The Coordinating Conjunctions Are

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Grammar & Language Tips


GRAMMAR HELP:
Here's a rough list of conjunctions in Norwegian. In response to
uestions a!out connecti"es.
The coordinating conjunctions are:
# og $an%&' the (ost freuentl)*use% wor% in Norwegian
# (en $!ut&
# h"er+en , eller $neither , nor& also spelle% "er+en , eller
# enten .. eller $either .. or&
# for $for' !ecause&
-u!or%inating conjunctions $un%eror%en%e +onjun+sjoner or
su!jun+sjoner&
are arrange% !elow !) the areas that the) represent.
general subordinating conjunctions:
at $that&
o( $if' whether&
denoting or relating time:
n.r $when' whene"er&
%a $when / in the past&
f0r $!efore in ti(e&
s. $then ** after that&
etter $after in ti(e&
(ens $while&
til' inntil $until&
si%en $since&. Also use% in the ti(e e1pression for.. si%en 2ago2
h"is $if&
o( $whether 3 if&
%erso( $in case&
uten at $without&
denoting cause
for%i $!ecause&
etterso( $since&
%enoting concession
s+j0nt 3 ens+j0nt $although&
sel" o( 3 sel"o( $e"en though&
denoting intent
for . $in or%er to&
2
denoting comparison
enn $than&
jo,.jo $the , the / e.g. the (ore the (errier&
%esto .. %esto $the,the / e.g. the (ore the (errier&
so( 3 li+eso(3 li+so( $as well as&
so( o( $as if&
4A *
4a is !oth an a%"er! an% a su!or%inating conjunction.
As an a%"er! it (eans 'then' ** at a specific
ti(e in the past. If the sentence starts with an
a%"er! $4a' n.' i %ag' i g.r&' the "er! follows
in position 56.
I %ag er $"er!& %et $su!ject& internasjonal +"inne%ag. **
IN7ER-I8N
4a $a%"er!& "ar $"er!& %et $su!ject& "el%ig +al%t $then it was
reall) col%&
IN7ER-I8N
If 2%a' is wor+ing as a su!or%inate
$su!or%inating& conjunction' there is N8
in"ersion ** nor(al -u! * "er! wor% or%er ** in
that clause. $in"ersion in the ne1t clause if the
su!or%inate clause -9AR9- the sentence'&
4a (annnen leste a"isen' "ar han i :erlin.
;hen the (an rea% the newspaper' he was in :erlin.
4a $su!or%inate conjunction& (annnen $su!ject of
su!or%inate clause& leste $"er! of su!or%inate
clause& a"isen' "ar $"er! ** in"erte% ** of MAIN
clause& han $su!ject of MAIN clause& i :erlin.
USING 'SIN', 'SITT', 'SINE':
In Norwegian' when
the thing 2possesse%2 refers !ac+ to the su!ject' instea% of the
usual
wor%s for his' her' its' the wor%s <= (ust !e use%.
3
A fe e!amples:
E!ample "
Peter s. huset sitt.
Peter saw his house. $He saw his own house.&
Notice' Peter is the su!ject AN4 he saw his 8;N house' we use the
refle1i"e <sitt=.
E!ample #
4a"i% har et n)tt hus. Peter s. huset hans.
4a"i% has a new house. Peter saw his house.
In this case Peter is not seeing his own house> Peter is the
su!ject !ut
the house !elongs to so(eone else' to 4a"i%' so we use the
possesi"e
a%jecti"e =.
E!ample $
?eg s. huset hans.
I saw his house. I a( the su!ject' !ut the house is not (ine'
again we
use =.
E!ample %
4a"i% "iser Peter huset sitt.
4a"i% shows Peter his house. 4a"i% is the su!ject an% the house
!elongs
to 4a"i%' we use the refle1i"e.
E!ample &
4a"i% har et hus. Huset hans er n)tt.
4a"i% has a house. His house is new.
@areful> 9he H8A-E is the su!ject in the secon% sentence' no nee%
for a
refle1i"e possesi"e.
In English' 2Marit is washing her car2' nee%s so(e conte1t to +now
whose
car.
In Norwegian * 2Marit "as+er !ilen sin2 $her own car&. 2Marit
"as+er !ilen
hennes2 $so(e other wo(an's car&.
4iscussion of N8AN for(s here:
http:33www.phrase!ase.co(3archi"e3norwegian63BC6D.ht(l
an% a helpful chart here:
http:33www.stolaf.e%u3%epts3norwegian3gra((ar3nouns.ht(l
4
Asing 'which'' 'who'' 'who(' an% 'so(':
'(I)(:
EH"il+enF !o+ leser %uG * ;hich !oo+ are )ou rea%ingG' !ut'
:o+en Eso(F jeg leser er A(eri+a*:re"e. * 9he !oo+ which I'(
rea%ing is.......
'(*:
EH"e(F er %en +"innen i r0% +joleG * ;ho is the wo(an in the re%
%ressG' !ut'
H"innen Eso(F har r0% +jole er Hristina. * 9he who has the re%
%ress is.......
'(*+:
EH"e(F sna++er %u tilG * 9o ;ho( are spea+ingG' !ut'
Han Eso(F jeg sna++er til er ?ohn. * He who( I a( spea+ing
to.......
