing soils on slopes and river banks,
preventing erosion and land slips. This also makes them
important in securing the hydrological function of catch-
ments and rivers.
Many bamboos grow quickly and are highly
productive. For example the shoots of Bambusa tulda
elongate at an average rate of 70 cm per day (Dransfield and
Widjaja 1995). Annual productivity values mostly range
between 10 and 20 t/ha/yr (Hunter and Wu Junqi 2002).
Bamboo stands may achieve a total standing biomass that
is comparable to some tree crops (of the order of 20-150
t/ha) and therefore they may sequester substantial amounts
of carbon. However, their total carbon storage is likely to be
lower than that of well-grown forest on favourable sites
(Hunter and Wu Junqi 2002).
Bamboos play an important role in local economies
and are growing in national and international commercial
importance in the Asia-Pacific region. They are multipurpose
crops, with more than 1 500 documented uses. The most
important traditional uses include housing, food and material
for handicrafts. Worldwide, more than 2.5 billion people trade
in or use bamboo (INBAR 1999). Modern manufacturing
techniques allow the use of bamboo in timber-based
industries, to provide bamboo flooring, board products,
laminates and furniture. Bamboo is becoming a substitute
for wood in pulp and paper manufacturing; about 25 per cent
of the fibre used in the Indian paper industry each year
comes from bamboo (FAO 1998). Bamboo shoots are now an
important food crop on the international market as well as
locally and nationally. China is by far the leading exporter of
bamboo shoot products, with an annual export value of
nearly US$ 140 million (Feng Lu 2001). Bamboo furniture
is an expanding business in many countries; exports of
bamboo furniture from the Philippines in 1998 were valued
at US$ 1.4 million (Vantomme et al. 2002). Worldwide,
domestic trade and subsistence use of bamboo are
estimated to be worth US$ 4.5 billion per year. Global export
of bamboo generates another US$ 2.7 billion (INBAR 1999).
Due to its many uses and its economic importance,
bamboo plays a noteworthy role in improving the livelihoods
of poor rural people. Much of the bamboo used is harvested
by the poor, and especially by women and children.
Because of the scientific, environmental, economic
and social importance of bamboos, it is essential that
strategies be developed for their sustainable management.
However, knowledge to support such planning is limited.
STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF BAMBOOS, BAMBOO
RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Very little is known about bamboo distribution and
resources, especially in natural forests. As a non-timber
forest product bamboo is not routinely included in forest
inventories. According to FAO (2001), statistical data on
bamboo are available for the period 1954 to 1971 only.
Today, countries that monitor non-timber forest product
(NTFP) supply and utilization at the national level remain
the exception. The difficulty of assessing bamboo (and other
NTFP) resources and use arises from:
uncertainty associated with their taxonomy (see
below);
their many uses at local, national and inter-
national levels;
the fact that many bamboo products are used
or marketed outside traditional economic
structures;
the lack of common terminology and units of
measurement (FAO 2001).
Although reported figures on the area of bamboo
forests are inconsistent, it is widely accepted that China is
the richest country in Asia in terms of bamboo resources.
Chinas bamboo forests have an estimated area of 44 000
to 70 000 km
2
(Feng Lu 2001), mostly of Phyllostachys and
Dendrocalamus spp. Their standing biomass is estimated at
more than 96 million tonnes. Annual production of bamboo
poles in China is 6-7 million tonnes one-third of total
known world production (FAO 2001).
Classification of bamboos using botanical
nomenclature was formally initiated by Linnaeus (1753),
who included one species, Arundo bambos (now known
as Bambusa bambos) in his Species Plantarum. Since then
the number of species has grown progressively, with no
indication that the total number of species has yet been
approached (Figure 1). Because traditional plant taxonomy
has relied heavily upon floral characteristics, while bamboo
flowers are only encountered at long intervals, bamboos are
among the least studied of all higher plants. When flowers
were available in the past and names and descriptions
were given, they have often been difficult to apply until
the bamboos flower again, as they may rely upon floral
characteristics for the identification of species.
8
Bamboo biodiversity
The smallest known bat (Tylonycteris pachypus, 3.5 cm)
roosts between nodes of mature bamboo (Gigantochloa
scortechinii ), which it enters through holes made by beetles.
According to Ohrnberger (1999), the subfamily
Bambusoideae (of the family Poaceae, or Gramineae)
comprises both woody and herbaceous bamboos with 1 575
species altogether. In the most recent (and narrower)
classification (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001) the
subfamily Bambusoideae includes two tribes and approxi-
mately 1 200 species.
Description of bamboos is thus still an ongoing
process; not only do new species remain to be discovered
and described, but many earlier descriptions and
classifications of species need to be improved upon. With
increasingly superior techniques of identification and
classification, such as DNA sequencing and fingerprinting,
there will continue to be new discoveries and reorganization
of bamboo names for some time.
Resources for scientific study of bamboos have been
and remain severely limited. The need to target effectively
the bamboo research resources available has resulted in
international funding being focused on a relatively small set
of 38 priority species of bamboo that are commercially
important and widely distributed (Williams and Rao 1994;
Rao et al. 1998) (Annex I). Consequently research on bio-
diversity and conservation of the remaining forest bamboos
has been very limited.
The concentration of resources on such a narrow
range of common species was justified by the assumption
that future increases in productivity would be based
on infra-specific genetic improvement (Williams 1998).
However, their sporadic flowering and other factors mean
that there has so far been little progress in improvement or
selective breeding of these plants.
Most of the priority species of bamboos in Asia are
found in managed plantations, large natural stands, or in
and around arable land, rather than under a forest canopy.
Actively cultivated for local utilization for millennia, this
resource is generally in private or communal ownership,
and a combination of security of tenure, access rights,
regular management and high value serve to strengthen
the likelihood of genetic conservation. Of much greater
concern in terms of erosion of genetic biodiversity are
the remaining forest bamboos, of which many are
highly susceptible to deforestation. Problems of access,
ownership, forest management procedures and difficulties
in commercialization mean that they are more vulnerable,
even though many of them are highly productive and
extremely useful.
Forest bamboos are also of importance in the
conservation of the priority species. For many cultivated
strains of economically important plants, one component
of their conservation is the conservation of wild races
and closely related species (Srivastava 2001). Therefore
conservation of the forest bamboo species is necessary
not only for their own intrinsic value, but also as a genetic
backup in support of related cultivated bamboos, such as
the priority species.
Against a background of poor knowledge of bamboo
identification and distribution it is inevitable that the vast
majority of bamboos have not been evaluated at all in terms
of conservation status, and data deficiencies may limit the
value of any ad-hoc assessments that have been made.
Despite the growing importance of bamboos very few
studies of the conservation status of individual species have
been undertaken.