Use of "P" AND "I":
p.:
http:33www.le1in.no3le1in.ht(lG%ictIn!o*eng*(a1iJui*
langIENGJchec+e%*languagesIEJchec+e%*languagesINJchec+e%*
languagesI:JsearchIpK@LKAM
i:
http:33www.le1in.no3le1in.ht(lG%ictIn!o*eng*(a1iJui*
langIENGJchec+e%*languagesIEJchec+e%*languagesINJchec+e%*
languagesI:JsearchIi
,-., and ,i, ith places / 0rom Spr.1r.det:
Noran %e aller fleste ste%sna"n $!)er' ste%er' !)g%er' fjell* og
lan%o(r.%er os".& og a%(inistrati"e na"n
!ru+es i n.r %et er p.ste%sangi"else:
In front of (ost place na(es $@ities' towns' "illages' (ountain
an% lan% areas an% so on&
an% a%(inistrati"e na(es use i when gi"ing location infor(ation.
i An%esfjellene' i Asia' i :ergen' i 4r0!a+' i Ninn(ar+ f)l+e' i
Ha(ar +o((une' i Nor%*Norge' i New Oor+'
i Ron%ane' i -etes%alen' i -0r*-pania' i 9r0n%elag' i 9)s+lan%' i
7la%i"osto+
Et "i+tig unnta+ er en %el na"n p. nors+e !)er' tettste%er og
lan%s+aper' %er p. har tra%isjon:
An i(portant e1ception are a few na(es of Norwegian towns'
"illages an% lan%scapes' here p. is tra%itional.
p. :r)ne' p. Geilo' p. Helgelan%' p. Hongs!erg' p. Lilleha((er' p.
Lin%.s' p. Mol%e' p. M0re' p. 8pp%al'
p. Ringeri+e' p. Rju+an' p. Ro(eri+e' p. R0ros' p. -ortlan%' p.
-ta!e++' p. -tein+jer' p. 9oten' p. 9)nset'
p. 7ennesla' p. 7oss' p. Pn%alsnes' p. Ps
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8gs. !)%elsna"n f.r gjerne p. foran seg: p. :lin%ern' p. Nuruset'
p. Haganes' p. La%e' p. Majorstua'
p. M0hlenpris' p. -torhaug' p. -to"ner' p. 9"eito' p. 7.lan% os".
Grunnen til at !)na"n og !)%elsna"n f.r p. foran seg' er ofte at
%e er ga(le g.r%sna"n.
9he reason that a town an% "illage na(e gats p. infront of it is
that is is often an ol% far( na(e.
Noran na"ngitte !)gater er i %et "anlige' (en p. er fast "e% "isse
na"n:
In front of na(e% cit) streets i is usual' !ut p. is fi1e% with
these na(es.
p. 4ra((ens"eien' p. Harl ?ohan o.a. 4essuten !ru+es p. o( torg
o.l.: p. -olli plass' p. 9orgal(enningen.
8( gatea%resser er i li+e"el %et "anlige' ogs. %er p. ellers
!ru+es:
In street a%%resses i is also usual' e"en when p. is use% for the
street.:
+ontorer i Harl ?ohans gate 6D' leilighet i Par+"eien.
Grunnen er no+ at %et her "ises til !)gnings(assen %er gata g.r.
9he reason for this is that is points to the !uil%ing where the
street goes.
Noran fjelltopper !ru+es p.
In front of (ountain tops use p.....:
p. Gal%h0piggen' p. Gaustatoppen' p. Hnutsh0 os".
Et tre%je unnta+ utgj0r %e fleste 0)er' 0)grupper og 0)stater:
A thir% e1eption co(prises (ost of the islan%s' islan% groups an%
islan% states
p. :o+n' p. @u!a' p. Nilippinene' p. N)n' p. NQr0)ene' p.
Gr0nlan%' p. Hawaii' p. Hitra'
p. Islan%' p. ?el0)a' p. Hanari0)ene' p. LanRarote' p. Ma%eira'
p. Malta' p. Moster' p. N)*Sealan%
$eller New Sealan%&' p. 8r+n0)ene' p. Ro%os' p. Run%e' p.
-ar%inia' p. -enja' p. -jQllan%' p. -(0la'
p. -ri Lan+a' p. -u(atra' p. 9aiwan' p. 7i+na' p. Tst*9i(or' p.
Plan%
4et heter li+e"el: 9hese are still use%...
i In%onesia' i Irlan%' i ?apan' i Lofoten' i -tor!ritannia.
It's not that %ifferent fro( English where )ou'% tal+ a!out !eing
in the town or cit) !ut on the far( or
(ountain or islan%. It's just getting )our hea% roun% the co((on
usage.
6
Prepositions:
http:33spra+ra%.no3n!*
no3-pra+hjelp3Retts+ri"ingU8r%!oe+er3-+ri"ereglerUogUgra((ati++3Pr
eposisjons!ru+U!(3
USE *0 ,., AN2 ,til,:
C. After a (o%al "er!' )ou use the infiniti"e ;I9H8A9 VV.VV an%
without VVtilVV
?eg +an sna++e nors+' Han "ille !es0+e 8slo' Hun
(.tte lQre %et utenat.$ -he ha% to (e(oriRe it&
6' After a s(all nu(!er of "er!s )ou use the . W infiniti"e
pattern:
7i pleier . ta %et (e% ro o( helgene.
Ingri% li+er . stri++e.
-tats(inisteren pr0"er . for+lare utenri+spoliti++en.
H"orfor (. "i fors0+e . 0"e uttalenG
Alle (ennes+er !eh0"er . spise' %ri++e og so"e.
Nors++lassens (e%le((er 0ns+er . forst. fors+jellen (ello( 's)nes'
og 'tro'.
A- og Norge h.per . f. (ange gull(e%aljer un%er 8L.
Han !eg)nner . forst. (untlig nors+.
7.ger %u . si %et til st)retG $4o )ou %are sa) that to the !oar%G&
L. (an) 'til .' constructions %epen% on the nouns or a%jecti"e
in"ol"e%
Han er i sin fulle rett til . g. til rettssa+.
$He's within his co(plete rights to file a suit&
-jefen er "illig til . gi ha( per(isjon $9he !oss is willing to
gi"e hi( lea"e.&
And some 3erb constructions re4uire 'til .' // for e!ample:
4et +o((er til . !li +al%ere. $it's going to get col%er&
Er %u flin+ til . lage (atG
4en nors+e reiseli"snQringen har lenge tapt
+a(pen o( turistpengene for%i %en har "Qrt for
%.rlig til . selge seg sel". $9he Norwegian tra"el
in%ustr) has for a long ti(e lost the !attle for
tourist (one) !ecause it has !een !a% at selling
itself&.
;or%s with prefi1 'e1*' an% 'pro*':
;here English uses the latin prefi1es
2e1*2$out fro(' out of' off' awa)' awa) fro(&
2pro2 $forth' for' forwar%' pu!licl)' instea% of&
7
Norwegian will often use the prefi1 or wor% 2ut2:
e1it: utgang
e1press: uttr)++e
e1a(ine: utfors+e
e1ternall): uta%
e1tro"erte%: uta%"en%t
e1hauste%: ut(attet
e1pan%: ut!)gge 3 utfol%e seg
e1hale: puste ut
e1tinct: ut%0%%
e1clu%e: utelu++e
e1ploit: utn)tte
e1cellent: ut(er+et
e1cla(ation: utrop
e1cla(ation (ar+: utropstegn
e1pose% to: utsatt for
e1ter(ination: utr)%%else
e1patriate: ut"an%rer
pronounce: uttale
proclai(: utrope
A!out suffi1es' prefi1es' an% co(poun%s in Norwegian:
http:33norwegianlanguage.info3wor%s3norw*co(poun%s.ht(l
Language Tips and Grammar:
a%jecti"es in possessi"e constructions ta+e an *e
at the en% $gra((arians call it a 'wea+' for( of
the a%jecti"e:
(in store !o+
(itt store hus
".re store +atter
9here are e1ceptions' for e1a(ple' )ou'% use (in
lille !o+' (itt lille hus' ".re s(. +atter
an% notice also that the noun after a possessi"e
is in%efinite $(itt hus' (in !o+' ".re +atter&.
******************************************************************
**********
hele og hal3e:
regularl) %o not use articles '%en'' '%et'' '%e' with 'hele'
eller 'hal"e'.
e1:
2sangfest for hele !)en2
2opera for hele lan%et2
2hal"e li"et2
2hal"e +ongeri+et2
8
;ith 2hele2 $all 3 the whole& an% 2hal"e2 $half& the
%efinite article in relation to the a%jecti"e is %roppe%:
E1:
Han ar!ei%et hele %agen. $He wor+e% whole %a).&
Hun spiste hele eplet. $-he ate the whole apple.&
4e %anset hal"e natta. $9he) %ance% half the night.&
4e lei%e hal"e huset. $9he) rente% half the house.&
Note also the folloing e!pressions:
(i%t p. l)se %agen $in !roa% %a)light&
fjer%e .ret p. ra% $the fourth )ear in a row&2
it woul% !e ;R8NG to use the %efinite
article in conjunction with 2hele2 an% 2hal"e2. Note that nor(all)
2hele2 an% 2hal"e2 ta+e the %efinite for( of the noun *
2hal"e eplet2' 2hal"e !o+a2' 2hele huset2' 2hele .ret2'
there are a fe e!ceptions:
2i hele %ag2' 2i hele so((er2' 2i hele "inter2' 2i hele "er%en2
$for the
whole %a)3su((er3winterX in the whole worl%&.
******************************************************************
**********************
Irregular verbs
Gra((arians often %i"i%e strong "er!s into a nu(!er of classes
$usuall)
se"en&. Here is an alpha!etical list of the (ost co((on Norwegian
"er!s that are irregular'
with e1a(ples to illustrate what the) (ean.
"5 . be bad bedt
* to reuest $so(e!o%) to %o so(ething&X to as+ so(e!o%) to %o
so(ething
Han !a% (eg "ente. $He as+e% (e to wait&
Han har !e%t (eg o( . lese !re"et. $He has as+e% (e to rea%
the letter&
#5 . bli ble blitt
* a "er) co((on "er! with (an) %ifferent (eanings. Its (ost
freuent core (eanings are :
a& to sta)' to re(ain
Hun !le taus en stun%. $-he re(aine% silent for a while&
!& to !eco(e
Haral% H.rfagre !le +onge o"er Norwa) i DB6. $H.H. !eca(e
+ing of Norwa) in DB6&.
Hun "ar !litt !le+ere. $-he ha% !eco(e paler&
c& to !e ** in passi"e "oice sentences
Na"net hans !le al%ri ne"nt. $His na(e was ne"er (entione%&.
9
$5 . bre11e bra11 bru11et
* to !rea+
Grenen !ra++. $9he !ough !ro+e&
Per har !ru++et !einet. $Per has !ro+en a leg&.
$note that the regular "er! 2. +nuse2 is nor(all) use% when
so(ething gets
!ro+en !ecause )ou ha"e %roppe% it : ?eg har +nust et glass * I
ha"e !ro+en
a glass&
%5 . bringe bra1te bra1t