Currently, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants
contains 16 species of bamboo (Gillet and Walter 1998)
(Annex II), and all of them are from the Asia-Pacific region.
However, in India alone (Banik 1995; Biswas 1995;
Subramanian 1995) 25-30 species could be classified as
rare, and thus potentially threatened.
SCOPE AND METHODS OF THE PRESENT STUDY
As a first step towards facilitating conservation and
management planning for bamboos, the International
Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) and the UNEP
9
Bamboo biodiversity
1999
1913
1868
1753
1839
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

k
n
o
w
n

s
p
e
c
i
e
s
Year
Figure 1. Numbers of species in global accounts of
bamboos, from Linnaeus to the present.
Many remaining forest bamboos are highly susceptible to
deforestation.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) have
collaborated to compile and synthesize available infor-
mation on the distribution of bamboo resources within
remaining forested areas of the Asia-Pacific region. To
determine likely present distributions and estimate the total
area of remaining forest potentially containing bamboo,
information on the distribution of bamboo species in the
region was compiled from taxonomic and floristic literature
and combined with regional data on remaining forest cover.
Maps showing regional patterns of potential bamboo
species richness have been generated to support decision-
making in forest management and bamboo conservation
(Bystriakova et al. 2003).
This study was confined to woody bamboos, as these
are most important from the socio-economic point of view,
and the present section focuses only on those species that
occur naturally in the forests of the Asia-Pacific region. Of
the 88 genera in the Bambuseae, the tribe of woody
bamboos (Ohrnberger 1999), only the 60 genera occurring
in the Asia-Pacific region (24 countries plus the Russian
Sakhalin and Kuril Islands) were included in this study
(Annex III). We gathered data on 1 012 species that occur
naturally in the region.
For each species bibliographic sources were
searched to acquire data about its distribution. These data
were principally political units (country, province, locale),
altitudinal range (minimum and maximum altitude) and
forest type. They were entered into an Access database
containing 13 fields and multiple records for each species (a
total of 2 190 records). For some species and locations the
information available in the bibliographic sources was more
detailed than for others: only 980 records (45 per cent)
contain information about altitudinal range, while 1 846
records (84 per cent) have data about species distribution at
the provincial level.
For each species in the database, a single potential
distribution map was generated using ArcView geographic
information systems (GIS) software to combine data on
political units, altitude and forest type according to the
information about natural distribution of the species. The
information about the distribution of existing forest cover
provided by UNEP-WCMC (Iremonger et al. 1997; UNEP-
WCMC 2000) was used as a mask to eliminate areas not
forested. In cases where there was no information about
distribution of a species within the country, the whole
country was regarded as a smallest distribution unit. When
multiple data on altitudinal range existed for the same
species, the broadest range was applied.
It is important to recognize that many bamboo
species persist outside forest, and the study did not address
this. For the purposes of this publication an attempt was
made to map the distribution of some economically
important bamboo species outside forest cover (Annex IV),
but the synthesis maps do not reflect this.
DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO DIVERSITY IN THE ASIA-
PACIFIC REGION
The potential current distributions of nearly 1 000 individual
bamboo species within natural forest were mapped. The
largest national complement of species was for China,
which had 626 described species (Table 1), followed by India
(102 species) and Japan (84 species). Species varied in
extent of potential distribution from those widely distributed
across the region, such as Cephalostachyum pergracile
with a total of nearly 1.5 million km
2
of forest within its
distribution range (see Map 19, Annex IV), to those
apparently confined to very limited remnants of natural
forest (e.g. Dinochloa dielsiana (just over 4 600 km
2
; see
Map 28, Annex IV). For a few species (e.g. Dendrocalamus
giganteus, Map 23, Annex IV) it was possible to show that
maintenance of bamboo stocks within cultivated landscapes
has apparently vastly increased the extent of their present
potential distribution.
Table 1. Numbers of species of Bambuseae occurring in
the countries of the Asia-Pacific region
COUNTRY/ NUMBER OF COUNTRY/ NUMBER OF
TERRITORY NATURALLY TERRITORY NATURALLY
OCCURRING OCCURRING
SPECIES SPECIES
Australia 3 Korea, DPR 2
Bangladesh 18 Pakistan 3
Bhutan 21 Papua New
Brunei 6 Guinea 22
Cambodia 4 Philippines 26
China 626 Russia
Hong Kong 9 (Sakhalin and
India 102 Kuril Islands) 1
Indonesia 56 Singapore 3
Japan 84 Korea, Rep. 6
Laos 13 Sri Lanka 11
Malaysia 50 Thailand 36
Myanmar 75 Viet Nam 69
Nepal 25
Total species in all countries 1 012
Source: Ohrnberger 1999
Individual grids (maps) for each species were sorted
and merged by genus to generate potential distribution
maps for the 60 genera of the tribe Bambuseae that occur
within the region. The genera range from widely distributed
(e.g. Bambusa, Map 1, Annex IV) to nationally endemic (e.g.
Ochlandra, Map 6, Annex IV). Most genera were distributed
across several countries but not the whole region (Maps
10
Bamboo biodiversity
11
Bamboo biodiversity
Figure 2. Map of potential generic richness for the Asia-Pacific region, derived by integrating all 60 genera in a single grid.
Figure 3. Regional scale map of potential bamboo species richness, derived by integrating all 998 species in a single grid.
Potential generic richness: tribe
Bambuseae
Number
of genera
Existing forest cover with
no records of Bambuseae
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-22
Potential species richness: tribe
Bambuseae
Number
of species
Existing forest cover with
no records of Bambuseae
1-10 11-32 33-64 65-142
0 1000 2000 3000 kilometres
0 1000 2000 3000 kilometres
1-8, Annex IV). Integration of all genera in a single grid
provided a map of potential generic richness for the whole
Asia-Pacific region (Figure 2), which showed a maximum
generic richness of 22 genera per km
2
found in southern
China. About a quarter of the bamboo-containing forest
of the Asia-Pacific region potentially contains one to two
genera.
Integration of 998 species in a single grid generated
a regional-scale potential species richness map (Figure 3),
which was broadly similar to the generic richness map,
suggesting that richness at either taxonomic level may
be an adequate indicator of biodiversity distribution in
bamboos, at least at broad geographical scales.