* to !ring' to ta+e
Han !ra+te t0)et til "a+eriet. $He too+ the clothes to the
laun%r)&
&5 . br6te br7t brutt
* to !rea+ $!ut usuall) in the figurati"e sense&
Han har !ru++et (e% forel%rene sine. $He has !ro+en with his
parents&
85 . b9re bar b.ret
* to carr)' to !ear $also in the figurati"e sense&
4e !ar ha( opp p. ro((et hans. $9he) carrie% hi( up to his
roo(&
H"e( !ar ans"aret for %et G $;hose responsi!ilit) was it G X
literall) :
;ho !ore the responsi!ilit) G&
:5 . dra drog dratt
* a "er) co((on "er! with two core (eanings:
a& to pull
?eg fi++ ta+ i %u+en og %rog alt jeg or+et. $I got hol% of the
ta!lecloth
an% pulle% as har% a I coul%&.
!& to go $i.e. to (o"e elsewhere& $in this (eaning it is
so(eti(es
interchangea!le with 2. g.2 or 2. reise2&.
Han %rog utenlan%s. $He went a!roa%&
7ennene (ine er %ratt p. stran%en. $M) frien%s ha"e gone to
the !each&
;5 . dri11e dra11 dru11et
* to %rin+
Han leste a"isene og %ra++ 0l. $He rea% the papers an% %ran+
!eer&
?eg ha%%e %ru++et for (eget. $I ha% %run+ too (uch&.
$the a%jecti"e 2%run+2 I 2!eruset2 or 2full2 :
Han "ar te((elig !eruset $He was rather %run+&
A" !arna og fulle fol+ f.r (an h0re sannheten $@hil%ren an%
fools cannot
lie * the literal translation is so(ething li+e : Oou get to
10
+now the truth
fro( chil%ren an% %run+s&.
8g s. en liten 0"else * h"is %u har l)st p. %en ...
Fill in te !orre!t forms "simple past#past parti!iple$ of te
verbs given
bet%een bra!&ets
C. Har %u UUUUUUUUUUUUU !o+a G $. lese I to rea%&
6. Hun er UUUUUUUUUUU fattig. $. !li I to !eco(e X fattig I poor&
L. ?eg har UUUUUUUUUUUUUU (in n0++el.. $. (iste I to loseX en
n0++el I a
+e)&
Y. 7i har al%ri UUUUUUUUUUU i !)en. $. !o I to li"e&
M. ?eg UUUUUUUUUUU%eg t)%elig o( . gj0re %et. $. !e I to as+' to
reuestX
t)%elig I %istinctl)&
Z. ?eg har UUUUUUUUUUUU en g)ngehest til %en lille gutten. $.
+j0pe I to !u)
X en g)ngehest I a roc+ing horse&
B. Alle UUUUUUUUUUUU %et. $. ten+e I to thin+ X alle I e"er)!o%)&
D. 4e UUUUUUUUUUUU p. +ino. $. %ra p. +ino I to go to the (o"ies&
[. 4e UUUUUUUUUUUUUU h"ert sin +offert. $. !Qre I to carr) X en
+offert I a
suitcase&
C\. 7i har UUUUUUUUUUUU (aterialet til!a+e til eieren. $. !ringe I
to ta+e X
en eier I an owner&
Ase AL9 W for Q 0 .
@har L*%igit Y*%igit
Q CYM \6L\
] CYZ \C[D
0 \6YD
T \6CZ
. CLY \66[
P CYL \C[B
<efle!i3epronouns5
subject: "st person #nd person $rd person
$jeg& $%u&
$han'hun'%et' %en' %e&
refle'ive pronoun: (eg %eg seg
E1a(ples:
?on +lQr p. seg. ?on %resses hi(self.
11
4e (. s+)n%e seg. 9he) (ust hurr) Ethe(sel"esF.
Nor refle1i"e possessi"es $su!ject I owner&' the following
possessi"e
pronouns are use%:
sub(e!t: )st person *nd person +rd person
$jeg& $%u&
$han'hun'%et' %en' %e&
thing owne% is:
(asc3co((on (in %in sin
fe(inine (i %i si
neuter (itt %itt sitt
plural (ine %ine sine
Note that the gen%er an% nu(!er of 9HE 9HING$-& 8;NE4 %eter(ines
which
possessi"e pronoun )ou use' N89 the gen%er an% nu(!er of the
su!ject.
9his can !e confusing for !eginners.
?on (ater hestene sine. ?on fee%s his horses.
-tu%entene li+er huset sitt. 9he stu%ents li+e their house.
Ei(plie%:
the) share a houseF
UT and UTE:
:oth A9 an% A9E are a%"er!s $not a%jecti"es&. 9he are PLA@E
A47ER:-.
The difference is this:
A9 %escri!es (otion to a place ** as in G8ING 8A9. ?eg s+al A9.
$I'( going out&
A9E %escri!es a state of !eing or acti"it) in a PLA@E. ?er er A9E.
$I a( out&
Oou (ight thin+ of A9E as (eaning 28A9-I4E.2
Note that the same can be said to describe man6 of these ad3erbs:
in a place ************** to a place
here her ******************* hit
there %er ******************* %it
hje((e 'at ho(e'*********** hje( 2to ho(e2
awa) !orte **************** !ort
in inne ****************** inn
up oppe ***************** opp
%own ne%e ****************** ne%
12
N,- and N,-N:
;hen use% as pronouns' 2noe2 I 2so(ething2 an% 2noen2 I 2so(eone2.
Howe"er' !oth can !e use% as an a%jecti"e (eaning 2so(e2. In this
case'
2noe2 is use% for uncounta!le nouns an% 2noen2 for counta!le ones.
* as a pronoun:
?eg "il ha noe . %ri++e. I want so(ething to %rin+.
4et er noen so( "enter p. %eg. 9here is so(eone waiting for )ou.
. as an ad(e!tive:
?eg trenger noe "ann. I nee% so(e water.
?eg traff noen "enner i g.r. I (et so(e frien%s )ester%a).
Pun!tuation mar&s in Nor%egian:
perio% . pun+tu(
co((a ' +o((a
uestion (ar+ G sp0rs(.lstegn
e1cla(ation (ar+ > utropstegn
colon : +olon
se(icolon X se(i+olon
a(persan% J et*tegnet
Time e'pressions:
Oou nee% to +eep in (in% that the prepositions use% in ti(e
e1pressions are rather %ifferent in English'
so pa) particular attention.
Especiall) confusing are Norwegian 'i' an% English 'for' as in
2i fe( %ager2 $for M %a)s&'
an% 2for fe( %ager si%en2 $M %a)s ago&.
Also confusing is the use of the preposition 2o(2 to %enote
ti(e one waits
into the future 2o( fe( %ager2 $in M %a)s&.
CD\\*tallet: the CD\\'s' C[ centur)I C[..rhun%re' CDD\*.rene: the
D\'s $%eca%e&
om morgenen: in the (orning
vinter "en$ * winter $the&
v/r "en$ * spring $the&
sommer "en$ * su((er $the&
0st "en$ * fall $the&
i (orgen ti%lig: earl) to(orrow (orning
i $%ag& (orges: this (orning
i (orgen: to(orrow
i %ag: to%a)
h"er %ag: e"er) %a)
for fe( %ager si%en: fi"e %a)s ago
13
i fe( %ager: for fi"e %a)s $%uration&
i (ange %ager: for (an) %a)s
i++e p. fe( %ager: not for fi"e %a)s
o( fe( %ager: will happen in fi"e %a)s
%e siste %agene: the last few %a)s
%en %ag i %ag: fro( that %a) forth
i %et siste: latel)
hele %agen: all to%a)
hele %agen i %ag: all %a) to%a)' the whole %a) to%a)
o( +"el%en: in the e"ening
i g.r +"el%: last night $e"ening&
o( natten: at nightX in the night
hele natten: all night
l0r%ag +"el%: -atur%a) night
i g.r: )ester%a)
siste u+e: last wee+ W $forrige * pre"ious&
siste (.ne%: last (onth
i fjor: last )ear
forrige .r: last )ear
neste .r: ne1t )ear
h"ert .r: e"er) )ear' annuall)
i %e siste .rene: in the last3past )ears
hele .ret: throughout the )ear' the whole )ear
i .r: this )ear
i (ange .r: for (an) )ears
o( et .r: in a )ear' in a )ear's ti(e
etter et .r: after a )ear
.ret etter: the )ear after
.r etter .r: )ear after )ear
etter en ti%: after so(e ti(e
fra %en ti% a": fro( that ti(e on
a" og til: at ti(es' once in a while
%a' a++urat %a: at the ti(e
si%en $%a&: since then
lenge' p. lenge for a long ti(e
i "inter: this winter
I fjor "inter: last winter
o( "interen: in $%uring& the winter
sist "inter: %uring the past winter
til "interen: ne1t winter
"interen o"er: throughout the winter
(i%t p. "interen: in the %epth of winter
innen se+s (.ne%er: !efore $within& Z (onths are past
******************************************************************
****************************
P1,N,UN2ING 3143:
In (uch of Norwa)' wor%s with an 2s2 %irectl) following an 2r2 are
pronounce% with an unrolle% 2r2
an% a (ush) 2s2' as 2sh2. 2Nors+2 is
pronounce% 2norsh+2 in (uch of Norwa). 9his occurs in (an) wor%s:
14
tors+Itorsh+ $co%&
f0rstIf0rsht $first&
!urs%agI!ursh%ag $!irth%a)&
It also occurs when one wor% EN4- in an 2r2 an% the ne1t wor%
:EGIN- with an 2s2' li+e 2"Qrshagoo2
at the %inner ta!le * it's the Norwegian 2"Qr s. go%2. ;hen 2s.2
follows the wor% "Qr'
which en%s in an r' the 2s2 in 2s.2 goes (ush). Li+ewise' on its
own' "Qr is pronounce% with a rolle% 2r2'
in
those parts of Norwa) that roll their 2r2' an% )et su%%enl) in
front
of 2s.2 that 2r2 goes wea+ an% isn't rolle% an)(ore. Oou'll hear
this all the ti(e in Norwa)'
such as in 2"i f.r se2' 2%et er s. fint2' 2h"or s+al %uG2 $in
(uch of Norwa)' all those 2r2s stop rolling an% turn throat) an%
the 2s2 soun%s woul% !e 2sh2&.
******************************************************************
************************
2ja2 at the !eginning of the sentence can translate as an) of oh'
well' )es' )eah' etc. Note that these translations are (ore
pointe%
to translating the tone an% intent rather than the wor%*for*wor%
(eaning.
?a' her har jeg %et fint. 8H' I9'- -8 NI@E HERE.
?a' %ere f.r ha %et !ra %a. ;ELL' G884:OE N8R N8;. $while 'ha %et
!ra' translates literall) as 2ha"e it well2' it's use% to (ean
'goo%!)e'.&