The regional map of potential bamboo species
richness (Figure 3) shows that more than 5.3 million km
2
of forest in the Asia-Pacific region potentially contains
bamboo. The maximum potential species richness in the
region, 142 species per km
2
, was recorded for a total area
of about 900 km
2
in southern China. More than 28 per cent
(1.5 million km
2
) of the total area of forest would have from
1 to 5 species per km
2
(Figure 4), while potential species
richness of more than 50 species per km
2
was recorded for
189 000 km
2
(3.5 per cent of the regional total).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESULTS
This study served principally as a pilot study to assess the
value of the technique and identify gaps in current
knowledge. It was not intended to produce finalized
distribution maps or to allow detailed or definitive
conclusions to be drawn on the conservation status of
individual bamboo species. However, it does contribute to
an understanding of where bamboo is most likely to be a
significant component of forest biodiversity, and suggests
that certain species may be highly vulnerable because of
their limited distributions (as currently known) and the
restricted availability of forest habitat within their
distribution range. In conjunction with knowledge of
deforestation and practicalities of implementing biodiversity
and conservation activities, the results constitute a useful
planning tool.
One of the major achievements of this study is
the development of an approach that makes it possible to
generalize, combine and visualize information about
distribution of individual species. Compared with the dot
maps commonly used to record potential occurrence of
species, the resulting distribution polygons provide better
possibilities for analysis of patterns, threats and potential
management options. This approach can also help to
analyse and compare data, and to detect inconsistencies
among datasets.
The results on species distributions and diversity
patterns should be regarded as a first approximation of
the possible regional distribution of bamboo species and
genera in natural forests of the Asia-Pacific region. They
reflect the present level of compiled knowledge about
taxonomy and distribution of the subfamily Bambusoideae
in the Asia-Pacific region (Ohrnberger 1999) and are subject
to its limitations. The rather sharp differences in species
richness levels on opposite sides of national boundaries
(Figure 3) reflect the great variation in standards of bio-
diversity knowledge and taxonomic approach in different
countries. To improve the situation, collaborative inter-
national biodiversity research and conservation pro-
grammes should replace fragmentary national studies,
which often yield contradictory results across national
boundaries.
The regional synthesis maps of species and generic
richness (Figures 2 and 3) support the existing theories of
bamboo species distribution (Ohrnberger 1999), in which
the highest diversity of Asian woody bamboos is attributed
to the monsoon belt of Southeast Asia and southern China.
The highest overall diversity of Asian bamboos is seen in
southern China (Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan), but
relatively high levels of deforestation there may mean that
some species do not, in fact, persist in forest areas where
they could potentially occur. The importance of bamboos
persisting in cultivated landscapes is therefore increased.
Myanmar and Borneo also have relatively high levels of
bamboo diversity as well as more substantial areas of
remaining forest (Figure 3).
Bamboos have not yet been the subject of detailed
biogeographical studies, but it has often been assumed that
areas that have high current diversity represent ancestral
homes of woody bamboos (Wen 1983; 1985). In fact,
12
Bamboo biodiversity
1 684
1 083
548
339
189
0
1 800
1-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-142
Number of bamboo species overlapping
1 519
F
o
r
e
s
t

a
r
e
a

(
'
0
0
0

k
m
2
)
Figure 4. Total area of the Asia-Pacific region covered by
forest in each potential bamboo species richness class.
The classes refer to the number of species whose dis-
tributions overlap in each 1 km
2
cell of the ArcView grid.
however, bamboos may not have existed in these areas for
any great length of time. The current global distribution of
woody bamboos (Figures 3 and 5), with a second important,
though less rich, centre of bamboo biodiversity in South
America (Bystriakova et al. 2002a), suggests that early
ancestors of woody bamboos evolved in Gondwanaland in
the southern hemisphere in post-Cretaceous times. High
biodiversity in southern China may only reflect relatively
recent diversification there, unless woody bamboos have
evolved more than once in separate, unrelated lineages.
Such considerations are currently under investigation.
Many of the individual species maps (Annex IV) show
very restricted potential ranges. A similar preponderance of
very small ranges has been found in South America (Clark
2001), where Andean woody bamboos were shown to have
nearly four times the endemicity of other grasses. Possible
reasons for this include scarcity of effective dispersal
mechanisms, isolation of populations in often dissected,
mountainous terrain and, for many species, relatively recent
radiation into new habitats following tectonic and orogenic
activity.
The results of this study can also be used to
identify areas of high forest bamboo biodiversity where
deforestation may be threatening many bamboo species.
Of particular concern are those areas where biodiversity,
deforestation and taxonomic uncertainties are highest.
Myanmar is unfortunately a case in point, despite the high
dependence upon bamboo in its rural economy and
culture, and its rich forest biodiversity. Northeast India is
another such area biodiversity is high (although bamboo
taxonomy still has substantial shortcomings), and recent
intense deforestation has prompted a total ban on tree
felling that may have intensified pressure on non-tree
species such as bamboos. China evidently has the highest
bamboo biodiversity levels, as well as a high degree of
deforestation and degradation of habitats, but conser-
vation is now seen as a priority, political stability makes
interventions feasible, and taxonomic studies are
progressing. Areas such as the Upper Yangtze watershed
are receiving more protection, primarily for downstream
flood limitation purposes.
The data produced in this study give an indication of
the maximum possible forest habitat remaining for each
bamboo species. This corresponds approximately to extent
of occurrence, one of the criteria used by IUCNThe World
Conservation Union to identify species that are endangered
or threatened with extinction (IUCN 2001). Among the woody
bamboos of the Asia-Pacific region, many species appear to
have very small areas of remaining habitat (Figure 6), giving
a very heavily skewed, almost exponential frequency
distribution of remaining habitat area among species.
Nearly 450 species (Annex V) have within their ranges less
than the 20 000 km
2
of remaining forest habitat that would
correspond to the threshold extent of occurrence used by
13
Bamboo biodiversity
Figure 5. Map of potential bamboo species richness in Africa and the Americas, derived by integrating 370 individual
species maps.
Potential species richness:
tribe Bambuseae
Number of species
Existing forest cover
with no records of
Bambuseae
1-3
4-10
11-25
25-35
0 1000 2000 3000 kilometres
IUCN as a criterion for inclusion in the Red List (IUCN 2001).
This suggests that many uncultivated forest bamboos may
be particularly susceptible to erosion of their habitat and
their genetic diversity, and therefore may need to be
considered threatened.
The remaining forest habitat extents for species
currently on the IUCN Red List (Figure 7) are very similarly
distributed to those of all bamboo species (Figure 6). This is
counter to the expectation that a subset of highly threatened
species would have a substantially higher proportion with
severely limited remaining habitat area. The pattern is
heavily influenced by Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
(Map 20, Annex IV) and Brachystachyum densiflorum (Map
17), which have relatively wide distributions. Indeed,
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis is considered an invasive
weed in Hawaii and other areas where it has been
introduced. These contrasts highlight the need for a better
understanding of bamboo distributions and conservation
status. All the currently included Red List bamboos require
verification of their claim to specific status, possible
synonymy with other bamboos, distribution and conser-
vation status. Bamboos with restricted remaining habitat
as shown by this study should be prioritized in future
processes to evaluate and address bamboo conservation
needs. There is also substantial scope for refining the
assessment of available habitat size by including data such
as climatic and soil tolerances, where these are available
for particular species.
Thus, the results of this study can both contribute
to an understanding of where bamboo is most likely to be
a significant component of forest biodiversity, and help to
identify which species are most likely to be at risk. For
threatened bamboo species, protection of their natural
populations in situ is apparently the only feasible
conservation technique at present, as ex-situ conservation
techniques are currently not practical for bamboos
(Stapleton and Rao 1996). Bamboo seed is infrequently
produced and has poor viability, and plantations are difficult
to raise and protect on a large enough scale. Therefore,
areas where high bamboo richness and species potentially
at risk coincide should be among the highest priorities
for action to secure the persistence of wild populations
of bamboo and improve the knowledge base for their
conservation and management. Forests of Hainan Island
and the Upper Yangtze are among the areas where bamboo
conservation activities are required, practicable and likely to
be successful.
As well as providing information from which to plan
conservation strategies, the data and maps produced by this
study may also constitute a first step in quantifying national,
regional and global forest bamboo resources more effectively.
Such quantification is important both for managing those
resources and for adequately assessing the importance of
forests in terms of their provision of non-timber forest
products and attendant social and economic benefits.
However, at present the field-based abundance information
that would be necessary to build on this initial step is almost
universally lacking. The mechanisms for gathering and
compiling such information require improvement.
FAO (2001) and a number of forest-related
international processes have stressed the importance of
improving national forest resource assessments and the
ways they address non-timber products and values of
forests. Improving capacity to analyse and use forest
resource information, as well as to share it internationally,
has also been identified as a priority. Actively pursuing the
incorporation of bamboos into national forest inventory
activities may be the only realistic way of improving the
available information on them. Forestry personnel
responsible for implementing any inventories related to
14
Bamboo biodiversity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
p
e
c
i
e
s
Area of forest in range ('000 km
2
)
<
2
0
2
0
-
9
9
1
0
0
-
1
9
9
2
0
0
-
2
9
9
3
0
0
-
3
9
9
4
0
0
-
4
9
9
5
0
0
-
5
9
9
6
0
0
-
6
9
9
7
0
0
-
7
9
9
8
0
0
-
8
9
9
9
0
0
-
9
9
9

1

0
0
0
Figure 6. Numbers of bamboo species in the Asia-Pacific
region according to the area of forest habitat remaining
within their ranges.
10
0
20
30
40
50
% all species
% Red List species
<
2
0
2
0
-
9
9
1
0
0
-
1
9
9
2
0
0
-
2
9
9
3
0
0
-
3
9
9
4
0
0
-
4
9
9
5
0
0
-
5
9
9
6
0
0
-
6
9
9
7
0
0
-
7
9
9
8
0
0
-
8
9
9
9
0
0
-
9
9
9

1

0
0
0
Area of forest in range ('000 km
2
)
%

o
f

s
p
e
c
i
e
s
Figure 7. Frequency distribution of all species and
species listed as threatened by IUCN (1998) according to
the area of forest cover remaining within their ranges.
bamboos would need back-up information on bamboo
identification as well as special training.
The methodology developed in the study could be
successfully applied to develop information to support
management of other species including non-timber forest
products. For example, Bystriakova et al. (2002b) used a
similar approach to map distributions of nearly 600 species
of rattan (subfamily Calamoideae) within natural forests in
Africa and the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 8). This effort
showed that the greatest potential species richness of
rattans (perhaps as many as 90 species per km
2
) is
concentrated in forests of Sarawak, Malaysia, with other
areas of high potential richness in northern and eastern
Borneo (Sabah and Kalimantan). The contrast between
these results and those for bamboo highlights the
importance of developing policy, planning and management
strategies targeted at individual groups based on appro-
priate specialized information sources.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
This study makes clear that information on distribution,
abundance and conservation status of bamboo resources
is far from complete. Significant effort is still required to
assemble an adequate information base as a foundation for
policy and management decisions affecting bamboo and to
ensure the survival of their full biological diversity. Future
efforts should include:
1. Verifying the taxonomic and conservation
status of current Red List species.
2. Verifying the taxonomic and conservation status
of species with the smallest estimated geo-
graphical ranges and remaining habitat.
3. Filling information gaps, such as taxonomic
inconsistencies and inadequate knowledge of
the distribution of woody bamboo species,
through both national capacity building and
international collaboration.
4. Developing appropriate methods for assessing
bamboo resources and the pressures on them
and incorporating these methods into NTFP
elements of national forest inventories.
5. Assessing the value of existing reserves and
reserve networks (especially those in China)
for conserving the biological diversity of
bamboos.
6. Refining the assessment of available habitat
size by including climatic and soil data and
applying these approaches for other groups of
conservation concern and/or providing NTFPs.
15
Bamboo biodiversity
Figure 8. Global distribution of potential rattan species richness, based on maps of more than 600 species (Bystriakova et
al. 2002b).
0 1000 2000 3000 kilometres
Potential species richness:
subfamily Calamoideae
Number
of species
Existing forest cover with
no records of Calamoideae
1-3 4-15 16-60 61-93
16
Bamboo biodiversity
Ades, G. 1999. Important discovery of
lesser bamboo bat roosting site in
Hong Kong. Porcupine! 19: 22.
(http://www.hku.hk/ecology/porcupin
e/por19/mammal.htm#mammal3)
Banik, R.L. 1995. In: Rao, V.R., Rao,
A.N. (eds) Bamboo and Rattan
Genetic Resources and Use. INBAR
and IPGRI, Beijing and Rome.
BirdLife International. 2000.
Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx
Edicions and BirdLife International,
Barcelona and Cambridge.
Biswas, S. 1995. Diversity and genetic
resource of Indian bamboos and the
strategies for their conservation. In:
Rao, V.R., Rao, A.N. (eds). Bamboo
and Rattan Genetic Resources and
Use. Proceedings of the first INBAR
Biodiversity, Genetic Resources and
Conservation Working Group: 29-34.
IPGRI, Rome.
Bystriakova, N., Kapos, V., Lysenko, I.
2002a. Potential Distribution of
Woody Bamboos in Africa and
America. INBAR Working Paper No
43. International Network for
Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing.
Bystriakova, N., Dransfield, J., Kapos,
V., Lysenko, I. 2002b. Potential
Distribution of Rattans in Asia-
Pacific and Africa. INBAR Working
paper No 41. International Network
for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing.
Bystriakova, N., Kapos, V., Lysenko, I.,
Stapleton, C. 2003. Distribution and
conservation status of forest bamboo
biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific
Region. Biodiversity and
Conservation. In press.