?o' her s+al %u h0re. N8;' O8A LI-9EN 98 ME...
?o' n. s+al jeg for+lare %eg alt sa((en. 8H' I'LL E^PLAIN
E7ERO9HING.

Nei' n. "il jeg i++e (er. ALRIGH9' I 48N'9 ;AN9 98 48 9HI-
ANOM8RE.
Nei' jeg "et i++e h"a jeg s+al gj0re' jeg. 8H' I ?A-9 48N'9 HN8;
;HA9 98 48.
?aja' %a +an "i i++e gj0re (er her. $sigh& ;ELL' ;E ?A-9 @AN'9 48
ANO9HING M8RE HERE.
Neinei' %a f.r "i i++e noe !ensin her %a. ;ELL' 9HEN ;E ?A-9
@AN'9 GE9 GA- HERE.

Nei' s. pen %u er. 8H' O8A L88H -8 PRE99O>
Nei' s. st)ggt %u sna++er> 8H' O8A'RE -8 NIL9HO M8A9HE4>

8ne of the uses of 2jo2 is to confir( agree(ent with the listener.
4et er jo %)rt i
Norge. $I9 I-' 8N @8AR-E' $O8A HN8;&' E^PEN-I7E IN N8R;AO.&.
******************************************************************
15
**********
9his is a list of so(e English "er!s with their refle1i"e
Norwegian
eui"alents. It is fro( an online English gra((ar course fro( the
Ani" of 9ron%hei(.
http:33www.hf.ntnu.no3engels+3staff3johannesson3CCCgra(3(orerefl.h
t(
(o"e * !e"ege seg
"o(it * !re++e seg
(a+e a fool of oneself * %u((e seg ut
!e anno)e% * ergre seg
put up with $so(ething& * finne seg $i noe&
appear $as so(ething& * fortone seg $so( noe&
(a+e sure $of so(ething& * for"isse seg $o( noe&
rejoice * fr)%e seg
feel * f0le seg
(arr)' get (arrie% * gifte seg
hi%e * gje((e seg
loo+ forwar% $to so(ething& * gle%e seg $til noe&
accu(ulate * hope seg opp
!e !ore% * +je%e seg
reco"er * +o((e seg
shrin+ $fro( so(ething& * +"ie seg $for noe&
(e%%le $with so(ething& * legge seg opp $i noe&
lie %own * legge seg
lean $on so(ething& * lene seg $(ot noe&
note $so(ething& * (er+e seg $noe&
enjo) $so(ething& * (ore seg $o"er noe&
sit %own * sette seg
!e asha(e% $of so(ething& * s+a((e seg $o"er noe&
hurr) * s+)n%e seg
turn $towar%s so(e!o%)& * snu seg $(ot noen&
resign * tre++e seg
appear * "ise seg
turn out $to !e& * "ise seg $. "Qre&
4ome verbs tat are refle'ive in -nglis and in Nor%egian:
9o injure oneself * . s+a%e seg
9o cut oneself * . s+jQre seg
9o !urn oneself * . !renne seg
9o pro(ise oneself * . lo"e seg
9o intro%uce oneself * . presentere seg