Clark, L.G. 2001. Diversification and
endemism in Andean woody
bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae).
Bamboo Science & Culture, J. Amer.
Bamboo Soc. 15: 14-19.
Dransfield, S., Widjaja, E.A. (eds).
1995. Plant Resources of South-East
Asia No 7. Bamboos. Backhuys
Publishers, Leiden.
FAO. 1998. Asia-Pacific Forestry
Towards 2010. Report of the Asia-
Pacific Forestry Sector: Outlook
Study. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations,
Rome.
FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources
Assessment 2000: Main Report. FAO
Forestry Paper 140. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome.
Feng Lu. 2001. Chinas Bamboo
Product Trade: Performance and
Prospects. INBAR Working Paper No
33. International Network for
Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing.
Gillet, H., Walter, K. 1998. 1997 IUCN
Red List of Threatened Plants.
IUCNThe World Conservation
Union, Gland, Switzerland.
Grass Phylogeny Working Group.
2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial
classification of the grasses
(Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden 88: 373-457.
Hunter, I.R., Wu Junqi. 2002. Bamboo
Biomass. INBAR Working Paper No
36. International Network for
Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing.
INBAR. 1999. Socio-economic Issues
and Constraints in the Bamboo and
Rattan Sectors: INBAR's
Assessment. INBAR Working Paper
No 23. International Network for
Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing.
Iremonger, S., Ravilious, C., Quinton,
T. (eds) 1997. A Global Overview of
Forest Conservation. Including: GIS
Files of Forests and Protected Areas,
Version 2. CD-ROM. CIFOR and
WCMC, Bogor and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories
and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN
Species Survival Commission. IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge,
UK.
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum,
ed. 1. Stockholm.
Ohrnberger, D. 1999. The Bamboos of
the World: Annotated Nomenclature
and Literature of the Species and the
Higher and Lower Taxa. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
Rao, A.N., Rao, V.R., Williams J.T.
(eds). 1998. Priority Species of
Bamboo and Rattan. IPGRI-APO,
Serdang, Malaysia.
Srivastava, U.C. 2001. Conservation of
endangered plant genetic resources
of economic importance in India.
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 501-508.
Stapleton, C.M.A., Rao, V.R. 1996.
Progress and prospects in genetic
diversity studies on bamboo and its
conservation. In: Bamboo, People &
the Environment 2: 23-44.
Proceedings of the IVth International
Bamboo Congress, Bali, May 1995.
IDRC, Ottawa.
Subramanian, K.N. 1995. In:
Ramanatha Rao, V., Rao, A.N. (eds)
Bamboo and Rattan Genetic
Resources and Use. INBAR and
IPGRI, Beijing and Rome.
UNEP-WCMC. 2000. Global Distribution
of Current Forest Cover
(http://www.unep-wcmc.org/
forest/global_map.htm). UNEP World
Conservation Monitoring Centre,
Cambridge.
Vantomme, P., Markkula, A. and
Leslie, R.N. (eds) 2002. Non-wood
Forest Products in 15 Countries of
Tropical Asia: An Overview. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome.
Wen, T.H. 1983. Some ideas about the
origin of bamboos. J. Bamboo Res.
2(1): 1-10.
Wen, T.H. 1985. Some ideas about the
origin of bamboos. J. Amer. Bamboo
Soc. 6: 104-111.
Williams, J.T. 1998. Bamboo and rattan
research. In: Rao, A.N., Rao, V.R.,
Williams, J.T. (eds). Priority Species
of Bamboo and Rattan: 3-5. IPGRI-
APO, Serdang, Malaysia.
Williams, J.T., Rao, V.R. (eds) 1994.
Priority Species of Bamboo and
Rattan. INBAR Technical Report No
1. INBAR and IBPGR, New Delhi.
References
17
Bamboo biodiversity
PRIORITY BAMBOOS
Twenty taxa of bamboos are accorded
high priority for international action:
Bambusa balcooa Roxb.
B. bambos (L.) Voss
B. blumeana J A and J H Schultes
B. polymorpha Munro
B. textilis McClure
B. tulda Roxb.
B. vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl
Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro
Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.)
Backer ex Heyne
D. giganteus Wallich ex Munro
D. latiflorus Munro
D. strictus (Roxb.) Nees
Gigantochloa apus J A and J H Schultes
G. levis (Blanco) Merrill
G. pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja
Guadua angustifolia Kunth
Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz
Source: Rao et al. 1998
Ochlanrda Thw. (spp.)
Phyllostachys pubescens
1
Mazel ex
H. de Leh (including P. bambusoides
Sieb. and Zucc and P. edulis Makino)
Thyrsostachys siamensis (Kurz)
Gamble
ADDITIONAL SPECIES
A further 18 taxa are noted
to be important:
Arundinaria spp.
Bambusa atra Lindl.
B. heterostachya (Munro) Holtum
B. nutans Wall. ex Munro
B. oldhamii Munro
B. pervariabilis McClure
Lingnania chungii
2
McClure
Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz
D. hamiltonii Nees
D. hookeri Munro
D. membranaceus Munro
Gigantochloa albociliata
3
(Munro) Kurz
G. atroviolacea Widjaja
G. balui Wong
G. hasskarliana (Kurz) Back. ex Heyne
Oxytenanthera spp. Munro
Phyllostachys glauca McClure
Schizostachyumspp. Nees
Annex I: Priority species of bamboo
Species name as in the IUCN database Species name as in Ohrnberger 1999 IUCN status
Arundinaria baviensis Yushania baviensis Rare
Teinostachyum beddomei Teinostachyum beddomei Indeterminate
Dinochloa dielsiana Dinochloa dielsiana Indeterminate
Semiarundinaria pantlingii Yushania pantlingii Rare
Ochlandra ebracteata Ochlandra ebracteata Rare
Arundinaria densiflora Brachystachyum densiflorum Indeterminate
Brachystachyum densiflorum Brachystachyum densiflorum Rare
Phyllostachys assamica Phyllostachys manii Indeterminate
Ochlandra sivagiriana Ochlandra sivagiriana Rare
Dinochloa palawanense Dinochloa palawanensis Indeterminate
Ochlandra setigera Ochlandra setigera Rare
Arundinaria vicinia Fargesia vicina Rare
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Vulnerable
Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro
var. decomposita var. decompositum Rare
Sasa borealis var. chiisanensis n/a Rare
Thamnocalamus tessellatus Thamnocalamus tessellatus Rare
Source: Gillet and Walter 1998
Annex II: Bamboo species on the 1997 IUCN
Red List of Threatened Plants
Note: accepted names (as in Ohrnberger, 1999): (1) Phyllostachys edulis; (2) Bambusa chungii; (3) Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata
18
Bamboo biodiversity
SUBTRIBE GENERA
Arundinariinae Arundinaria, Acidosasa, Bashania, Ferrocalamus,
Gelidocalamus, Indocalamus, Metasasa, Oligostachyum,
Pleioblastus, Sasa, Sasaella, Vietnamocalamus, Pseudosasa
Thamnocalaminae Ampelocalamus, Borinda, Chimonocalamus,
Drepanostachyum, Fargesia, Himalayacalamus,
Thamnocalamus, Yushania
Racemobambosinae Neomicrocalamus, Racemobambos, Vietnamosasa
Shibataeinae Brachystachyum, Chimonobambusa, Hibanobambusa,
Indosasa, Phyllostachys, Semiarundinaria, Shibataea,
Sinobambusa
Bambusinae Bambusa, Bonia, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa,
Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Klemachloa, Maclurochloa,
Melocalamus, Pseudobambusa, Pseudoxytenanthera,
Sinocalamus, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos, Thyrsostachys
Melocanninae Cephalostachyum, Davidsea, Dendrochloa, Melocanna,
Neohouzeaua, Ochlandra, Pseudostachyum, Schizostachyum,
Teinostachyum
Hickeliinae Hickelia, Nastus, Temburongia
Annex III: Subtribes and genera of woody
bamboos occurring naturally in Asia
19
Bamboo biodiversity
Map 1 Bambusa
Map 2 Borinda
Map 3 Cephalostachyum
Map 4 Dendrocalamus
Map 5 Gigantochloa
Map 6 Ochlandra
Map 7 Phyllostachys
Map 8 Schizostachyum
Map 9 Bambusa atra
Map 10 Bambusa balcooa
Map 11 Bambusa bambos
Map 12 Bambusa blumeana
Map 13 Bambusa heterostachya
Map 14 Bambusa polymorpha
Map 15 Bambusa textilis
Map 16 Bambusa tulda
Map 17 Brachystachyumdensiflorum
Map 18 Cephalostachyum capitatumvar. decompositum
Map 19 Cephalostachyum pergracile
Map 20 Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
Map 21 Dendrocalamus asper
Map 22 Dendrocalamus brandisii
Map 23 Dendrocalamus giganteus
Map 24 Dendrocalamus hookeri
Map 25 Dendrocalamus latiflorus
Map 26 Dendrocalamus membranaceus
Map 27 Dendrocalamus strictus
Map 28 Dinochloa dielsiana
Map 29 Dinochloa palawanensis
Map 30 Fargesia vicina
Map 31 Gigantochloa apus
Map 32 Gigantochloa atroviolacea
Map 33 Gigantochloa balui
Map 34 Gigantochloa hasskarliana
Map 35 Gigantochloa levis
Map 36 Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea
Map 37 Melocanna baccifera
Map 38 Ochlandra ebracteata
Map 39 Ochlandra setigera
Map 40 Phyllostachys bambusoides
Map 41 Phyllostachys edulis
Map 42 Phyllostachys glauca
Map 43 Phyllostachys mannii
Map 44 Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata
Map 45 Teinostachyum beddomei
Map 46 Thyrsostachys siamensis
Map 47 Yushania pantlingii
Annex IV: Maps of potential distributions of
woody bamboos in the Asia-Pacific Region
Maps 1 - 8 show potential distributions within remaining forest and species richness of selected genera that include priority or Red
List species, or both; 28 maps (highlighted green) show potential distributions of selected priority species; 11 maps (highlighted
brown) show potential distributions of selected Red List species.
Bamboo biodiversity
20
Bamboo biodiversity
21
Bamboo biodiversity
22
Bamboo biodiversity
23
Bamboo biodiversity
24
Bamboo biodiversity
25
Bamboo biodiversity
26
Bamboo biodiversity
27
Bamboo biodiversity
28
Bamboo biodiversity
29
Bamboo biodiversity
30
Bamboo biodiversity
31
Bamboo biodiversity
32
Bamboo biodiversity
33
Bamboo biodiversity
34
Bamboo biodiversity
35
Bamboo biodiversity
36
Bamboo biodiversity
37
Bamboo biodiversity
38
Bamboo biodiversity
39
Bamboo biodiversity
40
Bamboo biodiversity
41
Bamboo biodiversity
42
Bamboo biodiversity
43
Bamboo biodiversity
44
Bamboo biodiversity
45
Bamboo biodiversity
46
Bamboo biodiversity
47
Bamboo biodiversity
48
Bamboo biodiversity
49
Bamboo biodiversity
50
Bamboo biodiversity
51
Bamboo biodiversity
52
Bamboo biodiversity
53
Bamboo biodiversity
54
Bamboo biodiversity
55
Bamboo biodiversity
56
Bamboo biodiversity
57
Bamboo biodiversity
58
Bamboo biodiversity
59
Bamboo biodiversity
60
Bamboo biodiversity
61
Bamboo biodiversity
62
Bamboo biodiversity
63
Bamboo biodiversity
64
Bamboo biodiversity
65
Bamboo biodiversity
66
67
Bamboo biodiversity
Annex V: Woody bamboo species of the Asia-
Pacific region with <20 000 km
2
of forest remaining
within their ranges
0-500 KM
2
FOREST REMAINING WITHIN RANGE
Acidosasa xiushanensis
Ampelocalamus actinotrichus
Ampelocalamus naibunensis