5erbs tat are refle'ive in Nor%egian:
9o ta+e a !ath 3 wash up * . "as+e seg
9o go to !e% * . legge seg
16
9o stan% up * . reise seg
9o sit %own * . sette seg
9o co(! one's hair * . gre seg
9o !rush one's hair * . !0rste seg
9o get a haircut * . +lippe seg
9o get %resse% * . +le seg
9o put on oneself * . ta p. seg
9o get un%resse% * . +le a" seg
9o wear * . ha p. seg
9o fall in lo"e * . forels+e seg
9o get engage% $for (arriage& * . forlo"e seg
9o get (arrie% * . gifte seg
9o get %i"orce% * . s+ille seg
9o rela1 * . h"ile seg
9o a(use oneself $!e a(use%& * . (ore seg
9o %eci%e 3 (a+e up one's (in% 3 choose * . !este((e seg $for&
9o loo+ forwar% to 3 to !e please% to... * . gle%e seg
9o %rea% * . grue seg $til&
9o feel $e(otion' health& * . f0le seg
9o sta) $fit& * . hol%e seg $i for(&
9o sta) $war(& * . hol%e seg $"ar(&
9o !e !ore% * . +je%e seg
9o ha"e a nice ti(e * . +ose seg
9o gain weight * . legge p. seg
9o lose weight * . slan+e seg
9o enjo) !eing so(ewhere * . li+e seg
9o hurr) * . s+)n%e seg
9o settle %own * . sl. seg ne%
9o sun!athe * . sole seg
9o get oneself lost * . g. seg "ill
9o get oneself lost %ri"ing * . +j0re seg "ill
9o get %run+ * . %ri++e seg full
9o get full $eating& * . spise seg (ett


some translations:

Hun +o((er snart' +an jeg ten+e (eg. -HE'LL @8ME -88N' I IMAGINE.
Lu++ %0ren' er %u snill. @L8-E 9HE 488R' PLEA-E $:E -8 HIN4&.
Han er alene' s+j0nner %u. HE I- AL8NE' O8A AN4ER-9AN4.
Han !lir no+ fris+ igjen' s+al %u se. HE'LL :E ;ELL AGAIN' O8A'LL
-EE.
7i har et flin+ hus' +an %u tro. ;E HA7E A @LE7ER H8A-E' O8A
:E99ER :ELIE7E I9.

2+an jeg ten+e (eg.2 G

In the refle1i"e use of 2ten+e2 $thin+&' it changes (eaning:
i(agine3suppose:
Hun +o((er snart' +an jeg ten+e (eg. * -he is co(ing soon' I
17
suppose.
Han %u ten+e %eg at hun er s. %u(G * @an )ou i(agine that she
is so %u(!G
i(agine3%esire: ?eg +unne ten+e (eg . ha n)e s+o til so((eren.
******************************************************************
************************
2forresten2 $!) the wa)' inci%entall)' co(e to thin+ of it&
Norresten' n.r +o((er %uG * :) the wa)' ;hen are )ou co(ingG
H"or%an st.r %et til' forresten. * :) the wa)' How is it goingG
?eg har forresten noe (e% til %eg.
2ta (e%2 is a wa) of sa)ing 2!ring2. * 2Hus+ . ta (e% regnja++e
i %ag.2
2ha (e%2 is a wa) of sa)ing 2ha"e !rought2' though )ou coul% also
use
2har tatt (e%2 $pre"ious e1pression in present participle&.
2?eg har (e% regnja++e i tilfelle %et regner.2
-o 2?eg har forresten noe (e% til %eg.2 (eans 2:) the wa)' I ha"e
$!rought& so(ething for )ou.2F

2no+2 $with out a %ou!t' surel)&
4u er no+ en or%entlig sports(ann' %u. * 2Oou (ust !e a real
sports(an.2
I++e "Qr re%%' han +o((er no+. * 2Near not' He'll !e here for
sure.2
4u !lir no+ fris+ igjen snart. * 2Oou'll %efinitel) !e well again
soon.2

2li+so(e2 $in a wa)' +in% of' so(ehow&
?eg li+er (eg so( li+so(e !est hje((e. * 2I +in% of prefer !eing
at ho(e.2
4u er li+so(e sjef her' %u' %a. * 2-o )ou're sort of the !oss
aroun% here then.2
Hun er li+so(e litt s+). * 2-he's sort of a little sh).2