Ampelocalamus scandens
Arundinaria debilis
Arundinaria scandens
Bambusa chunii
Bambusa heterostachya
Borinda chigar
Borinda emeryi
Borinda farcta
Cephalostachyum chevalieri
Cephalostachyum langbianense
Chimonobambusa lactistriata
Chimonobambusa leishanensis
Chimonobambusa luzhiensis
Chimonobambusa puberula
Chimonocalamus burmaensis
Davidsea attenuata
Dendrocalamus cinctus
Dendrocalamus liboensis
Dendrocalamus nudus
Dinochloa elmeri
Dinochloa macrocarpa
Drepanostachyum annulatum
Drepanostachyum suberectum
Fargesia ampullaris
Fargesia cuspidata
Fargesia fansipanensis
Fargesia hainanensis
Fargesia murieliae
Fargesia orbiculata
Gelidocalamus monophyllus
Gigantochloa holttumiana
Gigantochloa vietnamica
Gigantochloa vinhphuica
Himalayacalamus brevinodus
Himalayacalamus cupreus
Himalayacalamus gyirongensis
Himalayacalamus porcatus
Holttumochloa pubescens
Indocalamus dayongensis
Indocalamus floribundus
Indocalamus hunanensis
Indocalamus petelotii
Indosasa bacquangensis
Indosasa singulispicula
Indosasa sondongensis
Neomicrocalamus dongvanensis
Oligostachyum shiuyingianum
Phyllostachys guizhouensis
Phyllostachys sedan
Pleioblastus altiligulatus
Pleioblastus gozadakensis
Pleioblastus gramineus
Pleioblastus linearis
Pleioblastus wuyishanensis
Pseudosasa hirta
Pseudosasa membraniligulata
Pseudosasa parilis
Pseudoxytenanthera tenuispiculata
Racemobambos ceramica
Racemobambos glabra
Racemobambos hirta
Racemobambos holttumii
Racemobambos kutaiensis
Sasa albosericea
Sasa hainanensis
Sasa hubeiensis
Sasa magononda
Sasa qingyuanensis
Sasa sinica
Sasa subglabrata
Sasa tomentosa
Schizostachyum curranii
Schizostachyum luzonicum
Schizostachyum pleianthemum
Schizostachyum undulatum
Shibataea fujianica
Shibataea tumidinoda
Sinocalamus maiensis
Sinocalamus rugosiglumis
Vietnamocalamus catbaensis
Yushania baviensis
Yushania chingii
Yushania densifolia
Yushania hirticaulis
Yushania lacera
501-1 000 KM
2
FOREST REMAINING WITHIN RANGE
Acidosasa chinensis
Ampelocalamus calcareus
Ampelocalamus yongshanensis
Bambusa merrillii
Bambusa pachinensis
Cephalostachyum mindorense
Chimonobambusa hirtinoda
Chimonobambusa metuoensis
Chimonobambusa neopurpurea
Chimonocalamus tortuosus
Dinochloa obclavata
Dinochloa prunifera
Fargesia dura
Fargesia ferax
Fargesia hackelii
Fargesia membranacea
Fargesia semiorbiculata
Fargesia strigosa
Fargesia sylvestris
Hibanobambusa tranquillans
Himalayacalamus asper
Holttumochloa magica
Indocalamus chishuiensis
Indocalamus confertus
Indocalamus youxiuensis
Indosasa lipoensis
Melocalamus elevatissimus
Nastus schmutzii
Phyllostachys altiligulata
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Phyllostachys carnea
Phyllostachys praecox
Phyllostachys rigida
Pleioblastus longinternodius
Racemobambos multiramosa
Racemobambos rigidofolia
Sasa longiligulata
Sasa scytophylla
Schizostachyum insulare
Sinobambusa yixingensis
Yushania burmanica
Yushania collina
Yushania complanata
Yushania qiaojiaensis
Yushania wightiana
Yushania longiaurita
Yushania longipilosa
Yushania rugosa
Yushania schmidiana
Yushania varians
Yushania wuyishanensis
Yushania xizangensis
1 001-5 000 KM
2
FOREST REMAINING WITHIN RANGE
Acidosasa glauca
Acidosasa gracilis
Ampelocalamus microphyllus
Bambusa solomonensis
Bambusa xueana
Bashania auctiaurita
Borinda extensa
Chimonobambusa angustifolia
Chimonobambusa ningnanica
Chimonobambusa paucispinosa
Chimonobambusa unifolia
Chimonobambusa utilis
Chimonobambusa verruculosa
Chimonocalamus bicorniculatus
Chimonocalamus dumosus
Chimonocalamus longiligulatus
Chimonocalamus longiusculus
Chimonocalamus montanus
Dendrocalamus dumosus
Dendrocalamus elegans
Dendrocalamus peculiaris
Dendrocalamus pendulus
Dendrocalamus sikkimensis
Dendrocalamus tomentosus
Dinochloa dielsiana
Dinochloa oblonga
Fargesia adpressa
Fargesia albocerea
Fargesia caduca
Fargesia declivis
Fargesia dulcicula
Fargesia elegans
Fargesia funishanensis
Fargesia gongshanensis
Fargesia hsuehiana
Fargesia longiuscula
Fargesia lushuiensis
Fargesia maluo
68
Bamboo biodiversity
69
Bamboo biodiversity
Fargesia wuliangshanensis
Gelidocalamus kunishii
Gigantochloa kachinensis
Gigantochloa kathaensis
Gigantochloa multiculmis
Gigantochloa parviflora
Himalayacalamus fimbriatus
Indocalamus emeiensis
Indocalamus hirsutissimus
Indosasa hispida
Indosasa laotica
Indosasa triangulata
Kinabaluchloa nebulosa
Klemachloa detinens
Nastus reholttumianus
Nastus schlechteri
Neohouzeaua coradata
Neohouzeaua helferi
Neomicrocalamus andropogonifolius
Neomicrocalamus microphyllus
Neomicrocalamus pranii
Phyllostachys compressa
Phyllostachys lithophila
Phyllostachys lofushanensis
Phyllostachys sapida
Phyllostachys tianmuensis
Pleioblastus higoensis
Pleioblastus nabeshimanus
Pleioblastus nagashima
Pleioblastus subrectangularis
Pseudosasa flexuosa
Pseudosasa owatarii
Pseudosasa usawae
Pseudoxytenanthera bourdillonii
Pseudoxytenanthera poilanei
Racemobambos gibbsiae
Racemobambos hepburnii
Racemobambos setifera
Sasa guangdongensis
Sasa hayatae
Sasa miakeana
Sasa pubens
Sasa tokugawana
Sasa veitchii
Schizostachyum sanguineum
Schizostachyum terminale
Semiarundinaria fortis
Sinobambusa baccanensis
Sinocalamus bacthaiensis
Sinocalamus nhatrangensis
Sinocalamus sang
Teinostachyum beddomei
Temburongia simplex
Vietnamosasa darlacensis
Yushania andropogonoides
Yushania brevis
Yushania canoviridis
Yushania exilis
Yushania falcatiaurita
Yushania glandulosa
Yushania grammata
Yushania lineolata
Yushania menghaiensis
Yushania nitakayamensis
Yushania pachyclada
Yushania pauciramificans
Yushania racemosa
Yushania tessellata
Yushania uniramosa
Yushania walkeriana
Yushania yadongensis
5 001-10 000 KM
2
FOREST REMAINING WITHIN RANGE
Bambusa cornuta
Bambusa dolichomerithalla
Bambusa odashimae
Bambusa utilis
Bambusa yunnanensis
Bonia levigata
Borinda grossa
Chimonobambusa opienensis
Dendrocalamus hirtellus
Dendrocalamus yunnanicus
Dinochloa hirsuta
Dinochloa kostermansiana