2s.2 $so' such a' such' how&
Hun er s. flin+ s.. * 2Gosh' she's so s(art.2
4u har s. pen +jole. * 2Oou ha"e such a prett) %ress.2
-. sle( %u er. * 2Oou are so (ean>2
Useful prases:
A9M $Mini!an+&:
7ennligst 7ent ****** Please ;ait
9jenesten er i++e tilgjengelig ***** 9he ser"ice is not
a"aila!le
9jenesten er ne%lagt ***** 9he ser"ice is shut %own * not in
ser"ice
I Astan% ***** 8ut of 8r%er
Ate a" %rift ***** 8ut of ser"ice' out of or%er
18
Hortet +ontrolleres ***** 9he car% is !eing chec+e%
A+jent +ort ***** AnrecogniRe% car%
Go%+jent ****** Accepte%
A"!r)t ***** @ancel
Hlar ***** 8H' Rea%)
9ast inn +o%en ***** He) in )our co%e or PIN
A"slutt (e% 'HLAR' ***** Ninish $+e)ing in )our co%e& with the
'HLAR' +e)
7oice(ail:
9ast _n $to' tre' os"& for . ***** Press one $two' three' etc&
for .
eller "ent p. s"ar ***** or wait for answer
4u er n. nu((er tjueto i +0en ***** Oou are now nu(!er 66 in
line $in the
ueue&
A"slutt (e% fir+ant ***** Ninish $+e)ing in the nu(!er& with
the '5' +e)
H8A-EH8L4 E^PRE--I8N-:
plu++e opp a"isa I pic+ up the EnewsFpaper $e.g.' fro( the floor&
hente a"isa I fetch the newspaper $fro( )our (ail!o1 or where"er
)ou get
it %eli"ere%&
+j0pe a"isa I !u) the newspaper Eof to%a)F
ta+e in the paper * ta inn a"isa
plu++e opp papiret I pic+ up the paper $i.e. piece$s& of paper'
not
newspaper&
%e++e p. I %e++e p. !or%et I %e++e !or%et
$the) are roughl) the sa(e&
ta+e out the gar!age / ta ut s0plaX g. ut (e% s0ppelet
ra+e lea"es / ra+e l0".
(ow lawn / +lippe plen' +lippe gress' sl. plenen' sl. gresset
sho"el snow / (.+e sn0X !r0)te $sn0&
"acuu( carpets st0"suge teppeneX st0"suge tepper
sweep the floors * feie gul"eneX feie gul"et
(a+e the !e%s * re%e sengeneX re senger
19
%ust t0r+e st0"
set the ta!le %e++e !or%et
water the flowers * "anne !lo(stene3!lo(ster
wash the win%ows * "as+e "in%uene3"in%uer / pusse "in%uer
(a+e lunch3supper * lage (at
put the %og in the +ennel * sette hun%en i hun%ehuset
(a+e coffee * +o+e +affeX sette p. +affe
wash the %og$s& * !a%e hun%$ene&
clear the ta!le * R)%%e a" !or%et
clean the !athroo( * rengj0re !a%etX "as+e !a%et
wash %ishes $!) han% or %ishwasherG&
"as+e opp3ta opp"as+en $for h.n%&
sette i opp"as+(as+inen
go to the post office * G. i3p. posten
go to !i!le stu%)3rea%ing * g. p. !i!el+urs3!i!ellesning
call frien% * ringe til en "enn3telefon"enn
%ri"e VV to pre*school3+in%ergar%en * +j0rer VV til !arnehagen
print pictures $ie*print own %igital pictures& * -+ri"e ut
!il%er3fotografier
go to the phar(ac) * G. p. apote+et
sen% !irth%a) car% to VV * -en%e !urs%ags+ort til VV
= %o ho(ewor+ * gj0re le+se3hje(oppga"er3hje((ear!ei%
4o ho(ewor+3lessons $chil%ren& * Gj0re le+ser
4o ho(ewor+ $a%ult course& * Gj0re hje((eoppga"er
4o shopping3(a+e purchase3go in the store * Gj0re inn+j0p 3 g. i
!uti++en2
pic+ rasp!erries * plu++e !ringe!Qr
peel potatoes * -+relle poteter
(a+e %octor appoint(ent * :estille en legeti(e 3 ti(e hos legen2
20
go to the li!rar) * g. p. !i!liote+et
shop for hoc+e) euip(ent * Hj0pe hoc+e)*utst)r

wor+ on sweater3+nitting a sweater * -tri++e en genser3?o!!e (e%
en $stri++e&genser2.
!us) +nitting a sweater * hol%er p. . stri++e en genser
finish +nitting sweater * en%e str)++e genser
3Til3 plus noun %it added 3s3:
til +0)s*$to !e%&
til fjells$!) (ountain&'til lan%s$!) lan%&'til "anns$!) water&'
til topps$to the top&hoiste% $of sails&'
til !unns$to the !otto('thoroughl)' in the en%&'
til fots$on foot&'
gj0re en til lags$to please so(eone&
til !lo%s$till the !loo% co(es&
til %els$partl)&
til (anns$each&
til o"ers$left'o"er&
til +"el%s$for supper&' til !or%s$at' to the ta!le&
til gangs$to so(e purpose&
$in%ef.& $%ef.& $in%ef. pl& $%ef. pl&
:o%)Parts ** an ear * the ear * ears * the ears
ear ** et 0re * 0ret * 0rer * 0rene
e)e ** et 0)e * 0)et * 0)ne * 0)nene
shoul%er * en s+ul%er * s+ul%eren * s+ul%re * s+ul%rene
han% ** ei 3 en h.n% * h.n%en * hen%er * hen%ene
finger ** en finger * fingeren * fingre * fingrene
leg ** et !e$i&n * !e$i&net !e$i&n * !e$i&na
+nee ** et +ne * +neet * +nQr * +nQrne
foot ** en fot * foten * f0tter * f0ttene
toe ** ei t. * t.en3t.a * tQr * tQrne
:erries:
$a& !lac+!err) $et& !j0rne!Qr
$a& !lac+ currant $et& sol!Qr
$a& !lue!err) $et& !l.!Qr
$a& cherr) $et& +irse!Qr
$a& clou%!err) $en3ei& (olte $I(ulte&
$a& lingon!err)'(ountain cran!err)& $et& t)tte!Qr
$a& cran!err) $et& trane!Qr
$a& Ere%' whiteF currant $en& rips
$an& el%er!err) $et& h)lle!Qr
21
$a& goose!err) $et& sti++els!Qr
$a& juniper !err) $et& eine$r&!Qr
$a& ras!err) $et& !ringe!Qr
$a& rowan!err) $et& ronge!Qr
$a& straw!err) $et& jor%!Qr
$a& wil% ras!err) $et& "ill!ringe!Qr
$a& wil% straw!err) $et& (ar+jor%!Qr

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