Dinochloa scandens
Fargesia concinna
Fargesia demissa
Fargesia lincangensis
Fargesia mali
Fargesia pauciflora
Fargesia stenoclada
Fargesia subflexuosa
Fargesia zayuensis
Gigantochloa felix
Gigantochloa manggong
Gigantochloa tekserah
Gigantochloa wunthoensis
Holttumochloa korbuensis
70
Bamboo biodiversity
Indocalamus hispidus
Indocalamus quadratus
Indocalamus tessellatus
Indocalamus wuxiensis
Melocalamus gracilis
Ochlandra stridula
Pleioblastus matsunoi
Pseudosasa guanxianensis
Pseudoxytenanthera monadelpha
Racemobambos celebica
Racemobambos hirsuta
Sasa fugeshiensis
Sasa gracillima
Sasa heterotricha
Schizostachyum textorium
Sinarundinaria nagalandiana
Sphaerobambos philippinensis
Thyrsostachys oliveri
Yushania confusa
Yushania crassicollis
Yushania pantlingii
Yushania punctulata
10 001-15 000 KM
2
FOREST REMAINING WITHIN RANGE
Bambusa horsfieldii
Bambusa thorelii
Bashania quingchengshanensis
Borinda glabrifolia
Borinda macclureana
Chimonobambusa communis
Chimonobambusa montigena
Chimonobambusa rigidula
Chimonocalamus callosus
Chimonocalamus longispiculatus
Dendrocalamus poilanei
Dendrocalamus sahnii
Dinochloa barbata
Dinochloa trichogona
Fargesia altior
Fargesia brevissima
Fargesia exposita
Fargesia frigida
Fargesia solida
Indosasa parvifolia
Nastus rudimentifer
Neomicrocalamus manii
Ochlandra beddomei
Ochlandra ebracteata
Phyllostachys parvifolia
Pseudoxytenanthera hayatae
Racemobambos congesta
Sasa chartacea
Sasa elegantissima
Sasa maculata
Sasa occidentalis
Sasa sulcata
Sasa tsuboiana
Schizostachyum arunachalensis
Schizostachyum irratun
Schizostachyum seshagirianum
Shibataea nanpingensis
Yushania dafengdingensis
Yushania maling
Yushania multiramea
Yushania suijiangensis
Yushania wardii
15 001-20 000 KM
2
FOREST REMAINING WITHIN RANGE
Acidosasa chienouensis
Acidosasa dayongensis
Acidosasa fujianensis
Acidosasa longiligula
Ampelocalamus anhispidis
Bambusa amahussana
Bambusa arnhemica
Bambusa atrovirens
Bambusa bicicatricata
Bambusa boniopsis
Bambusa brunneoaciculia
Bambusa duriuscula
Bambusa farinacea
Bambusa fecunda
Bambusa glabrovagina
Bambusa hainanensis
Bambusa indigena
Bambusa lenta
Bambusa lingnanioides
Bambusa malingensis
Bambusa mollis
Bambusa mutabilis
Bambusa pierreana
Bambusa piscatorum
Bambusa sinthana
Bonia amplexicaulis
Brachystachyum densiflorum
Cephalostachyum scandens
71
Bamboo biodiversity
Chimonobambusa setiformis
Dinochloa orenuda
Dinochloa utilis
Drepanostachyum intermedium
Drepanostachyum polystachyum
Fargesia canaliculata
Fargesia mairei
Gelidocalamus rutilans
Indocalamus lacunosus
Indocalamus pseudosinicus
Indocalamus tongchunensis
Indocalamus victorialis
Melocalamus scandens
Nastus hooglandii
Neohouzeaua puberula
Neomicrocalamus clarkei
Oligostachyum fujianense
Oligostachyum gracilipes
Oligostachyum lanceolatum
Oligostachyum nuspiculum
Oligostachyum scopulum
Oligostachyum spongiosum
Oligostachyum sulcatum
Oligostachyum wuyishanicum
Phyllostachys acuta
Phyllostachys angusta
Phyllostachys atrovaginata
Phyllostachys chlorina
Phyllostachys concava
Phyllostachys dulcis
Phyllostachys erecta
Phyllostachys fimbriligula
Phyllostachys makinoi
Phyllostachys nigella
Phyllostachys rutila
Phyllostachys stimulosa
Phyllostachys villosa
Phyllostachys virella
Phyllostachys vivax
Phyllostachys yunhoensis
Pleioblastus hsienchuensis
Pleioblastus incarnatus
Pleioblastus intermedius
Pleioblastus juxianensis
Pleioblastus maculosoides
Pleioblastus rugatus
Pleioblastus sanmingensis
Pleioblastus solidus
Pleioblastus truncatus
Pleioblastus yixingensis
Pseudosasa acutivagina
Pseudosasa aeria
Pseudosasa longivaginata
Pseudosasa nigronodis
Pseudosasa pubioicatrix
Pseudosasa truncatula
Pseudosasa viridula
Pseudosasa wuyiensis
Sasa akiuensis
Semiarundinaria kagamiana
Semiarundinaria shapoensis
Semiarundinaria sinica
Shibataea chiangshanensis
Shibataea hispida
Shibataea strigosa
Sinobambusa intermedia
Sinobambusa urens
Soejatmia ridleyi
Yushania ailuropodina
Yushania anceps
Yushania bojieiana
Yushania flexa
Yushania hirsuta
Yushania mabianensis
Yushania oblonga
Yushania rolloana
Yushania straminea
Bamboo biodiversity
Information for planning conservation and
management in the Asia-Pacific region
Bamboos are distinct and fascinating plants, with a wide range of values and
uses. They play a significant role in biodiversity conservation and contribute
to soil and water management. They are important for biomass production
and play an increasing role in local and world economies.
This study used an innovative approach to map potential current
distributions of nearly 1 000 individual bamboo species that occur naturally
within remaining forests of the Asia-Pacific region. The maps were also
combined to generate regional maps showing potential species and generic
richness.
By quantifying the area of forest cover remaining within each species
range, this study shows that more than 400 bamboo species are potentially
threatened by the destruction of natural forest cover. Conservation and
sustainable management of wild populations of bamboo should be a high
priority, especially where diversity is high or deforestation is a significant
threat.
Front cover/title page: Nick Biemans
Above: Jeevanandhan Duraisamy
www.unep.org
United Nations Environment Programme
P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 (0) 2 621234
Fax: +254 (0) 2 623927
E-mail: cpiinfo@unep.org
Website: www.unep.org UNEP World Conservation
Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge
CB3 0DL, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314
Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136
E-mail: info@unep-wcmc.org
Website: www.unep-wcmc.org
International Network for
Bamboo and Rattan
Beijing 100101-80
Peoples Republic of China
Tel: +86 10 64956961/82
Fax: +86 10 64956983
E-mail: info@inbar.int
Website: www.inbar.int
UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series No 14
ISBN: 1 899628 22 3